Find the rank of the following matrices (i) [1 2 3 2 4 6 − 3 − 6 − 9 ] (ii) [1 2 1 2 4 − 2 − 2 3

6 4 1 − 7 ].

solution

To find the rank of a matrix, we determine the number of linearly independent

rows or columns. The rank can be found using row echelon form or
determinants.

Let's find the rank of the given matrices step by step.

(i) Matrix

[ )
1 2 3
A= 2 4 6
−3 −6 − 9

Perform row operations to reduce it to row echelon form:

1. The second row is 2 times the first row:

R2 → R2 −2 R1 )

[ )
1 2 3
0 0 0
−3 −6 −9

2. The third row is -3 times the first row:

R3 → R3 +3 R1 )

[ )
1 2 3
0 0 0
0 0 0

Since only one nonzero row remains, the rank of matrix A is 1.

(ii) Matrix

[ )
1 2 1 2
B= 4 −2 −2 3
6 4 1 −7

Perform row operations:

1. Make the first pivot 1 (already done).

 2. Modify the second row:
R2 → R2 − 4 R1 )

[ )
1 2 1 2
0 − 10 − 6 −5
6 4 1 −7
3. Modify the third row:
R3 → R3 −6 R1 )

[ )
1 2 1 2
0 − 10 − 6 −5
0 − 8 − 5 −19
4. Normalize the second row:
R2 →
1
R
−10 2 )
[ )
1 2 1 2
0 1 0.6 0.5
0 − 8 −5 − 19
5. Modify the third row:
R3 → R3 +8 R2 )

[ )
1 2 1 2
0 1 0.6 0.5
0 0 − 0.2 −15

Since there are three nonzero rows, the rank of matrix B is 3.

Final Answer:
1. Rank(A) = 1
2. Rank(B) = 3

QUESTION

Find the characteristic values and characteristic vectors of the matrix [8 − 6 2 − 6 7 −

4 2 − 4 3 ].

SOLUTION

To find the characteristic values (eigenvalues) and characteristic vectors

(eigenvectors) of the given matrix:

[ )
8 −6 2
A= −6 7 − 4
2 −4 3
Step 1: Compute the Characteristic Equation
The characteristic equation is given by:

det ( A − λ I )=0

where I is the identity matrix and λ represents the eigenvalues.

8 − λ −6 2
∣ − 6 7 − λ − 4 ∣=0
2 −4 3−λ

Expanding this determinant,

( 8 − λ ) ∣ 7 − λ − 4 ∣ − ( −6 ) ∣ −6 −4 ∣+2 ∣ −6 7 − λ ∣=0
−4 3 − λ 2 3−λ 2 −4

Let's compute this determinant step by step. I'll handle the calculations now.

Step 2: Find the Eigenvalues

The eigenvalues of the matrix A are:
− 16
λ 1=15 , λ2=3 , λ3 ≈ 8.95 ×10 ≈0

Step 3: Find the Eigenvectors

The corresponding eigenvectors (normalized) are:

[ ) [ ) [)
2 2 1
−
3 3 3
2 1 2
v 1= , v 2= , v 3=
3 3 3
1 2 2
− −
3 3 3

are the characteristic values (eigenvalues) of a square matrix A of order n , then

the characteristic values of A2 are λ 1 , λ2 , … , λn.
2 2 2

Step 1: Recall the Definition of Eigenvalues

The characteristic values (eigenvalues) of A are the roots of the characteristic
equation:

det ( A − λ I )=0

where I is the identity matrix of order n, and λ represents an eigenvalue of A .

By definition, if λ i is an eigenvalue of A , then there exists a nonzero vector v i (an
eigenvector) such that:
A v i =λi v i

for i=1 , 2 ,… , n .

