CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The church, as an institution, holds a profound and multifaceted role in the lives of

millions across the globe. Rooted in the teachings of Jesus Christ, the church has historically

been a central pillar in the spiritual, social, and cultural fabric of society. It serves as a place of

worship, a community center, and a moral compass for its followers, guiding them through the

complexities of life with teachings rooted in love, compassion, and justice (Nelsen, 2016:22).

The church’s influence extends beyond the walls of its physical buildings, impacting individual

lives, shaping societal norms, and even influencing political and economic systems. With its rich

history that spans over two millennia, the church has undergone significant transformations,

adapting to changing societal contexts while striving to remain true to its foundational doctrines

(Haynes, 2023:43).

The church is not a monolithic entity but rather a diverse body encompassing various

denominations, each with its own interpretations of Christian doctrine, liturgical practices, and

governance structures. From the grandeur of Catholic cathedrals to the simplicity of Protestant

chapels, and from the vibrancy of Pentecostal gatherings to the contemplative silence of

Orthodox monasteries, the church’s expressions of faith are as varied as the people it serves

(Lederach, 2015:41). Despite these differences, the universal church is united by a common

mission: to spread the message of the Gospel, to foster a sense of community among believers,

and to engage in acts of service and charity. In contemporary society, the church faces both

challenges and opportunities as it navigates issues such as secularization, social justice, and

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technological advancements (Obadare, 2016:33). Yet, its enduring presence and adaptability

underscore its continuing relevance and its vital role in nurturing the spiritual and moral life of

individuals and communities worldwide.

Peace is a fundamental concept that has been sought after by individuals, communities,

and nations throughout history. It is often defined as the absence of conflict or violence, but

peace encompasses far more than just the cessation of war. True peace, or positive peace,

involves the presence of justice, equality, and harmony within and among societies (Okoro &

Ojukwu, 2022:22). It is a state where people live free from fear and want, where their basic

needs are met, and where they can pursue their aspirations without the threat of oppression or

violence. Peace is integral to the well-being and prosperity of societies, fostering conditions that

allow individuals to thrive, cultures to flourish, and nations to develop (Omotosho, 2014:42).

The quest for peace has been a central theme in global diplomacy, religious teachings, and

philosophical discourses, reflecting its universal importance across all cultures and epochs.

In contemporary discourse, peace is often discussed in relation to conflict resolution,

human rights, and sustainable development. Achieving and maintaining peace requires more than

just the absence of war; it necessitates proactive efforts to address the underlying causes of

conflict, such as poverty, inequality, and injustice. The concept of peacebuilding has gained

prominence, emphasizing the importance of creating and sustaining societal structures that

promote dialogue, reconciliation, and cooperation (Nelsen, 2016:22). This holistic approach to

peace recognizes that lasting peace can only be achieved through the collective efforts of

governments, international organizations, civil society, and individuals. It involves not only

preventing and resolving conflicts but also promoting social cohesion, protecting human rights,

and fostering economic and environmental sustainability (Haynes, 2023:27). In a world that is

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increasingly interconnected, the pursuit of peace is more critical than ever, as the well-being of

one community is inextricably linked to the peace and stability of others.

The church plays a vital role in fostering peace within society by promoting moral values,

encouraging forgiveness, and advocating for social justice. Through its teachings, the church

emphasizes love, compassion, and reconciliation, guiding individuals to resolve conflicts

peacefully and to cultivate a spirit of unity. Churches often serve as mediators in disputes,

offering counsel and support to those in need, thereby reducing tensions that can lead to violence

(Lederach, 2015:21). Additionally, the church advocates for the rights of the marginalized and

oppressed, addressing issues of inequality and injustice that are often root causes of unrest. By

providing a moral framework based on principles of peace and mutual respect, the church helps

to build a more harmonious society, where individuals and communities can coexist peacefully

(Obadare, 2016:17).

Etinan, a bustling local government area in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, has recently

witnessed a surge in violence stemming from communal conflicts, political tensions, and youth

restiveness. This instability has disrupted socio-economic activities, leaving businesses in

disarray and fostering insecurity among residents. Despite interventions by government

peacekeeping bodies and security agencies, these efforts have largely failed due to corruption,

inadequate conflict resolution mechanisms, and lack of community trust in the authorities (Okon,

2018:34). This persistent unrest underscores the urgent need for peace in Etinan, where harmony

is vital for sustainable development and social cohesion. In this regard, the church must arise as a

transformative force in peacebuilding, leveraging its moral authority and grassroots reach to

promote reconciliation, mediate disputes, and instill values of forgiveness and unity. By

championing collaborative efforts with community leaders and emphasizing spiritual renewal,

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the church can offer a holistic approach to restoring peace in Etinan and setting a model for other

troubled regions (Udo, 2019:33).

Deducing from this background, it can be established that this study aimed to examine

the role of the church in ensuring peace in the society with a specific focus on the Apostolic

Church, Etinan local government area.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Besides its spiritual function, the church is renowned for stepping in to resolve conflicts

and maintain peace. But it has been observed that the Apostolic church in Etinan Local

Government Area has been redundant in this particular function. The reduced effort of the

Apostolic Church in ensuring peace in Etinan Local Government Area has led to a number of

significant problems that have disrupted the social fabric of the community. With the church's

diminished role in promoting moral values and conflict resolution, there has been an increase in

disputes and unrest among the populace. The absence of strong religious guidance has allowed

negative behaviors such as intolerance, gossip, and grudges to fester, leading to a rise in conflicts

that could have otherwise been mitigated through the church's traditional role in fostering

dialogue and forgiveness. Furthermore, the weakening of the church's influence has contributed

to the erosion of communal bonds, as the church once served as a central pillar for uniting

diverse groups under shared values of love, peace, and compassion.

The impact of this decline in the church's peacekeeping efforts is profound, manifesting

in increased social discord and a breakdown of community cohesion in Etinan. Without the

church's active involvement, social issues such as youth violence, land disputes, and political

tensions have intensified, as there is no longer a strong moral authority to mediate and resolve

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these conflicts. This has led to a more polarized society, where divisions and misunderstandings

are more likely to escalate into larger confrontations. Additionally, the church's reduced

emphasis on peace has weakened its ability to advocate for social justice, leaving vulnerable

groups without the necessary support to address grievances, further exacerbating feelings of

marginalization and injustice. Overall, the diminished role of the Apostolic Church in promoting

peace has had a destabilizing effect on Etinan Local Government Area, threatening the long-

standing harmony and unity of the community.

