PA R T

A
Bas ic ion
p r eh ens
Co m
ue stio ns
Q
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Chapter
01 Vocabula
r 0 2 R efe rence
Chapte
03 De
tails fication
Chapter Simpli
r 04 Se
ntence
Chapte
2
s Test 1-
Progres
 01
Chapter

VOCABULARY

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 Chapter 1

Vocabulary
OV E RV I E W

Question Type

- The word/phrase X in paragraph X is closest in meaning to

General Strategy

clue clue
clue
- Exemplifying
- Subordinating
- Comparing
- Explaining (or Elaborating)

 Part A
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Chapter 1
Demoiselles d’Avignon
In the field of art history, the Cubism Movement was ushered in by a work of art
known as the Demoiselles d’Avignon, which was conceived by Picasso towards the end
of 1906 and then left in its present state the following year. Nowadays, it is thought to
be a disturbing and daring painting; sixty years ago it must have seemed
nothing short of incredible . It certainly dismayed and perplexed even Picasso’s
warmest supporters. Even before he began it, Picasso seemed to realize that the
Demoiselles d’Avignon was going to be extraordinary. It was the largest canvas that he
had yet tackled, and before he began, he took the unprecedented step of having it
lined, something he had never done before. The procedure is usually reserved for the
conservation and restoration of great works.

1. The phrase nothing short of incredible in the passage is closest in meaning to

quite astonishing
less sensational
very uneventful
extremely unvaluable

2. The word unprecedented in the passage is closest in meaning to

repetitive
similar
familiar
novel

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Ocean
Oceanographers typically divide the ocean into three temperature layers: a surface
zone, which is warmed by sunlight; a middle zone which is penetrated by little
sunlight and experiences rapid temperature changes; and a very cold deep zone
without sunlight.

The surface region is called the mixed layer because wind and waves mix heat evenly
throughout this zone. The warm water of the mixed layer makes up only about 2
percent of the ocean’s volume, yet it is very vital to life in the ocean. Most
importantly, it absorbs almost all of the sunlight and is home to the millions of tiny
photosynthetic organisms upon which most other marine organisms depend. In
addition, it provides the friendliest habitat for marine animals. Most organisms
require the mixed layer ’s warmer temperatures and copious oxygen, which is
supplied enough by the air in the atmosphere and also by tiny photosynthetic
organisms within. Warmth and oxygen supply diminish with depth. Despite the
gradual loss of warmth and oxygen, some types of eels and fish are robust enough
to survive in the layer of ocean beneath the mixed layer. Even at the deep-sea floor,
where the scant oxygen and deep cold make life seem impossible, a few species
manage to flourish.

1. The word copious in the passage is closest in meaning to

hygienic
scarce
sufficient
soiled

2. The word robust in the passage is closest in meaning to

weak
hardy
bleak
mild

 Part A
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

Basic Drill 1

Chapter 1
1. habitat (A) to establish by law
2. restricted (B) to take someone to court
3. enact (C) the natural home of an animal or plant
4. prosecute (D) a decision arrived at by a jury in a court of law
5. verdict (E) limited in space; narrow; confined

Basic Drill 2

1. rancher (A) to collect or gather something in an increasing quantity

2. accumulate (B) to throw or give off or out (as light)
3. component (C) something someone owns
4. emit (D) energy that comes from a particular source
5. radiation (E) someone who owns or manages a large farm
6. property (F) any of the parts or elements that make up something

Basic Drill 3

1. descend (A) a formal reaching of agreement

2. drought (B) an animal hunted as food by another animal
3. emergency (C) a prolonged lack of rainfall
4. potential (D) to pass by inheritance from one generation to another
5. prey (E) an unexpected and serious happening
6. accord (F) possible or likely, though as yet not tested or actual

Basic Drill 4

1. dominate (A) to describe or depict something

2. monopoly (B) notable by reason of extreme size, power, or greatness
3. tremendous (C) to have command or influence over someone or something
4. portray (D) exclusive possession or control of anything
5. morality (E) a system of principles and values concerning people’s
behaviour
6. enthusiasm (F) lively or passionate interest or eagerness
7. engage (G) become involved in

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 Basic Drill 1 Clues in the context - Exemplifying

Underline the clues and choose the answer choice that has closest in meaning to
the highlighted word or phrase.

1 The spread of the emerald ash borer, an insect that has destroyed numerous
ash trees in the U.S., has necessitated that large areas of forested lands be
quarantined . For instance, in 2004, laws were enacted to ensure that
infected firewood from a restricted area of infested trees were purposely
separated in order to halt the spread of the emerald ash borer from the
Lower Peninsula to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

(A) hospitalized (B) isolated

2 In the United States legal system, individuals charged with a crime are
presumed innocent until they are proven guilty of a crime. For example, if
an individual has been accused of murder, it is automatically believed that
he is blameless and therefore the prosecuting attorney must prove his case in
order to attain a guilty verdict against the accused.

(A) assumed (B) attended

3 The number-ten killer of human beings in the U.S., the python, is expanding
its non-native habitat in the Florida Everglades and is devouring
everything in its path. For example, biologists have tracked many pythons
that were initially held in captivity as pets and then illegally released, and
photographed them during and after battles with alligators, previously the
top predators in that habitat. The photographs clearly illustrate that a
python can, in fact, consume an alligator.

(A) swallowing (B) destroying

 Part A
 Basic Drill 2 Clues in the context - Subordinating

Underline the clues and choose the answer choice that has closest in meaning to

Chapter 1
the highlighted word or phrase.

1 In the days of the Wild West in the United States, the increasing number of
cattle thieves led ranchers to develop individualized branding irons, which
when heated would mark the cattle with a unique mark representing each
rancher’s property.

(A) sole (B) frequent

2 After the researchers had completed their long and tedious task that had
taken a lot of time and monotonous effort of collecting evidential information
from all over the world, they brought it to London for further studies with
another team who had accumulated a lot of similar information.

(A) demanding (B) boring

3 In today’s market-based fast-food economy, the most desirable aspect is the

product’s uniformity which concerns some people about lack of variation
in quality.

(A) irregularity (B) consistency

4 Some component stars of the Milky Way emit highly fluctuating amounts of
radiation that is changing considerably in brightness over a short period of
time.

(A) variable (B) intensive

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 Basic Drill 3 Clues in the context - Comparing

Underline the clues and choose the answer choice that has closest in meaning to
the highlighted word or phrase.

1 The dingo, an animal known for tirelessly hunting and capturing its prey in
the desert and bush, was most likely brought to Australia by the Aborigines
as a domesticated dog. However, this wild dog, probably descended from
the Indian Wolf, didn’t easily become obedient.

(A) tamed (B) caged

2 The new Great Lakes Water Accord signed in 2005 allows Great Lakes cities
to divert water from the Great Lakes basin. However, no other city or state
may redirect Great Lakes resources in the event of drought or other
emergencies.

(A) agitate (B) shift

3 Good Samaritan laws are meant to protect from lawsuits those people who
stop to give aid to individuals in trouble. However, if the person rendering
aid is unqualified to give appropriate assistance, in some cases the laws may
not apply and an action may proceed.

(A) providing (B) requesting

4 Many people have an annual check-up, in order to help them avoid many
potential health problems. But some people prefer to have check-ups as
often as every three months, in order to avert illnesses.

(A) prevent (B) treat

Part A
 Basic Drill 4 Clues in the context - Explaining

Underline the clues and choose the answer choice that has closest in meaning to

Chapter 1
the highlighted word or phrase.

1 Fields that once consisted of many small units that were engaged in
arduous competition now came under the control of organizations
powerful enough to dominate the market. This has taken great energy and
enthusiasm of 15 years.

(A) vigorous (B) wasteful

2 The trend towards monopolies was an imperative result of technological

advances. This was certain to happen and could not be prevented or avoided
because of the tremendous amount of money for the new production
method that required high technologies.

(A) inevitable (B) miserable

3 The images are not necessarily true-to-life color pictures because natural
colors make perceiving the different wavelengths difficult. A false-color
image, made up of colors, such as reds, yellows, and purples, can be more
useful to notice or realize.

(A) modifying (B) identifying

4 This film whipped up racial prejudice by glorifying the Ku Klux Klan, often
abbreviated as “KKK”, and portraying African Americans as a threat to
white morality. The story the film told made people feel even more intense
hatred towards African Americans.

(A) inflamed (B) criticized

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Check the Definition |

Exercise 1

vibration n. the condition of moving back and forth very rapidly and steadily
radiate v. to proceed in a direct line from or toward a center
bounce v. to rebound after striking a surface
crust n. a hard surface layer
volume n. the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object
density n. the mass of a substance per unit volume

Exercise 2

budget n. a periodic assessment of and programme for revenue and expenditure

circulate v. to follow a course that returns to the starting point
maintain v. to keep in an existing state
current n. the continuous steady flow of a body of water, air, etc, in a certain
direction
contribute v. to give or supply a share
varying a. changing, or being different kinds, especially according to different
circumstances
convert v. to change from one form or function to another

Exercise 3

exploit v. to make use of something for one’s own advantage

prestige n. fame, distinction or reputation due to rank or success
apparent a. clear to perception or understanding
genuine a. free from hypocrisy or pretense, authentic
efficient a. producing satisfactory results with an economy of effort
circumvent v. to find a way of getting round or evading a rule, law, etc
hesitate v. to hold back in doubt or indecision
taint v. to touch or affect slightly with something bad

Part A
| Check-up |

Chapter 1
A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
vary exploit radiate apparent
efficient maintain budget density

1 We need to ________ every opportunity for media coverage.

2 Through this process, they can make ________ use of limited resources.

3 Her eyes ________ love and joy.

4 It’s important to ________ the right balance between your work and your home life.

5 They are running the magazine on a pretty tight ________.

6 The high ________ of population in Seoul causes serious social problems.

7 Colors ________ in different lights.

8 It is ________ that he wrote the letter himself.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

prestige genuine contribute hesitate circulate

1
The book ________________________________. (widely, among)
2
The propaganda ________________________________. (design, enhance, personal)
3
I think ________________________________. (presence, will, comfort)
4
There is ________________________________. (room)
5
She fooled him ________________________________. (think, painting)

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

Seismic Waves
P1 Seismic waves are vibrations caused by earthquakes. In general, these waves carry
energy from place to place. As a seismic wave moves through material, small pieces of
the material, called particles, move out of position temporarily, causing the particles next
to them to move. After each particle moves, it reverts to its original position. In this way,
energy, not matter, moves through the material.

P2 Earthquakes start beneath the earth’s surface. The epicenter is the point underground
where rocks first begin to move. Earthquake energy radiates in all directions from this
point. The different waves, primary, secondary and surface, move through materials
differently. In addition, they bounce off boundaries between different layers. These waves
can bend as they pass from one layer into another. Scientists can learn about earth’s
layers by studying the speeds and the paths of seismic waves.

P3 The fastest seismic waves are called primary (P) waves. These waves are the first to reach
the earth’s surface. They travel through the earth’s crust at an average of 5 kilometers per
second. As they are transmitted through solids, liquids and gases, the particles of material
are pushed and pulled. Buildings also experience this push and pull as primary waves
pass through the ground they are built on.

P4 Secondary waves are the second waves to arrive, though they start at the same time as
primary waves. These waves travel at about half the speed of primary waves. These S
waves pass through material and shake particles up and down or from side to side,
including small buildings. Secondary waves can travel through rock but not through
liquids or gases. As a primary wave passes through material, the volume and density
change slightly. But as a secondary wave passes, the material can be distorted slightly in
shape.

 Part A
P5 Surface waves are seismic waves that move along the earth’s surface, not through its
interior. They make the ground roll up and down or shake from side to side. Surface

Chapter 1
waves move the slowest, causing the largest ground movements and the most damage.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

P1 Introduction of seismic waves

P2 Origin of seismic waves earthquakes and seismic waves
P3 Primary wave the greatest effects on the surface
P4 Secondary wave the second greatest effects on the surface
P5 Surface wave the least effects on the surface

B
P1 Definition of seismic waves
P2 Introduction of different waves Different speeds and paths
P3 Primary wave the fastest wave
P4 Secondary wave the second fastest
P5 Surface wave the slowest wave

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 6

1. The word reverts in paragraph 1 is 5. The word distorted in paragraph 4

closest in meaning to is closest in meaning to
changes created
carries corrected
jumps distressed
returns deformed

2. According to paragraph 2, which of 6. According to paragraph 5, which of

the following is true about the the following is FALSE about
earthquake? surface waves?
Earthquake energy spreads out Surface waves move slower
in every way. than other seismic waves.
The energy of earthquakes Surface waves cause the largest
above ground is bigger. effect on the ground.
Earthquakes begin in several Surface waves move the surface
locations simultaneously. and its energy spreads to the
Earthquake energy moves in crust.
many straight lines. Surface waves make the ground
roll up and down or shake from
side to side.
3. Based on the information found in
paragraph 2, how can scientists
know about the earth’s layers?
By earthquake energy focused
on earth’s epicenter
By the different path and speed
of seismic waves
By a seismic wave passing
through differing layers of earth
By seismic waves bouncing and
reflecting

4. The word transmitted in paragraph

3 is closest in meaning to
known
carried
answered
removed

 Part A
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Seismic Waves

Chapter 1
Seismic waves are vibrations caused by earthquakes. In general, these waves
carry energy from place to place. As a seismic wave moves through material, small
pieces of the material, called particles, move out of position temporarily, causing the
particles next to them to move. After each particle moves, it reverts to its original
position. In this way, energy, not matter, moves through the material.
Earthquakes start beneath the earth’s surface. The epicenter is the point
underground where rocks first begin to move. Earthquake energy radiates in all
directions from this point. The different waves, primary, secondary and surface, move
through materials differently. In addition, they bounce off boundaries between different
layers. These waves can bend as they pass from one layer into another. Scientists can
learn about earth’s layers by studying the speeds and the paths of seismic waves.
The fastest seismic waves are called primary (P) waves. These waves are the first
to reach the earth’s surface. They travel through the earth’s crust at an average of 5
kilometers per second. As they are transmitted through solids, liquids and gases, the
particles of material are pushed and pulled. Buildings also experience this push and
pull as primary waves pass through the ground they are built on.
Secondary waves are the second waves to arrive, though they start at the same
time as primary waves. These waves travel at about half the speed of primary waves.
These S waves pass through material and shake particles up and down or from side to
side, including small buildings. Secondary waves can travel through rock but not
through liquids or gases. As a primary wave passes through material, the volume and
density change slightly. But as a secondary wave passes, the material can be
distorted slightly in shape.
Surface waves are seismic waves that move along the earth’s surface, not through
its interior. They make the ground roll up and down or shake from side to side. Surface
waves move the slowest, causing the largest ground movements and the most
damage.

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 6

1. The word equilibrium in paragraph 5. The word reservoirs in paragraph 3

1 is closest in meaning to is closest in meaning to
balance results
overbalance sources
brilliance materials
inequality remains

2. The word exhaled in paragraph 2 is 6. According to paragraph 3, which of

closest in meaning to the following is NOT true about
contained remaining energy?
gathered It could change into wave, wind
or heat energy.
discharged
It can provide most of the energy
held
that the earth needs.
Some can remain as other forms
3. The word balmier in paragraph 2 is of energy sources.
closest in meaning to Some portion of it would be
cooler released into space.
chillier
warmer
changeable

4. Which of the following best explains

the comparison of the energy cycle
to a laboratory scale?
Earth’s energy maintains its
balance between its input and its
output.
Earth’s energy circulates equally
in the globe like a fish in water.
Earth’s energy moves into a
Glossary
higher stage at a higher
temperature. geothermal of the heat found deep inside the earth
precipitation rain, snow, or hail
Earth’s energy wraps around the
sedimentary rocks rocks formed from sediment(solid
earth like a protective cover.
material that settles at the bottom of a
liquid, especially earth) left by water,
ice, or wind

 Part A
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Earth’s Energy Budget

Chapter 1
The main sources of energy in the earth’s energy budget, solar, geothermal and tidal
energy, continually circulate into and out of the earth system, maintaining an equilibrium
similar to a laboratory balance or scale. When materials are measured on the scale, both
sides of the balance usually equalize; so that what is on one side should equal what is on
the other.
Like a balanced laboratory scale, the amount of energy that enters the system, or the
energy input, should be equal to the amount that is exhaled , the energy output. Because
of its ‘balanced-scale’ nature, scientists call it earth’s energy budget. If the planet were to
take in more energy than it releases, the climate would get balmier . Most of the energy
that enters the earth system is solar energy from the sun and it drives winds, ocean
currents, and waves. Other energy sources contribute to the system. Two examples are
geothermal and tidal energy.
The other side of the scale is of equal importance. If the energy cycle released more
energy than it gained, the climate would turn cooler. To maintain balance, incoming energy
must go somewhere. About 40 percent is reflected back into space without change. Parts
of the earth’s surface and different types of clouds reflect varying amounts of energy as
well. In addition, the remaining solar energy, along with tidal and geothermal energy that
brings about evaporation and precipitation -- rain, snow, or hail in the water cycle, for
instance, may change to wave and wind energy or be converted to heat energy and
radiated back into space. In addition, some energy is stored in water, ice, plants and even
in sedimentary rocks. The great reservoirs of fossil fuels -- coal, gas, and oil -- were
formed from dead plants. Thus, fossil fuel energy is old solar energy from within earth’s
fairly balanced energy cycle.

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary
 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 6

1. The word entrepreneurs in 5. The word siphoning in paragraph 4

paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to is closest in meaning to
industrialists drawing off
entertainers descending
laborers improving
secretaries subsiding

2. According to paragraph 1, what is 6. According to the passage, what is

the debate that historians and NOT true about the entrepreneurs?
politicians have about late In earlier times leaders usually
nineteenth century entrepreneurs? earned their prestige through
The change in national their military careers.
productivity Most of the wealthy
Exploiters or industrial pioneers businessmen were moral and
Monopolies vs. Capitalism had deep concern for others.
Competition among producers Many entrepreneurs had illegal
business relationships with
government officials.
3. The word coveted in paragraph 2 Rockfeller tried to manage his
is closest in meaning to company by making production
dazed more efficient.
longed for
disguised
attained

4. The word relentless in paragraph 3

is closest in meaning to
merciless
generous
ethical
relative

Glossary

differenciate to see or express a difference

bribery the giving or taking of bribes
fraud deceitful behavior for the purpose of making money,
which may be punishable by law

 Part A
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Entrepreneurs

Chapter 1
Were the first American entrepreneurs captains of industry or robber barons who
have made a very large amount of money and have been prepared to act illegally or in an
immoral way in order to do so? The debate continues today with some historians and
politicians believing they exploited workers for the sake of an industrial empire. Others
think that these “captains” are responsible for the rapid growth of American power and
industry in the late nineteenth century.
Interestingly, these giants of industry came from all social backgrounds, and a few
started without power, money and a family name. The more successful men -- like
Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Morgan -- ended their lives as multimillionaires,
possessed of a wealth and prestige similar to those of a historical military conqueror. No
other period in history had such dazzling opportunities open to those who coveted
material success.
Certainly few of these entrepreneurs showed any delicate sense of morality. In
disposing competitors and circumventing obstacles imposed by politicians or by the law,
they rarely hesitated to employ trickery, seek unfair advantages, and resort to outright
bribery and corruption. Much of the wealth they acquired was tainted with fraud at the
expense of government or smaller stockholders. Nor did they display much concern for
the welfare of their workers or customers who bought the goods and services they
supplied. Unfortunately, most entrepreneurs were relentless .
It is important to differentiate among the entrepreneurs because their goals differed.
There were some men who apparently cared only for money and made their fortunes by
winning control of other enterprises and then siphoning the profits into their own pockets.
But more typical entrepreneurs, like Rockefeller, were genuine builders with a passion for
organizing production more efficiently. American liberals of later generations, justifiably
alarmed by the disregard for the interests of workers and consumers, have often failed to
recognize that these entrepreneurs made considerable economic contributions by
organizing capital and labor for the building of new enterprises.

Chapter 1 | Vocabulary 
 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined word.

1 All covet all lose.

(A) acquire (B) deceive (C) envy (D) wait

2 They are too numerous to enumerate one by one.

(A) congested (B) noisy (C) many (D) small

3 People disregarded the order given in the Constitution.

(A) abused (B) neglected (C) permitted (D) noticed

4 He was beside himself to meet a lady of dazzling beauty.

(A) kind (B) shining (C) delicate (D) graceful

5 The long sea trip during a last vacation was really monotonous .
(A) fantastic (B) bitter (C) gloomy (D) dull

6 They realized that it had a very restricted application.

(A) limited (B) precise (C) correct (D) doubtful

7 A movie that boosts violence is liable to taint the young mind.

(A) enhance (B) influence (C) satisfy (D) corrupt

8 He paused for a while to find the words appropriate to express his ideas.
(A) timely (B) approximate (C) proper (D) powerful

9 Each component of the machine is too small to be treated with hands.

(A) constituent (B) frame (C) structure (D) size

10 He tried all means to escape the status of captivity .

(A) confinement (B) despair (C) occupation (D) grief

 Part A
 02
Chapter

REFERENCE

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 Chapter 2

Reference
OV E RV I E W

Question Type

- The word / phrase X in the paragraph X refers to

General Strategy

1.

- he, she, it, they

- this, that, these, those
- who, which, whose
- one, then, any, many, each, all, the former, the latter, the other...

2.
paraphrase

- this, that, these, those

- this system, this problem, that effect, that result ...

 Part A
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Alligators
Most people are greatly concerned about alligator attacks when they visit Florida’s
marshy areas. Alligators are carnivorous reptiles that usually eat at night and live

Chapter 2
near water. Alligators generally eat fish, birds, frogs, turtles, snakes, waterfowl, and
other small animals. They are able to float motionless in the water with only their
nostrils exposed, waiting for the right moment to grab their dinner. It would not be
unusual to see an alligator spinning or shaking a larger prey in order to rip off a piece
small enough to eat. This is because their teeth do not cut and tear food. Since
alligator attacks on humans and pets usually occur near the water, it would indicate
that alligators may have mistaken them for common prey. Even though these attacks
are rare, it would be wise to avoid marshy areas in the evening to eliminate the
possibility of an alligator attack.

1. The word This in the passage refers to

Not being unusual to see
Spinning or shaking an animal
Ripping off a prey to a small piece
Eating on small pieces of animals

2. The word them in the passage refers to

prey
alligator attacks
humans and pets
alligators

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

A tornado is really a violent windstorm often started by huge thunderstorms known

as “supercells.” Tornadoes can reach speeds of up to 300 miles per hour, causing
incredible damage, such as lifting homes off their foundations and tossing them great
distances. In addition, tornadoes cause deaths. Thankfully, most storms are not this
intense, with the average wind speed being around 70~110 mph and they cause only
minor damage, such as turned-over cars and uprooted trees. It is important to heed
warnings about the weather and to be aware of signs that it may be approaching.
These may include: large hail, which often precedes a tornado, a circular motion in
the clouds and people who report hearing a sound similar to a train.