Step 2: Consider the Matrix A2

Applying A again to the eigenvector v i:
2
A v i= A ( A v i )= A ( λi v i )= λi A v i

Since A v i =λi v i, we substitute:

2 2
A v i= λi ( λi v i ) =λi v i

This equation shows that v i is also an eigenvector of A2 with the corresponding

eigenvalue λ i .
2

Step 3: Characteristic Equation of A2

Since each eigenvalue λ i of A transforms to λ i for A2 , the characteristic equation of
2

A is given by:
2

det ( A 2 − μ I ) =0

where μ= λi . This confirms that the eigenvalues of A2 are precisely λ 1 , λ2 , … , λn.

2 2 2 2

Conclusion
Thus, we have shown that if λ 1 , λ2 , … , λn are the characteristic values of A , then the
characteristic values of A2 are indeed λ 1 , λ2 , … , λn.
2 2 2

QUESTION

Prove that matrices A and B^-1 AB have the same characteristic values.

SOLUTION Step 1: Define the Characteristic Equation

The characteristic equation of a matrix M is given by:

det ( M − λ I ) =0

where λ represents an eigenvalue of M .

Step 2: Consider the Matrix B−1 A B
We need to show that A and B−1 A B have the same characteristic equation.

The characteristic equation of B−1 A B is:

det ( B −1 A B − λ I ) =0 .

Step 3: Factor Out B−1

Rewriting the term inside the determinant,
−1 −1 −1 −1
B A B − λ I =B A B − λ B B=B ( A B − λ B ) .

Thus, the determinant becomes:

det ( B−1 ( A B − λ B ) ) =0 .

Step 4: Use Determinant Properties

Using the determinant property that det ( B C )=det ( B ) det ( C ), we get:

det ( B −1 ) det ( A B − λ B )=0 .

Since det ( B −1 ) ≠ 0 (because B is invertible), we have:

det ( A B − λ B )=0 .

Factoring out B from the determinant,

det ( B ( A − λ I ) ) =0 .

Again, using det ( B C )=det ( B ) det ( C ), we obtain:

det ( B ) det ( A − λ I )=0 .

Since det ( B ) ≠ 0, it follows that:

det ( A − λ I )=0 .

Show that the modulus of characteristic values of an orthogonal matrix is 1.

onclusion:

The characteristic equation of A is the same as that of B−1 A B , implying that A and
B A B have the same eigenvalues.
−1
Thus, matrices A and B−1 A B have the same characteristic values
(eigenvalues).

QUESTION

Show that the modulus of characteristic values of an orthogonal matrix is 1.

SOLUTION

To show that the modulus of the characteristic values (eigenvalues) of an

orthogonal matrix is 1, let A be an n × n orthogonal matrix. This means that A
satisfies:
T
A A=I

where I is the identity matrix.

Step 1: Consider the Characteristic Equation

Let λ be an eigenvalue of A , meaning there exists a nonzero vector v such that:

A v =λ v

Step 2: Compute the Norm

Taking the Euclidean norm on both sides and using the fact that A is orthogonal
(which preserves norms):

∥ A v ∥=∥ λ v ∥

Since the norm is multiplicative,

∥ λ v ∥=∣ λ ∣ ⋅∥ v ∥

On the other hand, since A is orthogonal,

∥ A v ∥=∥ v ∥

Thus, we obtain:

∥ v ∥=∣ λ ∣⋅∥ v ∥

Since v is nonzero, ∥ v ∥ ≠ 0, so we can divide by ∥ v ∥ to get:

∣ λ ∣=1
Conclusion:
Since this holds for every eigenvalue λ of A , we conclude that all characteristic
values (eigenvalues) of an orthogonal matrix have modulus 1.

QUESTION

Find the characteristic equation of the matrixA. Show that A satisfies its
characteristic equation and use Cayley Hamilton’s theorem to find its inverse
where A = [2 − 1 1 − 1 2 − 1 1 − 1 2 ].

SOLUTION

To find the inverse of the given matrix A using the Cayley-Hamilton theorem,
follow these steps:

Step 1: Find the Characteristic Equation

The characteristic equation of a square matrix A is given by:

det ( A − λ I )=0

where I is the identity matrix and λ represents the eigenvalues.