It is against this backdrop that this study aimed to examine role of the Apostolic Church

in Etinan Local Government Area in ensuring peace in the area.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The main aim of the study was to examine the role of the Apostolic Church in Etinan

Local Government Area in ensuring peace in the area. The specific objectives are to:

1. Investigate the reality of conflicts in Contemporary Etinan Local Government Area

2. Ascertain the factors responsible for conflicts in contemporary Etinan Local Government

Area

3. Evaluate the effects of conflicts on human and economic development of Etinan Local

Government Area

4. Assess the role of Apostolic Church In ensuring peace in Etinan Local Government Area

5. Investigate into the challenges faced by Apostolic Church in ensuring peace in Etinan

Local Government Area

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1.4 Significance of the Study

The study on the role of the church in ensuring peace in society, particularly focusing on

the Apostolic Church in Etinan LGA, offers the researcher valuable insights into the intersection

of religion and social dynamics. It enables a deeper understanding of how religious institutions

can influence societal harmony and conflict resolution. This research also contributes to the

academic discourse on peacebuilding, providing empirical evidence that may inform future

studies or initiatives in similar contexts. Additionally, the researcher gains practical knowledge

that could be applied in advisory roles for church organizations or policy-making bodies.

For the Apostolic Church, the study serves as a critical reflection on its current efforts

and challenges in fostering peace within Etinan LGA. The findings can guide the church in

identifying gaps in its peace-promoting activities and in developing more effective strategies to

enhance its role as a mediator and moral authority in the community. The study also reinforces

the church’s mission of social cohesion and may inspire renewed commitment among church

leaders and members to actively contribute to the well-being of the society through

peacebuilding efforts.

The study provides the government with important data on the social impact of religious

institutions like the Apostolic Church in maintaining peace and order within communities.

Understanding the church’s role can help government bodies collaborate more effectively with

religious organizations in conflict resolution and community development initiatives. The study

may also highlight areas where the government can support or partner with the church to address

social issues, thereby contributing to more holistic and sustainable peace efforts in Etinan LGA.

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 For society, particularly the residents of Etinan LGA, the study underscores the

importance of the church as a key player in promoting peace and social cohesion. The findings

can raise awareness among community members about the value of religious institutions in

resolving conflicts and fostering unity. It may also encourage greater community engagement

with the church's peacebuilding initiatives, leading to a more harmonious and stable

environment. Overall, the study helps to reaffirm the societal role of the church as a cornerstone

for peace and communal well-being.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study encompassed an in-depth analysis of the church's activities,

programs, and initiatives aimed at fostering peace within the community. It examined the

historical and contemporary roles played by the Apostolic Church in conflict resolution,

mediation, and promoting social cohesion in Etinan LGA. The study focused specifically on the

church's influence on various societal groups, including youth, families, and marginalized

communities, and how these efforts have contributed to overall peace and stability in the region.

Additionally, the research explored the challenges faced by the church in these efforts and

identifies areas for improvement. The study is geographically limited to Etinan LGA and

temporally covers a period of recent years to capture current trends and impacts.

1.6 Limitations of the study

One significant limitation of the study was the potential for bias in data collection and

interpretation. Given that the research focused on a single religious institution within a specific

geographic area, the findings may have not fully captured the diversity of perspectives within the

community or among different denominations. Participants, especially church members or

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leaders, may have provided responses that reflect their personal or institutional biases, either

overestimating the church’s positive impact or underreporting its challenges. Additionally, the

study's reliance on qualitative data, such as interviews and observations, may have introduced

subjectivity in the analysis, potentially affecting the objectivity and generalizability of the

results.

1.7 Research Methodology

The methodological approach adopted in this study is that of descriptive survey methods.

Descriptive method attempts to describe the history and events in regards to the subject matter,

while the survey method investigates the different perceptions and beliefs of influence of the

Apostolic Church in ensuring peace in Etinan Local Government. Primary source of data was

used by generating information from oral interviews. Furthermore, secondary sources such as

textbooks, journals, articles and other essential sources have also been consulted on this subject

matter.

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 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of Church

The church is a sacred institution, deeply rooted in the spiritual and communal fabric of

society, representing a divine assembly of believers united by their faith in God. Historically, the

word "church" originates from the Greek term ekklesia, meaning "called-out assembly,"

signifying a gathering of people who are summoned for a holy purpose (Nanthambwe, 2023:22).

It embodies not merely a physical structure but a spiritual organism encompassing those who

profess faith in Christ. This collective nature of the church is central to its identity, as it serves as

a manifestation of God’s kingdom on earth, guiding its members toward a shared purpose of

worship, service, and salvation (Flood, 2020:85).

According to Knight (2016:45), the church is understood as a community of believers

who are gathered to worship, practice faith, and participate in God’s mission, acting as a witness

to divine reconciliation. Friedli (2016:392) describes the church as a social institution embodying

doctrine, spirituality, and communal practices, forming a discourse that transcends cultural and

economic realms.

Van Gelder and Zscheile (2018:29) define the church as a missional entity called to

embody the reign of God through transformative actions and communal faith. Avis (2017:53)

explains the church as a visible, gathered community under Christ’s lordship, structured around

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sacramental life and scriptural authority. Macchia (2018:101) views the church as a Spirit-filled

organism, emphasizing unity, sanctity, catholicity, and apostolic mission as its defining marks.

Miller (2019:72) considers the church as a hybrid space blending traditional worship with

digital outreach, accommodating diverse expressions of faith. Whitehouse (2020:64) highlights

the church as a community fostering shared beliefs and rituals, anchored in the acknowledgment

of divine authority. Owens and Smith (2021:48) describe the church as a socio-religious body

striving to reconcile sacred traditions with evolving cultural contexts.

Nanthambwe (2023:22) defines the church as a transformative agent in community

development, balancing faith with practical engagement. Zacka (2023:12) emphasizes the church

as a disciplined assembly committed to moral and spiritual growth in alignment with Christ’s

teachings. Beckford (2019:66) portrays the church as a dynamic entity navigating its role

between spiritual authority and societal integration.

Flood (2020:85) regards the church as a Western conceptual framework rooted in

ecclesial structures, yet adaptable across diverse cultural landscapes. Dever (2021:38) frames the

church as a covenant community devoted to worship, discipleship, and gospel proclamation.

Rappaport (2022:59) argues that the church is primarily a ritualistic community, sustaining its

faith through embodied practices and traditions. Chatira and Mwenje (2023:74) see the church as

an organizational entity requiring leadership to achieve spiritual and structural growth.

