CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY UNIT

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CONCEPT MAP
CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Green Technology

Saturated Fat
Explains
Temperature 180°C
Optimum condition
Oils and Can be converted to Hydrogenation Catalyst: Nickel
Fats

Unsaturated Fat Waste and

wastewater Wastewater
Describe treatment
Preparation management

Soap
Meanings Explain
Cleaning Cleansing action
Agent
Detergent
Describe &
Explain Effectiveness in soft
Biological enzyme water and hard water
– Biological enzyme
– Whitening
– Fragrance

Types of chemicals used

159

Preservative

Food Additives Flavouring

Colouring agent
Analgesic
Stabiliser Examples of food
Medicine additives and food
Types Antimicrobials
Thickening agents

Applications
Psychotic drug
Antioxidant

Nanotechnology Corticosteroids
Emulsifiers

Module Chemistry Form 5

Anti-allergy
Applications Makeup cosmetics

Types Treatment cosmetic

Cosmetics
Semiconductor & Electronic Energy & Electric Agriculture Food Textile
Fragrances

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

5.1 OILS AND FATS CS 5.1

Oils and Fats LS 5.1.1

What are oils and fats?

• Oils and fats are natural esters .
• Formed by esterification of alcohol glycerol or propan-1,2,3-triol with fatty acid.
• Fats are triesters (triglyceride).

What is alcohol glycerol?

Glycerol is an alcohol with three hydroxyl groups, known as propan-1,2,3-triol.

H H H

H C C C H

OH OH OH

What is fatty acid?

• Fatty acid is a long chain of carboxylic acid with long carbon chain, R-COOH or
CnH2n+1COOH.
• R is alkyl group with general formula CnH2n+1, n is about 10 to 20.

General equation for esterification reaction between glycerol and fatty acid.
Esterification reaction between glycerol and fatty acid:
H O H O

H C O H   +   H O C R H C O C R

O O

H C O H   +   H O C R' H C O C R' + 3 H – O – H

O O

H C O H   +   H O C R'' H C O C R''

H H
1 mol of glycerol 3 mol of fatty acid 1 mol of oil or fat 3 mol of water

R, R’ and R” represent hydrocarbon chains( alkyl groups) that are the same or different.
⇒ Glycerol + Fatty acid Oil or fat + Water
⇒ Oil and fat molecules are made up of two parts i.e derived from glycerol and fatty acid .
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What are saturated fat and unsaturated fat?

Saturated fat Saturated fat

• Saturated fats are esters of saturated fatty • Unsaturated fats are esters of unsaturated fatty
acids. acids.
single • Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one
• Saturated fatty acids contain
covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in double bond between the carbon
hydrocarbon chains. atoms in hydrocarbon chain.

O H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H
HO C C C C C C C C C C C H HO C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids

• Example: Palmitic acid, lauric acid and stearic • Example: Oleic acid and linoleic acid
acid.

Compare fats and oils. LS 5.1.2

Aspects Fat Oil

High percentage of High percentage of

Percentage of fatty acid
saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids

Melting point Higher Lower

Physical state at
Solid Liquid
room temperature

Source Animal Vegetable

Example Cheese Palm oil

What is the importance of oils and fats?

• Oils and fats provide energy for our bodies.
• Build membrane cell and certain hormones.
• Dissolve certain vitamins for absorption.
Hydrogenation
of Vegetables
What is the process of changing unsaturated fats to saturated fats? Explain. Oils
• Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats through hydrogenation process
such as in the manufacture of margarine.
• Sources of unsaturated fats are palm oil, soybean oil and corn oil.
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• Each carbon-carbon double bond is added with two hydrogen atoms:
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOCH2 CH3(CH2)7CH2CH2(CH2)7COOCH2 Hydrogenation
Nickel of Oils
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOCH + H2 CH3(CH2)7CH2CH2(CH2)7COOCH
180 °C
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOCH2 CH3(CH2)7CH2CH2(CH2)7COOCH2

Unsaturated fat Saturated fat

• Hydrogen gas is passed through hot oil in the presence of nickel as catalyst at temperature of 180°C and
pressure of 4 atm.

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Explain why the physical state of oil turns to solid after hydrogenation.
• The relative molecular mass of the oil molecule increases, as more and more double bonds are added with
hydrogen.
• The strength of forces between molecules becomes stronger and more energy needed to overcome the
force. The boiling point of the oil increases and the physical state changes from liquid to solid.

Give examples of the uses of oils and fats. LS 5.1.3

Source of • Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, used cooking oils or animal fats.
energy • Biodiesel is renewable and can be used in existing diesel engines without modification.

• Vitamins A, D, E and K are insoluble in water but soluble in fats.

Source of
• These vitamins are part of balanced diet to maintain good health.
nutrients
• Addition of fats to diets of dairy animals can improve fertility and milk production.

Industrial • Vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin care products, candles, perfumes and other
used personal care and cosmetic products.

What are the effects of eating food with high content in fats on health? Explain.
Animal fats (saturated fats) contain higher LDL cholesterol whereas vegetable oils (unsaturated
fats) contain higher HDL cholesterol.
(i) LDL cholesterol causes plaque deposits on the walls of veins or arteries which will lead to heart attack
and stroke.
(ii) HDL cholesterol reduces deposits on the artery walls.

5.2 CLEANING AGENTS CS 5.2

Soap LS 5.2.1

Define soaps.
Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids.

What are fatty acids?

• Fatty acids are organic acid with long carbon chain CnH2n + 1COOH, n > 10.
• Fatty acid found naturally as an ester with alcohol glycerol (alcohol with 3 OH).
• Ester of fatty acid with glycerol is oils or fats.
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How to prepare soaps from oils and fats?

• Soap are prepared by hydrolysing oils or fats in potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution.

• The reaction is called saponification .

What is saponification?
• Saponification is a process involves hydrolysis of oils or fats with concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution or potassium hydroxide solution .

• The products are glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are soaps .

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Saponification equation:
Oils or fats Sodium hydroxide Saponification Glycerol Sodium salt of fatty acid
+ +
(ESTER) (ALKALI) (ALCOHOL) (SOAP)

Complete the following:

H O H
O
H C O C R H C OH
R C O–Na+

O O

H C O C R’ H C OH R’ C O–Na+
+   3NaOH +

O O

H C O C R” H C OH R” C O–Na+

H H

Oils or fats Sodium hydroxide Glycerol Salt of fatty acid

R, R’ and R” are long hydrocarbon chain (alkyl group). R, R’ and R” can be the same or different.