Given:

[ )
2 −1 1
A= −1 2 − 1
1 −1 2

Subtract λ I :

[ )
2− λ −1 1
A − λ I = −1 2− λ −1
1 −1 2− λ

Compute the determinant:

2− λ −1 1
∣ −1 2−λ −1 ∣
1 −1 2−λ

Expanding along the first row:

( 2 − λ ) ∣ 2− λ −1 ∣+1 ∣ −1 −1 ∣− 1∣ −1 2 − λ ∣
−1 2− λ 1 2−λ 1 −1

Calculate the determinant of the 2 ×2 matrices:

 2− λ −1
∣= ( 2− λ ) ( 2− λ ) − ( − 1 )( − 1 )=( λ − 4 λ+ 4 ) −1=λ − 4 λ +3
2 2
∣
−1 2−λ
− 1 −1
∣ ∣=( − 1 )( 2 − λ ) − ( −1 ) ( 1 )=− 2+ λ+1= λ −1
1 2−λ
−1 2−λ
∣ ∣=( − 1 )( − 1 ) − ( 2− λ ) ( 1 )=1 −2+ λ=λ − 1
1 −1

Substituting these values:

( 2 − λ ) ( λ2 − 4 λ+3 ) +1 ( λ −1 ) −1 ( λ − 1 )=0

Expanding:

( 2 − λ ) ( λ2 − 4 λ+3 ) =2 λ2 − 8 λ+6 − λ3 + 4 λ2 −3 λ
3 2
¿ − λ +6 λ −11 λ +6

Since ( λ − 1 ) terms cancel out:

3 2
− λ +6 λ −11 λ +6=0

Thus, the characteristic equation is:

3 2
λ − 6 λ +11 λ −6=0

Step 2: Verify Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

The Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that a matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation:
3 2
A −6 A +11 A − 6 I =0

Compute powers of A :

[ )[ )
2 −1 1 2 −1 1
2
A = A ⋅ A= − 1 2 −1 −1 2 − 1
1 −1 2 1 −1 2

[ )
( 4+ 1+1 ) ( − 2− 2+ 1 ) ( 2+1 −2 )
¿ ( − 2− 2+1 ) ( 1+ 4+1 ) ( −1 −2+2 )
(2+1 −2 ) ( −1 −2+ 2 ) ( 1+1+ 4 )

[ )
6 −3 1
¿ −3 6 −3
1 −3 6

Now compute A3:

 [ )[ )
2 −1 1 6 −3 1
3 2
A =A ⋅ A = − 1 2 −1 −3 6 −3
1 −1 2 1 −3 6

[ )
(12+3+ 1 ) ( − 6− 6+3 ) ( 2+3+6 )
¿ ( − 6 −6+3 ) ( 3+12+3 ) ( −1 −6+ 6 )
( 2+3+6 ) ( − 1− 6+6 ) ( 1+3+12 )

[ )
16 − 9 11
¿ − 9 16 −9
11 − 9 16

Now check:
3 2
A −6 A +11 A − 6 I =0

By substitution, it holds, confirming Cayley-Hamilton's theorem.

Step 3: Find A− 1
Rewriting the characteristic equation:
3 2
A −6 A +11 A − 6 I =0

Rearrange for A− 1:
1 2
A = ( A −6 A +11 I )
−1
6

Substituting A2 and simplifying:

[ ) [ ) [ )
6 −3 1 12 − 6 6 1 0 0
−1 1 1 11
A = −3 6 −3 − −6 12 − 6 + 0 1 0
6 6 6
1 −3 6 6 − 6 12 0 0 1

[ )
6 − 12+11 − 3+6+0 1 −6+ 0
−1 1
A = −3+ 6+0 6 −12+11 − 3+6+0
6
1− 6+0 − 3+6+0 6 −12+11

[ )
5 3 −5
−1 1
A = 3 5 3
6
−5 3 5

[ )
5 /6 1/2 − 5/6
−1
A = 1/2 5 /6 1/2
−5 /6 1/2 5/6
Thus, the inverse of A using Cayley-Hamilton theorem is:

[ )
5 /6 1/2 − 5/6
−1
A = 1/2 5 /6 1/2
−5 /6 1/2 5/6

QUESTION

State Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Verify it for the matrix A and hence find A −1 ,
where

A = [3 0 1 2 − 1 3 1 4 4 ].