Spiritually, the church is often described as the "Body of Christ," a concept highlighting

its unity, diversity, and interdependence. Each member plays a unique role, contributing to the

vitality of the whole, much like parts of a physical body work together. This metaphor

emphasizes that the church transcends denominational or cultural boundaries, creating a

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universal community grounded in love, grace, and truth. It also reflects the presence of Christ

within and through the church, making it a living testimony of God’s redemptive work in the

world (Friedli, 2016:392).

The church serves multiple roles, including being a place of worship, a school of spiritual

growth, and a center of social and moral transformation. It provides a sacred space for

individuals to connect with the divine through prayer, sacraments, and scripture. Simultaneously,

it nurtures faith through teaching and discipleship, helping believers to grow in their

understanding of God’s will and their responsibilities toward others (Van Gelder & Zscheile,

2018:29). Through acts of charity, advocacy for justice, and community outreach, the church

also addresses societal needs, becoming a beacon of hope and an agent of change.

Community and fellowship are integral to the church’s mission. The gathering of

believers fosters mutual encouragement, accountability, and support. It cultivates a sense of

belonging and purpose, reflecting the relational nature of humanity as designed by God

(Macchia, 2018:101). Within this fellowship, the church becomes a sanctuary where burdens are

shared, joys are celebrated, and spiritual journeys are walked together. Such unity is not merely

functional but also symbolic of the ultimate reconciliation and harmony envisioned in God’s

eternal kingdom (Miller, 2019:72).

The church is a dynamic and evolving entity, shaped by its historical traditions and its

response to contemporary challenges. It is called to be a light in the darkness, embodying the

values of compassion, humility, and righteousness in a world often marked by division and strife.

By remaining faithful to its divine mandate, the church continues to fulfill its timeless role as a

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testament to the transformative power of God’s love and the enduring hope it offers to all

humanity (Knight, 2016:45).

2.2 Concept of Peace

Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the absence of conflict, violence, or

hostility. It is more than the absence of war; it embodies a condition in which individuals,

communities, and nations coexist in mutual respect, understanding, and collaboration.

Philosophically, peace is often seen as a universal ideal, a state of balance where justice,

equality, and fairness prevail (Manfield, 2023:35). It reflects humanity’s deepest aspiration for

safety, freedom, and well-being, forming the foundation for sustainable development and

coexistence. Throughout history, peace has been a central theme in religious, political, and

cultural discourses, representing the ultimate goal for societies striving for unity and progress

(Jarstad, 2020:94).

According to Knight (2016:45), peace is described as "the absence of war and systemic

violence," focusing on conditions where physical harm is minimized and institutions prioritize

non-violent dispute resolution. Diehl (2017:87) emphasizes "positive peace," integrating

concepts like social justice, economic equity, and cooperative relationships between nations,

distinguishing it from merely the absence of conflict. Richmond (2018:34) defines peace as a

dynamic process that includes everyday practices of coexistence and the transformation of

societal structures to enable sustainable harmony.

Joshi and Wallensteen (2018:60) argue for peace as the presence of justice and equality

within societies, supported by strong legal frameworks and civic engagement. Campbell et al.

(2019:77) propose relational peace, highlighting trust and mutual respect as critical for fostering

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enduring peaceful relations, particularly between previously adversarial groups. Davenport et al.

(2019:15) view peace as "a continuum," where the degree of peace can vary across societies and

relationships, depending on the balance of justice and security.

Jarstad (2020:94) links peace to the resolution of structural inequalities, emphasizing that

lasting peace requires addressing root causes of conflict and building resilience in communities.

Goertz (2020:112) describes peace as a multidimensional concept that includes not only political

stability but also ecological balance and societal well-being. Gleditsch et al. (2020:53) focus on

peace as an evolving condition influenced by global cooperation, environmental sustainability,

and advances in technology reducing human suffering.

Wallensteen (2021:88) emphasizes the interplay between internal peace within states and

international relations, suggesting that these spheres are interconnected in sustaining global

stability. Diehl and Balas (2021:120) propose "quality peace," which combines security

guarantees with enhanced economic and social opportunities, particularly in post-conflict

societies. Gleditsch (2022:44) underscores the necessity of environmental stewardship and

collaborative governance as central to a holistic understanding of peace.

Kester (2022:67) connects peace with global citizenship, advocating for educational

initiatives that foster empathy, understanding, and mutual respect across cultural divides.

Manfield (2023:35) highlights the role of moral and ethical leadership in building peace,

stressing the importance of integrity and accountability in Peace building processes. Interpeace

Report (2023:25) articulates peace as a set of principles rooted in dignity, solidarity, and

legitimacy, focusing on trust-building and inclusive decision-making.

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 At the personal level, peace is an inner state of calm and contentment, where individuals

feel free from anxiety, fear, or turmoil. This internal peace influences relationships and

contributes to creating harmonious communities. Ancient teachings often emphasize the role of

personal discipline, mindfulness, and moral conduct in cultivating inner peace (Kester, 2022:67).

When individuals embrace patience, empathy, and forgiveness, they not only transform their

own lives but also inspire those around them, acting as catalysts for broader societal harmony.

In broader societal terms, peace requires mechanisms for justice, dialogue, and conflict

resolution. It emerges when institutions uphold fairness and protect human rights, ensuring that

all members of a community feel valued and heard. Economic stability, equitable resource

distribution, and education are critical components in building peaceful societies (Wallensteen,

2021:88). Without addressing systemic inequalities, peace becomes fragile and elusive, as

unresolved grievances often sow seeds of discord and unrest. Consequently, sustainable peace is

often tied to the promotion of social cohesion and the equitable distribution of opportunities and

resources (Diehl, 2017:87).

On the international stage, peace is the cornerstone of diplomatic relations and global

stability. It is maintained through treaties, agreements, and cooperation among nations. Modern

frameworks for peace involve multilateral organizations that mediate disputes, provide

humanitarian aid, and foster collaboration to tackle global challenges such as climate change,

poverty, and terrorism (Davenport et al., 2019:15). Peace-building efforts increasingly focus on

preventive measures, promoting dialogue and understanding before conflicts escalate. In this

context, peace is not a passive condition but an active, ongoing process requiring vigilance,

adaptability, and shared commitment (Richmond, 2018:34).

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 Peace is both a vision and a practice, woven into the fabric of human life. It calls for

intentional actions at all levels—personal, societal, and global—to create a world where

individuals and nations thrive in harmony. The journey toward peace is continuous, requiring

courage, compassion, and a steadfast belief in the possibility of a better world. It reminds

humanity of its interconnectedness and the shared responsibility to foster environments where

life can flourish (Gleditsch, 2022:44).