1. The word they in the passage refers to

tornadoes
wind speeds
foundations
most storms

2. The word These in the passage refers to

Signs
Storms
Damages
Weathers

 Part A
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

Basic Drill 1

1. polygraph (A) predetermined end of trip

2. relevant (B) not fit to be lived in
3. outsmart (C) to grow a plant or crop

Chapter 2
4. crater (D) a scale of temperature on which water boils at 212 and
freezes at 32 under standard atmospheric pressure
5. uninhabitable (E) fragments of something that has been destroyed
6. meteorite (F) rock from outer space
7. debris (G) to gain on advantage over something by careful thought
8. cultivate (H) volcano summit; meteorite impact area
9. destination (I) having some sensible or logical connection space
10. Fahrenheit (J) lie detector

Basic Drill 2

1. quadruple (A) continuing repair work

2. mortality (B) an annoying or irritating person or thing
3. vaccination (C) permanence by virtue of the power to resist stress or force
4. antibiotic (D) a small branch or shoot, especially one from a tree or bush
5. agricultural (E) to multiply something by four, or become four times as great
6. certificate (F) document providing official evidence
7. twig (G) hard construction material
8. disturb (H) inoculation with a vaccine in order to protect against a
particular disease
9. nuisance (I) involving or relating to agriculture
10. durability (J) agent that destroys bacteria
11. concrete (K) the number of deaths that occur at a specific time
12. maintenance (L) to make somebody feel anxious or slightly troubled

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 Basic Drill 1 Reference - Word

Choose the word or phrase that the highlighted item refers to.

1 The most popular wagons among early settlers in Canada were the
Conestoga and the buckboard wagon. Each provided settlers with the ability
to carry many items for them to use when they reached their destination,
such as furniture, tools, clothing and food. But, the latter was an open
wagon.
*buckboard wagon

(A) Conestoga wagon (B) buckboard wagon (C) settlers in Canada

2 Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. Composed mostly of craters and
considered a “rocky” planet, it is the second smallest planet. Temperatures
range from 650 degrees Fahrenheit on the sunny side to 270 degrees below
zero Fahrenheit on the “dark” side of the planet. These make it
uninhabitable by any living creature.

(A) Craters (B) Sunny side and dark side (C) Temperatures

3 Meteors and meteorites are very similar. They are both objects from space
that come through the earth’s atmosphere at thousands of miles per hour.
The only difference between them is that a meteor is smaller and burns up
before reaching the ground, whereas the other leaves some debris when it
hits the ground.

(A) meteor (B) meteorite (C) object

 Part A
4 Originating from a wild grass called teosinte, corn was cultivated by the
people of Mexico thousands of years ago. The Indians then brought corn to
North America and first introduced this crop to the Europeans, who came to
the Americas with Columbus. They soon added corn to their diet and

Chapter 2
continued to plant it and that is how it exists as we know it today.

(A) Indians (B) Europeans (C) People of Mexico

5 Polygraph tests have long been used to determine the guilt or innocence of
suspected criminals. The test itself actually measures physiological
responses to control questions and compares them against the responses to
relevant crime questions. Unfortunately, recent studies indicate that many
criminals can easily outsmart this test and yet others who are innocent can
be incorrectly labeled liars.

(A) polygraph tests (B) suspected criminals (C) physiological responses

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 Basic Drill 2 Reference - Phrase

Write what the highlighted reference refers to.

1 It is believed that the population of the world has quadrupled in the last 100
years. This is in large part due to a decrease in the mortality rate resulting
from the availability of vaccinations, antibiotics and the agricultural
revolution. These improvements have allowed the life expectancy rate to
rise from 30 to 65 years of age.

(1) This

(2) These improvements

2 In 1741 in England, 33% of men and 44% of women signed marriage

certificates with a mark because they were unable to write. The ability to
read and write was largely unavailable to all but the wealthiest people until
the Industrial Revolution, when paper and books were produced much more
cheaply. This change allowed an education to become available to all who
wished to learn in England.

(1) they

(2) This change

 Part A
3 Despite the durability of concrete, it does require occasional repair and
maintenance. Problems may be due to faulty materials, incorrect finishing

Chapter 2
techniques and even forces acting upon the concrete. It is necessary to repair
these problems as soon as possible to prevent further damage. This may
involve filling in cracks and correcting surface damage. When done correctly
these techniques may help the concrete to last for many years.

(1) This

(2) these techniques

4 An interesting insect, the walking stick gets its name from its appearance,
which is similar to a twig. Because of this , these vegetarian creatures are
often difficult to spot, even though they are usually hanging from branches
and leaves in plain sight during the day. They move about in the evening
when they feed on a variety of berries and leaves. These habits make
themselves be considered peaceful, since farmers do not usually find them
damaging crops. Therefore, most people do not consider walking sticks a
nuisance.

(1) this

(2) These habits

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Check the Definition |

Exercise 1

natural selection process of adapting to environment

proponent n. somebody who advocates something
organism n. a living thing, e.g. a plant, animal, virus, or bacterium
reproduce v. to produce offspring or new individuals
offspring n. a person’s child or an animal’s young
predecessor n. a person who held a position before someone else
scrutiny n. close, careful, and thorough examination or inspection
theorize v. to speculate or form a theory about something
fulfill v. to do what is necessary to bring about a result

Exercise 2

undergo v. to experience or endure something

comprehensive a. inclusive, covering many things or a wide area
coverage n. media attention given to an event or topic
contribute v. to supply material for a publication or broadcast
circulation n. distribution or communication
distinguished a. recognized for excellence
unbiased a. fair and impartial
adequate a. sufficient in quality or quantity to meet a need

Exercise 3

recall v. to remember something or bring something back to mind

acquire v. to get or obtain possession of something
blend n. mixture, combination
elaborate a. detailed and thorough
solitary a. preferring to be or live alone
portray v. to depict something or somebody visually
attachment n. an emotional bond or tie to somebody or something
preliminary a. occurring before and leading up to something
lavishly ad. in a rich and lavish manner, richly, extravagantly
submerge v. to suppress something

 Part A
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
attachment proponent theorize unbiased
undergo distinguished preliminary blend

Chapter 2
1 Halsey was identified as a leading ________ of the values of progressive education.

2 The city ________ a period of great change.

3 The public areas offer a subtle ________ of traditional charm with modern amenities.

4 I feel no ________ for him any longer.

5 ________ talks on the future of the bases began yesterday.

6 The professor is considered well-educated and ___________.

7 It is a capital mistake to ________ before one has date.

8 The jury was expected to be ________.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

solitary fulfill recall

They often ______________________________________. (lonely, life to lead)

2
Without them, you _____________________________________. (the tasks)
3
I ____________________________________ taught me. (things, parents)

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

American Newspaper
P1 Americans today receive news from numerous sources, including newspapers, magazines,
radio and television broadcasts. But in the middle to the nineteenth century, men derived their
knowledge of world affairs mainly from daily or weekly newspapers. Newspapers were
undergoing significant changes at that time.

P2 The number of newspapers in the United States increased from 7,000 in 1870 to 16,200 in
1900. This was accompanied by a number of technical improvements, including larger
newspapers, more attractive printing, and better illustrations. In addition, more comprehensive
news coverage was provided through the establishment of the Associated Press in 1892,
followed by other news-gathering agencies, and through an increasing employment of foreign
correspondents.

P3 These improvements meant, however, that newspapers cost more to produce and, hence,
needed larger businesses, such as the ones owned by journalistic entrepreneurs, Joseph
Pulitzer and William Hearst. With exposes and hard-hitting populist approaches, they
increased the sales of their newspapers and bought up a couple of more journals or
newspapers. They also employed journalists who specialized in attacking their subjects, not
just reporting about them. The circulations of newspapers containing these articles increased
greatly. And they were the first to publicize war photos, a method which has been continued
up to the present, for mass circulations.

P4 As those newspapers sought mass circulations, which caused a great deal of competition, a
number of the smaller, more traditional papers went out of business or merged with others.
And several independent editors, like Greeley of the Tribune and Bryant of the Evening Post,
who had contributed their view so often as to shape public opinion during the middle decades
of the nineteenth century, had to give place to these journalistic entrepreneurs

 Part A
P5 Fortunately, a small but distinguished group of papers continued to provide readers with
reasonably complete and unbiased news coverage. The New York Times, a journal controlled
after 1896 by Adolph Simon Ochs, generally lived up to its slogan of giving “All The news
That’s Fit to Print,” as did a few others from Eastern States. The American press remained
primarily local rather than national, and throughout the twentieth century there were many

Chapter 2
sections of the United States, including some large cities, that lack adequate news coverage
of world affairs.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

P1 Introduction of newspapers in the late 19th century

P2 Effect (result) Increased papers, technical improvement and news agencies

P3 Cause 1 Journalistic entrepreneurs appeared

P4 Cause 2 Many small papers and independent editors disappeared

P5 Cause 3 Small but distinguished papers existed

P1 Introduction of newspapers in the late 19th century

P2 Cause (Changes) Number of papers and two other changes

P3 Effect 1 Journalistic entrepreneurs appeared

P4 Effect 2 Many small papers and independent editors disappeared

P5 A few but distinguished papers

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 7

1. The word derived in paragraph 1 5. The phrase these articles in

is closest in meaning to paragraph 3 refers to
purchased attacking their subjects
sought reporting about subjects
gained employed journalists
discussed increased greatly

2. The word This in paragraph 2 refers 6. The word others in paragraph 5

to refers to
United States newspaper newspapers merged into bigger
Quantitative growth newspapers
A newspaper purchased venders
Major change slogans
small but distinguished papers

3. According to paragraph 2, which of

the following is NOT mentioned as a 7. Which of the following is mentioned
factor of the newspaper growth? as a problem of the American press
Bigger size of the newspapers in the 20th century?
Enhanced artworks Slandering people they report
More appealing presswork about
Increased number of copies Not publicizing enough about
world events
Not publicizing enough about
4. According to paragraph 2, what is local events
the purpose of the Associated Printing incorrect information
Press?
To follow the other news-
gathering agencies
To employ more foreign
correspondents
To provide a more inclusive
reporting of news
To increase the cost of
newspapers Glossary

merge to combine or unite with something to from a single

entity
populist of or pertaining to the common people

 Part A
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

American Newspaper
Americans today receive news from numerous sources, including newspapers,
magazines, radio and television broadcasts. But in the middle of the nineteenth century,

Chapter 2
men derived their knowledge of world affairs mainly from daily or weekly newspapers.
Newspapers were undergoing significant changes at that time.
The number of newspapers in the United States increased from 7,000 in 1870 to
16,200 in 1900. This was accompanied by a number of technical improvements,
including larger newspapers, more attractive printing, and better illustrations. In addition,
more comprehensive news coverage was provided through the establishment of the
Associated Press in 1892, followed by other news-gathering agencies, and through an
increasing employment of foreign correspondents.
These improvements meant, however, that newspapers cost more to produce and,
hence, needed larger businesses, such as the ones owned by journalistic entrepreneurs,
Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst. With exposes and hard-hitting populist approaches,
they increased the sales of their newspapers and bought up a couple of more journals or
newspapers. They also employed journalists who specialized in attacking their subjects,
not just reporting about them. The circulations of newspapers containing these articles
increased greatly. And they were the first to publicize war photos, a method which has
been continued up to the present, for mass circulations.
As those newspapers sought mass circulations, which caused a great deal of
competition, a number of the smaller, more traditional papers went out of business or
merged with others. And several independent editors, like Greeley of the Tribune and
Bryant of the Evening Post, who had contributed their view so often as to shape public
opinion during the middle decades of the nineteenth century, had to give place to these
journalistic entrepreneurs.
Fortunately, a small but distinguished group of papers continued to provide readers
with reasonably complete and unbiased news coverage. The New York Times, a journal
controlled after 1896 by Adolph Simon Ochs, generally lived up to its slogan of giving “All
the News That’s Fit to Print,” as did a few others from Eastern States. The American
press remained primarily local rather than national, and throughout the twentieth century
there were many sections of the United States, including some large cities, that lack
adequate news coverage of world affairs.

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 6

1. The word their in paragraph 2 5. According to the passage, which of

refers to the following is NOT true of Wilhelm
Wundt?
well adapted creatures which
reproduced He is known and cited as the
creatures who did not survive founder of psychology.
simple organisms which have He had identified major parts of
evolved the mind structure.
scientists who studied the He established a laboratory
evolution theory studying mental processes.
His theory was expanded by
Edward Titchener’s work.
2. The word propagate in paragraph
3 is closest in meaning to
6. According to the passage, what
make known
approach did William James argue
mislead for?
study diligently
He believed in the structural
keep secret theory of the mind in
psychology.
He preferred to study
3. The word This in paragraph 3
consciousness in a laboratory.
refers to
He saw importance of knowing
Announcing the science of how the mind works in the body.
psychology
He argued for a parts-focused
Identifying elements of the mind approach to the structure of the
Basic functions of the mind mind.
Seeing the macro structure of
the mind

4. The word its in paragraph 3 refers

to
psychology
element
structuralism
mind

Glossary

functionalism the idea that the function of an object should

determine its structure or design

 Part A
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

The Basic of the Science of Psychology

The nineteenth century was a time of great discovery. One particular new
discovery or theory came about which revolutionized science: the theory of natural

Chapter 2
selection. This theory impacted and allowed for the birth of the science of psychology.
Charles Darwin(1809~1882), the proponent of evolution, published Origin of
Species in 1859. In the book Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection, which
said that all creatures have evolved into their present state from very simple organisms
over long periods of time. According to Darwin’s theory, this evolution occurs because
the creatures which are best adapted to the environment are more likely to reproduce.
Their offspring, in turn, will probably have some of the traits that made their
predecessors more likely to survive. Over time, this process selects physical and
behavioral characteristics that promote survival. This evolutionary theory set the stage
for psychology to become scientific by establishing behavior as important and
observable, and, therefore, subject to scientific scrutiny.
Many credit Wilhelm Wundt(1832~1920) with founding the science of psychology.
In 1879, Leipzig, Germany, Wundt opened a laboratory to study consciousness. Wundt
was trained in psychology and hoped to apply the methods that he used to study the
body to the study of the mind. One of his laboratory students, Edward Titchener
(1867~1927), was one of the first to propagate the science of psychology, announcing
it to the United States, by introducing and continuing his teacher’s work. He sought to
identify the smallest possible elements of the mind, theorizing that understanding all of
the parts would lead to an understanding of the greater structure of the mind. This is
known as structuralism, as it is concerned with the structure of the mind and its parts.
William James (1842~1910) was an American psychologist who opposed this
structural approach. Instead, he argued that what is important is the function of the
mind. James, who was also heavily influenced by Darwin, believed that the important
thing to understand is how the mind fulfills its purpose. This function-oriented approach
is appropriately called functionalism.

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 6

1. The word exotic in paragraph 1 is 5. The word They in paragraph 4

closest in meaning to refers to
strange Moreau’s students
excellent Moreau’s contemporaries
typical Rouault’s teacher’s works
baleful The public

2. The word each one in paragraph 2 6. According to the passage, how did
refers to Moreau help his students?
art form He viewed exhibit paintings
Moreau’s teaching together at the Fauves.
Moreau’s student He encouraged them to create
their own views.
independence
He kept his students away from
his contemporaries.
3. The word corresponded in He showed his students a less
paragraph 2 is closest in meaning sympathetic art environment.
to
matched
differed
changed
led

4. The word alienated in paragraph 3

is closest in meaning to
became friendly towards
kept at a distance
thought of fondly
went away

 Part A
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

The Influence of Gustave Moreau

Moreau, Gustave (1826-1898), French painter, was one of the leading symbolist
artists. He was a pupil of Chasseriau and was influenced by his master’s exotic

Chapter 2
Romanticism, but Moreau went far beyond him in his feeling for the bizarre and developed
a style that is highly distinctive in subject and technique. In 1892 he became a professor at
the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and proved an inspired teacher, bringing out his pupils’
individual talents rather than trying to impose ideas on them. His pupils included Marquet
and Matisse.
Matisse entered Gustave Moreau’s studio as a student in 1895; the experience would
be lifechanging. He joined five students who were later to exhibit as members of the artists
generally known as the Fauves: Rouault, Marquet, Manguin, Camoin and Puy. Moreau
actively encouraged his students to question, even react against him, and above all,
display their independence. Matisse later recalled the effect of Moreau’s teaching saying
that Moreau showed them how to think differently and not simply to accept the common
art forms. With Moreau each one could acquire the technique that corresponded to his
own personality. He opened his students’ eyes and minds to works in the Louvre, urging
them to carefully look and form their own opinions.
The liberal attitude Moreau had toward art is not so surprising when one realizes the
strange blend of mystical and romantic imagery that was common among the symbolist
writers of the 1880s and 1890s. His works exhibited at the Salon alienated him from most
of his contemporaries. He knew what it was to pursue a solitary course, reflected in his
subjects and often far removed from reality. This removal from reality was adequately
portrayed in his work, Des Esseintes.
These extraordinary paintings had considerable effect. Rouault’s deep religious sense
was evident and in harmony with Moreau’s own beliefs. In fact, he formed a strong
attachment to his teacher’s work. These students were more aware of the range of this
work than any of the public, or indeed, many of Moreau’s own contemporaries. They
could see how he experimented in preliminary oil sketches, which were far freer, more
exciting and altogether different from the finished works. The colors are purer and the paint
lavishly applied, so that the subject becomes almost submerged and unimportant.

Chapter 2 | Reference 
 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined word.

1 The Rough Guide to Nepal is a comprehensive guide to the region.

(A) suggestive (B) incomplete (C) inclusive (D) entertaining

2 As soon as the drug took effect, she started hallucinating .

(A) harmonizing (B) falling asleep (C) getting nervous (D) having delusions

3 The window had been replaced last week during routine maintenance .
(A) destruction (B) painting (C) arrangement (D) repair

4 This lavishly illustrated storybook takes young readers on a thrilling journey into outer

space.
(A) tediously (B) ruggedly (C) scantily (D) abundantly

5 A number of people were killed by flying debris .

(A) banner (B) wreckage (C) pebbles (D) helicopters

6 The northern novelist accurately portrayed provincial domestic life.

(A) favored (B) outlined (C) depicted (D) criticized

7 I was asked to contribute to a newspaper article making predictions for the new year.
(A) have a say (B) converse (C) attribute (D) give rise to

8 If you want to lose weight, you should reduce your intake of fat and alcohol.
(A) waste (B) consumption (C) outlet (D) partake

9 After hatching the eggs, the female of the species seems to lose interest in her offspring .
(A) children (B) relatives (C) husband (D) parents

10 I managed to acquire two tickets for the concert.

(A) sell (B) obtain (C) design (D) acknowledge

 Part A
 03
Chapter

DETAILS

Chapter 3 | Details 
 Chapter 3

Details
OV E RV I E W

Definition Cause
Example - for example/for instance, such as Result - as a result, therefore, accordingly
Benefits (and drawbacks) Problem
Reason - because (of), due to, as a result of Solution(suggestion, advice)
Evidence

Question Type

1. True/False
- According to paragraph X, which of the following is true about Y ~?
- All of the following are mentioned in paragraph X EXCEPT
- Which of the following is NOT mentioned as X?

2. Details
- According to/Based on paragraph X, why/who/what/how ...
- What is the reason of X?
- Which of the following best describes X?

General Strategy

1. Factual information questions

paraphrase
2. Negative facts questions

 Part A
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Volcano
Earth’s thin outer layer is made of cool rock, but most of the earth is made of
extremely hot rock and molten metal. Some of the heat inside the earth escapes to the
surface through volcanoes. A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through
which molten rock, rock fragments, and hot gases erupt. A mountain built up from
erupted material is also called a volcano.

Chapter 3
Volcanoes are common along tectonic plate boundaries where oceanic plates sink
beneath other plates of land. As a plate sinks deep beneath another plate, it creates a
large amount of heat and begins to melt, forming magma or liquid rock. If the magma
reaches the surface, it can harden and build tall volcanic mountains. Volcanoes also
occur commonly along tectonic boundaries where plates pull apart, allowing magma
to rise from the mantle of the earth. Some of these volcanoes are in Africa’s Great Rift
Valley.

However, much of the earth’s volcanic activity takes place underwater. Magma
erupts along spreading centers in the ocean and cools to form new lithosphere or
plates of land. Less commonly, a volcano can form over a hot spot far from a plate
boundary. An active volcano is one that is erupting or has erupted in recorded
history. And more than 400 volcanoes, or about 80 percent of all active volcanoes
above sea level, are found around the Pacific Ocean. These volcanoes form a belt
called the Ring of Fire. Some of these volcanoes are in the western United States.

1. Which of the following is NOT true of volcanoes?

Volcanoes allow hot gases to escape from inside the earth.
The earth’s crust melts and builds up to form a volcano.
Volcanoes are common where large land masses separate.
A mountain made from an eruption of magma can form a volcano.

2. What does the author say about active volcanoes?

80 % of them are found under the Pacific Ocean near the western United States.
Most of them are currently showing many signs of eruption around the Pacific
Ocean.
Most of those above sea level are found along the shore of the Pacific Ocean.
The number of them exceeds the number of both dormant and extinct volcanoes.

Chapter 3 | Details 
 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Evidence to the Earth’s Past

Geologists rely on many different kinds of evidence to reconstruct earth’s past. One
method is the study of plate tectonics. Today’s continents are actually large plates of
land which shift around the earth.

For example, consider the Ural Mountain range in Russia and the Appalachian
Mountain range in the eastern United States. The rocks in these areas show evidence
of a past collision which forced part of one plate beneath another plate. This action is
called subduction. Subduction suggests that the mountains formed at a boundary
where two plates were pushed together or had converged.

Geologists can also use other data, such as the ages of the rocks that form the ocean
basins, to reconstruct earth’s past. In addition, the magnetic record of igneous rocks
that were once so hot and liquid can reveal the latitude at which an igneous rock
formed. Fossils also provide clues about the past. Fossils of organisms that once lived
in shallow seas have been found on high mountaintops.

1. Which of the following is true about subduction?

Most of mountain ranges are located on separate subduction plates.
Mountainous plates often push apart in a pattern called subduction.
A collision which pushes one plate under the other is a subduction.
Subduction is one form of earth’s plates that geologists study.

2. Which of the following is NOT a way geologists reconstruct the past?

Studying the formation of mountain ranges
Determining the ages of rocks on ocean floors
Examining fossils of creatures that lived in shallow seas
Collecting data on the creation of different types of rocks

 Part A
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

Basic Drill 1

1. dirigible (A) a painful open skin infection or wound

2. regulate (B) a contagious fungal infection affecting the feet
3. innovation (C) spore-producing organism
4. commercial (D) the skin on top of the head
5. fungus (E) capable of transmitting disease
6. trunk (F) relating to the buying and selling of goods or services

Chapter 3
7. scalp (G) aircraft that is lighter than air
8. contagious (H) to control something and bring it to the desired level
9. sore ( I ) a new invention or way of doing something
10. athlete’s foot (J) the upper part of the body of a human being or an animal

Basic Drill 2

1. holder (A) to be different

2. practice (B) a decrease in number, amount, value, or quality
3. fraud (C) constituting a large urban area
4. institute (D) somebody who owns, or is in possession of something
5. real estate (E) an established way of doing something
6. vary (F) to set up or establish something
7. metropolitan (G) the middle in a set of ordered values
8. decline (H) immovable property
9. median ( I ) crime of cheating somebody

Chapter 3 | Details 
 Basic Drill 1 Factual Information

Read the passage and answer the questions.

1 An airship or dirigible rises into the air using a gas that is lighter than air
and moves through the air using motor-driven propellers. Valves inside
giant balloons which hold the gas regulate its flow and allow it to be
replaced with air. The correct exchange of gas and air results in the rise and
fall of the airship. Technological innovations, as well as increased knowledge
about safer gases, such as helium, and superior airship designs have led to a
return in airship usage. However, the popularity of the airship as the
commercial passenger vehicle it once was has never been reestablished.