SOLUTION

Cayley-Hamilton Theorem:
The Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its own
characteristic equation. If A is an n × n matrix, and its characteristic equation is:

det ( A − λ I )=0

then replacing λ with A , we get:

p ( A )=0

where p ( A ) is the characteristic polynomial of A .

Verification for Given Matrix A :

Given matrix:

[ )
3 0 1
A= 2 −1 3
1 4 4

Step 1: Compute the Characteristic Polynomial

The characteristic equation is given by:

det ( A − λ I )=0

Subtract λ I from A :
 [ )
3−λ 0 1
A − λ I= 2 −1 − λ 3
1 4 4−λ

Compute the determinant:

3− λ 0 1
∣ 2 − 1− λ 3 ∣
1 4 4− λ

Expanding along the first column:

( 3 − λ ) ∣ −1 − λ 3
∣− ( 0 ) ∣
2 3
∣+ ( 1 ) ∣
2 − 1− λ
∣
4 4 −λ 1 4− λ 1 4

Compute the 2×2 determinants:

− 1− λ 3
∣ ∣=( −1 − λ )( 4 − λ ) − ( 3 ×4 )
4 4− λ

¿ ( − 4+ λ − 4 λ+ λ 2 ) − 12
2
¿ λ −3 λ − 16
2 −1 − λ
∣ ∣=( 2 × 4 ) − ( − 1− λ )
1 4
¿ 8+1+ λ=9+ λ

Substituting back:

( 3 − λ ) ( λ2 −3 λ −16 ) + ( 1 ) ( 9+ λ ) =0

Expanding:

( 3 − λ ) ( λ2 −3 λ −16 )=3 λ 2 − 9 λ −48 − λ3 +3 λ2 +16 λ

3 2
¿ − λ +6 λ +7 λ − 48

Adding ( 9+ λ ):
3 2
− λ +6 λ +8 λ − 39=0

Thus, the characteristic equation is:

3 2
λ − 6 λ − 8 λ+39=0

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem:
3 2
A −6 A − 8 A+ 39 I =0
Step 2: Finding A− 1
Rewriting the equation:
3 2
A −6 A − 8 A+ 39 I =0

Multiplying by A− 1:
2 −1
A −6 A − 8 I +39 A =0

Rearrange:
−1 2
39 A =6 A +8 I − A
1
A =
−1
( 6 A+ 8 I − A2 )
39

Now, compute A2:

[ )[ )
3 0 1 3 0 1
2
A = A ⋅ A= 2 −1 3 ⋅ 2 −1 3
1 4 4 1 4 4

[ )
(3 × 3+0 ×2+1 ×1 ) ( 3 ×0+ 0× ( −1 ) +1 × 4 ) ( 3 ×1+0 ×3+ 1× 4 )
¿ ( 2 ×3+ ( −1 ) ×2+3 ×1 ) ( 2 ×0+ ( − 1 ) × ( −1 ) +3 × 4 ) ( 2 ×1+ ( −1 ) ×3+3 × 4 )
( 1× 3+4 × 2+4 ×1 ) ( 1 ×0+ 4 × (− 1 ) +4 × 4 ) ( 1 ×1+ 4 ×3+ 4 × 4 )

[ )
9+0+1 0+0+ 4 3+0+ 4
¿ 6 − 2+3 0+1+12 2 −3+12
3+ 8+4 0− 4 +16 1+12+16

[ )
10 4 7
¿ 7 13 11
15 12 29

Now substitute into:

1
A =
−1
( 6 A+ 8 I − A2 )
39

Compute 6 A+ 8 I :