2.3 Concept of Peace Building

Peace building refers to the processes and initiatives designed to prevent the recurrence

of violence and foster sustainable peace in societies affected by conflict. It encompasses a wide

array of activities aimed at addressing the root causes of conflict, healing societal divisions, and

building resilient institutions that support long-term stability (Ouma & Patel, 2023:112). Peace

building is more than the cessation of hostilities; it involves creating the social, economic, and

political conditions necessary for peace to flourish. The concept has evolved from a narrow focus

on post-conflict reconstruction to a broader framework that includes pre-conflict prevention,

post-conflict recovery, and fostering social cohesion (Brusset et al., 2016:67).

According to Knight (2016:45), Peace building is a comprehensive process that involves

creating conditions for sustainable peace by addressing structural causes of conflict and fostering

reconciliation in post-conflict societies. Brusset et al. (2016:67) describe Peace building as an

adaptive process rooted in complexity theory, emphasizing the importance of tailoring

interventions to the unique sociopolitical and cultural dynamics of affected regions. Lemay-

Hébert and Kappler (2016:89) assert that Peace building encompasses strategies aimed at

15
fostering resilient institutions, ensuring inclusivity, and supporting long-term societal healing to

prevent conflict recurrence.

Richmond (2016:123) defines Peace building as the intersection of local and international

efforts to construct a self-sustaining peace by addressing inequalities and promoting participatory

governance structures. Donais and McCandless (2017:56) highlight Peace building as a

participatory process involving local ownership, where communities actively shape interventions

to reflect their priorities and needs. According to Rosenthal (2018:78), Peace building is a

transformative process aimed at reestablishing trust among conflicting parties and creating

mechanisms that resolve disputes peacefully.

Smith (2019:99) conceptualizes Peace building as integrating human rights and

development frameworks to address structural and relational causes of violence within societies.

As per UN General Assembly (2020:44), Peace building is both a goal and a process that aims to

prevent conflict by strengthening national capacities for inclusive dialogue and governance.

Dijkema et al. (2020:71) view Peace building as a holistic approach combining reconciliation,

justice, and the creation of socio-economic opportunities to achieve lasting peace.

Kühn and Timbuktu (2021:35) describe Peace building as fostering socio-political

cohesion through conflict-sensitive policies and locally-driven peace initiatives. Jütersonke et al.

(2021:84) emphasize Peace building as bridging global norms with local practices to address

grievances and promote sustainable governance. According to Miller (2022:47), Peace building

involves creating a culture of peace by strengthening education, addressing economic inequities,

and fostering inter-group dialogue.

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 The United Nations (2022:65) defines Peace building as strengthening national and local

capacities to manage disputes constructively and promoting a rule of law that aligns with human

rights standards. Ouma and Patel (2023:112) assert that Peace building is not only about

resolving past conflicts but also about ensuring structural equity and addressing future risks of

instability. According to Bouchard (2023:132), Peace building involves reshaping societal

norms, promoting reconciliation, and constructing institutions capable of addressing future

challenges through inclusive mechanisms.

At its core, Peace building is a multidimensional effort. It involves fostering dialogue,

promoting reconciliation, and addressing grievances that may fuel tensions. Economic

development, equitable distribution of resources, and ensuring access to basic services like

education, healthcare, and justice are key components (Donais & McCandless, 2017:56). Peace

building also entails strengthening governance structures to ensure they are inclusive,

transparent, and accountable. This process acknowledges that peace is more than the absence of

war—it is the presence of justice, equity, and opportunities for all members of society

(Rosenthal, 2018:78).

The roles of various actors in Peace building are vital to its success. Governments, civil

society organizations, international agencies, and local communities collaborate to design and

implement strategies that address the unique challenges of each context. The inclusion of

marginalized groups, particularly women and youth, ensures that the process is representative

and sustainable (Smith, 2019:99). Local knowledge and leadership play a pivotal role in

designing solutions that resonate with the affected communities, as externally imposed solutions

often lack cultural sensitivity and community buy-in (Miller, 2022:47).

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 Effective Peace building also requires addressing historical narratives and promoting a

culture of peace. This involves education, media campaigns, and initiatives that challenge

prejudices and stereotypes that perpetuate divisions. Transitional justice mechanisms, such as

truth commissions and reparations programs, aim to acknowledge past injustices and pave the

way for healing and reconciliation (Dijkema et al., 2020:71). Such efforts help rebuild trust

among individuals and between communities and their governments.

Peace building is an ongoing and dynamic process, not a one-time intervention. It

demands long-term commitment, adaptability, and the ability to learn from successes and

failures. It seeks to transform societies from cycles of conflict to pathways of peaceful

coexistence, laying the foundation for a future where disputes are resolved through dialogue and

cooperation rather than violence (Bouchard, 2023:132). By addressing the systemic and

structural causes of conflict, Peace building strives to create societies that are not just free from

war but actively resilient to it.

2.4 The Role of Church in Peace Building

The church plays a pivotal role in Peace building, leveraging its moral authority,

extensive reach, and commitment to the well-being of humanity. As a cornerstone of many

societies, the church provides spiritual guidance that fosters values such as forgiveness,

reconciliation, and unity. Its teachings emphasize the intrinsic worth of every individual,

encouraging communities to resolve conflicts without violence (Martin, 2020:65). Throughout

history, faith-based organizations have mediated disputes, often acting as neutral parties in times

of unrest. By advocating for justice and equity, the church becomes a beacon of hope, inspiring

peaceful coexistence in divided societies.

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 According to Nelson (2016:45), the church plays a pivotal role in Peace building by

promoting reconciliation and offering spaces for dialogue between conflicting groups. Through

its moral authority and extensive networks, the church can facilitate trust-building and healing

processes that are essential for long-term peace.

Smith (2017:12) argues that the church has the potential to bridge divides in divided

societies, especially by emphasizing values of forgiveness and nonviolence. Churches often

serve as mediators in conflict situations, helping to foster cooperation and understanding across

cultural and religious boundaries.

According to Taylor (2018:56), Peace building through the church is centered on spiritual

and moral education, which helps to transform hearts and minds, fostering an environment of

respect and peaceful coexistence. By focusing on love, peace, and justice, the church empowers

individuals to act as peacemakers in their communities.