The structural formula for soap.

O O

CH3(CH2)n C O–Na+ or CH3(CH2)n C O–K+

The general formula of soap.

RCOO– Na+ or RCOO–K+, where R is alkyl group, CnH2n + 1, n > 10

Given different formulae of fatty acids, derive the respective chemical formulae of the soaps formed.

Fatty acid Soap Formula for soap Oil or fat used

C11H23COOH
Sodium laurate C11H23COONa Coconut oil
Lauric acid
C15H31COOH
Sodium palmitate C15H31COONa Palm oil
Palmitic acid
C17H35COOH
Sodium stearate C17H35COONa Animal fats
Stearic acid
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Preparing a Sample of Soap in the Laboratory LS 5.2.2

Describe how to prepare soap from used cooking oil.

• Soaps can be formed from used cooking oil, such as oil for deep frying.
• It is also called recycled soap because it reduces used oil waste and
thus eco-friendly.
• The only ingredients needed are used cooking oil, sodium hydroxide, Procedure
for
NaOH and water. Preparing
Soap From
Homemade Used
Soap Cooking Oil

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The chemical equation for saponification:

H
H O O

H C OH C15H31 C O–Na+
H C O C C15H31
O O
H C OH
H C O C C15H31 C15H31 C O–Na+

+   3NaOH +
O
O
H C OH
H C O C C15H31
C15H31 C O–Na+
H
H

Glyceryl tripalmitate Glycerol Sodium palmitate (soap)

Conclusions
• When oils or fats react with concentrated sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
solution, glycerol and fatty acid salts, which is soaps are formed.
• The reaction is called saponification .

Detergent LS 5.2.1

Define detergent.
• Detergent is cleaning agent that is not soap.
• Detergents are sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acid or alkyl sulphonic acid.

What are the two common groups of detergents?

Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Sodium alkyl sulphate

O O

– –
R S O Na+ R O S O Na+

O O

R represents a long chain hydrocarbon

Preparation of detergent LS 5.2.2

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What are the resources to make detergents?

Detergents are made from petroleum fractions and sulphuric acid.

What are the processes involved in the preparation of detergent?

Detergents are prepared through two processes:
(i) Sulphonation or sulphation
(ii) Neutralisation

(a) Preparation of sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate

(i) Sulphonation of alkylbenzene: The concentrated sulphuric acid is reacted with alkylbenzene to
form alkylbenzene sulphonic acid.

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Alkylbenzene Sulphuric acid Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid

(ii) Neutralisation: Sodium hydroxide solution is then neutralised the alkylbenzene sulphonic acid to
produce alkylbenzene sulphonate salt, which is detergent .

Alkylbenzene Sodium Sodium alkylbenzene Water

sulphonic acid hydroxide sulphonate

(b) Preparation of sodium alkyl sulphate

(i) Sulphation of alcohol: Concentrated sulphuric acid is reacted with long chain alcohol to form alkyl
hydrogen sulphate.
O O

CH3(CH2)nCH2 O H + HO S OH CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S OH + H 2O

O O
Long chain Sulphuric acid Alkyl hydrogen sulphate Water
alcohol

(ii) Neutralisation: Sodium hydroxide solution is then neutralised the alkyl hydrogen sulphate to produce
sodium alkyl sulphate salt, which is detergent .
O O

CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S OH +   NaOH CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S ONa + H2O

O O

Alkyl hydrogen sulphate Sodium hydroxide Sodium alkyl sulphate Water

The cleansing action of soap 5

What are the ions produced when soap ionises in water?
Soap with the general formula RCOO Na / RCOO K
– + – +
ionises in water to produce sodium or potassium
cation, Na or K and soap anion, RCOO .
+ + –

Describe the structure of soap anion.

Soap anion is made up of two parts:

R C O–

Alkyl Carboxylate ion

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(i) R is a long hydrocarbon chain which are: (ii) –COO– is a carboxylate ion which are:
• hydrophobic (repelled by water) • hydrophilic (soluble in water)
• non-polar end (no charge) • polar end (negatively charge)
• soluble in oil or grease • insoluble in oil or grease

Example:
• Sodium laurate: CH3 – (CH2)14 – COONa in water ionises to: CH3 – (CH2)14 – COO– (soap anion) and Na+.
The structural formula of soap anion:
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
–
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C-O

Hydrocarbon chain or hydrophobic . Carboxylate ion or hydrophilic .

• Simplified representation of soap anion is:

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
Soap and
Surface
Explain how the cleaning action of soap on oily stains on cloth. Tension of
Water

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
part part
part part

Grease
Grease
Cloth Water
Cloth
• The soap ionises in water to produce
free moving soap anions and cations. • The hydrophilic part of the soap
• Soap anion reduces the surface tension anions dissolves in water
of water which will increase wetting ability of
while the hydrophobic part dissolves
water. Therefore, water wets the and penetrates into the grease.
dirty cloth.

Repulsion between negative Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic
charges of soap anion Small part
part
grease
droplets Grease
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Cloth Water
Cloth

• The small droplets do not redeposit on the • The hydrophilic part of soap anions
surround the grease, the grease is
surface of the cloth due to repulsion
suspended in the water.
between negative charges on their surface.
• By the movement of water during scrubbing
• The droplets are suspended in water, forming
and rubbing, grease is lifted off the
an emulsion .
surface.
• Rinsing away the dirty water removes the
grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is • The grease is dispersed into
then cleaned. smaller droplet .

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The cleansing action of detergent

What are the ions produced when detergent ionises in water?

• Detergent dissolves in water to form detergent anion and sodium cation .
• For example the ionisation of sodium alkyl sulphate;
O O
H2O
CH3 (CH2)n O S O–Na+ CH3 (CH2)n O S O– + Na+

O O

Describe the structure of detergent anion.

The structure of a detergent anion is similar to a soap anion. The detergent
anion is also made up of two parts i.e hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part.
(i) Alkyl sulphate ion:
O Cleansing Cleansing
Action of Action of
Soap I Soap II
CH3 (CH2)n O S O–

Hydrocarbon chain or hydrophobic . Sulphate ion or hydrophilic .

(ii) Alkylbenzene sulphonate ion:

O
CH3 (CH2)n S O–

Hydrocarbon chain Benzene sulphonate ion

hydrophobic . or hydrophilic .

Explain how the detergent anions remove greasy stains on cloth.

• The cleansing action of detergent is also very similar to soap, the hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) chain
dissolves in grease.
• The sulphate ion or benzene sulphonate ion (hydrophilic) remains in water.