(1) What is the reason for the rise and fall of a dirigible?
(A) Propellers turned by a motor
(B) A proper ratio of gas and air
(C) Less hazardous gases
(D) The flow and the amount of air

(2) Which of the following is NOT a reason for the reuse of airships?
(A) Technological development
(B) Using better airship designs
(C) Discovery of better gases
(D) Gas that weighed less than air

 Part A
2 Ringworm is a treatable skin disease caused by a fungus. It is identified by
the presence of at least one dry, red, sometimes elevated patch that creates a
ring around a center of healthy skin. Ringworm normally appears on a
person’s face, trunk and upper arms and legs. At times, ringworm has been
known to affect the scalp, which requires special treatment since it is often

Chapter 3
contagious. It may affect a very large number of people and spreads quickly
to other areas. Also, the hair might break off in clumps near the roots, which
can create bald patches. Large sores may form and can lead to permanent
hair loss.

(1) Which of the following best describes ringworm?

(A) It is generally a round worm under healthy skin.
(B) It is usually found in patches at very early stage.
(C) It is often raised up higher than the surrounding area.
(C) It can appear on any part of the body with severe pain.

(2) Why is a special treatment required for the ringworm on the scalp?
(A) To change people’s appearance to make them less infectious
(B) To fix bald patches before hair breaks off near the roots
(C) To transform a person so he would not be ashamed of hair loss
(D) To prevent permanent hair loss after large sores form

Chapter 3 | Details 
 Basic Drill 2 Negative facts

Read the passage and look at the image provided. Then answer the questions.

1 The real estate market in the U.S. each year varies. Some of the top growing
metropolitan areas in the U.S. are expected to experience a decline in overall
housing prices. Boston, for example, expects to experience the largest decline
in the price of housing, due to the large number of people who have lost
their jobs and have moved out of the city. It seems that several variables
including economical factors are affecting other major cities as well. Six
metropolitan areas in California, including San Diego and San Francisco that
have been known for the most expensive housing market in the country, are
also marked as the areas that will be most likely to experience a large
decline. However, cities in other parts of the country, such as Oklahoma City,
Buffalo, and Pittsburgh all tied for the least percent of expected decline in
home prices.

(1) Which of the following is NOT true about the prices of the houses in the
top growing metropolitan cities?
(A) The cost of home ownership in those cities has been dropping
sharply for some years.
(B) Some of the major cities in California are expecting sharp decline in the
price of housing.
(C) The real estate prices in metropolitan areas can be affected by some
economical factors.
(D) Decrease in the population may influence the real estate market in some
of those cities.

(2) Which of the following is NOT true about the real estate market in the
U.S.?
(A) The U.S. real estate market fluctuates depending on many different
factors.
(B) The real estate market in key manufacturing areas is suffering from
job losses.
(C) The degree of the fluctuation of the housing prices varies among
areas.
(D) Some factors that have an effects on the U.S. real estate market are
identified.

 Part A
2 A debit card is a bank card that you can use to pay for things. When you use
it the money is supposed to be taken out of your bank account immediately.
In 1990, not that many people had ever heard of debit cards. But the number
of debit card holders increased significantly by 1999. That number more than
doubled again by 2003. However, few people realized that banks put
“holds”, up to three times the purchase price of any item. For example, if a

Chapter 3
person purchased $10.00 of gasoline with a debit card, the person’s bank
could prevent him from using $30.00 in his bank account until the gasoline
company requests the $10.00 debt, which might take as long as a week to
happen. By the year 2005 debit card holds on accounts by banks had become
public knowledge and many people began to complain about the practice.

Although several reasons can be given for this “holding” practice, from the
decreased use of credit cards, once a source of more income for banks, to
fewer and fewer people opening traditional checking accounts, one reason is
clear. Quite simply, banks must make sure that money is available in an
account to pay for all items “paid” for with a debit card. The practice of
placing holds on peoples’ accounts began because individuals could make
multiple purchases in a day, but the banks would not be aware of the
number or amount of purchases. Thus, as a protection against fraud, banks
instituted the system of “holding” more than an item actually cost.

(1) All of the following is true EXCEPT

(A) Many Americans were not aware of a debit card in the early 1990s.
(B) The number of debit cards has increased significantly by 2003.
(C) Banks used to hold three times of the price that paid for the purchase.
(D) A person has a month to pay back from the day of the debit purchase.

(2) Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the “holding”?
(A) Banks wanted to keep the money in the account until paid.
(B) Banks wanted to issue more debit cords for more people.
(C) Banks used it as one of the methods to raise income.
(D) Banks wanted to offset reduced number of check accounts.

Chapter 3 | Details 
 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Read and Pronounce |

Exercise 1

coincidence n. something of happening by chance

assassination n. the killing of somebody, especially a political leader or other
public figure
demonstrate v. to explain or describe how something works or how to do
something
respectively ad. matching one list with another in the order given for both
accuracy n. the correctness or truthfulness of something
exaggerate v. to overstate something
circumstance n. a condition affecting a situation
fallacy n. mistaken belief or idea
seductive a. tempting, serving to tempt or attract

Exercise 2

category n. a group or set of things, people, or actions

character n. any written or printed letter, number, or other symbol
condense v. to make text shorter
association n. a thought, idea, or feeling that is linked with an event

Exercise 3

foundation n. the basis of something such as a theory or an idea

retain v. to keep possession of something
bind v. to oblige or compel somebody to do something
skeptical a. tending not to believe or accept things but to question them
corruption n. dishonest exploitation of power for personal gain
isolation n. remoteness from other inhabited areas or buildings

 Part A
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.

coincidence respectively circumstance category

retain character fallacy association

1 Recent opinion polls show that 60 percent favor abortion under certain .
2 There are choices available in the following : leisure, fitness, health.

Chapter 3
3 It’s a that the affluent give relatively more to charity than the less prosperous.
4 Despite losing the court case he all rights to the magazine article.
5 By sheer , we both ended up at the same restaurant.
6 Originally, many Chinese were standardized drawings of ideas.
7 Mr. Jones and his wife are aged 52 and 51, .
8 Black was considered inappropriate because of its with death.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

skeptical corruption seductive exaggerate isolation

1
Some scientists .
(global warming, consequences)
2
He is . (investigation)
3
His offer of . (high salary, a company car)
4
According to recent research, .
(suffer from, increasing)
5
He . (strong, tendency)

Chapter 3 | Details 
 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

Lincoln and Kennedy and the Urban Legend

P1 An urban legend is an often-repeated story assumed to be true. For example, many
people see coincidences in the deaths of two great American presidents, Abraham
Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. Deconstructing urban legends reveals that few aspects of
the legends are true. An examination of the aspects of the Lincoln and Kennedy
assassinations demonstrates the three-part nature of urban legends.

P2 First, easily verifiable aspects of urban legends make them believable. “Amazing”
coincidences include Lincoln’s election to Congress in 1846 and Kennedy’s in 1946, while
both were elected president 14 years later, in 1860 and 1960, respectively. After each
man’s death, vice presidents named Johnson became the presidents. Also, the names
Kennedy and Lincoln have seven letters. While these facts are true, they are meaningless
in supporting the legend’s basic argument or claim to be true, but their accuracy lends
credence to the rest of the legend.

P3 In fact, some aspects of urban legends are true, but exaggerated in meaning or
importance. For example, another claim is that both men were particularly concerned with
civil rights. In reality, circumstances outside their control forced both men to deal with civil
rights. Lincoln was personally opposed to slavery but willing to ignore it if doing so would
save the unity of the nation. Kennedy faced national political unrest as well. Since these
claims contain partial truths which are given more importance or meaning than they
deserve, they strengthen the legend and false items become believable.

 Part A
P4 While some aspects of urban legends may be true or exaggerated, most urban legends
contain false components. For instance, a common fallacy is the secretary’s warning:
Lincoln’s secretary, named Kennedy, warned him not to go to the theater, and Kennedy’s
secretary, named Lincoln, warned him not to go to Dallas. While Kennedy did have a
junior secretary named Lincoln, there is no evidence of a warning or of an aid to Lincoln
named Kennedy. The seductive nature of urban legends is in their revealing previously
unseen aspects of reality, but most urban legends are false or, at least, lift facts out of
context.

Chapter 3
B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

P1 Introduction of urban legends

P2 Character 1 Easily verifiable aspects
P3 Character 2 True but exaggerated in meaning or importance
P4 Character 3 False components

P1 Introduction of urban legends

P2 General thought Aspects that are commonly thought to be true
P3 Proved truth 1 Aspects that are proved to be untrue or exaggerated

P4 Proved truth 2 False components and unseen aspects

Chapter 3 | Details 
 BT reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 5

1. The phrase lends credence in 4. According to paragraph 3, what

paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to proof is given that Lincoln and
Kennedy were not particularly
imparts belief
concerned with civil rights?
makes a conclusion
While he did not own his slaves,
leads misunderstanding
Lincoln could have ignored the
instructs faith issue if it got him votes.
Kennedy denied that racism was
improper and advocated division
2. Based on the information in
of racial groups.
paragraph 2, all of the following are
true EXCEPT Lincoln was more concerned
with keeping the country unified
The men described were elected than about racial equality.
president in the years 1860 and
Because they did not support
1960.
civil rights, both presidents
A man named Johnson chose Southerners as vice
succeeded President Lincoln as presidents.
president.
Many meaningless concidences
make people doubt urban 5. According to paragraph 4, which of
legends. the following is true about urban
Lincoln and Kennedy are each legends?
spelled using the same number The name of a Lincoln’s
of letters. secretary was Kennedy who
tried to warn the president.
The new aspects that most
3. The word unrest in paragraph 2 is
urban legends are characterized
closest in meaning to
by are not reliable.
disengagement A secretary named Lincoln
dissatisfaction warned President Kennedy not
restraint to go to the theater.
turmoil Some of the facts that were
once thought to be wrong are
found to be true.

 Part A
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Lincoln and Kennedy and the Urban Legend

An urban legend is an often-repeated story assumed to be true. For example,
many people see coincidences in the deaths of two great American presidents,
Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. Deconstructing urban legends reveals that few
aspects of the legends are true. An examination of the aspects of the Lincoln and
Kennedy assassinations demonstrates the nature of urban legends.

Chapter 3
First, easily verifiable aspects of urban legends make them believable. “Amazing”
coincidences include Lincoln’s election to Congress in 1846 and Kennedy’s in 1946,
while both were elected president 14 years later, in 1860 and 1960, respectively. After
each man’s death, vice presidents named Johnson became the presidents. Also, the
names Kennedy and Lincoln have seven letters. While these facts are true, they are
meaningless in supporting the legend’s basic argument or claim to be true, but their
accuracy lends credence to the rest of the legend.
In fact, some aspects of urban legends are true, but exaggerated in meaning or
importance. For example, there is another claim that both men were particularly
concerned with civil rights. In reality, circumstances outside their control forced both
men to deal with civil rights. Lincoln was personally opposed to slavery but willing to
ignore it if doing so would save the unity of the nation. Kennedy faced national political
unrest as well. Since these claims contain partial truths which are given more
importance or meaning than they deserve, they strengthen the legend and false items
become believable.
While some aspects of urban legends may be true or exaggerated, most urban
legends contain false components. For instance, a common fallacy is the secretary’s
warning: Lincoln’s secretary, named Kennedy, warned him not to go to the theater, and
Kennedy’s secretary, named Lincoln, warned him not to go to Dallas. While Kennedy
did have a junior secretary named Lincoln, there is no evidence of a warning or of an
aid to Lincoln named Kennedy. The seductive nature of urban legends is in their
revealing previously unseen aspects of reality, but most urban legends are false or, at
least, lift facts out of context.
Glossary

urban legend a bizarre untrue story that circulates in a society

deconstruct to subject a text to critical analysis using the theories of deconstruction
verifiable able to prove or check

Chapter 3 | Details 
 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 4

1. The word attributes in paragraph 1, 4. The word its in paragraph 4 refers to

is closest in meaning to ancient language
characteristics Ancient Hebrew
pronunciation phonetic systems
systems a Hebrew character
usage

2. Based on the information in

paragraph 1, Spanish and English
are similar because
They all were derived from the
Greek alphabet’s influence.
Their characters are both
logographic and phonetic.
They all are examples of
logograhic languages.
Their letters express the sounds.

3. According to paragraph 2, which of

the following is true about the
vowels of the Hebrew alphabet?
Modern Hebrew represents
vowels by using dots over and
under its characters.
Ancient Hebrew has no
characters that are considered
vowels in its alphabet.
Vowels were removed to help
people read the language less Glossary
confusingly.
logographic of or relating to logograms or logographs
22 vowels in the Hebrew
(a single written symbol that represents an
language make learning to read it
entire word or phrase without indicating its
less difficult.
pronunciation)
phonetic belonging to or associated with the sounds of
human speech
vowel a speech sound produced by the passage of air
through the vocal tract, with relatively little
obstruction

 Part A
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Ancient Hebrew and the Categories of Written Languages

Written languages generally fall into one of two different categories: logographic
languages, where symbols represent words or units of thought, and phonetic
languages, where symbols represent sounds. Most Western languages, such as
English or Spanish are phonetic languages, while other languages, such as Ancient
Egyptian and Ancient Chinese are logographic languages. However, Hebrew is unique

Chapter 3
in its attributes : the characters and spelling are phonetic and the characters are also
logographic.
Each character of the Hebrew alphabet has an associated sound that helps to
“sound out” words, making it phonetic. Also, phonetic languages are easier to learn to
read because there are fewer characters to learn. Interestingly, the Ancient Hebrew
alphabet does not contain vowels. Because its texts condense more tightly than other
languages, the reader has to guess the intended vowel. For some languages, like
English, removing vowels would be highly confusing, but for Hebrew it is less
confusing. In fact, once a native speaker learns the sounds associated with the 22
characters of the Hebrew alphabet, learning to read the language is less difficult.
In addition, each Hebrew character is logographic. For example, the aleph
character of Hebrew was originally a picture of an ox head and took the meanings of
ox, head, strength, power and leader. The beyt character was originally a tent or floor
plan and came to mean tent, plan, family, or house. When combining the characters,
the Ancient Hebrew concept of father as “leader of the house” is understood. Studies
have suggested similar associations with other Hebrew concepts, such as mother, son
and God.
Ancient Hebrew spelling, unlike most other languages, uses characters both
logographically and phonetically. However, when using a character phonetically, it loses
its logographic meaning. Additionally, the Hebrew language spells root words using
three characters, which form into other words by adding additional characters to each
root. For example, the root word for a “can”, which is a form of container, might
become the words “bottle” and “pot”, which are also containers. All Ancient Hebrew
roots have both logographic and phonetic aspects in every character. The uniqueness
of this language comes from the possible combinations of logographic and phonetic
meanings available from the same characters when they appear to be used in the same
way.

Chapter 3 | Details 
 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 6

1. The word others in paragraph 1 4. According to paragraph 3, which of

refers to the following is true about the
power structure of Louisiana?
traditions
states’ aspects Louisiana reflected the English
and Spanish cultures.
elements
Power was based on
states of the U.S.
relationships rather than status.
The French Revolution impacted
2. According to the paragraph 2, Louisiana greatly.
which of the following best describes Artists and musicians had the
Napoleonic Law? most power in the state.
Napoleonic Law is not bound by
precedence.
5. The word congenial in paragraph 3
Napoleon used it to combine is closest in meaning to
conflicting standards in his
empire. rigid
Napoleonic Law focused on the offensive
previous cases made by inhospitable
Napoleon. agreeable
It was modeled after the
excellent legal system of Naples,
Italy. 6. According to paragraph 4, what was
result of Louisiana’s geographic
features?
3. The word heritage in paragraph 3, Marsh communities had lots of
is closest in meaning to contact with the other states.
power Cajun communities never fully
inhibition blended into American culture.
legacy Cajun communities were formed
renown by French-speaking people who
were excluded by other states.
Many people who once lived
around the bayou left their home
to be engaged in commerce.

 Part A
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Louisiana and its Heritage

The U.S. has a long tradition of federalism where each state has control over its
own legal system, finances, and other aspects of state life. Louisiana has elements that
set it apart from others . Louisiana’s legal system, cultural foundations and geographic
situation make it different from the rest of America.
In 1800, France’s Napoleon Bonaparte acquired Louisiana from Spain. Then in
1803, Bonaparte sold the territory to the United States. From its time as a possession

Chapter 3
of France, Louisiana retains a civil law legal system, which is similar to the Napoleonic
Code in France, unlike the rest of the United States, which uses a common law legal
system derived from England. This common law system is a codification of tradition,
precedent and past legal interpretation. While the definition of what is legal in Louisiana
is similar to that in other states, previous decisions do not bind courts in Louisiana.
Thus, legal decisions are similar to those in the rest of the nation, but the way those
decisions are reached is radically different.
Louisiana’s cultural roots lie in its past as a French colony. While different in many
ways, the inheritance of Spanish and English traditions, which were the roots of much
of American culture, were respectful of the institutions and traditions of the past.
However, the French were skeptical of titles and institutions because of their
experiences leading up to and through the French Revolution. Rather than developing
power structures based on economics, social class or heritage , Louisiana organized
political power around social relationships. Everyone was friendly, but no one was
necessarily responsible, and corruption became easy and well-established in politics.
Thus, Louisiana became a state with the reputation for being congenial to artists and
musicians as well as a place to have “a good time”.
In addition, Louisiana’s geography is significant. For example, Southern Louisiana
is composed mainly of marshland and natural levees. These marshlands, known as the
bayou, are the most populated marshes in America. The communities that developed
within these areas were isolated from the commerce and interaction that characterized
many states. This isolation allowed French-speaking Cajun communities to remain long
after the remainder of the country unified in an American culture.

Glossary

codification a set of rules or principles or laws, especially written ones

precedent requirement to follow earlier court decisions
marsh soft wet ground
levee a natural embankment alongside a river, formed by sediment during times of flooding

Chapter 3 | Details 
 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined word.

1 His last remark demonstrates this total ignorance of the subject.

(A) displays (B) denounces (C) acclaims (D) denominates

2 I don’t need to exaggerate the importance of this agreement.

(A) underrate (B) respect (C) overstate (D) beautify

3 I’ve tried to condense ten pages of comments into two.

(A) shorten (B) combine (C) illustrate (D) conclude

4 There is no solid foundation for the rumor.

(A) grounds (B) establishment (C) organization (D) misunderstanding

5 They lived in complete isolation in the country.

(A) acquisition (B) separation (C) inclusion (D) complacence

6 It is now quite common practice for married women not to take their husband’s second

name.
(A) repetition (B) concept (C) preparation (D) custom

7 There has been a sharp decline in profits this year.

(A) drop (B) increase (C) contrast (D) default

8 If our industries shy away from innovation , we will never compete successfully with other

countries.
(A) practicality (B) stagnation (C) improvement (D) persistence

9 It’s a highly contagious infection, so don’t let anyone else use your towel.
(A) obnoxious (B) harmful (C) transmissible (D) sporadic

10 The poor animal was covered with sores .

(A) lesions (B) dirts (C) speckles (D) pimples

 Part A
 04
Chapter

SENTENCE
SIMPLIFICATION

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 Chapter 4

Sentence Simplification
OV E RV I E W

Question Type

- Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in paragraph X? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.

General Strategy

1.
- less important information - examples
- appositives
- important information - main sentence
- qualifiers
2.
- included less important information
- missed essential information
- changed meaning of the information

 Part A
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the question.

Life and Death of Sylvia Plath

Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, short story writer, and essayist, but she
is mainly known for her poetry that detailed her struggle with depression and her
descent into madness. She ultimately lost this battle on February 11, 1963 when she
committed suicide. Her first suicide attempt was in 1953 at Smith College, where she
was a student, and she was later committed to a mental institution. She wrote about
her mental breakdown in the later part of 1953 in The Bell Jar, returned to college and
graduated summa cum laude in 1955. From there she studied at Cambridge, met Ted
Hughes, married and had two children. Life seemed normal from the outside, but her

Chapter 4
mind never recovered fully. What was it that pushed this woman to the edge?
Perhaps it was the problems in her family, such as her husband’s affair with another
poet and her own personal sense of inadequacy as a single mother, and most likely, the
anger of her talent being overlooked due to gender drove her to suicide . Whatever it
was, the intensity and clarity that went into her poetry was not rewarded until 1982,
nineteen years after her death, when she won the Pulitzer Prize for The Collected
Poems. Her work found new readers and, thus, new life well after her death.

1. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
Her husband’s unfaithfulness and a life as a single mother led her to kill herself.
Being disregarded as a female poet was the main reason for her committing
suicide.
She chose death because her work wasn’t being recognized and she had some
trouble in her family.
She chose death as a way to get away from the stresses that she got from her
family and work.

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the question.

American Theater During Wartime

Barnard Hewit describes the fiscal condition of the American theater from 1940 to
1957 as “Prosperity-Strictly Limited.” Wartime industrial production lifted the
economy out of the Depression and infused Broadway theaters. A rising economy
brought a greater demand for entertainment. The musical seemed to come into its
own during the 1940s. In 1941 audiences were enjoying Lady in the Dark, a musical by
Moss Hart, Ira Gershwin, and Kurt Weill. This musical marked a greater level of
complexity in plot and theme that was to come. In 1942, Wilder’s The Skin of Our Teeth
explored new depths in representing past and present at the same time and calling
for audience participation. The next spring they were enjoying Rodgers and
Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!, in the early stages of its 2,248-performance run in New
York. Richard Rodgers teamed with Oscar Hammerstein II in 1943 to write some of
America’s most popular musicals. However, the enormous success of Oklahoma! was
due not only to its artistic features, including cohesive plot, songs that furthered the
action of the story, and Hammerstein’s libretto, but also to its ideological implica-
tions that a wartime audience found encouraging . The implications were that America
is a great country; the future will be better than the past; keep an optimistic faith.

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage. Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
The success of Oklahoma! was due to its musical originality and the new
interpretation of the war that surprised people.
In addition to Oklahoma!’s creative aspects, the message comforted wartime
people and this helped the musical succeed.
The success of Oklahoma! was due solely to its ideological ideas about theater
and musicals in America.
The inspiration that Americans found in the play’s message led to the success of
Oklahoma!

 Part A
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

Basic Drill 1

1. surroundings (A) to be inherited from or passed down by ancestors

2. separate (B) not exactly, but nearly or roughly
3. connect (C) the immediate environment
4. trace (D) to move or keep something apart
5. lineage (E) a part or section of a larger whole
6. descend (F) to follow or show the course or series of developments
7. approximately (G) the line of descent from an ancestor to a family
8. portion (H) to link two things or more

Chapter 4
Basic Drill 2

1. amphibian (A) the state of being important and well-known

2. slender (B) to bring something back to an earlier and better condition
3. plow (C) moving quickly or nimbly
4. specialist (D) to run faster than someone or something else
5. fleet (E) a land animal that breeds in water
6. outrun (F) to turn over the soil using a large farming tool
7. predator (G) small or slight in width in proportion to height or length
8. prominence (H) a person who has a particular skill or knows a lot about a
particular subject
9. restore ( I ) an animal that kills and eats other animals

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 Basic Drill 1 Analyze the right paraphrase

Choose the right paraphrase and analyze wrong paraphrases. Put 1 for leaving out
essential information / Put 2 for including minor information / Put 3 for changed
information.

1 One of the characteristics of a frog, which belongs to the amphibian class of

animals that can live both on land and in water, is having a body
temperature that changes with its surroundings.

(A) A feature that amphibians have in common is the ability to change their body
temperatures.
(B) A feature of a frog is that their body temperature changes depending on its
surroundings.
(C) A frog that can live on land and in water can change its body temperature
based on its environment.

2 The Bosporus Strait, which is 30 km long with a maximum width of 3,700

meters between the sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, separates the
European part of Turkey from its Asian part, connecting the two seas.

(A) Turkey can be divided into the European part and the Asian part by the
Bosporus Strait.
(B) The Bosporus Strait is 30 km long and 3,700 meters wide between the two
seas.
(C) Turkey is separated by the long and wide Bosporus strait between the two
seas.