In a study by Adams (2019:78), it is highlighted that the church's role extends beyond

preaching and teaching; it includes providing humanitarian aid in conflict zones and advocating

for policies that promote social justice. Churches, through their charity work, create conditions

conducive to lasting peace.

According to Martin (2020:65), the church can enhance Peace building efforts by

providing a platform for youth engagement. Empowering young people through educational

programs and leadership opportunities helps to counteract radicalization and promotes peaceful

dialogue and cooperation among future leaders.

According to Lewis (2020:104), the church's involvement in Peace building requires

collaboration with governmental and non-governmental organizations. By combining spiritual

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guidance with practical initiatives, the church can contribute to building sustainable peace

through joint efforts that address both immediate needs and long-term reconciliation.

Parker (2021:33) asserts that the church's emphasis on forgiveness and healing makes it

uniquely positioned to contribute to post-conflict reconciliation. Its teachings on grace and

redemption offer pathways for individuals and communities to recover from past trauma and

move toward peaceful coexistence.

Davis (2021:89) emphasizes that the church has a significant role in fostering dialogue

between different ethnic and religious groups. By creating interfaith dialogue forums and

promoting mutual understanding, the church helps mitigate sectarian violence and advance social

cohesion.

According to White (2022:120), the church’s role in Peace building is multifaceted,

including advocacy, conflict prevention, and peace education. It acts as a moral compass, urging

leaders to prioritize peace and justice over violence, while also working to address the root

causes of conflict, such as poverty and inequality.

Roberts (2023:52) suggests that the church's ability to influence Peace building is

enhanced by its grassroots presence and credibility in local communities. By promoting peace

from the bottom up, churches contribute to reducing tensions and fostering a culture of peace that

can be sustained through community solidarity.

In its Peace building efforts, the church often acts as a bridge between conflicting parties.

Religious leaders, respected for their moral integrity, can convene dialogue sessions and create

safe spaces for honest communication. Churches frequently organize workshops, seminars, and

public forums aimed at addressing the root causes of conflicts, such as inequality, discrimination,

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or miscommunication (Nelson, 2016:45). Additionally, the church fosters interfaith

collaboration, promoting unity among diverse religious groups. Such initiatives not only de-

escalate tensions but also strengthen communal bonds, reinforcing a collective commitment to

peace.

Beyond dialogue facilitation, the church contributes significantly to post-conflict healing

and reconstruction. Many churches support victims of violence through counseling, trauma

healing, and community reintegration programs. These efforts address the psychological scars

left by conflict, helping individuals and communities recover their dignity and purpose (Parker,

2021:33). Churches also champion education and skills development, empowering marginalized

groups to actively participate in rebuilding efforts. This holistic approach ensures that Peace

building extends beyond mere cessation of violence to the restoration of trust and social harmony

(Adams, 2019:78).

Furthermore, the church often functions as a watchdog for good governance, advocating

for policies that prevent conflict and promote human rights. By speaking out against corruption,

injustice, and oppressive practices, religious institutions hold authorities accountable, creating

environments conducive to peace (Lewis, 2020:104). Churches also collaborate with non-

governmental organizations and international bodies to implement sustainable development

projects that address poverty and inequality, both of which are common drivers of unrest. These

partnerships amplify the church’s impact, ensuring Peace building efforts are inclusive and far-

reaching (White, 2022:120).

In essence, the church is not merely a spiritual entity but a dynamic agent of societal

transformation. Through its teachings, advocacy, and humanitarian initiatives, it addresses both

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the immediate and structural causes of conflict. By nurturing a culture of peace, the church

empowers individuals and communities to envision and work toward a harmonious future

(Roberts, 2023:52). Its enduring presence and commitment to reconciliation ensure that Peace

building efforts are rooted in compassion, justice, and shared humanity.

22
CHAPTER THREE: THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF ETINAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

AREA

3.1 Location

Etinan is located within the South South part of Nigeria and constitutes one of the Local

Government Areas in the oil rich AkwaIbom [Link] Local Government Area is located on

latitude 05001’N and longitude 07054’E. It is 26 kilometres south of Uyo, the AkwaIbom State

capital and 24 kilometres north of Eket. It shares common boundaries with Onna, NsitIbom,

MkpatEnin, Abak and Uyo Local Government Areas. The entire Local Government Area lies in

the tropical rainforest belt and has two distinct seasons – the rainy season and the dry season.

The vegetation is evergreen.

3.2 History

23
Following the recommendations of the Akilu commission of Inquiry into the administrative

structure of the then South Eastern State, Etinan Local Government was created in 1976 out of

the former Uyo Division with Etinan as its headquarters (Akwang, 2010:55).

3.3 Language

The Etinan people speak a wide range of languages including Ibibio, English, pidgin.

3.4 Economy

Some of the most famous markets are UduaEtinan which is in the capital of the Etinan,

UduaMkpafi which is in IkotIsong, along with other markets.

3.5 Socio-cultural life of the people

The area is mainly inhabited by the ImanIbom people who are characteristically dynamic,

imaginative, industrious and intelligent. They generally speak Ibibio language and have a rich

cultural heritage. Some of the cultural societies found here are Ekpo, Ekong, Ebre and Idiong. A

greater percentage of the people are Christians although some forms of African traditional

religion are practiced by few people. Their culture is reflected and displayed through dances,

arts, and crafts. The main occupation of the people centresaround farming and petty trading.

Crops cultivated include yams, cassava, cocoyam and maize. Small scale manufacturing is also

carried out by the people. A number of the people also engage in palm-wine tapping, crafts-

making, wood-carving, sculpture and baking

3.6 Religious life

24
 Etinan people practiced the Ibibio religion (Inam) which was of two dimensions, which

centered on the pouring of libation, sacrifice, worship, consultation, communication and

invocation of the God of Heaven (AbasiEnyong), God of the Earth (AbasiIsong) and the Supreme

Being (AbasiIbom) by the Constitutional and Religious King/Head of a particular Ibibio

Community who was known from the ancient times as the Obong-Ikpaisong (the word

'ObongIkpaisong' directly interpreted means King of the Principalities of the Earth' or 'King of

the Earth and the Principalities' or Traditional Ruler).

The second dimension of the Religion centered on the worship, consultation, invocation,

sacrifice, appeasement, etc. of the God of the Heaven (AbasiEnyong) and the God of the Earth

(AbasiIsong) through various invisible or spiritual entities (me Ndem). The Priests of these

Deities (me Ndem) were the Temple Chief Priests/Priestesses of the various Etinan Divisions. A

particular Etinan Division could consist of many interrelated autonomous communities or

kingdoms ruled by an autonomous Priest-King called Obong-Ikpaisong, assisted by heads of the

various large families (MbongEkpuk) which make up the Community.