The Effectiveness of the Cleansing of Soap and Detergent LS 5.2.3

What is hard water?

Hard water contains high concentration of calcium ion (Ca2+) and magnesium ion (Mg2+).
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What is the effect of hard water to the cleansing action of soaps? Explain.
• The effectiveness of soap is reduced when used in hard water.
• Calcium ions and magnesium ions react with soap anions to form insoluble scum.
2C17H35COO (aq)
− (C17H35COO)2Mg (s)↓
Stearic anion / + Mg (aq) →
2+ Insoluble magnesium
soap anion stearate (scum)

2C17H35COO− (aq) (C17H35COO)2Ca (s)↓

Stearic anion / + Ca2+ (aq) → Insoluble calcium
soap anion stearate (scum)
• Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning.

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What is the effect of hard water to the cleansing action of detergent? Explain.
• Detergent anions do not form insoluble scum with calcium ions and magnesium ions.
• Detergent can act as cleaning agent in hard water.
• Detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.

Complete the following table:

Cleaning agent Soap Detergent

Sources Animal fats or vegetable oil Long chain hydrocarbon from petroleum

General formula RCOONa R SO3Na, ROSO3Na

O O O O O O
The structure of
Sor O O or S
– – –
C O
–
C O O S O
–
O S
O –
O
polar end
atau
(Hydrophilic) O O
O O
Carboxylate ion Benzene sulphonate ion Sulphate ion

Effectiveness Effective in soft water only Effective in soft water and hard water

Formation of
Forms scum in hard water Do not form scum in hard water
scum

pH Slightly alkaline pH value is modified to suit cleaning task

Effect on
Biodegradable, do not cause pollution Mostly non-biodegradable, cause pollution
environment

Why are additives added to detergents? State the function of the additives.
Additives Functions

Biological enzyme such as lipase and peptidase Remove protein stains such as blood

Whitening agent such as sodium perborate and

Convert stain to colourless substances
sodium hypochlorite
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Fragrances Add fragrance to fabrics and detergent

Suspension agent such as sodium carboxymethyl To prevent the removed dirt particles redeposited onto
cellulose cleaned fabrics

Drying agent – keep detergents dry by absorbing

Anhydrous sodium sulphate and sodium silicate
water vapour

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PERFORMANCE LEVEL (PL)

PL1 Recall knowledge and basic skills on consumer and industrial chemistry. 1 2 3 4 5 6
PL2 Understand and explain consumer and industrial chemistry. 1 2 3 4 5 6

EXERCISE

1 The diagram below shows the structural formula of a soap anion.

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

_
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C–O

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

(a) State the property of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anion. PL1

Hydrophobic dissolves in organic solvent. Hydrophilic dissolves in water.

(b) Soap is used to wash oily stains on cloth. Explain the cleansing action of soap on the oily stain. PL2

• Soap reduces the surface tension of water and increases the wetting ability of water on the surface of
the oily cloth.
• The hydrophobic part of the soap anion dissolves in the oily stains. The hydrophilic part of the soap
anion remains in the water.
• Scrubbing helps to lift the oily stains from the cloth and breaks the oily stains into small droplets.
• The droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to repulsion between the negative
charges on their surface.
• The droplets are suspended in water forming an emulsion. Rinsing removes these droplets and leaves
the surface clean.

2 The diagrams below show the structural formula for the anion part of cleansing agent X and cleansing agent Y
particles.
O O

R C O–Na+ R O S O–Na+

O
Cleansing agent X Cleansing agent Y

(a) Identify cleansing agents X and Y as soap and detergent. PL1

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Soap: Cleansing agent X Detergent: Cleansing agent Y

(b) Draw the hydrophilic part of cleansing agent X and Y. PL2

O
O
O S O–
C O –

O
Cleansing agent X Cleansing agent Y

(c) State the name of part of the cleansing agents X and Y that is soluble in grease. PL2

Hydrophobic

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(d) Soap is ineffective as a cleansing agent in hard water. Explain. PL3

• The soap anions react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form white
precipitate of magnesium and calcium salt or scum.
• Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap for cleaning.
(e) State one advantage of detergent over soap. PL2

Detergent anions react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form soluble salt or
no scum. The cleansing action of detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.
(f) One of the properties of soap and detergent is that they can form lather with water. What is the function of
lather? PL1
It helps to suspend the grease particles.

3 A student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained
cloth in hard water.

Experiment Experiment I Experiment II

Set up of apparatus Soap + Detergent +

hard water hard water

Cloth with oily stains Cloth with oily stains

Observation Oily stain remained Oily stain disappeared

(a) Compare the cleansing effect between Experiment I and Experiment II. PL3

Soap in Experiment I is not effective as cleansing agent in hard water whereas detergent in Experiment

II is effective as cleansing agent in hard water.

(b) Explain why there are differences in the observations. PL2

• Hard water contains calcium ions, Ca2+ and magnesium ions, Mg2+.

• Soap anions in hard water react with magnesium ions or calcium ions to form scum, insoluble

precipitate and no foam is formed.

• Detergent anions react with Ca2+ ions and Mg2+ ions to form soluble salt, no precipitate, no scum, and

foam is formed.
(c) State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stains in hard water. PL2
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Detergent is more effective than soap as a cleansing agent in hard water.

5.3 FOOD ADDITIVES CS 5.3

Food Additives LS 5.3.1

Why are food additives added to food?

• Improve its appearance, taste or texture
• Preserve the food

How are food additives classified?

Food additives are classified according to their functions.