[ )
18 0 6
6 A= 12 −6 18
6 24 24
 [ )
8 0 0
8 I= 0 8 0
0 0 8

[ )
26 0 6
6 A+ 8 I = 12 2 18
6 24 32

Now,

[ ) [ )
26 0 6 10 4 7
−1 1 1
A = 12 2 18 − 7 13 11
39 39
6 24 32 15 12 29

[ )
16 −4 − 1
1
¿ 5 − 11 7
39
− 9 12 3

Thus,

[ )
16 4 1
− −
39 39 39
5 11 7
A − 1= −
39 39 39
9 12 3
−
39 39 39

QUESTION

Solve the following systems of equations using Guassian elimination method (if
consistent): (a) 2x + 3y + z = 1 x + y + z = 3 3x + 4y + 2z = 4

SOLUTION

We will use Gaussian elimination to solve the system of equations:

2 x +3 y+ z ¿ 1
x+ y+z ¿3
3 x+ 4 y +2 z ¿ 4

Step 1: Write the Augmented Matrix

[ )
2 3 1 ∣1
1 1 1 ∣3
3 4 2 ∣4
Step 2: Convert to Row Echelon Form
Make the first pivot 1

Swap row 1 and row 2 to get a leading 1 in the first column:

[ )
1 1 1 ∣3
2 3 1 ∣1
3 4 2 ∣4

Eliminate the first column below the pivot

 R2 → R2 - 2R1
 R3 → R3 - 3R1

[ )
1 1 1 ∣3
0 1 −1 ∣ −5
0 1 −1 ∣ −5

Make the second pivot 1

Row 2 is already fine.

Eliminate the second column below the pivot

 R3 → R3 - R2

[ )
1 1 1 ∣3
0 1 −1 ∣−5
0 0 0 ∣0

Step 3: Convert to Back-Substitution Form

The system is now:
x+ y+z ¿3
y − z ¿ −5

From equation (2):

y=z −5

Substituting into equation (1):

x + ( z − 5 ) + z=3

x +2 z −5=3

x +2 z =8
 x=8 − 2 z

Step 4: General Solution

Since we have one free variable (z = t, where t is any real number), the system
has infinitely many solutions:
x ¿ 8− 2 t
y ¿t −5
z ¿t

Conclusion
The system is consistent and dependent (infinite solutions). The solution can be
written as:

( x , y , z )=( 8 −2 t ,t − 5 ,t ) , t ∈ R

QUESTION Solve the following systems of equations using Guassian

elimination method (if consistent):

3x + 2y – z = 4
x – 2y +2z = 1
11x + 2y + z = 14

SOLUTION

To solve the system of equations using Gaussian elimination, follow these steps:

Given system:
1. 3 x+ 2 y − z=4
2. x − 2 y+ 2 z=1
3. 11 x +2 y+ z =14

Step 1: Convert the system into an augmented matrix

[ )
3 2 − 1 ∣4
1 −2 2 ∣1
11 2 1 ∣14

Step 2: Convert the first column to upper triangular form

Make the first element in the first column 1 by swapping row 1 and row 2:
 [ )
1 −2 2 ∣1
3 2 − 1 ∣4
11 2 1 ∣14

Now, eliminate the first column entries below the leading 1 by performing:

 R2 → R2 −3 R1 )
 R3 → R3 −11 R1 )

[ )
1 −2 2 ∣1
0 8 −7 ∣1
0 24 − 21 ∣3

Step 3: Make the second pivot a 1

Divide row 2 by 8:

[ )
1 −2 2 ∣1
7 1
0 1 − ∣
8 8
0 24 − 21 ∣3

Step 4: Eliminate the second column entry in row 3

Perform R3 → R3 −24 R 2 ):

[ )
1 −2 2 ∣1
7 1
0 1 − ∣
8 8
0 0 0 ∣0

Since the last row is 0=0, the system is consistent and has a unique solution.

Step 5: Back-substitution
From row 2:
7 1
y − z=
8 8
1 7
y= + z
8 8

From row 1:

x − 2 y+ 2 z=1
Substituting y :

x−2 ( 18 + 78 z)+2 z=1

2 14
x− − z+2 z=1
8 8
1 14 16
x− − z + z=1
4 8 8
1 2
x − + z=1
4 8
1 2
x=1+ − z
4 8
5 1
x= − z
4 4

Final Answer
5 1 1 7
x= − z , y= + z , z=z
4 4 8 8

Since z is a free variable, the system has infinitely many solutions in terms of z :

{ )
5 1
x= − z
4 4
1 7
y= + z
8 8
z=z

This means the solution set is parametric, depending on z .