These have been the ancient political and religious system of Etinanpeople from time

immemorial. Tradition, interpreted in Ibibio Language, is 'Ikpaisong'. Tradition (Ikpaisong) in

Ibibio Custom embodies the Religious and Political System. The word 'Obong' in Ibibio

language means 'Ruler, King, Lord, Chief, Head' and is applied depending on the Office concern.

In reference to the Obong-Ikpaisong, the word 'Obong' means 'King'. In reference to the Village

Head, the word means 'Chief'. In reference to the Head of the Families (ObongEkpuk), the word

means 'Head' In reference to God, the word means 'Lord'. In reference to the Head of the various

societies - e.g. 'ObongObon', the word means 'Head or Leader'

25
CHAPTER FOUR: THE ROLE OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH IN ENSURING

PEACE IN ETINAN L.G.A

4.1 Reality of Conflicts in Contemporary Etinan Local Government Area

Several cases of conflicts have occurred over the years in Etinan local government. In

Afaha Akpan Ekpo, a conflict arose between two prominent families over the ownership of a

large piece of farmland. This land had been in dispute for several decades, with both families

claiming ancestral rights. The disagreement escalated when one family began clearing the land

for cultivation, leading to physical confrontations. The matter was eventually taken to the local

26
council, where mediation efforts helped de-escalate tensions, but the conflict remained

unresolved for years (Nelson Ekpo: personal communication).

In Afaha Iman, a conflict broke out between the youth and the traditional council over the

management of community resources. The youth accused the elders of mismanaging funds

generated from the sale of communal land. This led to protests, which sometimes turned violent.

The situation worsened when a section of the youth attempted to take over the leadership of the

village council. After months of tension, external mediators from neighboring communities were

called in to help broker peace, which temporarily restored order (Affiong Uko: personal

communication).

Edem Ekpat experienced a conflict over the siting of a government project. A group of

villagers opposed the project, claiming that it would disrupt the community's sacred land, while

others supported it due to the economic benefits it promised. The disagreement divided the

village, leading to protests and clashes. After several attempts to resolve the matter, the local

government intervened and relocated the project to a more neutral area, though some grievances

lingered (Ken Emmanuel: personal communication).

In Ekpene Obom, a land dispute between neighboring villages escalated into a full-blown

conflict. The disagreement was over the boundary between Ekpene Obom and another village,

leading to clashes that resulted in injuries on both sides. Efforts by local authorities to resolve the

conflict were initially unsuccessful, as both sides were unwilling to compromise. It took several

years of negotiations and involvement from higher governmental authorities before the dispute

was finally settled through a court ruling (Udim Thompson: personal communication).

27
 In Ekpene Ukpa, a conflict erupted between fishermen from the community and a group

of settlers over fishing rights in a nearby river. The settlers, who had moved into the area

recently, claimed that they had been granted access to the river by local authorities. However, the

indigenous fishermen argued that the river had been their primary source of livelihood for

generations. This led to frequent clashes, particularly during the fishing season. After a series of

confrontations, both sides eventually agreed to a shared use of the river following mediation by

the local government and traditional leaders (Godswill Ekanem: personal communication).

4.2 Factors Responsible for Conflicts in Contemporary Etinan Local Government Area

Conflicts in Etinan Local Government Area were caused by a variety of social, economic,

and political factors. One of the key drivers of conflict was land disputes. The rapid population

growth and increasing demand for land led to numerous disagreements over land ownership and

boundaries. This issue was particularly pronounced in areas where traditional land tenure

systems clashed with modern legal frameworks. The lack of clear documentation and the

manipulation of land records by powerful individuals often exacerbated these disputes, leading to

violent confrontations between communities or families (Gift Abia: personal communication).

Another significant factor was political competition. Local elections in Etinan were

frequently marred by rivalry between political parties and candidates, leading to heightened

tensions. Politicians often mobilized ethnic, clan, or communal identities to gain support, which

in turn created divisions within the community. These divisions were further fueled by the

perception of unequal access to resources, government positions, or development projects, which

created feelings of marginalization and exclusion among certain groups (Young Ekwere:

personal communication).

28
 Ethnic and cultural differences also played a role in conflicts in the area. Although Etinan

was relatively homogeneous in terms of ethnic composition, sub-ethnic identities within the

larger Ibibio group sometimes led to friction. This was particularly the case when different sub-

groups felt that they were being sidelined in local decision-making processes or were not

receiving their fair share of resources or opportunities. In some instances, cultural practices, such

as the distribution of inheritance or the performance of traditional rites, became sources of

tension (Sunday Ekwere: personal communication).

Economic challenges, such as unemployment and poverty, contributed to conflicts as

well. The lack of economic opportunities, especially for young people, created a fertile ground

for unrest. In many cases, unemployed youths were recruited by political actors or community

leaders to serve as enforcers or militias during disputes. The frustrations arising from economic

hardship often manifested in violent actions as people sought to assert their rights or vent their

anger (Nelson Ekpo: personal communication).

Furthermore, the absence of effective conflict resolution mechanisms played a significant

role. Traditional rulers and community leaders, who were once regarded as arbiters of disputes,

increasingly lost their influence due to the intervention of political actors and the erosion of

respect for customary authority. In many cases, conflicts escalated because there were no trusted

intermediaries to mediate disputes or offer lasting solutions. The legal system, which was

supposed to handle such issues, was often viewed as corrupt, slow, or biased (Affiong Uko:

personal communication).

Religious differences, although less prominent, also contributed to conflicts. While

Etinan was predominantly Christian, differences in religious practices and affiliations sometimes

29
led to misunderstandings and clashes, particularly between different denominations. This was

especially true when religious leaders became involved in political or social matters, further

complicating already tense situations (Ken Emmanuel: personal communication).

A real-life example of conflict in Etinan occurred in 2016 when two communities, Ikot

Abasi and Ikot Akpa, clashed over a piece of farmland. Both communities claimed ownership of

the land, and after failed attempts at mediation, the dispute escalated into a violent confrontation

that left several people injured and property destroyed. Another case was the political violence

during the 2019 local government elections. Supporters of rival candidates in Etinan clashed in

various locations, resulting in injuries, destruction of campaign materials, and a tense atmosphere

that lasted for weeks. These cases underscored the complexity of conflicts in the area and the

need for comprehensive conflict management strategies (Udim Thompson: personal

communication).