 Part A
3 Many modern Pueblo tribes trace their lineage, the series of families from
which they are directly descended, from settlements in the Anasazi area and
areas inhabited by their cultural neighbors, such as the Mogollon who lived
in surrounding areas during approximately the same time periods.

(A) Many direct ancestors of modern Puebloans track in the Anasazi area and
among neighboring cultures.
(B) There are neighboring cultures, including the Mogollon, who lived during the

Chapter 4
same period near ancient Pueblo.
(C) Many ancestors of modern Pueblo peoples lived with the Mogollon and have
similar cultures.

4 The term the Midwestern United States or Midwest is now somewhat wrong
as it is actually a region of the north-central and northeastern United States
of America, primarily neither in the middle nor the western portion of the
United States.

(A) A region of the north-central and northeastern United States is called the
Midwestern United States.
(B) A region called the Midwestern United States refers to parts in the middle or
the western portion of the United States.
(C) The term Midwest is incorrectly used for a region in the north-central and
northeastern United States of America.

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 Basic Drill 2 Find the right paraphrase

Find the right paraphrased sentence.

1 Most salamanders, which are amphibians with slender bodies, short legs,
and long tails, are small, but some, such as giant salamanders found in Japan
and China, reach up to 5 feet in length.

(A) The size of most salamanders are small, but some are as large as 5 feet.
(B) While most salamanders are short and has a long tail, giant salamanders in
Japan and China are big.
(C) 5-foot-long giant salamanders in Japan and China are a type of amphibian.

2 Forest experts, such as wildlife specialists and specially trained forest

firefighters, use a firebreak, a narrow field that has been cleared by plowing
or digging it up with hand tools, to stop the spread of wildfires in forests.

(A) Forest experts are wildlife specialists who put out wildfires in forests.
(B) Forest experts called a firefighter dig up the land in a line using tools they
carry.
(C) Forest specialists make firebreaks to stop the progress of wildfires in forests.

3 Even though a fleet giraffe that can run at speeds up to 35 miles per hour can
still be outrun by its predator, a lion, a giraffe can kill a lion with a kick from
its back legs.

(A) The giraffe may not run as fast as its predator, the lion, but it can still protect
itself by kicking the lion with its back legs.
(B) The giraffe prey can outrun a lion by 35 miles per hour and is able to kill a
lion with its back legs.
(C) A lion, the giraffe’s predator, can run 35 miles per hour, but a giraffe can kill
the lion with its back legs.

 Part A
4 When athletes, such as Babe Ruth and Red Grange, who had no name and
no money, rose to national prominence and gained wealth, they restored
Americans’ belief in the power of the individual to improve his or her life.

(A) Babe Ruth and Red Grange restored American’s belief in the power of the
individual over his or her own life.
(B) The success of poor and unknown athletes made Americans believe in their
ability to make their life better.

Chapter 4
(C) Some athletes who were penniless finally gained great fame and money.

5 Alfalfa, a plant that lives from five to twelve years, depending on variety
and climate, has a deep root system sometimes stretching to 4.5 meters,
while it grows to a height of 1 meter.

(A) Alfalfa can live up to 12 years if the climate is right, since it has deep roots.
(B) Alfalfa’s deep roots make it live many years and grow up to 1 meter high.
(C) The height of alfalfa is about 1 meter, but its roots can be more than 4 meters
long.

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Check the Definition |

Exercise 1

dissent v. to disagree with a widely held or majority opinion

reform n. reorganization and improvement
notable a. particularly important, distinguished, or famous
advocate n. somebody giving support
controversial a. provoking strong disagreement or disapproval
ridiculous a. completely unreasonable and not at all sensible or acceptable
tolerant a. accepting the differing views of other people

Exercise 2

pave v. to cover a surface with brick, concrete, or other hard materials

equip v. to provide somebody or something with necessities
furious a. very energetic
blink v. to flash on and off, especially as a signal
mobility n. the ability to move about, especially to do work
commute v. to travel regularly between places esp. between home and work
sprawl v. to extend in disordered way
underpinning n. foundation for something
fancy a. elaborately or ornately decorated
uneven a. having a surface that is not level or smooth

Exercise 3

conduct v. to carry out, manage, or control something

speculation n. opinion based on incomplete information
divine a. connected with, coming from, or caused by God
interact v. to act with each other
sensory a. relating to sensation and the sense organs
reflex n. an involuntary bodily reaction e.g. a sneeze
by-product n. incidental product, a secondary result

 Part A
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
notable controversial ridiculous mobility
underpinning speculation reflex pave

1 He described the law as anachronistic and ________.

2 The sidewalks were ________ with brick and lined with trees.

3 Two cars gave them the freedom and ________ to go their separate ways.

4 The root of the problem may be that they lack a strong ideological ________.

5 The ruling party proposed the shelving of the ________ property issue.

Chapter 4
6 The doctor hit me just below the knee to test my ________.

7 The area is ________ for its pleasant climate.

8 My ________ about the future of the universe were published in the magazine.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

sprawl equip tolerant commute

1
The city ________________________________. (suburbs)
2
They ______________________________________. (up-to-date, camping gear)
3
They ________________________________. (different points of view)
4
My father ________________________________. (from, to)

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

The Puritan Dissenters

P1 The term dissenter labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion or belief. In
the social and religious history of England, however, it refers particularly to a member of a
religious body in England which has separated from the Church of England, the church
which is established by the government and controlled by it. The Puritans, members of a
group of English Protestants who sought further reforms or even separation from the
Church of England, were more often referred to as Dissenters.

P2 Many of these Dissenters, including the Puritans, came to America to gain the freedom to
follow their own forms of worship. Most of them settled in the New England area. As they
immigrated and formed individual colonies, their numbers rose from 17,800 in 1640 to
106,000 in 1700.

P3 One of the important Dissenters was Roger Williams. He was a notable proponent of the
separation of Church and State, an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans and a
founder of the City of Providence, Rhode Island.

P4 Roger Williams expressed two controversial views. First, he declared that the English
settlers had no claims to the land unless they purchased it from the Native Americans.
Second, he declared that government officials had no business punishing settlers for their
religious beliefs. His understanding of the Bible led him to believe that every person
should be free to worship God according to their principles.

 Part A
P5 The Puritan leaders of Massachusetts found the first idea ridiculous and the second
wrong, since Puritans were not, by today’s standards, tolerant of people who had other
religious beliefs. This resulted in Williams’ arrest and attempted return to England. In
January 1636, rather than face returning to England, he headed south towards
Narragansett Bay where he negotiated with the local Narragansett tribe for land to set up
a new colony called Providence. In Providence, later the capital of Rhode Island, Williams
guaranteed the separation of church and state and religious freedom; this was the first
government to guarantee religious freedom.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

Chapter 4
A

P1 Definition Dissenter and the Puritan

P2 Background Immigration to America

P3 Introduction Roger Williams

P4 Roger Williams’ claims Two controversial views

P5 Consequence of the claims Rhode Island and religious freedom

P1 Introduction Dissenter and the Puritan

P2 Establishment of early colonies By dissenters including the Puritan

P3 An example of dissenters Roger Williams

P4 Roger Williams’ claims Two controversial views

P5 Establishment of a new colony Rhode Island

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 5

1. Which of the following best 4. According to paragraph 4 and 5,

expresses the essential information which of the following is true about
in the highlighted sentence in Roger Williams’ views?
paragraph 1? Incorrect choices His views were typical of the
change the meaning in important Puritan leaders in the colonies at
ways or leave out essential that time.
information.
His views were based on the
It means a religious group of principle that most dissenters
people who weren’t accepted by shared at the time.
the Church of England in the
His views supported punishing
history of England.
businesses that denied religion
Socially and religiously, it to Indians.
indicates an English religious
His views resulted in his
group who had left the Church
eventually establishing
of England.
Providence.
It points to members who had
left England for social reasons in
the history of England. 5. Which of the following is true about
It indicates a church that was Roger Williams in paragraph 5?
ruled by the government and a Williams allowed the separation
group of members of the church. of church and state, but failed to
guarantee religious freedom.
Instead of England, he went to
2. The word proponent in paragraph
Narragansett Bay and made a
3 is closest in meaning to
land deal with the native tribe for
manager settlement of Providence.
advocate As of January in 1636, on the
protector way to England, he changed his
radical way southward to a bay.
He settled Rhode Island that
later became the capital of
3. The word it in paragraph 4 refers Providence.
to
business
claim
land
belief

Glossary

Protestant member of church rejecting papal authority

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The Puritan Dissenters

The term dissenter labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion or
belief. In the social and religious history of England, however, it refers particularly to a
member of a religious body in England which has separated from the Church of
England, the church which is established by the government and controlled by it . The
Puritans, members of a group of English Protestants who sought further reforms or
even separation from the Church of England, were more often referred to as Dissenters.
Many of these Dissenters, including the Puritans, came to America to gain the
freedom to follow their own forms of worship. Most of them settled in the New England
area. As they immigrated and formed individual colonies, their numbers rose from

Chapter 4
17,800 in 1640 to 106,000 in 1700.
One of the important Dissenters was Roger Williams. He was a notable
proponent of the separation of Church and State, an advocate for fair dealings with
Native Americans and a founder of the City of Providence, Rhode Island.
Roger Williams expressed two controversial views. First, he declared that the
English settlers had no claims to the land unless they purchased it from the Native
Americans. Second, he declared that government officials had no business punishing
settlers for their religious beliefs. His understanding of the Bible led him to believe that
every person should be free to worship God according to their principles.
The Puritan leaders of Massachusetts found the first idea ridiculous and the
second wrong, since Puritans were not, by today’s standards, tolerant of people who
had other religious beliefs. This resulted in Williams’ arrest and attempt to return to
England. In January 1636, rather than face the return to England, he headed south
towards Narragansett Bay where he negotiated with the local Narragansett tribe for land
to set up a new colony called Providence. In Providence, later the capital of Rhode
Island, Williams guaranteed the separation of Church and State and religious freedom;
this was the first government to guarantee religious freedom.

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 5

1. The word liberated in paragraph 2 4. Which of the following is mentioned

is closest in meaning to about an automobile as a status
symbol in paragraph 4?
restricted
It was social scientists in the
permitted
1930s who regarded the
freed automobile as a status symbol.
favored One woman believed eating was
more important than an
automobile as a status symbol.
2. Which of the following best
One woman preferred fancy
expresses the essential information
clothes rather than an automobile
in the highlighted sentence in
as a status symbol.
paragraph 2? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in Many individual families wanted
important ways or leave out to have an automobile as a status
essential information. symbol.
Increased mobility made
dependent people more
5. Which of the following is true about
independent and allowed workers
technology in paragraph 5?
to live miles from their jobs.
Automotive developers of the
Women and young people gained
early 20th century sought to
their independence as they
create famous technological
worked further from home and
breakthroughs in the world.
were more mobile.
Intense competition among small
Independent people became
companies led to rapid
more self-reliant as they were
advancement of technology used
able to go anywhere and travel to
in cars.
work from a distance.
Developments such as electronic
It enabled highly independent
ignition, four-wheel braking, and
people and workers moved
battery improvements were made.
farther from job sites with the
increased mobility. About 80 percent of key
developers of automotive
technology were in America by
3. The word sprawled in paragraph 2 the late 1920s.
is closest in meaning to
saturated
stretched
prospered
thrived

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Automobile
The automobile literally changed the American landscape. Its most visible effect
was the construction of paved roads suitable for year-round driving in all weather.
Architectural styles changed, including lawns, as new houses typically came equipped
with a garage and a driveway, resulting in smaller lawns. The automobile launched the
furious construction of gasoline stations, repair shops, public garages, motels, tourist
camps, and shopping centers. The first automatic traffic signals began blinking in
Detroit in the early 1920s. Tunnels were built between cities. America was re-organizing
itself around the reality of automobiles.
The automobile liberated the isolated rural family, who could now travel from rural

Chapter 4
areas to the city for shopping and entertainment. It gave families the opportunity to
vacation in new and faraway places. It allowed people who were more dependent
such as women and young people to become more self-supporting through increased
mobility and workers to commute to a long distance for their work . As a result, urban
areas sprawled as cities spread in all directions.
The automobile industry also provided an economic underpinning for such cities
as Akron in Ohio, and Detroit, Dearborn, Flint, and Pontiac in Michigan. The industry
drew people to such oil-producing states as California and Texas.
The automobile even became a status symbol for individual families. In the 1920s,
social scientists Robert and Helen Lynd noted that one woman in Middletown
said, “I’ll go without food before I’ll see us give up the car.” Another woman said, “We
don’t have no fancy clothes when we have the car to pay for.”
Through the period from 1900 to the mid 1920s, automotive technology had
developed rapidly, due in part to the severe competition between the hundreds of small
manufacturers to gain worldwide fame. Key developments included electric ignition, an
important part of the overall engine system and the electric self-starter, a suspension
which gave a smooth ride over uneven ground, and four-wheel brakes. By the late
1920s, around 80 percent of all registered motor vehicles in the world were in the
United States -- about one automobile for every five people in America.

Glossary

suspension system reducing vibration of vehicle ignition means of starting engine

status the relative position or standing of somebody or something in a society or other group

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 3

1. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to 3. According to the paragraph 1 and

2, which of the following is NOT
speculation
true of Rene Descartes?
belief
He thought humans were not
world
machines because humans
influence could think.
He believed the mind provided
the body with input for it to
2. Which sentence below best
process.
expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence in He wrote that the physical world
paragraph 1? Incorrect choices was regulated by a set of
change the meaning in important noticeable rules.
ways or leave out essential He recognized that some body
information. movements were occurred
reflexively regardless of the mind.
Descartes believed that the
interaction between the mind
and the body happened in the
pineal gland.
Descartes hypothesized that the
brain controls the body’s
sensory input in order to figure
out the body.
Descartes thought that the
control of the body and the
sensory input could be
controlled in the brain.
The fact that the body’s input to
the mind’s sensory system
providing meaning in the pineal
gland was found by Descartes.

Glossary

pineal gland organ secreting melatonin

empiricism the philosophical belief that all knowledge is
derived from the experience of the senses
behaviorism the theory that statements about the mind
and mental states are really about actual or
potential behavior
hypothesize to make hypothesis

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Philosophy
Rene Descartes’ (1596-1650) speculation on the nature of man was based on his
belief that the physical world is not under divine influence but rather follows a set of
observable, that is, concrete, laws or rules. According to Descartes, the world and all of
the creatures in it are like machines, in that they are predictable. Humans are the
exception to this rule because they possess a mind. The mind, according to Descartes, is
not observable and is not subject to natural laws. Descartes then hypothesized that the
mind interacts with the body, like the mind controls the body, while the body provides the mind
with sensory input for it to figure out what it means, and that this interaction occurred in the
pineal gland, which is located deep within the brain .

Chapter 4
In addition, Descartes realized that some body movements, which he named
reflexes, were not controlled by the mind, but were reflexive. He defined a reflex as an
immediate, unconscious reaction to an environmental event, such as pulling your hand
away from a flame. John Locke (1632-1704) extended Descartes’ application of natural
laws. Locke believed that people should rely on practical experience or experiments, which was
known as empiricism, rather than on theories as a basis for knowledge . In his book, Essay
Concerning Human Understanding, Locke proposed that humans are born knowing
nothing. Locke used the term tabula rasa (Latin for “blank slate”) to describe the mind of a
child. Therefore, all knowledge is learned; nothing is innate . Locke felt that all knowledge
must derive from experience.
Going one step further, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) believed that the idea of a soul
or spirit, or even of a mind, is meaningless. Hobbes’ philosophy is known as materialism,
which is the belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy. What we
experience as consciousness is simply a by-product of the machinery of the brain. In the
future, this would greatly influenced behaviorism.

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 4 to 6

4. Which sentence below best 5. The word innate in paragraph 2 is

expresses the essential information closest in meaning to
in the highlighted sentence in
inborn
paragraph 3? Incorrect choices
change the meaning in important captive
ways or leave out essential external
information. provincial
Locke believed in empiricism
and functional knowledge.
6. The word this in paragraph 3
Locke believed theories can only
refers to
give basic knowledge while
experiences can provide idea
practical knowledge. materialism
Locke favored real situations or consciousness
events over just ideas for gaining brain
knowledge.
According to Locke, people lean
on hypotheses for knowledge for
practical experience.

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Philosophy
Rene Descartes’ (1596-1650) speculation on the nature of man was based on his
belief that the physical world is not under divine influence but rather follows a set of
observable, that is, concrete, laws or rules. According to Descartes, the world and all of
the creatures in it are like machines, in that they are predictable. Humans are the
exception to this rule because they possess a mind. The mind, according to Descartes, is
not observable and is not subject to natural laws. Descartes then hypothesized that the
mind interacts with the body, like the mind controls the body, while the body provides the mind
with sensory input for it to figure out what it means, and that this interaction occurred in the
pineal gland, which is located deep within the brain .

Chapter 4
In addition, Descartes realized that some body movements, which he named
reflexes, were not controlled by the mind, but were reflexive. He defined a reflex as an
immediate, unconscious reaction to an environmental event, such as pulling your hand
away from a flame. Jock Locke (1632-1704) extended Descartes’ application of natural
laws. Locke believed that people should rely on practical experience or experiments, which was
known as empiricism, rather than on theories as a basis for knowledge . In his book, Essay
Concerning Human Understanding, Locke proposed that humans are born knowing
nothing. Locke used the term tabula rasa (Latin for “blank slate”) to describe the mind of a
child. Therefore, all knowledge is learned; nothing is innate . Locke felt that all knowledge
must derive from experience.
Going one step further, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) believed that the idea of a soul
or spirit, or even of a mind, is meaningless. Hobbes’ philosophy is known as materialism,
which is the belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy. What we
experience as consciousness is simply a by-product of the machinery of the brain. In the
future, this would greatly influenced behaviorism.

Chapter 4 | Sentence Simplification 

 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined word.

1 The fleet -footed runner raced through 150 miles of hill country and reached Sparta.
(A) huge (B) marine (C) nimble (D) slow

2 She was slender , with delicate wrists and ankles.

(A) slim (B) chubby (C) plump (D) shapeless

3 The magician believed that with his magic, he could separate a person’s soul from his

body.
(A) control (B) supervise (C) purify (D) divide

4 Atoms within the fluid interact with the minerals that form the grains.
(A) intervene (B) interrelate (C) intercede (D) interrupt

5 Green and yellow lights blinked on the surface of the harbor.

(A) danced (B) turned off (C) flickered (D) plunged

6 He was a strong advocate of free market policies and a multi-party system.

(A) opponent (B) supporter (C) attorney (D) inventor

7 There was a furious knocking at the door.

(A) angry (B) pleased (C) random (D) repetitive

8 They can trace their lineage directly back to the 18th century.
(A) genealogy (B) footprint (C) descendant (D) orbit

9 It was packaged in a fancy plastic case with attractive graphics.

(A) plain (B) impressive (C) decorative (D) bare

10 The price of the goods is approximately one million won.

(A) exactly (B) properly (C) incredibly (D) roughly

 Part A
 PROGRESS TEST

R E A D I N G S E C T I O N D I R E C T I O N

In this section you will read TWO passages and answer reading comprehension
questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last
question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many
points you may receive.

You will have 30 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some
passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or
phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

When you want to move on to the next question, click on Next. You can skip
questions and go back to them later as long as long as there is time remaining. If you
want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any
time and the review screen will show you which questions you have answered and
which you have not. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you
have already seen in the reading section.

When you are ready to continue, click on the Dismiss Directions icon.
 Progress Test 1
BT Reading
Question 1 to 6

1. The word constituted in paragraph 1 4. According to paragraph 2, why were

is closest in meaning to most of the Texas cattle driven to
Dodge City?
managed
established The port where cattle were
shipped was there.
repealed
All the ranches had moved
ruined
northward to that area.
The city used the railroad to send
2. According to paragraph 1, which of cattle to the East.
the following is true about enterprising Abilene was bigger and took
Texans? more of the Kansas cattle.
They used Mexican cattle to
start giant herds of over 5 million
5. The word their in paragraph 3 refers to
cows and bulls.
six-shooters
They marketed cattle for over $40
a head, once they were caught ranchers
and grouped together. governmental powers
They thought that selling cattle British investors
would help them restore their
finances after the war.
The kings of the Cattle Kingdom 6. According to paragraph 3, which of
were very good at driving a hard the following best describes the Cattle
bargain for their cattle. Kingdom of the Great Plains?
There was no private sector
within the cattle industry.
3. The word fetched in paragraph 1 is The Great plains was wholly
closest in meaning to open to the ranchers since 1880.
restrained The ranchers were ruled by state
brought and federal laws.
fixed The ranchers used public lands
carried without restrictions.

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The Cattle Kingdom

P1 During the 1870s and early 1880s, the grasslands from the Dakotas south to
Texas constituted the Cattle Kingdom. The Spaniards built ranches on the grassy
plains of northeastern Mexico and brought cattle into Texas. By 1865, the cattle
numbered about 5,000,000. Enterprising Texans believed that cattle might enable
the state to recover from Civil War losses. Rounded up and driven to Northern
markets, cattle fetched $35 or $40 a head.
P2 Ranching began in Texas and gradually moved northward. The first cattle drive
began in the spring of 1866, when herds totaling 260,000 set off on a 1,000-mile
journey to Missouri. Texas cattle were driven north, especially to Dodge City, Kansas,
because the city was more accessible with the railroad, then shipped eastward by
rail. During the next dozen years a total of 4,000,000 Texas cattle were taken to
Abilene, Dodge City, and other Kansas cow towns.
P3 By 1880, the whole Plains region, as far as the Canadian border, was cattle
country. The Great Plains were devoted to ranching and were open range, that is,
anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. Once settled, they developed their own
code of rules to determine range and water rights. The livestock associations, which
assumed virtual governmental powers throughout much of the Cattle Kingdom,
enforced the rules, when necessary, with their six-shooters. Around this
time, the invention of new technologies, such as artificial refrigeration and the growth
of relevant industries, like the meat-packing industry created an expanding market,
which caused many foreign, especially British investors to finance the great ranches
of the era .

Progress Test 1 
 Progress Test 1

BT Reading
Question 7 to 8

7. Which of the sentences below best 8. According to paragraph 4, which of

expresses the essential information in the following is NOT mentioned as a
the highlighted sentence in paragraph reason for the collapse of the Cattle
3? Incorrect choices change the Kingdom in the early 1880s?
meaning in important ways or leave Over investment
out essential information.
Natural disaster
At the time, the development of
Livestock associations
technologies for artificial
refrigeration and meat-packing Government intervention
expanded the market and the
foreign investment.
Because of the new
technologies and the growing
relevant manufacturers, British
investors became active in
supporting the ranchers.
About then, new technologies
and the growth of related
industries caused market
growth and encouraged
overseas investments on the
ranches.
At the time, much foreign
investment on new
technological inventions grew
and broadened the market.

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P3 By 1880, the whole Plains region, as far as the Canadian border, was cattle
country. The Great Plains were devoted to ranching and were open range, that is,
anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. Once settled, they developed their own
code of rules to determine range and water rights. The livestock associations, which
assumed virtual governmental powers throughout much of the Cattle Kingdom,
enforced the rules, when necessary, with their six-shooters. Around this
time, the invention of new technologies, such as artificial refrigeration and the growth
of relevant industries, like the meat-packing industry created an expanding market,
which caused many foreign, especially British investors to finance the great ranches
of the era .
P4 In the early 1880s, the tumbling prices due to overstock caused by immense
quantities of capital invested in ranching. And the terrible winter of 1886 eventually
resulted in a disaster with many cattle starved and frozen. Cattlemen were left
bankrupt. Meanwhile, the federal government spelled an end to the open range by
enforcing public-land laws. The Plains has lost much of its population since then.
Several hundred thousand square miles of the Great Plains have fewer than 6
persons per square mile in 1893. There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the State
of Kansas alone. Before the end of the century, the open range had come to an end.
Although parts of the Great Plains remained cattle country, the life of the cowboy
had lost its epic quality.