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What are the types of food additives, their functions and examples? LS 5.3.1 LS 5.3.2

Food additives
Type of food additives

1 Flavouring agents 2 Antioxidants 3 Dyes

Functions Functions Functions

(a) Prevent oxidation that causes (a) Add or restore the (b) Make the food
(a) Enhance the (b) Produce (c) Sweeten rancid fats and brown fruits
natural flavour artificial the food colour in food appearance look more
of the food flavour attractive
Examples
Examples Examples

• Monosodium glutamate (MSG) • Ester • Aspartame • Ascorbic acid • Citric acid • Azo compound such as • Triphenyl compounds
(vitamin C) tartrazine and ‘sunset yellow’ such as brilliant blue
Foods
Foods Foods
– Soup – Cake – Drink
– Frozen food – Jam – Juice – Cake – Margarine – Orange juice
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– Meat – Ice cream – Biscuit – Fruit juice – Jam

4 Preservatives 5 Thickeners 6 Stabilisers

Functions Function Functions
(a) To thicken food
(a) Prevent food from (b) Prevent food from being (c) Prevent food (a) Improves the (b) Improve the
being spoilt by spoilt by: from being spoilt texture of food consistency of
preventing or slow (i) Removing water by providing Examples by preventing an food by giving
down the growth of (ii) Retard the growth of acidic condition emulsion* from a firmer, more
microorganisms microorganism • Acacia gum • Pectin / separating out uniform and
Gelatin into a layer of smoother texture
Examples and foods
Examples Foods water and oil. (To

Module Chemistry Form 5

• Sodium nitrate emulsify food)
– Sausage, burger, • Salt • Sugar • Vinegar – Chewing – Jam
processed meat gum – Jelly
• Sodium benzoate Foods Food Examples and foods
– Cheese
– Chilli and tomato sauce cream
– Salted fish – Jam – Pickled • Lecithin, Gelatin
• Sulphur dioxide – Low fat – Chocolate – Butter
– Fruit juice, jam milk – Ice cream – Salad dressing

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

PERFORMANCE LEVEL (PL)

Apply knowledge of consumer and industrial chemistry to explain the natural occurences and phenomena
PL3 1 2 3 4 5 6
and carry out simple task.
Analyse knowledge on consumer and industrial chemistry in the context of problem solving on the natural
PL4 1 2 3 4 5 6
occurences and phenomena.

EXERCISE

1 The diagram below shows a label of ingredients present on a packaging of a food.

Solid milk,
tartazine, sugar, ......

(a) What is the function of tartazine?

Add colour to the food.
PL1

(b) How does sugar make the food last longer?

Sugar make food last longer by removing water from the foods and retards the growth of
PL2

microorganisms.

(c) The table below shows the functions for two examples of food additives.
PL1

Type of food
Food additives Functions
additives
Sodium benzoate Controls and inhibits the growth of microorganisms P
Lecithine Improve texture of the food Q

What are P and Q?

P: Preservatives

Q: Stabiliser

2 The table below shows the types and examples of food additives.

Types of food additives Examples

Sodium nitrate
V
5

Sodium chloride
Antioxidants X
Y
Flavouring agents MSG
Octyl ethanoate
W Acacia gum
Food colouring Z

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(a) What is V, W, X, Y and Z?

Preservatives
PL1
V:
W: Stablisers and thickeners
X: Ascorbic acid
Y: Saccharin / aspartame

Z: Azo compound / triphenyl compound

(b) (i) Give one example of food that uses sodium nitrate as food additive.
Sausage / burger / meat
PL2
PL3

(ii) Explain how sodium nitrate works as food additive.

Sodium nitrate prevents sausage / burger / meat from being spoilt by slowing down the growth of
microorganism
(iii) Suggest another example of the same type of food additive as sodium nitrate that is used in chilli and
tomato sauce.
Sodium benzoate

(c) (i) Give one example of food that uses sodium chloride as food additive.
Salted fish
PL2

(ii) Explain how sodium chloride works as food additive.

Sodium chloride prevents fish from being spoilt by removing water from the cell of microorganism
and retards its growth.

(d) (i) What is the function of Y as a flavouring agent?

PL2
Sweeten the food with less calories.
(ii) What is the side effect of MSG on our health?
Cause headache / falling hair.
(iii) What is the function of octyl ethanoate as a flavouring agent?
Produce artificial orange flavour.

(e) Name the example of food additives that cause the children to become hyperactive.
Azo compound / triphenyl compound
PL1

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5.4 MEDICINES AND COSMETICS CS 5.4
Traditional
Medicines
and Their
Uses
Medicines LS 5.4.1

What is the function of medicine?

A medicine is used to prevent or cure disease or to relieve pain .

What are the sources of traditional medicines?

Traditional medicines are obtained from natural sources (plants or animals), without chemical reactions.

What is modern medicines?

Modern medicines are chemicals that are extracted from plants and animals or synthetic chemicals.

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Module Chemistry Form 5

MODERN MEDICINES LS 5.4.2

Types

Analgesics Antimicrobials Psychotic drugs Anti allergy

Examples: Examples: Examples: Example:

• Paracetamol • Antibiotic such as penicillin and • Haloperidol • Antihistamines
• Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) streptomycin. • Chlorpromazine
Functions:
• Codeine • Antiseptics such as hydrogen peroxide, • Clozapine
• Prevent and treat nasal stuffiness,
iodine and ethanol.
Functions: Functions: sneezing, itchy and runny nose.
• Disinfectants such as ethanol and
• Aspirin relief pain in concious • To treat symptom of • Decrease inflammation and
formaldehyde.
state. It also used to reduce mental illness that swelling from other types of allergic.
inflammation and blood clotting. Functions: causes personality
The correct way to use:
• Paracetamol relief pain in • Antiseptic slows or stops the growth of changes and
• Should be taken with a prescription
concious state. microorganisms externally and helps to insensitive to reality.
by a doctor.
• Paracetamol can be given to prevent infections.
The correct way to
children and gastric patients as • Antibiotics kill or retard the growth of Side effects:
174

use:
it does not irritate the stomach. bacteria. • Dizziness, dry mouth and throat,
• Should be taken with
• Codeine relieves pain as well as • Disinfectants destroy microorganism on blurred vision and constipation.
a prescription by a
to treat cough and diarrhoea. non-living object such as publics area
doctor.
and building.
The correct way to use: Corticosteroids
Side effects:
• Should be taken with a The correct way to use:
• Drowsiness
prescription by a doctor. • Antibiotic should be taken with a
• Leading to weight
prescription by a doctor. Example:
Side effects: gain after prolonged
• Patient must take full course of the • Betamethasone valerate
• Aspirin is acidic and can cause usage.
antibiotic to make sure all the bacteria
internal bleeding and ulceration. • Uncontrolled muscle Functions:
are killed, otherwise the bacteria may
It is not suitable for gastric movements of the • Reduce inflammation and to treat
become resistant to the antibiotic.
patients. jaw, lips and tongue. asthma, allergic and arthritis.
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• An overdose of paracetamol can Side effects:

cause liver damage. • Causes headache, allergic reaction and The correct way to use:
• Codeine may cause drowsiness. dizziness. • Should be taken with a prescription
Misuse of codeine causes • Patients who are allergic to penicillin by a doctor.
addiction. need to inform the doctor during medical Side effects:
consultation. • Can cause osteoporosis,
hypertension, diabetes, weight gain,
thinning of the skin and bruising easily.
 Module Chemistry Form 5

Cosmetics LS 5.4.3

What are cosmetics?

