1.

Modeling in Software Engineering

●​ A model is an abstraction that removes unnecessary details to focus on essential

aspects.
●​ Different types of models include:
○​ System Model – Represents specific aspects of a software system.
○​ Process Model – Defines workflows and development processes.
○​ Mathematical Model – Uses mathematical representations.
○​ Platform Model – Details system compatibility with platforms.
○​ Meta Model – Represents rules for defining other models.

2. Object-Oriented Design (OO Design)

●​ Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)

○​ Focuses on objects that interact in a system (e.g., employees, bank accounts,
video files).
○​ Steps include:
■​ Identifying objects.
■​ Organizing objects.
■​ Defining object interactions.
■​ Specifying object operations.
●​ Object-Oriented Design (OOD)
○​ Converts OOA models into detailed implementations.
○​ Involves:
■​ Data structuring.
■​ Implementing methods and control structures.
■​ Defining relationships between objects.
●​ Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
○​ Uses OOA and OOD together to build software iteratively and incrementally.

3. Requirements in Software Engineering

●​ Functional Requirements
○​ Define what a system should do.
○​ Example: "Send an email when a customer signs up."
●​ Non-Functional Requirements
○​ Define how the system should perform.
○​ Example: "The system must handle 10,000 transactions per second."
4. Unified Modeling Language (UML)

●​ Definition
○​ UML is a standardized language used to model software solutions, system
behaviors, and business processes.
●​ Categories of UML Diagrams
○​ Structural Diagrams – Represent system structure (e.g., classes, components).
○​ Behavioral Diagrams – Show system behavior (e.g., interactions, workflows).

5. UML Interaction Diagrams

●​ Used to model object interactions within a system.

●​ Types include:
○​ Sequence Diagram – Shows object interactions over time.
○​ Collaboration Diagram – Displays relationships among objects.
○​ Timing Diagram – Focuses on object states over time.

6. UML Structural Diagrams

●​ Used to model system architecture and relationships.

●​ Key diagrams:
○​ Class Diagram – Defines system classes, attributes, and relationships.
○​ Component Diagram – Shows software components and dependencies.
○​ Deployment Diagram – Represents system hardware and software mapping.

7. Class Diagram Details

●​ Structure of a Class
○​ Name (Top)
○​ Attributes (Middle)
○​ Methods (Bottom)
●​ Relationships in Class Diagrams
○​ Association – A basic relationship between two classes.
○​ Aggregation – A "has-a" relationship where the child object can exist
independently.
○​ Composition – A "strong has-a" relationship where the child cannot exist
independently.
●​ Visibility Modifiers
○​ + (Public) – Accessible by all.
 ○​ # (Protected) – Accessible within the class and derived classes.
○​ - (Private) – Accessible only within the class.

1. Object Diagram
●​ Represents a snapshot of instances of classes at a given time.
●​ Shows real-world examples of objects and their relationships.
●​ Key Elements:
○​ Objects (Instances of classes)
○​ Attributes (With values)
○​ Links (Relationships between objects)

Example:​
If a Class Diagram has a Car class, an Object Diagram could show an instance of a car:

makefile
Copy code
Car1: Car
Color = Red
Brand = Toyota

2. Class vs. Object

3. Package Diagram
 ●​ Used to organize large systems into smaller, manageable parts.
●​ Groups related classes, interfaces, and components.
●​ Helps in modularization of the system.

Example:​
A Bank System can have different packages:

●​ AccountManagement
●​ TransactionProcessing
●​ CustomerSupport

Each package contains related classes.

4. Component Diagram
●​ Represents physical components in a system.
●​ Shows how software components interact via interfaces.
●​ Used for high-level system design.

Example:​
In a web application, components could be:

●​ Frontend (HTML, CSS, JS)

●​ Backend (Django, Node.js)
●​ Database (MySQL, PostgreSQL)

Arrows show dependencies between these components.

5. Deployment Diagram
●​ Represents hardware and software deployment in a system.
●​ Shows physical architecture, including servers, devices, and databases.
●​ Nodes (hardware) and artifacts (deployed software components) are connected.

Example:

●​ Client Node → Mobile App

●​ Server Node → API Service
●​ Database Node → SQL Database
This diagram helps in understanding system infrastructure.

6. Profile Diagram
●​ Used for customizing UML for a specific domain.
●​ Defines stereotypes, tagged values, and constraints.
●​ Helps in extending UML for specialized applications.

Example:

●​ In software development, a profile diagram might define <<webService>> for services

used in a web application.

7. Composite Structure Diagram

●​ Shows internal structure of a class or object.
●​ Represents relationships between different parts of an object.
●​ Helps in understanding how objects collaborate.

Example:​
A Car object contains:

●​ Engine
●​ Wheels
●​ Seats

This diagram represents the composition of the object.

8. Behavioral Diagrams
●​ Focus on system behavior and interactions.
●​ Includes Use Case, Activity, State Machine, and Interaction Diagrams.

8.1 Use Case Diagram

●​ Represents user interactions with a system.

●​ Shows actors (users) and use cases (functionalities).
Example:​
For an E-commerce System:

●​ Actors: Customer, Admin

●​ Use Cases: Add to Cart, Checkout, Payment

8.2 Activity Diagram

●​ Represents workflow or process flow.

●​ Uses actions, decisions, and transitions.

Example:​
Online Order Process:

1.​ Select Product

2.​ Add to Cart
3.​ Make Payment
4.​ Receive Order Confirmation

8.3 State Machine Diagram

●​ Represents states of an object and transitions between states.

●​ Shows life cycle of an object.

Example:​
For an ATM Machine:

1.​ Idle → User Inserts Card

2.​ Verifying Card → User Enters PIN
3.​ Transaction Processing → User Withdraws Cash
4.​ Eject Card → Back to Idle

8.4 Interaction Diagram

●​ Represents interactions between objects.

●​ Includes Sequence and Communication Diagrams.
9. Sequence Diagram
●​ Represents message flow over time between objects.
●​ Uses lifelines, messages, and activation bars.

Example:​
For a Login Process:

1.​ User → System: Enter Credentials

2.​ System → Database: Validate User
3.​ Database → System: Response
4.​ System → User: Access Granted

10. Communication Diagram

●​ Focuses on message passing between objects.
●​ Shows objects and their interactions.
●​ Similar to Sequence Diagram but emphasizes object roles.

Example:​
For an Online Order System:

●​ Customer → Cart → Payment Gateway → Order Confirmation

11. Generalization vs. Specialization

●​ Generalization → Top-down approach
○​ Extract common attributes/methods into a parent class.
○​ Example: Vehicle is a general class for Car and Bike.
●​ Specialization → Bottom-up approach
○​ Create subclasses with more specific attributes.
○​ Example: SavingsAccount and CurrentAccount inherit from
BankAccount.