Progress Test 1 
 Progress Test 2
BT Reading
Question 1 to 4

1. According to paragraph 1, why is a 3. Which of the sentences below best

gaseous atmosphere important? expresses the essential information in
The atmospheric molecules the highlighted sentence in paragraph
reflect the sun’s radiation. 2? Incorrect choices change the
meaning in important ways or leave
It saves life on earth from certain
out essential information.
death from radiation.
While many kinds of atmospheric
It prevents the earth from being
gases do not block the light from
burned by chemical reaction to
the sun, some of them heat up
sunlight.
the earth.
Atmospheric ozone keeps the
Atmospheric gases do not soak
heat inside the earth from being
up any light, but the light raises
released to the outer space.
the temperature of atmosphere
and the earth.
2. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to Because gases make up the
atmosphere, they absorb visible
atmospheric ozone
sunlight as it warms the earth on
a form of oxygen its way through the atmosphere.
high-energy radiation While able to absorb visible light,
the earth atmospheric gases warm up in
sunlight as they pass through
the earth’s warm atmosphere.

4. The word that in paragraph 2 refers to

infrared radiation
wavelength
microwave radiation
visible light

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The Atmosphere and the Temperature of the Earth

P1 The gaseous atmosphere of the earth is crucial to protecting life on earth. One
of the important characteristics of the atmosphere is that its molecules absorb
radiation from the sun. Without the protective atmosphere, the sun would “fry” the
earth with high-energy radiation. Earth is protected by atmospheric ozone, a form of
oxygen consisting of O3 molecules, which absorbs high-energy radiation and
prevents it from reaching earth. This is why many people become upset because
chemicals released into the atmosphere are destroying high-altitude ozone.
P2 The atmosphere also plays a central role in controlling the earth’s temperature.
The atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and others, do not absorb light in the visible region;
however, the visible light from the sun that passes through the atmosphere warms the
gases and the earth . In turn, the earth radiates energy back toward space as
infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength
longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwave radiation. The
name means “below red” (from the Latin infra, “below”), red being the color of visible
light of the longest wavelength. The atmospheric gases are strong absorbers of
infrared waves, and they trap some of this on the earth. Thus, these gases act as an
insulating blanket keeping the earth much warmer.
P3 However, there is a problem when burning fossil fuels. This is because one of
the products is CO2. Unfortunately, humans are using huge quantities of fossil fuels
and the CO2 content in the atmosphere is increasing gradually but significantly. This
should cause the earth to get warmer. This warming or greenhouse effect, eventually
changes the weather patterns on the earth’s surface, like melting the polar ice caps,
which will flood many low-lying areas.
P4 Because the natural forces that control the earth’s temperature are not very well
understood, it is difficult to decide whether greenhouse warming has already started,
although many scientists think it has. For example, the 1980s and 1990s are among
the warmest years the earth has experienced since people started keeping records.

Progress Test 2 

 Progress Test 2

BT Reading
Question 5 to 8

5. According to paragraph 2, what is 8. According to paragraph 5, all of the

infrared radiation? following about the greenhouse effect
It is radiation that has a shortest are true EXCEPT
wavelength. Some studies have been done
It is visible light that is longer on cleaner fuel cells in the future.
than microwaves radiation It is important to monitor the
It is found above red in the color greenhouse effect continuously.
spectrum of visible microwave Its proper control may increase
light. the future need for fossil fuel
It is electromagnetic radiation use.
with a wavelength longer than Because of it, people will be
light that is seen. more dependent on alternative
sources of energy.

6. The word insulating in paragraph 2 is

closest in meaning to
intolerable
unusually thick
non-conducting
pre-treating

7. Based on the information in paragraph

3, what is the problem of burning fossil
fuels?
Burning fossil fuels produces and
adds CO2 in the atmosphere.
Increases in CO 2 block the
sunlight and drop the earth’s
temperature.
The greenhouse effect from it
creates flooding.
If can cause health problems
such as a respiratory disease.

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P2 The atmosphere also plays a central role in controlling the earth’s temperature.
The atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and others, do not absorb light in the visible region;
however, the visible light from the sun that passes through the atmosphere warms the
gases and the earth . In turn, the earth radiates energy back toward space as
infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength
longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwave radiation. The
name means “below red” (from the Latin infra, “below”), red being the color of visible
light of the longest wavelength. The atmospheric gases are strong absorbers of
infrared waves, and they trap some of this on the earth. Thus, these gases act as an
insulating blanket keeping the earth much warmer.
P3 However, there is a problem when burning fossil fuels. This is because one of
the products is CO2. Unfortunately, humans are using huge quantities of fossil fuels
and the CO2 content in the atmosphere is increasing gradually but significantly. This
should cause the earth to get warmer. This warming or greenhouse effect, eventually
changes the weather patterns on the earth’s surface, like melting the polar ice caps,
which will flood many low-lying areas.
P4 Because the natural forces that control the earth’s temperature are not very well
understood, it is difficult to decide whether greenhouse warming has already started,
although many scientists think it has. For example, the 1980s and 1990s are among
the warmest years the earth has experienced since people started keeping records.
P5 The greenhouse effect is something to watch closely. Controlling it may mean
lowering dependence on fossil fuels and increasing reliance on nuclear, solar, or
other power sources. In recent years, the trend has been in the opposite direction as
use of fossil fuels has increased. However, new fuel cell research gives some hope
for sources of cleaner alternatives.

Progress Test 2 
PA R T

B
fe re n cin g
In
Rea d in g
ue st io n s
Q
 r ical Purpose
05 Rh
eto
Chapter
ter 06 Ins ertion
Cha p
0 7 Infe
rence
Chapter
4
s Test 3-
Progres
 05
Chapter

RHETORICAL
PURPOSE

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 Chapter 5

Rhetorical Purpose
OV E RV I E W

Define
Describe
Illustrate
Compare/Contrast
Cause/Effect

Explain/Justify/Persuade

Question Type

- Why does the author mention X?

- How does the author explain X?

General Strategy

1.
2.

 Part B
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

The First Psychologists

Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind. Behavior refers to the observable
actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment.
The mind refers to the sensations, memories, motives, emotions, thoughts, and other
subjective phenomena particular to an individual or animal, which are not readily
observed.

The ancient Greeks were the first to speculate and make guesses about the nature of
the mind. Socrates considered the philosophical issues of beauty and justice and the
rights of man. Socrates' student, Plato argued that humans possess innate knowledge
that is not obtainable simply by observing the physical world. Aristotle, a student of
Plato, believed that we derive truth from the physical world. Aristotle's application of
logic and systematic observation of the world laid the basis for the scientific method.

Chapter 5
1. Why did the author mention Socrates, Plato and Aristotle?
To compare three different theories of the nature of the mind
To explain the relationship between three great ancient philosophers
To show that the study of psychology began in ancient Greece
To give examples of theories that focus on the nature of the mind

2. How does the author introduce psychology?

By classifying subjects into observable and non-observable
By explaining the relationship between behavior and mind
By suggesting that it is related to both humans and animals
By giving the definitions of two main subjects of psychology

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Weather Forecast

Weather forecasting requires the cooperation of countries around the world.

Meteorologists worldwide gather weather information for their regions. Then they
send this information to computer centers, where other meteorologists compile it and
use it to create weather maps and forecasts. Finally, the weather maps and computer-
generated forecasts go out to local forecasters, who modify the forecasts to reflect
local conditions.

Huge amounts of data are necessary for weather forecasting. The sources of these
data include satellites, instruments attached to balloons, weather stations, weather
radar, airplanes, and ships. Satellite images provide weather information about every
spot on earth, even oceans and sparsely populated areas. On land, most weather
stations are at airports, where they can easily retrieve data from commercial jets
equipped with automatic weather recorders. Information on conditions over the
oceans comes from ships and from automated stations on moored buoys.

1. Why does the author mention meteorologists in paragraph 1?

To imply that weather forecasting is a highly specialized field
To show that many meteorologists are involved in the weather forecasts
To explain the complex process required for the weather forecasts
To suggest that they depend on computers for the weather forecasts

2. How does the author explain the data for the weather forecasts in paragraph 2?
By showing many sources that can be used to enhance the accuracy of forecasts
By explaining various sources of data that are provided for the forecasts
By suggesting that the data can be gathered using many advanced technologies
By indicating that there are many elements that affect the accuracy of forecasts

 Part B
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

Basic Drill 1

1. pesticide (A) to play better or become accomplished than another

2. interfere (B) any chemical compounds that are used to kill pests
3. tissue (C) to hinder or adversely affect something else
4. perennial (D) persisting for several years
5. outperform (E) compulsively preoccupied with a fixed idea
6. obsessive (F) a source of danger
7. peer (G) a group of cells with a similar structure and particular function
8. impair (H) to damage or weaken something
9. hazard ( I ) a person of the same age, class, position, etc.
10. casualty (J) a person who is injured or killed in an accident

Basic Drill 2

Chapter 5
1. heredity (A) existing in a natural state
2. hypothesis (B) to put something in place and make it ready for use
3. crude (C) the genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to
offspring
4. refine (D) a rounded or oval-shaped single coil
5. brim (E) an assumption made for the sake of argument
6. install (F) the projecting edge of a hat
7. sturdy (G) thick and strong-looking
8. loop (H) to make something pure by removing dirt, waste substances,
etc.
9. make one’s mark ( I ) to become successful and influential
10. tend ( J) to do what is necessary to keep someone or something in a
good condition or to improve their condition

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 Basic Drill 1 Author’s intent - Why?

Read the passages and find the author's intent.

1 A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. Herbicides can kill

certain targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. These act
by interfering with the growth of the weed. Contact herbicides destroy only
the plant tissue in contact with the chemical. Generally, these are the fastest
acting herbicides. They are less effective on perennial plants, which are able
to regrow from roots or tubers. Meanwhile systemic herbicides are
translocated through the plant, either from the leaves down to the roots, or
from the soil up to the leaves. They can destroy a greater amount of plant
tissue than contact herbicides.

Rhetorical style of the underlined passage:

illustrate compare/contrast cause/effect

Q. Why does the author mention systemic herbicides?

(A) To demonstrate how herbicides can kill certain plants selectively

(B) To compare it with the activity and the effect of contact herbicides
(C) To imply that other herbicides act differently as to their functions
(D) To introduce more recent herbicides which have greater effects

 Part B
2 Asperger’s Syndrome, or high-functioning autism, is a mental disorder that
affects children, particularly their ability to relate to other people. Thus, that
person’s ability to function in daily life is greatly hindered. Asperger’s
Syndrome can involve an intense and obsessive level of focus on things of
interest. One person might be obsessed with 1950s professional wrestling
and another with building models out of matchsticks. People with
Asperger’s Syndrome often have little patience for things outside these areas
of interest. During the school years, many are perceived as highly intelligent
and clearly capable of outperforming their peers in their field of interest, yet
persistently unmotivated to do regular homework assignments.

Chapter 5
Rhetorical style of the underlined passage:
illustrate persuade define

Q. Why does the author mention wrestling and building models?

(A) To suggest what the common interests of people with Asperger’s Syndrome are
(B) To give examples of interests which Asperger’s syndrome patients intensely
focus
(C) To imply that the interests that these patients are obsessed might be boring
to ordinary people
(D) To provide some common examples of the symptoms of Asperger’s
Syndrome

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 Basic Drill 1

3 The railroads lent romance to long-distance travel by bringing the dreams of

an unsettled land, adventure, and a fresh start within the grasp of many
Americans. This romance was possible, however, only at the expense of the
railroad workers, whose lives were harsh. Accidents, pneumonia, and other
diseases impaired and killed thousands of men each year. In 1888, when the
first railroad statistics were published, the casualties totaled more than 2,000
employees killed and 20,000 injured. All railroad workers --- whether
surveyors, tracklayers, or engineers, firemen, and brakemen --- faced difficult
conditions and numerous hazards for very little pay.

Rhetorical style of the underlined passage:

compare / contrast persuade cause/effect
*pneumonia

Q. Why does the author mention the number of men killed and their pay?

(A) To imply that few people wanted to work for the railroad companies
(B) To suggest that there were numerous and various railroad workers involved
(C) To emphasize that the railroad was impossible without the sacrifice of the
railroad workers
(D) To describe the railroad workers’ difficult lives during the construction of the
railroad

 Part B
 Basic Drill 2 Author’s intent - How?

Read the passages and find the author's intent.

1 Dr. Barbara McClintock is considered one of the greatest geneticists of the

twentieth century. She made her mark by doing research that has helped us
better understand heredity, earning many important honors for her work,
including a Nobel Prize. She studied a lot about chromosomes in her
research. The DNA which carries genetic information in biological cells is
normally packaged in the form of one or more large macromolecules called
chromosomes, a part of a cell in an animal or plant. It contains genes which
determine what characteristics the animal or plant will have. She concluded
that these chromosomes can “cross over.” That means pieces of
chromosomes that are next to each other can break off and mix to make new
genetic combinations. This important idea was unusual and was not well
received at the time. But she continued her research to support her

Chapter 5
hypothesis with additional evidence. Now, her work is an important part of
understanding genetics.

Rhetorical style of the underlined passage:

cause/effect describe definition *chromosome
*macromolecule

Q. How does the author introduce Dr. McClintock’s research?

(A) By providing how chromosomes can determine the characteristics of an

animal
(B) By pointing out the major focus on her research and her reasons for it
(C) By explaining the basic definition and the characteristics of chromosomes
(D) By indicating that she found chromosomes in DNA which has genetic
information

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 Basic Drill 2

2 An oil refinery is an industrial processing plant where crude oil is processed

and refined into useful petroleum products. The oil refining process,
however, can cause many different chemicals to be released into the
atmosphere ---- consequently a notable odor may accompany the presence of
a refinery. Many environmental groups have lobbied many governments to
increase restrictions on how much material refineries can release. Now many
refineries have installed equipment and changed practices to lessen the
environmental impact. In the United States, there is strong pressure to
prevent the development of new refineries, and none have been built in the
country for more than three decades. These concerns have resulted in oil
refineries being usually located a safe distance away from major urban areas.

Rhetorical style of the underlined passage:

persuade define cause/effect

Q. How does the author explain environmental groups’ work?

(A) By pointing out that there are some other potential problems
(B) By suggesting that it has affected the process and quality of oil
(C) By explaining the reasons for fewer developed American refineries
(D) By providing some effects that it had on refineries

 Part B
3 A cowboy tended cattle and horses on cattle ranches in North and South
America. Most cowboy dress, thought of as Western wear, grew out of the
environment in which the cowboy worked. Many of the items were adapted
from the Mexican cowboy. He wore a cowboy hat with a wide brim to
protect him from the sun. And he also wore cowboy boots with high tops to
protect the lower legs, pointed toes to help guide the feet into the stirrups,
which are the two metal loops that are attached to a horse's saddle by long
pieces of leather, and high heels to keep the foot from slipping through the
stirrup while working in the saddle. Another typical piece of clothing worn
by a cowboy was jeans, or other sturdy tight-fitting pants. Heavy pants were
designed to protect the legs from brush, corral equipment, and other
hazards.

Chapter 5
Rhetorical style of the underlined passage:
describe cause/effect illustrate

Q. How does the author explain cowboy dress?

(A) By describing typical clothes and their functions on ranches

(B) By emphasizing where the clothing they wore originated from
(C) By comparing it with the cowboy dress worn by Mexican cowboys
(D) By showing how the environment influenced cowboy clothing

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Check the Definition |

Exercise 1

jurisdiction n. the limits or territory within which authority may be exercised

overlap v. to have something in common
administrative a. executing public affairs, distinguished from policy-making
fulfill v. to meet the requirements of
routine a. of a commonplace or repetitious character
generalization n. the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common
characteristics of things
prohibitive a. tending to prevent or discourage
district n. a territorial division or area

Exercise 2

date v. to guess or decide the time of

venue n. the chosen location for a sports event, a concert or other entertainment
duration n. the length of time that something lasts or continues
costume n. set of clothing of a special kind
extend v. to make something longer or larger
aristocracy n. the highest, most privileged class in society
hire v. to employ or engage someone for wages
complicated a. difficult to understand or deal with
associate v. to connect in the mind

Exercise 3

depression n. a state of feeling sad

mimic v. to imitate closely
seasonal a. taking place or occurring only at certain times of the year
artificial a. made by human effort; not occurring naturally
substance n. physical material from which something is made
retain v. to keep in possession or use
conjunction n. the act or an instance of conjoining
manic a. affected with, relating to, or resembling mania

 Part B
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
fulfill duration artificial routine overlap
enforce hire conjunction extend

1 You had better ________ plumber to fix it.

2 My cousin opened ice cream store in ________ with his friend.

3 We will eventually ________ the road as far as the station.

4 The ________ of the movie is 117 minutes.

5 The government make laws and the police ________ them.

6 She longed to escape the monotonous ________ homework.

7 The conditions of the contract must be ________ exactly.

Chapter 5
8 This drink contains no ________ flavoring or colouring.

9 The treatment in these two books largely ________.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

retain costume complicated generalization prohibitive

1
It’s rather ____________________ , but _____________. (explain, try)
2
Don’t make _________________________________________. (hasty, accident)
3
Vegetables _________________ in prices.
4
Please ____________________________________. (documents, reference)
5
They ________________________________. (dress, national)

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

American Law Enforcement

P1 The United States has different levels of law enforcement, from the FBI and their
investigation of America’s financial system to county sheriffs and city police. Some
aspects of police and sheriff’s departments are very similar. Both police and sheriffs, for
example, are responsible for enforcing laws and traffic regulations. The sheriff typically
enforces the traffic laws on highways, while police control traffic. But the task of stopping
and fining those who break the traffic regulations is still the job of any officer who sees an
offense committed.

P2 However, the jurisdictions of the police (city government) and sheriffs (county government)
sometimes overlap. When the city is inside a county, there must be a division of
responsibility to ensure proper use of law enforcement resources. In these cases, the
sheriff will often deal with many administrative aspects of law enforcement, while the other
will deal with more practical matters.

P3 In many areas of the country, the county sheriff will receive court orders and be
responsible for evicting people from their residences for failure to fulfill their contracts.
Likewise, when a court orders someone to appear as a defendant or witness in a trial, the
sheriff’s office will normally serve the warrant. In both of these cases, the nature of the
work is generally routine and administrative. In contrast, the police and FBI are primarily
concerned with the task of criminal investigation, such as arrests for crimes and
protecting public safety, which demonstrates the practical, not the routine aspect of their
work.

 Part B
P4 However, the generalization that other agencies perform more practical work than the
sheriff is often incorrect when applied to smaller towns. Often, a county sheriff will have
the resources to investigate crimes because he or she is responsible for investigations in
many towns in that county. The cost involved in investigations might be prohibitive for a
small town, but affordable for the county, a larger administrative district.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

P1 Comparison Law enforcement between sheriff and police

P2 Contrast Authority division 1 --- A city is inside a county

Chapter 5
P3 Responsibility --- Between sheriff and police

P4 Contrast Authority division 2 --- A small town in a county

P1 Compare and contrast Law enforcement between sheriff and police

P2 Background of authority division Reasons for the authority division

P3 Usual authority division Responsibility between sheriff and police

P4 Other authority division A small town in a county

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 4

1. How does the author explain the 4. Why does the author mention
aspects of sheriffs’ and police work eviction and warrant in paragraph 3?
in paragraph 1? To imply that the sheriff’s
By pointing out that their administrative job is considered
responsibilities are distinguished important
from the FBI To provide reasons why a
By giving examples of few areas sheriff’s main job is based on
where they both can enforce the orders from the court
laws To show some aspects that both
By indicating that police and sheriffs and police officers share
sheriffs are cooperating to in many counties
enforce laws To give examples of
By comparing their similar administrative aspects of law
responsibilities in traffic enforcement for sheriffs
regulations

2. The word jurisdictions in

paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
court buildings
geographical boundaries
areas of authority
philosophical boundaries

3. According to paragraph 2, what

does the author say about the
division of responsibility?
The authority of police takes
precedence over sheriff.
The sheriff authority sometimes
occupies the same area as a
part of police.
Resources can be wasted if the
division of authority is clearly
drawn.
If a case overlaps, the sheriff
carries out practical matters.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

American Law Enforcement

The United States has different levels of law enforcement, from the FBI and their
investigation of America’s financial system to county sheriffs and city police. Some
aspects of police and sheriff’s departments are very similar. Both police and sheriffs, for
example, are responsible for enforcing laws and traffic regulations. The sheriff typically
enforces the traffic laws on highways, while police control traffic. But the task of
stopping and fining those who break the traffic regulations is still the job of any officer
who sees an offense committed.
However, the jurisdictions of the police (city government) and sheriffs (county
government) sometimes overlap. When the city is inside a county, there must be a
division of responsibility to ensure proper use of law enforcement resources. In these
cases, the sheriff will often deal with many administrative aspects of law enforcement,
while the other will deal with more practical matters.

Chapter 5
In many areas of the country, the county sheriff will receive court orders and be
responsible for evicting people from their residences for failure to fulfill their contracts.
Likewise, when a court orders someone to appear as a defendant or witness in a trial,
the sheriff’s office will normally serve the warrant. In both of these cases, the nature of
the work is generally routine and administrative. In contrast, the police and FBI are
primarily concerned with the task of criminal investigation, such as arrests for crimes
and protecting public safety, which demonstrates the practical, not the routine aspect
of their work .
However, the generalization that other agencies perform more practical work than
the sheriff is often incorrect when applied to smaller towns. Often, a county sheriff will
have the resources to investigate crimes because he or she is responsible for
investigations in many towns in that county. The cost involved in investigations might
be prohibitive for a small town, but affordable for the county, a larger administrative
district.

Glossary

defendant a person required to make answer in a legal action or suit

evict to put someone out of a house, etc. or off land by force of law
warrant a judicial authorization to a search or arrest

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 5 to 7

5. Which of the following best 6. Why does the author mention small
expresses the essential information towns in paragraph 4?
in the highlighted sentence in To compare the job of sheriff in a
paragraph 3? Incorrect choices county that has a city with police
change the meaning in important inside
ways or leave out essential
To explain a case where sheriff
information.
would perform practical job
The police and the FBI mainly
To show that the jobs of a sheriff
probe crimes, but still deal with
and the police are similar in
many routine and administrative
some areas
matters.
To emphasize that some
Meanwhile, practical aspects of
investigations could cost a lot of
crime investigations are mainly
money
conducted by the police and
FBI.
Unlikely, the main tasks of the 7. What reason is given for the difficulty
police and FBI are practical and of doing investigations in a small
directly related to investigations town?
on crimes.
Small towns are limited to
But the police and FBI have a access to the resources for
tough task because of the focus investigations of larger districts.
on looking into crime as routine
Police departments are unwilling
rather than practical.
to take the time to go to small
towns.
The cost of investigations may
be too high for small town
police.
Sheriff’s departments are too
busy to respond promptly to
calls for help.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

American Law Enforcement

The United States has different levels of law enforcement, from the FBI and their
investigation of America’s financial system to county sheriffs and city police. Some
aspects of police and sheriff’s departments are very similar. Both police and sheriffs, for
example, are responsible for enforcing laws and traffic regulations. The sheriff typically
enforces the traffic laws on highways, while police control traffic. But the task of
stopping and fining those who break the traffic regulations is still the job of any officer
who sees an offense committed.
However, the jurisdictions of the police (city government) and sheriffs (county
government) sometimes overlap. When the city is inside a county, there must be a
division of responsibility to ensure proper use of law enforcement resources. In these
cases, the sheriff will often deal with many administrative aspects of law enforcement,
while the other will deal with more practical matters.