Cosmetics are materials or products used externally for the purpose of cleansing , protecting

or beautfying .

What are the basic ingredients of cosmetics? State the examples and their functions.
Basic
Remarks
ingredients

• Used as a solvent for basic ingredients in cosmetic.

Water • Water also forms emulsions in which the oil and water components of the product
are combined to form creams and lotions.

• Lecithin, stearic acid and polysorbates are examples of emulsifiers used in creams
Emulsifier
and lotions to form a homogeneous mixture between water and oil.

• Xanthan gum, gelatin and glycerin are examples of thickeners used in bath gels,
Thickeners
shampoos as well as creams and lotions.

• Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and iron(III) oxide are example of dyes added to make
Dyes
cosmetic products look attractive .

• Glycerin, lanolin, shea butter and sodium lactate are examples of moisturising agents
Moisturiser
used to retain moisture in cosmetic products.

• Parabens, benzoic acid and formaldehyde are examples of preservatives used to

Preservative
prevent product damage caused by microorganism .

• Fragrances can provide a pleasant odour and help to remove the smell of some
Fragrances
ingredients.

What are the types of cosmetics and their examples? LS 5.4.4

Types of
Function and examples
cosmetics

Makeup • Used externally to enhance the beauty of face.

cosmetics • Examples: Powder, foundation, lipstick, eyeliner, eyeshadow and mascara.

• Used to nourish, heal and protect as well as beautify the body.

Treament
• Examples: Face serum, face mask, skin moisturisers, lotions, anti aging cream, sun
5
cosmetics
block cream and acne cream.

• Gives each perfume or product its distinct scent. Fragrance may be derived from
Fragrances petroleum or natural raw materials.
• Examples: Deodorants and perfumes.

Cosmetics can also be made using natural ingredients. Give examples.

• Coconut oil and honey for hair treatment.
• Cucumber and lemon to make toner.
• Coffee powder, lemon and honey to make facial scrub.
D.I.Y
• Aloe vera, rose water and coconut oil to make moisturiser. Products

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Compare the homemade cosmetics with commercial cosmetics.

Homemade cosmetics Commercial cosmetics

Using natural ingredients are safe to use as May contain harmful chemicals and cause
they do not contain harmful chemicals. harmful side effects.

The cost to produce the products is cheap. Prices may be higher and users are often deceived
by the misleading advertisement.

How is the safety of medicines and cosmetics in Malaysia supervised?

Medicines and cosmetics must be registered with the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory
Division (NPRA), Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH)

State the examples of the chemicals that may be added to the cosmetics and their NPRA
side effects.
• Hydroquinone: Hypersensitive skin and exposure to UV rays due to reduced pigmentation.
• Tretinoin: Skin redness and peeling.
• Betamethasone valerate: Skin irritation and changes in pigmentation.
• Mercury: Skin irritation and damage to the kidneys and nervous system if absorbed into the bloodstream.

5.5 APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY CS 5.5

Introduction of nanoparticles

What is nano?
• Nano is something that is too small that it can only be seen with a powerful microscope.
• Nano is one billionth part of (a specified unit); the factor of 10–9.

What is nanoscale?
Nanoscale is a scale to show the size of an object with a length 1-100 nanometres.
Macroscale Microscale Nanoscale Atomic scale
Can be seen Too small to see Smaller than a Size of an
with the naked eye with the naked eye cell and bigger atom
than an atom

Hand Flea Cell Nanofibre DNA

Child Finger Hair Bacterium Virus Atom
Metres Nanotechnology
100 10–1 10–2 10–3 10–4 10–5 10–6 10–7 10–8 10–9 10–10 10–11
5

What is nanoparticle?
100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11
• Nano particle is a particle with the size between 1 to 100 nanometres .

• 1 nm = 1 × 10–9 m (or 0.000000001 m).

Is a nanoparticle smaller than an atom?

• No, nanoparticle is 100 times larger than atom.
• Nanoparticles are 1 – 100 nm in size that usually contain a few hundred atoms.

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How is the size of nanoparticle compared to the saiz of human hair?

Nanoparticles are usually 500 – 100 000 times

'thinner' than a piece of human hair.

Nano fibre Hair

Give example of nanoparticle.

Graphene Carbon nanotubes

Rolled
Carbon

Graphene sheet Carbon nanotube

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms, tightly When graphene sheet is rolled up, carbon nanotube
bound in a hexagonal lattice. is produced.

Silicon dioxide nanoparticle Silver nanoparticle

Silver nanoparticles
are clusters of silver
atoms that has
diameter about
1 to 100 nm,

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles Zinc oxide nanoparticles

State the relationship between the size of particle with the ratio of surface area to its volume.
The smaller the size of the particle, the bigger the ratio of the surface area to its volume.

What is the advantage when the size of the particle is small?

• The extremely small size of the particle enables it to penetrate very fine and thin layers such
as skin, blood circulation, lymphatic system and others.
• This phenomenon has enabled inventions of various interesting materials as well as their uses.
5

Is it possible to see nanoparticle and what are the instrument to observe the structure?
• Nanoparticles are too small to be seen with the naked eye and even with conventional lab microscopes.
• Nanoparticles can be observed using the powerful microscopes as below:

Atomic Force Scanning Electron Transmission Electron

Microscopy Microscopy Microscopy

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Nanotechnology and its application LS 5.5.1

What is nanoscience?
Nanoscience is the study on processing of substances at nano scale.

What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the development of substances or gadgets using the properties of nanoparticles.

Applications of nanotechnology LS 5.5.2

What are fields related with nanotechnology?

State the nanoparticles involved, examples, uses and its advantage. Simulation

• Graphene semiconductor is small in size and efficient .

Semiconductor
and electronics • Carbon nanotube in wiring system makes it has higher conductivity.

• Dye-sensitived solar cell consist of titanium dioxide. This solar cell is durable ,
Energy and
light-weight and more efficient.
electric
• Graphene battery has long life and save time to recharge battery.

• Titanium dioxide is used in pesticide to enhance antimicrobial activity in

Agriculture plant.
• Silver nanoparticle is used in fertiliser to increase nutrient uptake by plants.

• Silver nanoparticles used in fabrics to prevent nasty odour that caused by

the activity of bacteria .