4.3 Effects of Conflicts on Human and Economic Development of Etinan Local

Government Area

Conflicts in the Etinan Local Government Area had profound impacts on both human and

economic development. The region, primarily known for its agrarian economy and tight-knit

communities, experienced disruptions that hindered progress across several sectors. The social

fabric of the community, which was once strong, weakened as trust eroded between different

groups involved in the conflicts. Families were displaced, and many were forced to abandon their

homes, which led to a loss of social cohesion. The breakdown in community relations further

30
discouraged communal development initiatives, as people became more wary of collaboration

due to unresolved grievances (Godswill Ekanem: personal communication).

Economically, the conflicts had devastating consequences. The primary economic

activity in Etinan—agriculture—suffered significantly as farmers were unable to tend to their

crops or engage in trade due to insecurity. Markets were disrupted, and the movement of goods

between rural and urban areas was affected, which resulted in inflated prices of food and basic

necessities. Businesses closed down, and potential investors were deterred by the instability.

Additionally, public and private infrastructure, such as roads and markets, were damaged during

periods of unrest, making it difficult for economic activities to resume even after the conflicts

subsided (Gift Abia: personal communication).

One notable case was the land dispute between the Ikot Abasi and Ikot Eba villages in the

late 1990s, which escalated into violent clashes. This conflict not only led to the destruction of

farmland but also caused a major migration of residents out of the affected areas. The exodus

contributed to a significant labor shortage, which further slowed agricultural production,

deepening the economic strain on the local economy (Young Ekwere: personal communication).

Another case occurred in 2010, when a political disagreement between rival factions

within Etinan resulted in violent protests. These protests led to the burning of several

government buildings and halted all administrative functions in the region for several weeks. The

shutdown of government services affected the delivery of healthcare, education, and other

critical services, exacerbating the already fragile human development index in the area (Sunday

Ekwere: personal communication).

31
 In a more recent case from 2018, clashes between youth groups over control of resources

from a community development project escalated into a larger conflict. Lives were lost, and

infrastructure meant to improve water supply was destroyed. This had lasting effects on both

health and economic activities, as residents were left without access to clean water and had to

spend resources on sourcing water from alternative locations (Nelson Ekpo: personal

communication).

These conflicts left long-lasting scars on both the social and economic landscape of

Etinan. Education was particularly hard hit, as many schools were damaged or closed due to

safety concerns, resulting in a generation of youth missing out on critical years of learning. This

loss in human capital further impeded the community's overall economic growth. Additionally,

the region’s health system was weakened as medical facilities were damaged, and healthcare

workers were either displaced or unwilling to serve in conflict-prone areas (Affiong Uko:

personal communication).

4.4 The role of Apostolic Church in Ensuring Peace in Etinan Local Government Area

The Apostolic Church played a pivotal role in ensuring peace in Etinan Local

Government Area through various religious and social interventions. As a key religious

institution, the church fostered unity and reconciliation among the diverse communities in the

area, addressing ethnic, political, and social tensions that often arose. Through its teachings and

organized programs, the church promoted values such as forgiveness, tolerance, and peaceful

32
coexistence, which were essential in curbing conflicts and reducing violence (Ken Emmanuel:

personal communication).

One of the primary ways the Apostolic Church ensured peace was by mediating disputes

within the community. Church leaders often acted as neutral arbiters in land disputes, chieftaincy

conflicts, and family feuds. Their respected position in the society allowed them to bring

opposing parties to the table, facilitating dialogues that often ended in peaceful resolutions. The

church's commitment to biblical principles of justice and equity helped to prevent the escalation

of tensions, thereby maintaining stability in the local government area (Udim Thompson:

personal communication).

A significant case occurred in 2012 when a chieftaincy dispute threatened to destabilize

the peace in one of the villages in Etinan. The Apostolic Church stepped in, organizing peace

talks between the two rival factions. By emphasizing common values and the importance of

community unity, the church was able to help the parties reach a compromise, preventing the

outbreak of violence that had been feared (Godswill Ekanem: personal communication).

In addition to resolving disputes, the Apostolic Church organized peace campaigns and

community outreach programs that encouraged reconciliation and promoted social harmony.

These programs targeted youth, who were often at the center of violent activities. By engaging

young people through religious education, vocational training, and social activities, the church

diverted their attention from violence and channeled their energy into productive ventures. In one

instance, in 2016, following a series of youth-related conflicts in the area, the church launched a

youth empowerment initiative that provided skills training and mentorship, significantly

reducing youth violence in the community (Gift Abia: personal communication).

33
 The church also played a significant role in offering emotional and spiritual support to

victims of conflict. This helped in the healing process of individuals and families affected by

violence. For example, after a violent clash between two communities over farmland in 2017, the

Apostolic Church organized counseling sessions and prayer meetings for those who lost property

and loved ones. This initiative helped to restore peace by addressing the emotional and

psychological needs of the victims, encouraging forgiveness and reconciliation (Young Ekwere:

personal communication).

Moreover, the Apostolic Church collaborated with other religious organizations,

traditional rulers, and government agencies to promote a collective approach to peace building in

Etinan. The church often hosted inter-faith dialogues and joint community initiatives that

emphasized the importance of collaboration in maintaining peace. In 2018, after a period of

political unrest following local government elections, the church played a key role in organizing

a peace summit that brought together political leaders, community heads, and others (Sunday

Ekwere: personal communication).

The Apostolic Church's involvement in Etinan Local Government Area went beyond

religious activities. It actively participated in peace building efforts by mediating conflicts,

engaging the youth, supporting victims, and fostering collaboration with other community

leaders. Through these actions, the church contributed significantly to the maintenance of peace

and stability in the area, ensuring a more harmonious and united community.

4.5 Challenges Faced by Apostolic Church in Ensuring Peace in Etinan Local

Government Area

34
 The Apostolic Church in Etinan Local Government Area faced numerous challenges in

its efforts to ensure peace in the region. One major challenge was the deep-rooted religious and

ethnic tensions that had historically fueled conflicts within the community. These tensions made

it difficult for the church to foster unity, as differing beliefs and tribal loyalties often escalated

minor disputes into larger conflicts. The church found itself mediating between groups that had

long-standing grievances, some of which were outside the immediate scope of religious

influence (Nelson Ekpo: personal communication).

Another significant challenge was political interference in the church's peace efforts.