Chapter 5
In many areas of the country, the county sheriff will receive court orders and be
responsible for evicting people from their residences for failure to fulfill their contracts.
Likewise, when a court orders someone to appear as a defendant or witness in a trial,
the sheriff’s office will normally serve the warrant. In both of these cases, the nature of
the work is generally routine and administrative. In contrast, the police and FBI are
primarily concerned with the task of criminal investigation, such as arrests for crimes
and protecting public safety, which demonstrates the practical, not the routine aspect
of their work .
However, the generalization that other agencies perform more practical work than
the sheriff is often incorrect when applied to smaller towns. Often, a county sheriff will
have the resources to investigate crimes because he or she is responsible for
investigations in many towns in that county. The cost involved in investigations might
be prohibitive for a small town, but affordable for the county, a larger administrative
district.

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 5

1. The word venue in paragraph 2 is 4. In paragraph 3, how does the author

closest in meaning to explain advancement in the
techniques?
principle
location By giving an example of footwork
techniques that were invented
style
By suggesting that teachers hired
reason for
for lessons developed techniques
By indicating that most of basic
2. Why does the author mention today’s techniques were developed at the
formal stages in paragraph 2? time
By explaining the first ballets were
To explain that the circumstances
even more complicated than
in ballet have greatly improved
today
To suggest that the first ballets
were considered much less
formal 5. Which of the following best
To contrast with the place where expresses the essential information
the first ballets were performed in the highlighted sentence in
To show how a stage affects the paragraph 4? Incorrect answers
performance of the ballet dancers change the information in important
ways or leave out essential
information.
3. Why does the author mention the Men dancers would wear masks
French King Louis XIV in paragraph to play female characters
3? because women refused to dance
To give a reason why the in ballet.
performers were not professional Since female dancers were not
dancers allowed in ballet, men would have
To emphasize that ballet was to wear costumes to play female
performed within a high social characters.
class If there were women characters in
To show how popular ballet was the story, amateur and
during the Renaissance in France professional dancers divided into
To imply that ballet was promoted male and female characters.
and supported by teachers Women were permitted to dance
in ballet because it was hard for
male performers to change into
female costumes quickly.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

The History of Ballet

The first ballets were performed during the Renaissance in France. In fact, dance
historians can date the origin of the art form to a dance performed at a noble’s wedding
in the late 16th century. As with today’s ballets, those dancers told their stories with
their graceful movements. However, there were very few other similarities to modern
ballet. In fact, to modern eyes, the original ballets might not appear to be “ballets” at all.
The venue and duration of modern ballets and their ancestors from the
Renaissance are quite different. In the absence of today’s formal stages, the early
dancers performed in large halls on the floor level. While modern audiences are quite
used to looking up at the performers, the opposite was true in the past. Those
audiences were generally perched in raised galleries along the large hall’s walls, often
for extended periods of time. The original ballets lasted up to six hours, in sharp
contrast to today’s duration of one to two hours.

Chapter 5
It should be noted that the original dancers were not professional dancers, as they
are today. Instead, they were members of the wealthy aristocracy, a class of people
who had a high social rank and special titles. In fact, even the French King Louis XIV
danced in a ballet performance. However, by the late 17th century, special dance
teachers called choreographers were hired to train dancers to perform in ballets. This is
the period of great advancement in the technical standards of ballet. Basic footwork
like the five foot positions were invented at this time and the dance moves became
more and more complicated.
Until women were permitted to perform as professional ballet dancers, all of the
dancers in early ballet, both amateur and professional, had been men who played both
male and female characters using costumes, such as masks, to play women characters
in the story being told . Though women were allowed to dance in a ballet some years
later, neither men nor women wore the close-fitting clothes that we associate with
ballet today. Instead, women had to dance wearing high-heeled shoes and long skirts,
while men also wore knee-length skirts.

Glossary

noble a person of high rank

perch to sit on a place
choreographer the director who arranges the pattern of movements in dancing

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 5

1. In paragraph 1, how does the 3. The word diminished in paragraph

author explain clinical depression? 2 is closest in meaning to
By giving details about the two blossomed in use
aspects of the disease lessened in importance
By providing an example of the endeared itself
effects of the disease
became soiled
By defining distinguishing
characteristics of the disease
By indicating a treatment used 4. Why does the author mention
to manage the disease sunlight in paragraph 3?
To compare it with the
brightness of the special light-
2. The author implies that
boxes
electroshock therapy is no longer
commonly used today because To describe the light that is
provided in the light-boxes
chemical medicines are safer
To suggest that the light-boxes
than the use of electroshock
are designed to be very bright
therapy
To point out the purpose of the
courts have decided that
specially designed light-boxes
electroshock therapy violates
basic human rights
electroshock therapy is 5. What does the author say about
ineffective in the treatment of chemical substances in paragraph 4?
clinical depression
Too much lithium can cause an
physicians make more money
excited condition in clinically
prescribing drugs than doing
depressed patients.
shock therapy
Serotonin is important to proper
brain function only in depression
patients.
Clinical substances are not
difficult to check, even for a
physician using drugs.
Careful follow-up by a doctor is
required in depression cases
using medication.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Treatments for Clinical Depression

Clinical depression and its physical, chemical and psychological treatments have their
roots in the chemical processes of the brain. Clinical depression is a formal psychological term
indicating a deep emotional state marked by sadness, inactivity and a near-inability to enjoy
life. Generally, clinical depression generates extremes in hopelessness, lowered self-esteem,
slowness of thought and appetite changes.
At first, clinical depression was treated, at least in part, as a physical disorder of the
electrical function of the brain. Starting in the 1930s, electric shock was used to place patients
into a coma, a state of deep unconsciousness. Because of obvious dangers, though, this
therapy diminished after the introduction of chemical sedatives, medicines or drugs that calm
you or make you sleep.
Physical treatments have increased in recent years. Specially designed light-boxes,
which mimic sunlight, are used to artificially give the patient the sunlight that his or her system
needs for normal functioning. This has been helpful in treating Seasonal Affective Disorder

Chapter 5
(SAD), a seasonal depression caused by shortened periods of sunlight.
Later, some chemical substances that are important to normal brain functionality, such as
serotonin, were found to be lacking in most clinical depression patients, and chemical
treatments were developed to replace or retain the missing chemicals. The element lithium is
also given to those who suffer depression when it is in conjunction with manic, or very excited,
states. The patient being treated with these drugs must be monitored by a physician to avoid
side effects.
Whether physical or chemical treatment is used, or even if neither is selected, the
effective treatment of clinical depression usually requires psychological management as well.
The patterns of thought that a person develops may be caused by chemical or physical
problems, but even after the causes have been corrected, the patterns of thought remain.
While some modern treatments attempt to influence patients through direct methods, such as
persuasion, suggestion, training in specific healing activities or giving advice, psychoanalytic
therapies generally focus on the patient’s expectation of safety that enables their own path to
healing .

Glossary

clinical based on, or relating to, direct observation and treatment of the patient
sedative any agent, especially a drug, that has a calming effect
lithium a soft silvery reactive metal, the lightest solid element
psychoanalytic treating certain nervous disorders of the mind by examination of the sufferer's memories,
experiences, dreams, etc.

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 6 to 7

6. Which of the following best 7. In paragraph 5, how does the

expresses the essential information author emphasize his point on
in the highlighted sentence in psychological management?
paragraph 5? Incorrect answers By suggesting that there are not
change the information in important many effective psychological
ways or leave out essential therapies in use
information.
By demonstrating that physical
Psychoanalytic therapies and and chemical therapies were
modern treatments differ in that found to be ineffective
the former are more direct and
By examining the other possible
the latter are more indirect.
therapies that are effective for
Modern treatments tend to clinical depression
persuade patients to take a
By providing a reason why it is
specific training or advice while
necessary even after other
psychoanalytic therapies tend to
effective treatments
be more one’s own safety-
oriented.
Direct methods are used in
modern treatments but
psychoanalytic therapies try to
help patients to find out their
own ways to recover.
While the modern approach is
very direct with patients
psychology is focused more on
the expectations of healing.

 Part B
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Treatments for Clinical Depression

Clinical depression and its physical, chemical and psychological treatments have their
roots in the chemical processes of the brain. Clinical depression is a formal psychological term
indicating a deep emotional state marked by sadness, inactivity and a near-inability to enjoy
life. Generally, clinical depression generates extremes in hopelessness, lowered self-esteem,
slowness of thought and appetite changes.
At first, clinical depression was treated, at least in part, as a physical disorder of the
electrical function of the brain. Starting in the 1930s, electric shock was used to place patients
into a coma, a state of deep unconsciousness. Because of obvious dangers, though, this
therapy diminished after the introduction of chemical sedatives, medicines or drugs that calm
you or make you sleep.
Physical treatments have increased in recent years. Specially designed light-boxes,
which mimic sunlight, are used to artificially give the patient the sunlight that his or her system
needs for normal functioning. This has been helpful in treating Seasonal Affective Disorder

Chapter 5
(SAD), a seasonal depression caused by shortened periods of sunlight.
Later, some chemical substances that are important to normal brain functionality, such as
serotonin, were found to be lacking in most clinical depression patients, and chemical
treatments were developed to replace or retain the missing chemicals. The element lithium is
also given to those who suffer depression when it is in conjunction with manic, or very excited,
states. The patient being treated with these drugs must be monitored by a physician to avoid
side effects.
Whether physical or chemical treatment is used, or even if neither is selected, the
effective treatment of clinical depression usually requires psychological management as well.
The patterns of thought that a person develops may be caused by chemical or physical
problems, but even after the causes have been corrected, the patterns of thought remain.
While some modern treatments attempt to influence patients through direct methods, such as
persuasion, suggestion, training in specific healing activities or giving advice, psychoanalytic
therapies generally focus on the patient’s expectation of safety that enables their own path to
healing .

Chapter 5 | Rhetorical Purpose 

 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined words.

1 Oil has to be refined before it can be used.

(A) recirculated (B) purchased (C) purified (D) accumulated

2 For the reason that she delayed paying her rent, the owner evicted her from the house.
(A) expelled (B) scolded (C) discounted (D) forbade

3 To my surprise, my grandmother knows the terms used in baseball.

(A) periods (B) rules (C) words (D) signs

4 Concrete is an artificial stone made by mixing cement, sand or gravel, etc.

(A) unreal (B) natural (C) genuine (D) authentic

5 A pheasant perched on the telephone wires.

(A) cried (B) settled (C) soared (D) fluttered

6 He is obsessed with making a great deal of money.

(A) obeyed (B) purposed (C) preoccupied (D) delighted

7 Everything indicates that the situation is getting better.

(A) associates (B) happens (C) comments (D) shows

8 There are many serious health hazards associated with smoking.

(A) side effects (B) clinics (C) dangers (D) therapy

9 They fined him heavily for breaking the speed limit.

(A) charged (B) criticized (C) discouraged (D) rebuked

 Part B
 06
Chapter

INSERTION

Chapter 6 | Insertion 
 Chapter 6

Insertion
OV E RV I E W

Question Type

- Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to
the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [ ] to add the
sentence to the passage.

General Strategy

1. square [ ] square
[ ] clue
Addition: another, other, also, in addition to
Contrast: however/but, in contrast, though/although, while
Example: for example, for instance, such as, like, including
Cause/effect: because, thus, as a result, therefore
Reference: this, it, his, etc.
2.

 Part B
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Pesticides
In the United States, during the mid-20th century, many scientific discoveries made
during World War II were adapted for civilian and industrial uses. A One example
was wartime chemicals, which found new life as pesticides. B For many years, only a
few people gave much thought to the effect such chemicals were having on the
environment. C The author of the book, a biologist named Rachel Carson
(1907~1964), had earlier published several informative and engaging books about the
wonders of nature. D

E In Silent Spring, Carson presented evidence of the heavy use of pesticides,

including the widely used and highly toxic DDT. F In fact, once it entered the
environment, DDT spread its toxins throughout the food chain, affecting various
insects and other creatures. G Not even the government took the information in the
book seriously. H With her book’s publication, Carson found herself at the center of a
storm of controversy. The pesticide industry dismissed her scientific evidence. DDT
killed not only the crop-destroying insects, but birds and fish as well. Despite the
opposition and indifference, Silent Spring became an influential book, leading to a ban

Chapter 6
on DDT in the United States.

1. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could
be added to paragraph 1.
But this started to change in 1962 with the publication of a book called Silent
Spring.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [ ] to add the sentence to
the paragraph.
A B C D

2. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to paragraph 2.
She also pointed out the possibility of unforeseen effects from this harmful
chemical on many life forms.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [ ] to add the sentence to the
paragraph.
E F G H

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Protectionism
Protectionism is the economic policy of protecting a nation’s manufacturing base
from the effects of foreign competition by means of high tariffs on imported goods,
restrictive quotas, and other means of reducing importation. A This allows foreign
producers to access a domestic market without any tax burden. B Most modern
views of protectionism call for placing tariffs at such a high level as to compel the
consumer to buy the domestic product. C In this version of protectionism, no tariff
revenue is generated for the government and the consumer is burdened both with
high prices on the domestic product and no income or other domestic tax relief. D So,
in other words, the intervention in the trade system through tariffs, quotas,
regulations, etc., in order to support domestic industries is known as protectionism.

E Recent examples of protectionism are typically motivated by the desire to protect

the livelihoods of individuals in politically important domestic industries. F Whereas
formerly blue-collar jobs were being lost to foreign competition, in recent years there
has been a renewed discussion of protectionism due to offshore outsourcing and the
loss of white-collar jobs. G Most economists view this form of protectionism as a
disguised transfer payment from consumers (who pay higher prices for food or other
protected goods) to local high-cost producers. H

1. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to paragraph 1.
This contrasts with free trade, in which foreign products are exempted from tariffs.
Where would the sentence best fit?
A B C D
A
A
2. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to paragraph 2.
For example, farmers in the United States might be unable to compete with both
lower-cost and untaxed foreign producers in the absence of tariffs.
Where would the sentence best fit?
E F G H
F

 Part B
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

Basic Drill 1

1. respectively (A) an enclosed structure in which heat is produced

2. pollen (B) a person who commits murder
3. pounce (C) in the order given
4. species (D) a collection of old public documents, records, etc.
5. assassin (E) poisonous matter normally secreted by some animals
6. inject (F) fine dust on the male part of a flower
7. venom (G) a division of animals or plants below a genus
8. furnace (H) to honour the memory of a person or event with a
ceremony, etc.
9. archive ( I ) to introduce into something forcefully
10. commemorate (J) to jump suddenly in order to take hold of something

Basic Drill 2

1. workload (A) a place or building used for a particular purpose or activity

2. sacred (B) the amount of work or of working time expected or assigned

Chapter 6
3. facility (C) to increase in intensity, scope, or size
4. escalate (D) to be in or be present in
5. weave (E) to make cloth or tapestry by interlacing strands
6. unbind (F) devoted to a deity, therefore regarded with deep respect
7. inhabit (G) to loosen the fastenings of; free from something that ties or
wraps

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 Basic Drill 1 Signals

Focus on signals in the given sentence and indicate where the sentence best fits.

1 For example, George Washington and Benjamin Franklin have been

commemorated on the U.S. quarter dollar and half dollar, respectively.

The United States Mint has produced some interesting coins in its history. A
Many U.S. coins commemorate early presidents or other historical figures. B
One unusual coin was struck in 1979 and produced until 1981. C The
eleven-sided Susan B. Anthony dollar coin is one of the most unusual pieces,
bearing an image of Susan B. Anthony on one side and an eagle landing on
the moon on the opposite side.

(A) A (B) B (C) C

B B

2 In addition, journaling is an essential element in modern scrapbooks.

The most important scrapbooking supply is the album itself, which can be
permanently bound, or left unbound to allow for the insertion of pages.
There are various formats, such as mini-albums and accordion-style fold-out
albums. A One of the key components of modern scrapbooking is the
archival quality of the supplies. B Designed to preserve photographs and
journaling in their original state, materials desired by most serious
scrapbookers are of a higher quality than those of many typical photo
albums commercially available. C More than just dating photographs,
contemporary journaling is often reflective and story-like, or it can take on
more of a reporter’s tone.

(A) A (B) B (C) C

C C
C

 Part B
3 It then injects a lethal toxin that liquefies the insides of its prey, and sucks
out the liquefied remains.

There are more than 150 species that are known as assassin bugs in North
America alone. Adult bugs often range from 0.5 to 1.5 inches in length. Each
bug has thick forewings and long legs. It uses its long proboscis, the pointed
part of its mouth, to pounce on its victim and inject an immobilizing agent.
A The legs of these bugs are covered in tiny hairs that serve to make them
sticky to hold onto their prey while it feeds. B The venom is effective for
even larger insects. Some species are also able to spit their venom at the eyes
of predators from up to a foot away. C

(A) A (B) B (C) C

Chapter 6
4 Although people have tried to winterize as best they can, most families in
America experienced an increase in winter heating bills this year.

Homeowners in America have been advised to set back their furnace

thermostats a few degrees. The thermostat is a device that switches a system
on or off according to the temperature. A They have tried to use other
energy-saving techniques, like taking shorter showers, covering windows
with plastic, adding insulation to attics, etc. B This is due to the increase in
energy prices, largely fueled by the rise in oil prices. Even some homes
traditionally heated using forced air natural gas furnaces have returned to
older methods of heating their homes. New fireplace insert stoves have risen
in popularity. C These fireplace stoves come with powerful blower fans to
circulate warm air safely throughout a home.

(A) A (B) B (C) C

Chapter 6 | Insertion 
 Basic Drill 2 Reference

Focus on the reference in the given sentence and indicate where the sentence best
fits.

1 These contain high-level nuclear wastes which are destined for Yucca
Mountain, Nevada, a new four billion dollar facility set to open in 2010.

The U.S. government has been studying the problem of what to do with
nuclear waste for over twenty years. A The waste, which is primarily used
up nuclear reactor fuel, is currently stored in cylinders in sites across the U.S.
B According to environmentalists, these are a danger no matter where they
are located. C

(A) A (B) B (C) C

B
B

2 This decorative or artistic weaving supposedly creates good luck for the
possessor of the mandella.

The Native American Indians created a unique art form many years ago
called the mandella. A One of the most recognizable features of the
mandella is the eye or center, which some people think is the source of its
power. B Today, while sacred mandellas are still woven by Native American
Indian craftsmen, many people purchase them from craft shows and art fairs
for their beauty and simplicity. C

(A) A (B) B (C) C

B
B

 Part B
3 This is mostly due to escalated government regulations.

Computer support services are an important and growing field. A In a

recent survey, two out of three chief information officers, who are the heads
of their companies’ IT departments, indicated their workload had increased.
B These require tighter controls on their business data, especially on
consumer information. C This has directly impacted this field. Thus, the
demands placed on already struggling IT departments are only expected to
increase with the passing of time.

(A) A (B) B (C) C

B
B

4 This theory of matter, commonly called atomism, was later enhanced by his
students.

Chapter 6
Democritus, a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher gave a convincing explanation
of why atoms must exist. He was a co-originator of the belief that all matter
is made up of various eternal elements which he called “atomos,” from
which we get the English word atom. A Democritus was also the first
philosopher we know who realized that what we perceive as the Milky Way
is the light of distant stars. B Other philosophers, including later Aristotle,
argued against this. C Democritus was among the first to propose that the
universe contains many worlds, some of them inhabited.

(A) A (B) B (C) C

A A

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Read and Pronounce |

Exercise 1

reaction n. resistance or opposition to a force, influence, or movement

rigid a. completely stiff and inflexible
commonality n. common features or attributes
hazy a. obscured or made dim or cloudy or as if by haze
decode v. to convert (as a coded message) into intelligible form
pioneer v. to originate or take part in the development of

Exercise 2

dense a. marked by compactness or crowding together of parts

identify v. to discover or recognize
humidity n. a moderate degree of wetness especially of the atmosphere
track v. to follow the marks, footprints, etc. left by a person or an animal
stability n. the state or quality of being motionless
detect v. to discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

Exercise 3

outermost a. furthest from the center

divergent a. moving or extending in different directions from a common point
convergent a. tending to move toward one point or approaching each other
friction n. the rubbing of one body against another
release v. to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude
erupt v. to burst from limits or restraint
ridge n. any long narrow raised area on an otherwise flat surface
collide v. to come together with solid or direct impact

 Part B
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
detect erupt unorthodox collide item
distinct mental precipitation launch decode

1 He has a very ________ style of playing tennis.

2 Violence ________ in the city after the football match.

3 She is one of the customers who pay high prices for luxury ________.

4 According to the weather forecast, there will be ________ in Gunsan tonight.

5 My religious beliefs often ________ with the realities of my life.

6 They can ________ the enemy’s secret telegram.

7 Can you ________ any smell of gas here?

8 Hares are ________ from rabbits.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

Chapter 6
reaction stability ridge

1
His ________________________________________. (constant, threaten)
2
The ______________________________________. (leave, ridges, hollows)
3
The ______________________________________. (patients, medicine)

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

Impressionism
P1 Impressionism in art began in the latter third of the nineteenth century. Its origins, subjects
and colors were a reaction to the rigid style of French Academic painting. Only Academy
painters could exhibit paintings in the famous salons. But after eleven years of little
success in selling their art, the revolutionary Impressionists created their own exhibitions.
In fact, the name “Impressionist” was given to the movement in a magazine article that
described Monet’s Impression: Sunrise in a demeaning way. This less respectful
atmosphere started to change as the name was accepted by a number of Impressionist
painters as a good description of the commonality in their painting styles.

P2 Impressionists sought to paint the world as they actually saw it, using clear colors with as
little pigment mixing as possible. This allows the eye of the viewer to optically mix the
colors as they looked at the canvas, and provides a vibrant experience for the viewer. In
addition, the Impressionists preferred painting in the out-of-doors, in an attempt to
observe and capture the varying effects of light. They did this by using small, thick brush
strokes, which gave the appearance of reflected light. Their subjects included street
scenes, landscapes, nature, and everyday outdoor human activities. They also created a
general impression of a subject rather than a distinct one.

P3 Among important Impressionist painters including Manet, Pissaro, Renoir, Sisley, Degas,
and Morisot, Monet, who was known for painting Luncheon on the Grass (1863), was the
only truly rigid Impressionist. So, he was able to paint many series of the same subjects,
such as water lilies, in all sorts of light conditions and from many angles. The other
painters, however, were choosing ballet and even horseracing as subjects, which were
considered unorthodox.

 Part B
P4 Impressionism later influenced music and literature as well as art. In music, the emphasis
was on the emotional impression of the piece. In literature, Impressionist writers like Zola
focused on a character’s mental processes, such as actual impressions or feelings,
without decoding them for the reader, which might restrict the imagination. In art,
Impressionism later became the basis for new forms of painting. These new styles
included Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, which was pioneered by Gauguin, and Cubism.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

A
P1 Introduction Impressionism

P2 Inspiration Effects of light

P3 Main subjects Water lilies, ballet and even horseracing

P4 Other impression arts Music, literature, other paintings

Chapter 6
B

P1 The origin Impressionism

P2 Characteristics Color and subjects

P3 Main Impressionists Monet, Manet, Pissaro, Renoir, Sisley, Degas and Morisot

P4 Influence Other forms of arts and paintings

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 7

1. The word demeaning in paragraph 5. Look at the four squares [ ] that

1 is closest in meaning to indicate where the following
sentence could be added in
degrading
paragraph 3.
demanding
He continually analyzed the effects
impairing
that changes in light had on his
flattering subjects.
Where would the sentence best fit?
2. According to paragraph 1, which of Click on a square [ ] to add the
the following is true of French sentence to the paragraph.
Impressionism? A B C D

Impressionists reacted to the

inflexibility of art in their day.
6. Look at the four squares [ ] that
Impressionism challenged the indicate where the following
rigidity of French Academic art. sentence could be added in
Impressionists moved away from paragraph 4.
classical French subjects.
The composer Debussy, for
Light and spontaneity were the example, created musical works
hallmarks of French with whole tones, which were
Impressionism. “hazy” and attempted to convey
feelings.