• Iron nanoparticles are used in firefighter fabrics to make fabric resist burning
Textile
and can withstand heat .
• Titanium dioxide is used in fabric to reduce wrinkle of cotton and silk.
• Silicon dioxide nanoparticles is used in fabric to make fabric water repellant .
5

• Silver nanoparticle is used in food packaging to prevent the growth of bacteria

and keeps the food inside the packaging remain fresh.
Food
• Silicon dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles is added into food to enhance
food flavour and texture.

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• Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are added into sunscreen lotion to provide

Cosmetic UV protection.
• UV radiation is not able to penetrate into skin layer.
• This can prevent skin damage such as sunburn, skin aging, and skin cancer.

• Drug delivery system into body uses nanocapsule.

Medicine • This makes drug delivery system more effective and the drug able to pass through
into narrow capillaries.

Graphene LS 5.4.3

What is carbon allotrope?

Allotrope is an element that exists in two or more forms, which may differ in the
arrangement of atoms.

Give examples of carbon allotrope.

Examples of carbon allotrope as shown in the diagram below represents carbon atom:

Graphite Graphene Diamond Fullerene Carbon nanotube

What is graphene? State the speciality of graphene compared to the other carbon allotrope.
• Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms, tightly bound in a hexagonal lattice.
• Graphene abundantly available in nature and ecologically friendly.

What is the difference between structure of graphene and graphite?

Carbon

Graphene has single Graphite has several

5
layer of carbon atom layers of carbon atom

Explains the physical properties of graphene.

Physical properties Descriptions
Good heat and electrical • Graphene based materials allow heat and electric current
conductivity to flow quickly.
• Graphene conducts electricity well because it has delocalised electrons
that are free to move through its structure.
High elasticity • Stretchable up to 20% of its original length.

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Hard and strong • Strength of graphene comes from the strong covalent bonds between
the carbon atoms.
Impermeable • Graphene blocks all liquids and gases to pass through.
Transparent • Graphene absorbs 2.3% of visible light and this makes graphene very
transparent.
Low electrical resistance • Graphene has low electrical resistance .
• This allows a lot of electrons to flow very quickly through it.

State chemical properties of graphene.

• Graphene is the most reactive carbon allotrope.
• Graphene burns at very low temperature.
• Graphene is oxidised to form graphene oxide and can act as catalyst.

State the example uses of graphene.

• Graphene has a low electrical resistance and allow it to be used in LCD display screens, transistors and
electric circuits.
• Graphene is used in sensor due to high heat and electrical conductivity.
• Graphene is also applied to solar cells due to its high optical transparency.
• Graphene battery has long life and save time to recharge battery.
• With a uniform pore size, graphene is used in ethanol distillation.
• Graphene can be used for microbial detection.

5.5 APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CS 5.5

Green Technolgy LS 5.6.1

What is green technology?

Green Technology is the development and the application of products or equipment and a system to
conserve the environment in order to minimise the negative effects from human activities .

Give example of activities that cause the negative effects towards environment.
• Transportation
• Burning of fuel
• Waste and wastewater disposal

What is the negative effect from the activities?

• Global warming
5

• Greenhouse effect
• Pollution

What is the effect of the above phenomena toward the climate change?
• Long draught
• Flood
Google
• Biodiversity lost Form

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Green Technology has been implemented in Malaysia according to several sectors. State the application
of Green Technology in each sector.

Sectors Aplications

Power supply • Renewable energy such as solar, hidro, geothermal and wind.
• It is also known as ‘Clean Energy’ or ‘Green Energy’ because does not pollute water
and air.

Transportation • Green transportation is any form of transportation that has a minimal

impact on the environment that release greenhouses gases with low rate.
• The other form of green transports are walking, cycling and the use of hybrid car.

Building • Green buildings is built with the use of green building materials, efficient use of
energy and water and the production of minimal solid waste.

Domestic waste • Recycling (3R concept – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) and Landfill Leachate
and wastewater Treatment Method are used to minimise the waste production.
management • The disposed waste are treated to produce new materials such as compost.

Agriculture and • Use of compost fertiliser to improve soil nutrients and management of crop irrigation
forestry using rainwater to water the plants.

Industry • Uses of technology and energy efficient tools.

Green Technology in Waste and Wastewater Management LS 5.6.2

What is waste?
Waste is the excess, unwanted product or materials that needs to be disposed of because it is damaged
and broken.

What is wastewater?
Water that contains materials such as sewage, food waste, oil and chemicals.

State three aspects in waste management.

(i) Waste disposal
(ii) Waste disposal site management
(iii) Wastewater treatment

What are the issues in management of waste and wastewater?

• Sewage, chemical wastes and rubbish that are disposed into the rivers and sea affect the
ecosystem of aquatic lives.
5
• Food leftovers that are not properly disposed pollute the environment.
• Production, management and decomposition of solid waste increases greenhouse gases.

What is the importances of Green technology in waste and wastewater management?

• To minimise the effect of waste disposal towards environment.
• The disposed waste can be modified to form new materials such as compost.

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

Application of Green Technology to Overcome Issues

LS 5.6.3
in Waste and Wastewater Management Sector

Explain stages in solid waste disposal.

Solid waste

Are processed to

Waste Solid waste Composting organic

segregation collection solid waste

• Solid waste that has • Organic solid wastes are

been produced are decomposed into compost and
segregated. can be used as organic fertiliser

Waste sorting centre

Incineration
• Solid wastes are sent to
Recycling the waste sorting centre.
• Combustion of organic
• The wastes are treated
substances contained in
through incineration,
waste materials. This process
recycling or dispose into
converts the waste into energy.
the landfill.

Methane gas recovery

Landfill Leachate Treatment Method
• Solid wastes release
methane gas. • Lacheate is a contaminated liquid
• Methane gas is burned • Solid waste produced from water leached from solid
to produce heat or are disposed waste.
generate electricity. into landfill • Landfill Leachate Treatment Method
that using electrolysis principle is called
electrocoagulation.

★ Green technology is applied

Wastewater management LS 5.6.3

What are the sources of wastewater?

5

• Domestic wastewater
• Stormwater (Rain or melted snow that do not absorb into the groundwater)
• Industrial wastewater

What are the chemicals contained in the wastewater?

Wastewater especially industrial wastewater consist of polluted materials such as ammonia, heavy metals and
organic materials that are not decomposed .

What is the effect if polluted land and water are not treated properly?
• Water and land pollution occur
• Unpleasant odours

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Give examples of method to treat wastewater.

• Physical method such as sedimentation
• Biological method where waste and wastewater can be decomposed by microorganism
• Chemical method such as electrocoagulation

What is electrocoagulation?
Process to remove the suspended solid from wastewater by using electrolysis principle.