Local politicians often manipulated religious and ethnic differences to gain political leverage,

undermining the church’s initiatives. The lack of cooperation from political leaders, who

prioritized their own interests over community harmony, made it harder for the Apostolic Church

to implement lasting peace solutions. Despite the church’s efforts to remain neutral, it was

sometimes drawn into political controversies, further complicating its role as a peace mediator

(Affiong Uko: personal communication).

Additionally, economic hardship in Etinan contributed to social unrest, which the church

struggled to address. Poverty, unemployment, and a lack of access to basic amenities like

education and healthcare fueled frustration among the youth, leading to frequent outbreaks of

violence. The church, while spiritually equipped, lacked the material resources to effectively

address these economic challenges, limiting its ability to provide a holistic peace strategy that

tackled both the root causes and the symptoms of unrest (Ken Emmanuel: personal

communication).

35
 In one real-life case, the Apostolic Church intervened in a conflict between two rival

youth groups that had been engaged in violent clashes over land disputes. Despite initial

successes in negotiating a ceasefire, the agreement fell apart due to the involvement of political

actors who sought to exploit the conflict for electoral gains. The church’s peace efforts were

undermined by these external influences, and violence eventually flared up again (Udim

Thompson: personal communication).

Another case involved the church’s efforts to mediate in a dispute between local farmers

and herders. The conflict, which was driven by competition for land and water resources, had

resulted in several deaths and the displacement of families. Although the Apostolic Church

organized a series of dialogue sessions that temporarily calmed the situation, the lack of

government support for long-term solutions, such as equitable land distribution, meant that

tensions persisted, and sporadic violence continued (Godswill Ekanem: personal

communication).

In a third case, the Apostolic Church sought to quell violence between two ethnic

communities over control of a local market. The church facilitated peace talks that led to a

temporary resolution, but the absence of legal enforcement mechanisms made it difficult to

sustain peace. When one group felt that the agreements were being violated, clashes resumed,

highlighting the limitations of the church’s influence without broader societal and governmental

backing (Gift Abia: personal communication).

The Apostolic Church faced significant obstacles in its peacekeeping efforts in Etinan,

ranging from political manipulation and economic hardship to deep-rooted ethnic and religious

36
divisions. Although it was able to mediate temporary resolutions in some cases, the sustainability

of peace remained a challenge due to factors beyond the church's control.

37
 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

The Apostolic Church has played a significant role in promoting peace in Etinan Local

Government Area (LGA) through its spiritual teachings and community-centered activities. As a

religious institution, it emphasizes values such as love, forgiveness, and unity, which are

fundamental to resolving conflicts and fostering harmonious living. The church’s leadership

encourages its members to live peacefully with their neighbors, regardless of differences in

background or religion. This approach not only contributes to personal spiritual growth but also

enhances the social fabric of Etinan, creating a sense of shared purpose among individuals and

groups. Furthermore, the church has actively engaged in social initiatives aimed at addressing the

root causes of unrest, including poverty, lack of education, and unemployment, by providing

opportunities for development and empowerment.

Additionally, the church serves as a mediator in local conflicts, offering a platform for

dialogue and reconciliation. Its influence extends to various community sectors, where it fosters

cooperation between local authorities, youth groups, and other religious organizations to resolve

tensions and prevent violence. Through prayer meetings, counseling services, and peace-building

workshops, the Apostolic Church has been instrumental in helping to resolve disputes in a

peaceful manner. The church’s role in conflict resolution, along with its commitment to social

justice, has made it a vital peace-building force within the LGA. By advocating for justice,

reconciliation, and mutual respect, the Apostolic Church continues to shape the peaceful

coexistence of the people in Etinan.

38
5.2 Conclusion

The Apostolic Church played a pivotal role in promoting peace within the Etinan Local

Government Area. Through its extensive outreach programs and spiritual guidance, the church

helped foster unity among diverse communities. By preaching messages of love, forgiveness,

and understanding, it became a key institution in mitigating local conflicts. The church's leaders,

with their deep commitment to communal welfare, encouraged peaceful resolutions and served

as mediators during times of social unrest. Their influence was instrumental in restoring

harmony, ensuring that both the young and old understood the importance of peace in fostering

development.

In addition to its spiritual efforts, the church actively engaged in community development

initiatives that addressed the root causes of conflict in the region. The church's involvement in

education, health care, and infrastructure development helped improve the standard of living in

Etinan, reducing the grievances that often led to disputes. By focusing on holistic growth, the

church ensured that the local population had access to essential services, thereby contributing to

long-term peace and stability. This social responsibility was an essential aspect of the church’s

approach to peace building, reinforcing the connection between material well-being and peaceful

coexistence.

Furthermore, the church's role extended beyond spiritual and developmental support; it

also served as a unifying force in times of crisis. During periods of political or ethnic tension, the

Apostolic Church was a neutral ground for dialogue, offering a safe space for people from

different backgrounds to discuss their differences. Through its leadership, the church effectively

39
bridged divides and emphasized the shared values that connected all members of the community.

Its commitment to peace was unwavering, as it consistently upheld the principles of justice,

compassion, and mutual respect, thereby ensuring that the people of Etinan could live in peace

and harmony.

5.3 Recommendations

The Apostolic Church in Etinan LGA can play a pivotal role in fostering societal peace

by prioritizing community-oriented teachings and outreach programs. The church should

emphasize peace-building through sermons and teachings that address forgiveness, conflict

resolution, and the value of unity. By promoting these principles, congregants can become

ambassadors of peace in their communities. Establishing structured counseling and mediation

centers within the church can provide a platform for resolving disputes amicably. Furthermore,

the church can organize regular seminars and workshops focused on peace education, targeting

both the youth and adults. Collaborations with local authorities, traditional rulers, and

community leaders can enhance the reach and impact of these initiatives, creating a harmonious

environment for all.

Additionally, the church should actively engage in humanitarian activities, such as

assisting the less privileged and providing support during crises. Such efforts foster a sense of

solidarity and reduce societal tensions often caused by economic inequalities. Youth

empowerment programs, such as vocational training and leadership development, can also

reduce crime and unrest by equipping young people with skills and opportunities. The Apostolic

Church in Etinan LGA can further amplify its influence by participating in interfaith dialogues,

40
promoting tolerance among different religious and ethnic groups. In doing so, the church

positions itself as a beacon of hope and an agent of sustainable peace within the society.

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 APPENDIX I

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

NAME AGE POSITION DATE OF

Udim Thompson 49 Women President 11/10/2024

Godswill Ekanem 68 Bishop 7/10/2024

Gift Abia 55 Presiding Elder 12/10/2024

Young Ekwere 38 Choirmaster 12/10/2024

45