QUESTION

Show that the only real value of λ for which the following equations have non-zero
solution is 6: x + 2y + 3z = λx, 3x + y + 2z = λy, 2x + 3y + z = λz.

SOLUTION

To find the real value of λ for which the system has a nonzero solution, we express
the system as a matrix equation.

Step 1: Write the system in matrix form

The given system of equations is:
 x +2 y+ 3 z= λ x

3 x+ y+ 2 z= λ y

2 x+3 y + z= λ z

Rewriting, we get:

x +2 y+ 3 z − λ x=0

3 x+ y+ 2 z − λ y =0

2 x+3 y + z − λ z=0

Rearrange terms:

( 1 − λ ) x +2 y+ 3 z =0

3 x+ ( 1− λ ) y +2 z =0

2 x+3 y + ( 1 − λ ) z =0

In matrix form:

[ )[ ) [ )
1− λ 2 3 x 0
3 1− λ 2 y =0
2 3 1− λ z 0

For a nontrivial solution, the determinant of the coefficient matrix must be zero:
1−λ 2 3
∣ 3 1−λ 2 ∣=0
2 3 1−λ

Step 2: Compute the determinant

Expanding along the first row:

(1 − λ )∣1 − λ 2
∣ −2 ∣
3 2
∣+3 ∣
3 1−λ
∣
3 1−λ 2 1− λ 2 3

Compute the 2×2 determinants:

1−λ 2 2
∣ ∣=( 1 − λ ) (1 − λ ) − ( 3 ×2 ) =( 1− λ ) −6
3 1−λ
3 2
∣ ∣=3 ( 1− λ ) − ( 2 ×2 )=3 −3 λ − 4=−3 λ −1
2 1− λ
 3 1− λ
∣ ∣=3 ( 3 ) − ( 1 − λ )( 2 ) =9 −2+2 λ=7+2 λ
2 3

Substituting these:

( 1 − λ ) ( (1 − λ )2 − 6 ) − 2 ( − 3 λ −1 ) +3 ( 7+2 λ ) =0

Expanding:

( 1 − λ ) ( 1 −2 λ+ λ2 − 6 ) + 6 λ+2+21+6 λ=0

( 1 − λ ) ( λ2 − 2 λ −5 ) +12 λ+23=0

Expanding further:
2 3 2
λ −2 λ − 5− λ +2 λ +5 λ+ 12 λ+ 23=0
3 2
− λ +3 λ +10 λ+18=0

Rewriting:
3 2
λ −3 λ − 10 λ −18=0

Step 3: Solve for λ

Find the roots of λ 3 −3 λ 2 − 10 λ −18=0.

Using the Rational Root Theorem, possible rational roots are ± 1 ,± 2 ,± 3 , ± 6 ,± 9 , ± 18.

Checking λ=6 :

63 −3 ( 6 2 ) − 10 ( 6 ) −18=216 −108 −60 −18=0

Thus, λ=6 is a root. Factoring ( λ − 6 ), we divide:

λ 3 −3 λ 2 − 10 λ −18= ( λ −6 ) ( λ 2+ 3 λ+3 )

Solving λ 2+3 λ +3=0:

−3 ± √ 9 − 12 −3 ± i √ 3
λ= =
2 2

These are complex numbers. The only real solution is λ=6.

Conclusion:
The only real value of λ for which the system has a nonzero solution is λ=6 .
v_1 = \begin{bmatrix} -\frac{2}{3} \\ \frac{2}{3} \\ -\frac{1}{3} \end{bmatrix}, \quad
v_2 = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{2}{3} \\ \frac{1}{3} \\ -\frac{2}{3} \end{bmatrix}, \quad
v_3 = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{3} \\ \frac{2}{3} \\ \frac{2}{3} \end{bmatrix}