What is the advantage of electrocoagulation process?

• Able to remove contaminated materials from water
• Safe to human and environment
• Environmentally friendly

Describe electrocoagulation process.

Floc
Carbon Carbon

Wastewater
Sludge

• Carbon or copper electrode is used as an anode and cathode part.

• Wastewater acts as an electrolyte.
• During the electrolysis process, floc is formed.

What is floc?
• Floc is the pollutant that coagulates at the top of the treated wastewater.
• The pollutant that accumulates at the bottom is known as sludge.

What is the uses of sludge?

• The floc and sludge will be removed from water.
• After being treated, it can be used as fertiliser or disposed according to the contents it has.

What is the condition of wastewater after electrocoagulation?

• pH of water increases
• Toxicity of water decreases

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

Wastewater Treatment

What is wastewater treatment?

• Process to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent and
can be recycled again.
• Effluent is waste in the liquid form discharged into the drainage system or water source.

Electrocoagulation is applied in water treatment process. Describe steps in wastewater treatment.

Water Pumping Solid Wastes Screening Electrocoagulation

Wastewater is This process removes, papers, Wastewater is treated through

pumped into plastics and metals in wastewater electrocoagulation process to
to prevent clogging. remove suspended solid or flocs.
water treatment
system.

Effluent Disposal Sludge Treatment Sedimentation

effluent is Treated wastewater is

Besides sludge, Sludge is treated and
discharged into wastewater
present in treated wastewater. can be used as fertiliser
sedimentation or settling
Effluent is discharged into or disposed properly.
tank to separate water
drainage system.
and sediment (sludge).

State the importances of green technology in our lives.

Reduce energy consumption

Reduce global warming and greenhouse gases

Importances of
Increase quality life of human
Green Technology

Effective waste management

5

Spearheading innovation

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

SPM PRACTICE

PAPER 1

1 The diagram below shows the process where 6 Which of the following food additives is added to
PL2
unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated replace sugar?
PL3

fats. A Pectin C Sodium nitrite

B Aspartame D Monoglyceride
Unsaturated fat Saturated fat
What is process X? 7 A patient is prescribed antibiotics by doctor. The
A Hydrogenation C Dehydration PL3 diagram below shows the conversation between
B Halogenation D Substituition doctor and patient

2 A chef spilled curry sauce on his shirt while You need to Alright
cooking. Which additives should be added to the
PL3
finish this medicine. doctor.
detergent to ensure the dirt can be removed?
A Protease
B Sodium hydroxide
C Sodium carbonate
D Fluorescent dyes

3 The diagram below shows the formula structure

PL4 for detergent. Which statement exactly explain why the doctor
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 OSO3–
asked the patient to finish the medicine?
A To relieve the pain
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 B To avoid wastage of antibiotics
C To inhibit the growth of bacteria
Part X Part Y D To prevent the bacteria from becoming
I Part X dissolves in grease immune to the antibiotics
II Part X dissolves in water
III Part Y soluble in water 8 The diagram below shows the structure of
IV Part Y soluble in grease PL2
graphene.
A I and II C II and IV
B I and III D III and IV

4 Which of the following is the structural formula of Graphene sheet

soap?
PL3

A O C O
Which statement best explains the use of graphene
R O S OH R C OH in making biosensor?
A Electrons move faster
O B Has large surface area
B O D O C Electron in graphene is small in size
D Has high mechanical strength
5
R O S ONa R C ONa
9 The diagram below shows the wastewater
O PL2 treatment process.

5 The following shows the information about Water Solid Waste

medicine J. X
Pumping Screening
PL3

• Relieves pain
• Reduces fever Effluent Sludge
• Not suitable for children Sedimentation
Disposal Treatment
Which of the following could be medicine J?
A Aspirin What is the name of process X?
B Penicillin A Precipitation
C Paracetamol B Electrocoagulation
C Incineration

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

PAPER 2
SECTION A
1 The diagram shows the molecular structure of aspirin. H
O H

(a) (i) What is the molecular formula for aspirin? H C

C C H
O
C9H8O4
PL2
C C H

(ii) What is the scientific name for aspirin? C C

PL1
Acetylsalicylic acid C
O
H C
(iii) State which type of medicine does aspirin belong to. H O
Analgesic
PL1
H
(iv) What is the side effect of aspirin on children below 12 years old?
PL2
Irritates lining of the stomach and causes bleeding
(v) Suggest one example of medicine that can be used in replacing aspirin to reduce fever.
PL1
Paracetamol

(b) (i) Antibiotic is one of the medicines that is always given by a doctor to a patient. What is the function of
PL1 antibiotic?
To kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteria.
(ii) Explain why the patient must take full course of the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor.
PL2
To make sure that all the bacteria are killed. If not, the bacteria will become immune to the medicine
or it will cause further infection.

(c) (i) State the name of one type of medicine that changes the emotions and behaviour of the patient.
PL1
Psychotherapeutic
(ii) A patient is suffering from hallucination, delusion or other symptoms of mental illness. Suggest other
PL1 example of medicine that is suitable to treat the patient.
Antipsychotic

(d) Medicines that are obtained from plants and animals are known as traditional medicines. State one name
PL1 of a traditional medicine that can be used to cure diabetes.
Bitter gourd

(e) During pandemic season of Covid-19, hand sanitiser is

used widely. The diagram shows a type of hand sanitiser.

(i) State type of medicine for hand sanitiser. Alcohol-based

hand sanitiser
5

Antimicrobials
PL1

(ii) Justify the uses of hand sanitiser during pandemic season.

PL5
• Hand sanitisers able to kill microorganism to reduce the spread of virus. OR
• Hand sanitisers consist of alcohol which may cause dryness on the skin.

(f) The coronavirus, COVID-19 is affecting 219 countries on 2020.

The diagram shows building facility is sanitised to reduce risk of Antimicrobial X
COVID-19 to other people.
(i) Antimicrobial X is used in sanitising the building. State the
PL1 example of this antimicrobial.
Disinfectant

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

(ii) Give three examples of the chemical used in antimicrobial X.

Alcohol, formaldehyde and chlorine
PL1

(iii) In your opinion, is the method in 1(f)(i) effective to sanitise the building in order to reduce risk of
HOTS
COVID-19? Justify your answer.
PL5 • The method is effective because microorganisms are killed and viruses are not spread away. OR
• The method is not effective because it just kills the microorganisms at present.
• If other person is infected after the building has been sanitised, the process of sanitasing need to
be done again.