3. Why does the author mention Where would the sentence best fit?
Monet in paragraph 1? Click on a square [ ] to add the
sentence to the paragraph.
To point out one of his famous
E F G H
paintings, Sunrise
To show that he was the first
artist called Impressionist 7. Which of the following is NOT a
To contrast his style with that of description of the Impressionist
common Academy painters style?
To indicate where the term Spontaneous scenes became
Impressionist was introduced the subjects of paintings.
Vivid colors depicted natural
landscapes and other subjects.
4. The word vibrant in paragraph 2 is
closest in meaning to Subjects carefully posed to
display certain emotions.
quivering
Paintings became brighter due
vigorous to pure color choices.
wavering
tranquil

 Part B
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Impressionism
Impressionism in art began in the latter third of the nineteenth century. Its origins,
subjects and colors were reaction to the rigid style of French Academic painting. Only
Academy painters could exhibit paintings in the famous salons. But after eleven years
of little success in selling their art, the revolutionary Impressionists created their own
exhibitions. In fact, the name “Impressionist” was given to the movement in a magazine
article that described Monet’s Impression: Sunrise in a demeaning way. This less
respectful atmosphere started to change as the name was accepted by a number of
Impressionist painters as a good description of the commonality in their painting styles.
Impressionists sought to paint the world as they actually saw it, using clear colors
with as little pigment mixing as possible. This allows the eye of the viewer to optically
mix the colors as they looked at the canvas, and provides a vibrant experience for the
viewer. In addition, the Impressionists preferred painting in the out-of-doors, in an
attempt to observe and capture the varying effects of light. They did this by using small,
thick brush strokes, which gave the appearance of reflected light. Their subjects
included street scenes, landscapes, nature, and everyday outdoor human activities.
They also created a general impression of a subject rather than a distinct one.

Chapter 6
A Among important Impressionist painters including Manet, Pissaro, Renoir,
Sisley, Degas, and Morisot, Monet, who was known for painting Luncheon on the Grass
(1863), was the only truly rigid Impressionist. B So, he was able to paint many series of
the same subjects, such as water lilies, in all sorts of light conditions and from many
angles. C The other painters, however, were choosing ballet and even horseracing as
subjects, which were considered unorthodox. D
Impressionism later influenced music and literature as well as art. E In music, the
emphasis was on the emotional impression of the piece. F In literature, Impressionist
writers like Zola focused on a character’s mental processes, such as actual
impressions or feelings, without decoding them for the reader, which might restrict the
imagination. G In art, Impressionism later became the basis for new forms of painting.
H These new styles included Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, which was pioneered by
Gauguin, and Cubism.

Glossary

pigment a dry coloured powder that is mixed with oil, water, etc., to make paint
optical relating to sight or to what one sees
unorthodox not conforming to established doctrine especially in religion

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 6

1. The word sparsely in paragraph 1 is 4. According to the passage, data for

closest in meaning to weather forecasting come from all of
the following EXCEPT
insufficiently
satellites
lavishly
ships
abundantly
radar
erratically
observations

2. Look at the four squares [ ] that

indicate where the following 5. Which sentence below best
sentence could be added to expresses the essential information
paragraph 1. in the highlighted sentence in
paragraph 3? Incorrect choices
Land features, such as lakes, forests
change the meaning in important
and mountains can be also easily
ways or leave out essential
recognized.
information.
Where would the sentence best fit? Radiosondes are used to gather
Click on a square [ ] to add the data on temperature, pressure
sentence to the paragraph. and humidity for meteorologists.
A B Meteorologists use a device
C D attached to a balloon to collect
D
weather information.
D
D Radiosondes send various
3. Why does the author mention atmospheric information to a
Atlantic hurricanes in paragraph 2? receiver for meteorologists.
To suggest that warm water of a Radiosondes contribute valuable
current is one of the main causes weather information at various
of natural disasters altitudes.
To explain why infrared images of
currents are important to the
shipping industry 6. The word likelihood in paragraph 3
is closest in meaning to
To give an example of ocean
changes which infrared images equal
can depict in the Gulf Stream counterpart
To point out that Atlantic celebrity
hurricanes have occurred possibility
frequently in the Gulf Stream

 Part B
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Weather Forecasting
Meteorologists use satellite images and other observation methods to make
forecasts and predict storms. Satellites provide weather information not only on areas
with dense population, such as cities, but also on oceans and sparsely populated
areas. A Meteorologists often depend on visible or visual satellite images, black-and-
white pictures of the earth. B The white shows sunlight reflected off clouds or snow
cover, the gray often represents land, and the black often represents water. C Most
people find that satellite images are easy to identify. People can readily see such items
as clouds and cloud systems, including fronts and tropical storms. D Some of them
even recognize pollution in the form of smoke, smog, oil slicks, dust and haze.
The thermal or infrared images recorded by sensors called scanning radiometres
enable trained analysts to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and
surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. These depict
offshore pollution and map currents, such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the
shipping industry. The warm water of the Gulf Stream acts as an energy source for
Atlantic hurricanes. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray shaded thermal images

Chapter 6
can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.
In addition, meteorologists use radiosondes, a device which is attached to a balloon
and launched into the air, to measure various atmospheric parameters, such as the
temperature, pressure, and humidity of the air at different altitudes, which will be transmitted
to a fixed receiver . The radiosonde transmits weather information to the ground,
where computers track the instrument’s position. Temperature and humidity data from
radiosondes help meteorologists estimate air stability and the likelihood of
thunderstorms developing.
Even with all this, meteorologists still require more information. Data analysis from
weather stations enables the prediction of rain or snow and the location of fronts and
lows. Land-based weather stations, such as those at airports, schools and major
weather research centers, are necessary to balance out the needed data not collected
through satellite and radiosonde observations. Some of the information these stations
provide includes temperature, dew point, barometric pressure, wind speed and
direction, visibility and precipitation. Information on areas of precipitation comes from
radar. Doppler radar can be used to predict tornadoes. Weather stations typically report
conditions every hour, though those with this equipment may report more often if they
detect significant weather.

Chapter 6 | Insertion 
 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 4

1. The word It in paragraph 1 refers 4. Look at the four squares [ ] that

to indicate where the following
sentence could be added to the
the mantle
paragraph 3.
the crust
This allows magma, or molten rock,
the lithosphere
to push its way up from the mantle
the seafloor into weakened areas in the
lithosphere and harden.

2. According to paragraph 1, which of Where would the sentence best fit?

the following is true about the Click on a square [ ] to add the
lithosphere? sentence to the paragraph.
E F
The mantle and the core form the
two layers of the earth’s G H
lithosphere. E
The lithosphere is composed of
ten surfaces with common
edges.
The lithosphere’s ten major
plates are divided into three
types of boundaries.
Of the two layers forming the
lithosphere, the outer mantle is
more compact.

3. Look at the four squares [ ] that

indicate where the following
sentence could be added to
paragraph 2.
However, if the energy is released
suddenly, an earthquake occurs Glossary
along the fault.
geological of the study of the materials (rocks, soil, etc.)
Where would the sentence best fit? which make up the Earth and of their changes
Click on a square [ ] to add the during the history of the world
sentence to the paragraph. drift a general movement or tendency to move
A B subduct to make the edge of one crustal plate descended
below the edge of another
C D
channel a strait or narrow sea between two close
landmasses
D
buoyant capable of floating
D

 Part B
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Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is a geological theory, which explains continental drift, or the
movement of continents, and seafloor spreading. In it, the lithosphere, the outermost part
of the earth’s surface, is composed of the outer crust and the mantle, a denser layer
beneath the crust. It is divided into ten major sections called plates, which make contact
with other plates along their edges, or boundaries. The three types of plate boundaries are
called transform, divergent and convergent.
If two plates slide by one another, their boundary is a transform boundary. A This
sliding creates an enormous amount of friction, which builds up stress over time. B The
energy that has been created must be released. C If it is released slowly along a transform
fault, or crack in the earth’s crust, little or no damage occurs. D The San Andreas Fault in
California is often cited as the site for large and destructive earthquakes.
Divergent boundaries occur when two plates move away from each other. E
Divergent boundaries are responsible for nearly all of the earth’s new crust and are found
deep beneath oceans. F A chain of volcanoes and valleys have been built up by this
process. G The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is such an example. H Slowly, melted rock erupts as

Chapter 6
the new plate is pushed away from the ridge that created it, causing the seafloor to spread
out further.
Plates collide at convergent boundaries, sometimes causing one plate to be forced
beneath the other, or subducted, forming a deep narrow channel that is cut into the
ground. The type of lithosphere each plate is composed of determines what happens to
the colliding plates. When a denser oceanic plate collides with a lighter, more buoyant
continental plate, it causes the denser plate to subduct, or go under, the lighter plate.
However, if two continental plates collide, the rock crumbles and cracks into faults
because neither can be subducted. This is how the highest mountains, such as the
Himalayas, were created and continue to grow.

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 5 to 6

5. Based on the information in 6. Why does the author mention the

paragraph 4, which of the following Himalayas?
is true about convergent To illustrate the buoyancy of two
boundaries? plates colliding with convergent
Oceanic plates are pulled boundaries
beneath continental plates at To show what happens when
convergent boundaries. one of two plates does not
Heavier plates cut deep grooves subduct into the other
on top of lighter plates at To demonstrate the type of
convergent boundaries. lithosphere the continental
The composition of the plates are composed of
lithosphere of a plate with To exemplify faults formed by
convergent boundaries is colliding continental plates at
unimportant. convergent boundaries
In continental plates with
convergent boundaries, the
denser plates are often buoyant.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is a geological theory, which explains continental drift, or the
movement of continents, and seafloor spreading. In it, the lithosphere, the outermost part
of the earth’s surface, is composed of the outer crust and the mantle, a denser layer
beneath the crust. It is divided into ten major sections called plates, which make contact
with other plates along their edges, or boundaries. The three types of plate boundaries are
called transform, divergent and convergent.
If two plates slide by one another, their boundary is a transform boundary. A This
sliding creates an enormous amount of friction, which builds up stress over time. B The
energy that has been created must be released. C If it is released slowly along a transform
fault, or crack in the earth’s crust, little or no damage occurs. D The San Andreas Fault in
California is often cited as the site for large and destructive earthquakes.
Divergent boundaries occur when two plates move away from each other. E
Divergent boundaries are responsible for nearly all of the earth’s new crust and are found
deep beneath oceans. F A chain of volcanoes and valleys have been built up by this
process. G The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is such an example. H Slowly, melted rock erupts as

Chapter 6
the new plate is pushed away from the ridge that created it, causing the seafloor to spread
out further.
Plates collide at convergent boundaries, sometimes causing one plate to be forced
beneath the other, or subducted, forming a deep narrow channel that is cut into the
ground. The type of lithosphere each plate is composed of determines what happens to
the colliding plates. When a denser oceanic plate collides with a lighter, more buoyant
continental plate, it causes the denser plate to subduct, or go under, the lighter plate.
However, if two continental plates collide, the rock crumbles and cracks into faults
because neither can be subducted. This is how the highest mountains, such as the
Himalayas, were created and continue to grow.

Chapter 6 | Insertion 

 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined word.

1 Living here, I never lack subjects for my short stories.

(A) plots (B) facilities (C) materials (D) characters

2 She did not fail to create a friction with her mother-in-law.

(A) assault (B) resistance (C) contact (D) conflict

3 He confidently forecast a big increase in sales, and he turned out to be right.

(A) bragged (B) judged (C) surmised (D) predicted

4 His face looked rigid with distress.

(A) fearful (B) motionless (C) stiff (D) grieved

5 The gallery exhibited some paintings of Matisse from last December.

(A) displayed (B) reviewed (C) selected (D) imitated

6 My memory of the occasion has grown quite hazy .

(A) shallow (B) dim (C) vivid (D) superficial

7 The police officer tracked the footmark of the escaped prisoner.

(A) followed (B) delved (C) reported (D) examined

8 I never expected that she would live in such an enormous house.

(A) wealthy (B) lovely (C) elegant (D) huge

9 The end of the semester released him from great suffering.

(A) cured (B) engulfed (C) liberated (D) celebrated

10 Identifying a male or female figure by their hair is not easy these days.
(A) Recognizing (B) Criticizing (C) Discouraging (D) Getting angry

 Part B
 07
Chapter

INFERENCE

Chapter 7 | Inference 
 Chapter 7

Inference
OV E RV I E W

Question Type

- It can be inferred from paragraph X that ...

- Which of the following can be inferred about X?

General Strategy

1. Inference of specific detail

2. Inference of main point

 Part B
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Resources
Our current use of nonrenewable resources can pollute land, water, and air and
contribute to global warming. For example, fossil fuel, which is a nonrenewable
resource, releases pollutants into the air. Some of these pollutants can irritate the
nose, throat, and lungs. Others contribute to acid rain. But some people argue that
surface mining which is considered as renewable resource removes tons of soil, ore,
or rock, often creating a rocky waste that supports little life. Although topsoil is a
renewable resource, it is renewed naturally at a rate of only a few inches every
thousand years. Strip-mined land can take decades to recover. And windmills to
produce electricity, using renewable wind as a resource, take up a lot of land and can
interfere with bird migration.

1. Which of the following can be inferred about renewable resources?

They do not include something that takes much time to replenish.
They can cause as much pollution as nonrenewable resources.
They may not be a perfect solution for replacing nonrenewable resources.
Some of them will not be restored until thousands of years to be reusable.

Chapter 7
2. Which of the following can be inferred about the resources?
The use of earth’s resources is mainly responsible for the pollution in the
environment.
The use of nonrenewable resources cause more direct damages to the environment.
Though the use of renewable resources is not harmful, it is severely limited.
The use of renewable resources can also contribute to global warming.

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Climate Changes
Earth is currently experiencing a warming trend. Because the consequences of global
warming could be severe, scientists are trying to predict whether the warming will
continue by studying climate changes in the past. Since thousands of years of weather
data are required, scientists have to use indirect evidence, such as sea-floor sediments
and tree rings to study past climate changes.

On the sea-floor, sediments contain the shells of microorganisms that once lived at the
surface of the ocean. The type and number of microorganisms living at the surface
depend on the surface water temperature. When organisms die, their shells sink to
the ocean floor. By studying the distribution and type of shells in the sediments on
the ocean floor, scientists can determine how the temperature of the surface water has
changed over time.

Indirect evidence of climate change can be found in many other places as well,
including soil layers, fossils, pollen, corals, fish bones, stalactites, historical
documents, and various geological features such as hardened sand dunes, glacial
samples and sediments.

1. Which of the following can be inferred about the weather data about climate changes
in the past?
There is much evidence that can be used to assume weather changes.
Records of direct weather measurements don’t provide much information.
In the weather data, there are not sufficient records of direct measurements.
Scientists mostly depend on indirect evidence for more accurate predictions.

2. According to paragraph 3, which of the following can be inferred about indirect

evidence?
Researchers could learn little but crucial data about past climates.
There are few ways to learn anything about past climate changes.
Technology development has helped to analyze the information.
Some of the changes in various things are greatly affected by the weather.

 Part B
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

Basic Drill 1

1. neutral (A) expressing agreement or approval

2. positive (B) opposite or contrary to a previous or normal condition
3. recruit (C) insects or small animals which damage crops or food supplies
4. offensive (D) arranged according to the sequence in which things happened
5. chronological (E) to enlist (persons) in a group or organization
6. reverse (F) to sell in small quantities directly to the consumer
7. pest (G) not taking any side
8. retail (H) giving painful or unpleasant sensations

Basic Drill 2

1. decline (A) to slope downward

2. retirement (B) to take in for digestion
3. current (C) occurring in or existing at the present time
4. supplement (D) drugs designed to treat or cure an illness.
5. medication (E) to relieve of a charge, load, or burden
6. ingest (F) causing a disagreeable or painful sensory reaction
7. correct (G) something that completes or makes an addition
8. harsh (H) to make or set right

Chapter 7
9. discharge ( I ) withdrawal from one’s position or occupation

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 Basic Drill 1 Inference of specific detail

Read the passages and put the marks below for answer choices.
NT not true
NBF not based on fact
RI right inference

1 Propaganda is a message which a political organization publishes or

broadcasts in order to influence people, rather than impartially produces to
provide information. In some cultures the term is neutral or even positive,
while in others the term has acquired a strong negative meaning. Its
meanings can also vary over time.

(A) Propaganda is prohibited in most countries because a majority of people

have negative perception.
(B) Propaganda is considered as one of the most effective way to incite their
peoples in some countries.
(C) Propaganda is actively used by political organizations in some countries as a
means to provide information.

2 Over sixty percent of New York’s shoppers would welcome a discount

retailer to their local area. In fact, many are actually shopping at a discount
store in other cities.

(A) Many shoppers in NY would spend a few hours traveling to other areas for
cheaper prices.
(B) The prices of the products in regular stores in NY are higher than those in
other cities.
(C) Many people in NY would like to start their own discount stores in their local
areas.

 Part B
3 A blog is a website in which journal entries are posted on a regular basis and
displayed in reverse chronological order. And this blogging is a new skill
that is attracting increasing numbers of employers. Some employment
companies now specialize in recruiting the writers of excellent weblogs.

(A) A job seeker who has good blogging skills will get paid much more than
those who don’t.
(B) Many employers are now recognizing weblogging as an important skill for
their companies.
(C) Some recruiting companies are looking for a person with weblog skills for
their companies.

4 Termites, small white insects which live in homes under the ground, caused
5 billion dollars in damage in the U.S. last year. They can enter homes
through tiny cracks and can damage any structure.
*termite

(A) The damage caused by termites has been raised as a social problem in many
states.

Chapter 7
(B) Many houses have experienced the expense of repairing damage from
destructive termites.
(C) The U.S. has spent five billion dollars to eradicate pests which damage the
structures of homes.

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 Basic Drill 2 Inference of the main point

Read the passages and put the marks below for answer choices.

NT not true
NBF not based on fact
RI right inference

1 The latest reports from economists show that savings among young workers
have declined. Today, almost half of employees have no financial plans for
retirement. Economists and social planners are concerned because the
burden will fall on families and the government to provide for these workers
in later years. In interviews with typical young workers, many report the
mistaken belief that they can make up for a lack of current retirement
planning and savings at some time in the future. And more than 40 percent
of college students who will eventually have to be employed are in similar
circumstances with surprisingly similar beliefs.

(A) The perception on savings has changed over many years.

(B) Savings among young employees will be likely to decline constantly in the
future.
(C) Economists suggest some governmental policies for decreasing savings
among young workers.

2 Osteoporosis is a condition in which your bones lose calcium and become

more likely to break. Although it is perhaps a genetic disease, many studies
showed that the conditions of many women have been improved by
exercising, eating calcium rich foods and taking supplements, if necessary. In
addition, many women may be helped by the use of post-menopausal
medications. Also, according to the study, all women should limit their use
of alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. This is particularly important because
alcohol increases the risk of falling. Smoking and the ingestion of caffeine
lead to the lessening of bone mass. *osteoporosis
*post-menopausal

(A) Women can help themselves keep strong bones and prevent some causes of
osteoporosis.
(B) Women with osteoporosis suffer from psychological pressure to control
genetic factors.
(C) The number of women with osteoporosis has decreased in recent years.

 Part B
3 Recent changes have occurred in the U.S. bankruptcy laws, which some
people have used in the past as an easy way to escape debt problems. Part of
the new law will correct that unfortunate circumstance. People seeking the
protection of the bankruptcy court will now be able to learn valuable
information regarding the true nature of bankruptcy and credit reporting,
and hopefully, its impact on their financial future, as well. But some experts
argue that the changes in the law are too harsh because those seeking
bankruptcy can no longer discharge almost 100 percent of their debts. They
claim that the purpose of bankruptcy will be useless without being able to
get rid of the majority of past debt.

(A) New bankruptcy laws make people less likely to apply for bankruptcy due to
its actual effects.
(B) Applicants will still have to be responsible for most of their past debt after a
bankruptcy.
(C) Bad credit would make applicants likely to suffer even after a bankruptcy
under the new law.

Chapter 7

Chapter 7 | Inference 
 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Check the Definition |

Exercise 1

engulf v. to flow over and enclose

fair n. a gathering of buyers and sellers at a particular place and time for trade
particle n. a relatively small or the smallest discrete portion or amount of
something
afflict v. to distress so severely as to cause persistent suffering or anguish
transfer n. movement from a place, or situation to another
consensus n. general agreement
latitudes n. [pl] the geographic region located at a particular latitude

Exercise 2

corruption n. impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle

reveal v. to make something secret or hidden publicly or generally known
fraud n. an act of deliberate deception, with the intention of gaining some
benefit
denounce v. to pronounce especially publicly to be blameworthy or evil
interpret v. to explain or tell the meaning of something
fierce a. very intense and strong
influential a. having influence or power
sensational a. arousing a quick, intense, and usually superficial interest

Exercise 3

strategy n. a careful plan or method

overview n. a brief general account or description of a subject, etc
validate n. to officially prove that something is true of correct
variable n. a factor which may change or be changed by another
inherent a. involved in the constitution or essential character of something
sufficient a. enough to meet the needs of a situation or a proposed end
conceive v. to apprehend by reason or imagination
procedure n. a particular way of accomplishing something or of act
module n. a separate self-contained unit that combines with others to form a
larger unit, structure or system

 Part B
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
procedure validate fraud transfer
variable latitude fair influential

1 A lot of time was spent on discussing ________ necessary to meet the guests.

2 He moved to Miami and finally left cold ________ in summer in 2004 for the warm weather.

3 She got a five-year jail sentence for ________.

4 Near my home town, a cattle ________ is held every two weeks.

5 The evidence does not seem to ________ his claim.

6 She is one of the most ________ figures in the government.

7 There are too many ________ to predict the result accurately.

8 She is hoping for a ________ to another part of the company.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

sensational afflict strategy

Chapter 7
1
Our __________________________________________________. (effect, sales)
2
The soldier ___________________________________. (diabetes)
3
He ________________________________________________. (intentionally, language)

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

The Little Ice Age

P1 The Little Ice Age was a period of cooler-than-normal average global temperatures,
lasting from the 13th century to the mid-19th century. The Little Ice Age brought bitterly
cold winters to many parts of the world, but is most thoroughly documented in Europe
and North America. In the mid-17th century, glaciers in the Swiss Alps advanced,
gradually engulfing farms and crushing entire villages. The River Thames and the canals
and rivers of the Netherlands often froze over during the winter, and people skated and
even held frost fairs on the ice. In the winter of 1780, New York Harbor froze, allowing
people to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island. Sea ice surrounding Iceland extended for
miles in every direction, closing that island’s harbors to shipping. The Arctic pack ice
extended so far south that there are six records of Eskimos landing their kayaks, narrow
boats like a canoe, in Scotland.

P2 Scientists point to historical and environmental records as evidence for its existence, but
they find it much more difficult to determine the causes. One possible cause is a slight
decrease in solar radiation related to the sun’s sunspot cycle. Decreasing energy from the
sun leads to cooler temperatures, which lead to increased ice formation at Earth’s poles.
When more of Earth’s surface is covered with ice, more solar radiation is reflected from
the surface, further decreasing temperatures.