2 The diagram below shows the structure of sunflower oil.

CH2 O C (CH2)7 CH CH CH2 CH CH (CH2)4 CH3

O

H C O C (CH2)7 CH CH CH2 CH CH (CH2)4 CH3

O

CH2 O C (CH2)7 CH CH (CH2)7 CH3

(a) (i) State the name of the homologous series that sunflower oil belongs to.
Ester PL1

(ii) On the diagram, circle the functional group that determines the homologous series of sunflower oil.
PL2

(b) Is sunflower oil a saturated or unsaturated compound? Give a reason.

PL2
Sunflower oil is an unsaturated compound. The compound consists of double bond between carbon
atoms.

(c) Sunflower oil can be converted into material X.

(i) Name the catalyst and temperature for the reaction to convert Material X
PL1 sunflower oil to material X.
Catalyst: Nickel Temperature: 180°C

(ii) Name the type of reaction in 2(c)(i).

Hydrogenation
PL1

3 The table below shows three situations of using different types of cosmetics.
5
HOTS
Situation I Situation II Situation III
STEM

Puan Mira applied cosmetic Z

Puan Siti applied Puan Linda sprayed
on her face when going out
cosmetic X on her face cosmetic Y on her body
on a very hot day

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

(a) What is meant by cosmetic?

Cosmetics are materials or products used externally for the purpose of cleansing, protecting or
PL1

beautifying.
(b) Based on situations I, II and III, state type of cosmetics and examples for X, Y and Z.
PL4
Types of cosmetic Examples
X Makeup cosmetic Powder

Y Fragrance Perfumes

Z Treatment cosmetic Sun block cream

(c) Cosmetic X applied by Puan Siti contains mercury and is not registered under Ministry of Health Malaysia
KBAT
(MOH). In your opinion, should Puan Siti continue using cosmetic X? Give reason for your answer.
PL2 Puan Siti should not continue using cosmetic X. Mercury cause damage to the kidneys and nervous
system. It can interfere the development of the brain of unborn babies.
It can also cause rashes, irritation and other damages to the skin.
(d) The manufacture of cosmetic such as cosmetic Z nowadays are incorporating with nanotechnology.
(i) What is nanotechnology?
PL1
Nanotechnology is the development of substances or gadgets using the properties of nano
particles.

(ii) Explain the benefits of nanotechnology in cosmetic Z.

PL2
• UV radiation is blocked from penetrating into skin layer
• Prevent skin from damage, skin burning or skin kanser

4 The table below shows informations about two different type socks.
HOTS
Type of socks A B
PL2
• Common sock with no incorporating • Sock incorporating with
nanotechnology nanotechnology
Characteristics • Get damp when exposed with liquid • Waterproof
• Produce nasty odour after being used • Does not produce nasty ordour after
being used
Based on the information in the table above, which sock is more suitable to be used by an athlete? Explain
your answer.
• Sock B is more suitable to be used by athlete.
• When an athlete is sweating, the liquid produced causes the sock to damp. This reduces fungal infection
5

on skin.
• Sock B gives comfortability to the athlete because does not produce nasty odor after being used.

5 The diagram shows the disposal of wastewater from industry into the drainage system.

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

(a) What is wastewater?

PL1 Water that contains materials such as food waste, oil and chemicals.
(b) What are the materials consist of in wastewater from industry?
Heavy metals and organic materials that are not decomposed biologically.
PL1

(c) Describe steps how to treat the wastewater from industry.

PL2
• Wastewater is pumped into water treatment system.
• Solid wastes are removed by screening process to prevent from clogging.
• After screening, water is treated through electrocoagulation process to remove suspended solid or flocs.
• Treated wastewater is discharged into wastewater settling tank to separate water and sediment (sludge).
• Sludge is treated and can be used as fertiliser or disposed properly.
• Besides sludge, effluent is presence in treated wastewater. Effluent is discharged into drainage
system.
(d) Explain the impact of wastewater from industry towards the environment if not being treated properly.
HOTS • Ekosistem hidupan akuatik terjejas kerana mereka terdedah dengan bahan-bahan berbahaya dalam
PL3 air sisa.
• Gabungan bahan-bahan kimia dalam air sisa menghasilkan gas yang berbahaya.
• Apabila gas tersebut dihidu oleh manusia, ini akan membahayakan kesihatan manusia.

SECTION B
1 (a) The table below shows the result of experiment on the stain cloth after being cleaned using different
PL3 cleaning agent.
Cleaning agent P Q

Grease Grease
Cleansing action stain stain
in hard water

Grease Still have

Result stain some grease
removed stain
5

Suggest cleaning agent P and Q. explain the difference in the observation in table above.
[7 marks]

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 Module Chemistry Form 5

(b) The table below shows situation of three patients.

PL4
Patient Situation
A patient has a persistent cough. He only drinks tamarind juice to treat his cough but he is
A
still not cured.
A woman has a cold and has been given antibiotics by the doctor. However, she did not
B
consume the antibiotic in the prescribed time.
A woman has a rash on her skin and wants to treat it using ingredients that can be found
C
at home.
(i) Based on situations A and B, are the actions of the patients right? Explain your answer and suggest
steps that can take by patients A and B. [5 marks]

(ii) Describe methods that can be taken by patient C to produce substance that can be used to treat
rashes on her face. [5 marks]

(c) The diagram below shows one of the application of electrolysis process in wastewater treatment.
PL3

Electrode X

Part Y Wastewater

Suggest the material that can be used at electrode X. State the name of substance that collected at part
Y and it use. [3 marks]

BAHAGIAN C
1 (a) The table below shows information about cosmetics.
PL2
Types of cosmetics X Y Z
Used to beautify the
Information Body treatment Gives fragrance
face
Example Skin moisturiser Blusher Deodorant
(i) What is meant by cosmetics? [1 mark]

(ii) State the type of cosmetics X, Y and Z. State other uses for each cosmetic X, Y and Z other than
those stated in the table above. [6 marks]

(b) The chemical equation below shows the equation for the soap production process.
PL3
5

Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide → Sodium palmitate (soap) + Glycerol

Name the process and write the formula of the alkali used. Describe how the soap can be produced in the
laboratory. [8 marks]

(c) Household waste water can be treated by the electrocoagulation method.

PL5 Draw the apparatus arrangement on how this method can be carried out to treat household wastewater.
If household wastewater is used to water plants, explain the difference in the effect of watering on plants
using raw waste water and treated waste water. [6 marks]

190 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.