P3 An increased amount of dust and ash in the atmosphere has been claimed for a possible
cause. An increase in atmospheric particles caused by more volcanic activity would cut
down the amount of solar radiation able to reach Earth’s surface. For example, the 1815
eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia resulted in cooler temperatures that led
1816 to be called the “year without a summer.” That year, New England and northern
Europe were afflicted with frost and snow in June and July, which made many lives suffer
during that time. An increase in the number and the strength of volcanic eruptions may
have contributed to the cooler temperatures of the Little Ice Age.

 Part B
P4 Atmospheric wind patterns have been proposed as one of other causes. A change in
atmospheric wind patterns could have affected the transfer of heat from the equator,
changing ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, that would transport heat from
equatorial regions to the higher latitudes. Despite all the efforts of scientists, it’s still
difficult to identify the causes due to the lack of consensus on what constitutes ‘normal’
climate.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

P1 Introduction the Little Ice Age

P2 Evidence of the existence
P3 a possible cause Volcanic activity
P4 Other possible causes

P1 The Little Ice Age and its evidence

Chapter 7
P2 Cause 1 Solar activity
P3 Cause 2 Volcanic activity
P4 Cause 3 Atmospheric wind patterns

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 5

1. According to paragraph 1, which of 4. According to paragraph 2, what can

the following can be inferred about be inferred about solar radiation?
the Little Ice Age? The effects of solar radiation on
Traveling during the Little Ice ice levels are well established.
Age was restricted to small Solar radiation varies with the
boats, like kayaks. sunspot cycle.
The Little Ice Age disrupted An increase in reflected solar
every country’s normal trading radiation led to a melting in the
practices. ice.
It had affected the economies Sunspots and solar radiation
and the lives in many parts of have been recorded for
the world. centuries.
People visited Antarctica and
other countries as a result of the
Little Ice Age. 5. The word afflicted in paragraph 3
is closest in meaning to
distressed
2. How does the author explain the
blocked
Little Ice Age in paragraph 1?
managed
By describing the result of it in
influenced
America in 1780
By defining the Little Ice Age
and its features
By listing various evidences of
the Little Ice Age
By emphasizing how its effects
can be severe in some countries

3. The word its in paragraph 2 refers to

the Swiss Alps
the Little Ice Age
Glossary
the walk from Manhattan
the Arctic pack ice glacier a large body of ice, formed by the compaction of
snow
canal an artificial waterway for navigation or for draining or
irrigating land
pack ice an area of ice that is floating on the sea
equator the imaginary great circle that passes around the
Earth at latitude at an equal distance from the
North and South Poles

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

The Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age was a period of cooler-than-normal average global
temperatures, lasting from the 13th century to the mid-19th century. The Little Ice Age
brought bitterly cold winters to many parts of the world, but is most thoroughly
documented in Europe and North America. In the mid-17th century, glaciers in the
Swiss Alps advanced, gradually engulfing farms and crushing entire villages. The River
Thames and the canals and rivers of the Netherlands often froze over during the winter,
and people skated and even held frost fairs on the ice. In the winter of 1780, New York
Harbor froze, allowing people to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island. Sea ice
surrounding Iceland extended for miles in every direction, closing that island’s harbors
to shipping. The Arctic pack ice extended so far south that there are six records of
Eskimos landing their kayaks, narrow boats like a canoe, in Scotland.
Scientists point to historical and environmental records as evidence for its
existence, but they find it much more difficult to determine the causes. One possible
cause is a slight decrease in solar radiation related to the sun’s sunspot cycle.
Decreasing energy from the sun leads to cooler temperatures, which lead to increased
ice formation at the Earth’s poles. When more of the Earth’s surface is covered with ice,
more solar radiation is reflected from the surface, further decreasing temperatures.
An increased amount of dust and ash in the atmosphere has been claimed for a

Chapter 7
possible cause. An increase in atmospheric particles caused by more volcanic activity
would cut down the amount of solar radiation able to reach the Earth’s surface. For
example, the 1815 eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia resulted in cooler
temperatures that led 1816 to be called the “year without a summer.” That year, New
England and northern Europe were afflicted with frost and snow in June and July,
which made many lives suffer during that time. An increase in the number and the
strength of volcanic eruptions may have contributed to the cooler temperatures of the
Little Ice Age.
Atmospheric wind patterns have been proposed as one of the other causes. A
change in atmospheric wind patterns could have affected the transfer of heat from the
equator, changing ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, that would transport heat
from equatorial regions to the higher latitudes. Despite all the efforts of scientists, it’s
still difficult to identify the causes due to the lack of consensus on what constitutes
‘normal’ climate.

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 6 to 8

6. Why does the author mention 8. According to paragraph 4, what can

Tambora volcano in paragraph 3? be inferred about wind patterns?
To show a miserable situation A change in wind patterns
that can be caused by volcanic affected the movement of the
eruptions Gulf Stream.
To compare the difference of Ocean currents changed winds
temperatures between indonesia and transported heat to higher
and northern Europe in 1815 latitudes from the equator.
To give an example of the cause Ocean currents affected by wind
that can lead to the cooler changes prevented equatorial
temperature heat from moving to the higher
To explain what promotes the latitudes.
volcanic activities A great loss of heat in equatorial
regions might lower the overall
temperature of the earth.
7. Based on the information in
paragraph 3, which of the following
is true about volcanic activity?
An increase of volcanic
eruptions directly strikes
England and northern Europe
with frigid temperatures.
A decrease in worldwide
temperatures can lead to ice
formation around atmospheric
dust and ash.
Worldwide disasters, such as
volcanic eruptions and ice ages,
can lead to unforeseen climate
changes.
Like volcanic activity, anything
that blocks the sun’s radiation
can cause cooler earth
temperatures.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

The Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age was a period of cooler-than-normal average global
temperatures, lasting from the 13th century to the mid-19th century. The Little Ice Age
brought bitterly cold winters to many parts of the world, but is most thoroughly
documented in Europe and North America. In the mid-17th century, glaciers in the
Swiss Alps advanced, gradually engulfing farms and crushing entire villages. The River
Thames and the canals and rivers of the Netherlands often froze over during the winter,
and people skated and even held frost fairs on the ice. In the winter of 1780, New York
Harbor froze, allowing people to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island. Sea ice
surrounding Iceland extended for miles in every direction, closing that island’s harbors
to shipping. The Arctic pack ice extended so far south that there are six records of
Eskimos landing their kayaks, narrow boats like a canoe, in Scotland.
Scientists point to historical and environmental records as evidence for its
existence, but they find it much more difficult to determine the causes. One possible
cause is a slight decrease in solar radiation related to the sun’s sunspot cycle.
Decreasing energy from the sun leads to cooler temperatures, which lead to increased
ice formation at Earth’s poles. When more of Earth’s surface is covered with ice, more
solar radiation is reflected from the surface, further decreasing temperatures.
An increased amount of dust and ash in the atmosphere has been claimed for a

Chapter 7
possible cause. An increase in atmospheric particles caused by more volcanic activity
would cut down the amount of solar radiation able to reach Earth’s surface. For
example, the 1815 eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia resulted in cooler
temperatures that led 1816 to be called the “year without a summer.” That year, New
England and northern Europe were afflicted with frost and snow in June and July,
which made many lives suffer during that time. An increase in the number and the
strength of volcanic eruptions may have contributed to the cooler temperatures of the
Little Ice Age.
Atmospheric wind patterns have been proposed as one of other causes. A
change in atmospheric wind patterns could have affected the transfer of heat from the
equator, changing ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, that would transport heat
from equatorial regions to the higher latitudes. Despite all the efforts of scientists, it’s
still difficult to identify the causes due to the lack of consensus on what constitutes
‘normal’ climate.

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 5

1. Which of the sentences below best 3. The word skyrocketed in paragraph

expresses the essential information 2 is closest in meaning to
in the highlighted sentence in
launched carefully
paragraph 1? Incorrect choices
change the meaning in important rose rapidly
ways or leave out essential climbed deliberately
information. fell suddenly
Muckrakers work for print or film
and spend their time on
investigating social problems. 4. Why does the author mention the
circulation of the magazines in
Those who investigate a society’s
paragraph 2?
problems are called muckrakers
and they conceal the problems To illustrate how much support
from the public. politicians had then
Muckrakers belong to the media To show how popular the
and reveal political corruption, magazines were
corporate crime, and child labor To identify important public
violations. issues in U.S. media
Muckrakers investigate social To exemplify social changes in
problems and announce those America at that time
problems to the public.

5. According to paragraph 1 and 2,

2. According to paragraph 2, what can which of the following is NOT true of
be inferred about muckraking until muckrakers?
the end of the 1890s? The early muckrakers were
Lawsuits against large trusts motivated by civic duty when
resulted from the muckrakers’ they began writing.
investigative efforts. The muckrakers exposed the
Large trusts were popular unfair business actions of big
subjects for the muckrakers prior corporations.
to that time period. Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell
Not many people really paid that were well known as early
much attention to muckraking muckrakers.
articles before then. The muckrakers limited their
Publishers had to lower their interest on public issues.
prices to get people to buy the
new style of writing.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Muckrakers
P1 The term “muckraker” refers to a member of the media, either print or film, who
investigates and discloses to the public society’s problems, including political corruption,
“white-collar” or corporate crime, child labor violations, and unsafe food processing and
manufacturing practices . While the connotations of muckraking are seemingly
negative, the early muckrakers were actually civic-minded; that is, they were motivated
by the public good. They revealed corruption, fraud, crime, waste and abuse, whether
public or private. During the early 1900s, muckrakers wrote books and articles for
popular magazines and newspapers, like Cosmopolitan, McClure’s and The
Independent, in order to get their important messages to the public.
P2 In 1894 Henry D. Lloyd denounced trusts in an article entitled Wealth Against
Commonwealth. This was the earliest and became one of the best examples of
muckraking. However, it would take eight years before such writing gained a large
following among the public. At that point, McClure’s, a cheaper, but popular magazine,
presented Lincoln Steffens’ analysis of the political corruption in the city of St. Louis, as
well as the first in a series of installments by Ida Tarbell on The History of the Standard
Oil Company. The magazine’s circulation immediately skyrocketed , which led editors
to correctly interpret that there existed a huge market hungry to be informed about
such serious social issues.

Chapter 7
P3 Over the next decade, approximately six popular magazines vied with each other
to publish articles calling for reform in nearly every area of American life. Besides the
writers Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell, top muckrakers, like Ray Stannard Baker,
Samuel Hopkins Adams, Charles E. Russell, Norman Hapgood, and Mark Sullivan,
were engaged in fierce competition with one another for the public’s attention to their
individual causes.

Glossary

connotation the feeling or idea that is suggested by a word

civic relating to a citizen, a city, citizenship, or civil affairs
trust a group of business firms working together to control the market in a particular commodity, beat down
competition, and maximize profits
installment a single part of a book, play, or television show which appears in regular parts until the story is
completed
circulation the average number of copies of a publication sold over a given period

Chapter 7 | Inference 
 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 6 to 9

6. The word vied in paragraph 3 is 8. The word it in paragraph 5 refers to

closest in meaning to the public
contended muckraking
contemplated progressivism
inspected popular support
explored

9. According to paragraph 5, all of the

7. According to paragraph 4, what can following is true about muckrakers
be inferred about muckraking novels? EXCEPT
Because they were influential, Muckrakers played an important
many people read them and were role in gaining support for
convinced by them to change progressivism.
certain working conditions. Muckrakers’ progressiveness led
They were exciting to read, and them to sensationalize unreliable
thus they created a natural facts and tired their audience.
following among readers starved Muckrakers lost the public’s
for books revealing crimes at support and disappeared by
work. 1914 as some of them became
Since established authors wrote unfaithful.
the books, the public bought Muckraking collapsed since
whatever they wrote without some of muckrakers started to
regard to their working subjects. distort the truth around 1914.
Many of the books became
bestsellers among workers and
led to some reforms once they
became popular with the public.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

P3 Over the next decade, approximately six popular magazines vied with each other
to publish articles calling for reform in nearly every area of American life. Besides the
writers Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell, top muckrakers, like Ray Stannard Baker,
Samuel Hopkins Adams, Charles E. Russell, Norman Hapgood, and Mark Sullivan,
were engaged in fierce competition with one another for the public’s attention to their
individual causes.
P4 Some bestselling authors, including Upton Sinclair, Winston Churchill and David
Graham Phillips, wrote muckraking novels and these novels were very influential with
the public. Upton Sinclair, a most noted muckraker, wrote such a book called The
Jungle in 1906. It led to important reforms in the automobile manufacturing industries
and the meat packing plants of America.
P5 Muckraking died away before 1914 because some of the later muckrakers became
sensational and unreliable, causing the public to finally grow tired of them while, in its
early stages, the movement was of great importance in winning popular support for
progressivism. Prior to this period, there had been nothing like it in U.S. journalism,
and there has been nothing like it since this period, in the history of American media.

Chapter 7

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 4

1. The word refined in paragraph 1 is 3. According to paragraph 2, what can

closest in meaning to be inferred about bottom-up
models?
cultured
filtered The overview of a system might
not be clear in the bottom-up
dispensed
model.
improved
Since components often have
many parts, their systems take
much time to be completed.
2. According to paragraph 1, which of
the following can be inferred about Variable components are
top-down models? considered as an individual
system in the bottom-up model.
A top-down model is easily
Bottom-up modeling solves
adjusted to create a successful
highly detailed problems since
product because the system is
there are many variables.
slowly and repeatedly modified.
Such models as the top-down
model help us to understand 4. Look at the four squares [ ] that
how systems work best, starting indicate where the following
with a very detailed overview of sentence could be added to
the parts. paragraph 3.
In the top-down method,
The engineering and management
systems engineers can
success of this project led to the
successfully transform a refined
spread of the top-down approach
system through creating and
throughout IBM and the rest of the
increasing its links.
computer industry.
The systems affected by top-
Where would the sentence best fit?
down models often have many
Click on a square [ ] to add the
mistakes, making an overview
sentence to the paragraph.
less meaningful to future
models. A B
C D
C

Glossary

module a separate self-contained unit that combines with

others to form a larger unit, structure or system

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

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Two Information Processing Strategies

There are two types of strategies for information processing, which mostly involve
computer software, and thus, other systems sciences. These two strategies are called
the top-down and the bottom-up models. The top-down model requires an overview of
a system, but does not include the details for any particular part of it. Each part of the
system is then refined through a process of further, more detailed designs. This
refinement occurs over and over again, with increasing detail. Finally, the specifications
are detailed enough to validate the model completely and produce the system.
In contrast, the bottom-up model requires a system composed of individual parts,
which are already highly specified in their details. These parts are joined to create
components, which are linked to one another until the total system is built. A bottom-
up model makes good sense because it is based on knowledge of all the variables that
may have an effect on the elements of a system.
In today’s software development processes, both the top-down and the bottom-
up models are important. A The top-down model was developed by IBM researchers,
Harlan Mills, and Niklaus Wirth in the 1970s. B Mills was able to create structured
programming concepts for practical use and to successfully test them in 1969 by
automating the New York Times data index. C From that point on, until the late 1980s,
the top-down model became the preferred model for software engineering. D

Chapter 7
In all top-down approaches, the emphasis is on planning and gaining a complete
understanding of the system. It is inherent that no code be written until a sufficient
amount of detail has been built into the design of at least part of the system. This,
however, delays the testing of the final units of the system until significant parts of the
design are complete. In the bottom-up model, the emphasis is on writing codes and
testing the first module or unit as soon as it has been specified. Unfortunately, this
approach means that modules may be coded before a clear link is created to, or even
conceived of for, other parts of the system. In fact, linking the parts of a system after
such a procedure may not be as easy as was first imagined. The bottom-up model
does have one clear advantage, though, and that is the re-usability of the code.

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 5 to 6

5. Which of the following is NOT 6. How does the author explain two
mentioned as a benefit of top-down approaches in paragraph 4?
approaches in paragraph 4? By showing how parts are
They allow the creation and linked to each other in each
testing of structured programming model
concepts. By pointing out a possible
The computer codes are difficulty that each model has
recycled, or used over and over, By comparing with other
again. information processing
Time is not wasted in writing strategies
code for unworkable information By suggesting that neither of
systems. two methods are the most
Because of it, software efficient
engineering became more
structured over time.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Two Information Processing Strategies

There are two types of strategies for information processing, which mostly involve
computer software, and thus, other systems sciences. These two strategies are called
the top-down and the bottom-up models. The top-down model requires an overview of
a system, but does not include the details for any particular part of it. Each part of the
system is then refined through a process of further, more detailed designs. This
refinement occurs over and over again, with increasing detail. Finally, the specifications
are detailed enough to validate the model completely and produce the system.
In contrast, the bottom-up model requires a system composed of individual parts,
which are already highly specified in their details. These parts are joined to create
components, which are linked to one another until the total system is built. A bottom-
up model makes good sense because it is based on knowledge of all the variables that
may have an affect on the elements of a system.
In today’s software development processes, both the top-down and the bottom-
up models are important. A The top-down model was developed by IBM researchers,
Harlan Mills, and Niklaus Wirth in the 1970s. B Mills was able to create structured
programming concepts for practical use and to successfully test them in 1969 by
automating the New York Times data index. C From that point on, until the late 1980s,
the top-down model became the preferred model for software engineering. D

Chapter 7
In all top-down approaches, the emphasis is on planning and gaining a complete
understanding of the system. It is inherent that no code be written until a sufficient
amount of detail has been built into the design of at least part of the system. This,
however, delays the testing of the final units of the system until significant parts of the
design are complete. In the bottom-up model, the emphasis is on writing codes and
testing the first module or unit as soon as it has been specified. Unfortunately, this
approach means that modules may be coded before a clear link is created to, or even
conceived of for, other parts of the system. In fact, linking the parts of a system after
such a procedure may not be as easy as was first imagined. The bottom-up model
does have one clear advantage, though, and that is the re-usability of the code.

Chapter 7 | Inference 

 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined words.

1 Both sides seem to be interpreting the contract differently.

(A) signing (B) understanding (C) announcing (D) reasoning

2 The consensus among the students was that professor should be dismissed.
(A) deviation (B) debate (C) discourse (D) agreement

3 The daughter denounced him for neglecting his the duty as a father.
(A) blamed (B) corrected (C) discerned (D) objected

4 The chauffeur helped to reveal its scandalous condition.

(A) investigate (B) research (C) expose (D) anticipate

5 The flu is raging fiercely there.

(A) widely (B) desperately (C) irregularly (D) intensely

6 Inflation is likely to affect personal spending quite a bit in November.

(A) reduce (B) influence (C) extend (D) prohibit

7 There are several reasons for the current international situation.

(A) present (B) flexible (C) rapid (D) complex

8 I cannot conceive of your doing such a silly thing.

(A) forgive (B) apprehend (C) agree (D) judge

9 American trade policies have been denounced by some European government.

(A) evaluated (B) condemned (C) corrected (D) imitated

 Part B
 PROGRESS TEST

R E A D I N G S E C T I O N D I R E C T I O N

In this section you will read TWO passages and answer reading comprehension
questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last
question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many
points you may receive.

You will have 30 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some
passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or
phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

When you want to move on to the next question, click on Next. You can skip
questions and go back to them later as long as long as there is time remaining. If you
want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any
time and the review screen will show you which questions you have answered and
which you have not. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you
have already seen in the reading section.

When you are ready to continue, click on the Dismiss Directions icon.
 Progress Test 3
BT TOEFL Reading
Question 1 to 5

1. The word distort in paragraph 1 is 4. Look at the four squares [ ] that

closest in meaning to indicate where the following sentence
represent could be added to paragraph 3.
Where would the sentence best fit?
afflict
Thus, the subject was no longer the
confuse
medium which led to drama or
twist sentiment in art.

Where would the sentence best fit?

2. In paragraph 2, how does the author Click on a square [ ] to add the
explain visually unimpressive sentence to the paragraph.
Expressionist’s works? A B
By mentioning some examples C D
of uninspiring, emotionless
D
works by Expressionist artists
By noting which kinds of brush- 5. According to paragraphs 3 and 4, what
strokes had influenced their arts can be inferred about the Fauves?
By suggesting that the periods The Fauvist painters focused
during which the art work was their art on beautiful objects
created had influenced their arts. because they were free of
By indicating the reasons why confusion or worry.
artists created the large-sized The Blue Rider was influenced
paintings we know as Expressionist. by the Fauves’ use of color as a
means to express beauty.
Fauvist painters, unlike Expres-
3. The word retained in paragraph 3 is
sionists, were more analytical
closest in meaning to
and critical, and thus, more
hired emotional.
maintained The Fauves resisted becoming
recovered the emotional Expressionists
remembered and painting their dark-hearted
art works.

 Part B
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The Art of Expressionism

P1 Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality in art for its
emotional effect on the observer of the art. It is a style which chooses symbols and
exaggerations to represent emotions in art, rather than representing a physical
reality. The art is generally expressive of intense emotions. Although it can be argued
that all artists are expressive, in Expressionism there is a heavy emphasis placed on
communicating through emotions.
P2 Expressionist art works are visually unimpressive because the works are often
created during a time of great change or crisis, in other words, in times of trouble,
confusion or worry. But almost without exception, these works have the capacity to
move us to experience strong emotions. Thus, they communicate a message
through the expressive power of colors and shapes, of brushstrokes and texture,
and of size and scale.
P3 The Expressionists were influenced by various styles of art, such as that of
Munch, Vincent van Gogh, and even African art. A They became aware of the work
being done by the Fauves, early Modern artists whose works emphasized such
qualities of painting and the use of deep colors over the representational values
retained by Impressionism. B The Fauves and the Expressionists both used the
same bright colors, but to different ends. C The Fauves aimed for beauty, while the
Expressionists hoped to evoke emotion by their use. To the Expressionists the
importance of color was its expressive power. D It was how color was used, as well
as how the lines were drawn, which brought expression and power to a work of art.
P4 There were a number of Expressionist groups in painting, including Der Blaue
Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of Expressionist artists established in 1911, although
none of them called themselves Expressionists. Later in the 20th century,
Expressionism influenced a large group of other artists, including the painters called
abstract expressionists. For example, the leader of the Expressionist group The Blue
Rider, a man named Kandinsky, felt that simple colors and shapes should cause an
observer to perceive the moods and feelings in paintings. With this concept, he took
the important leap into Abstraction, transforming 20th century art.

Progress Test 3 

 Progress Test 3

BT Reading
Question 6 to 8

6. According to paragraph 4, which of the 7. The word disrupted in paragraph 5 is

following can be inferred about closest in meaning to
Expressionism? broken apart
Because many Expressionist interrupted
groups formed in 1911, artists
misunderstood
traveled the world and freely
shared their new style of partly solidified
painting.
A large group of artists were
8. In paragraph 5, why does the author
experimenting with similar ideas,
mention World War ?
such as colorful transformational
nineteenth century painting To explain what happened to all
styles. the members of Der Blaue Reiter
The Expressionist art form itself To provide a primary reason for
became very popular and the disruption or end of
affected other methods of Expressionism
painting as well. To illustrate the negative effects
The works of a number of other the World War had on the art
artists contain Expressionist world
features or attempts to represent To follow the career of the
intense emotions in their art. painter Kandinsky while he was
in Russia

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

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P4 There were a number of Expressionist groups in painting, including Der Blaue

Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of Expressionist artists established in 1911, although
none of them called themselves Expressionists. Later in the 20th century,
Expressionism influenced a large group of other artists, including the painters called
abstract expressionists. For example, the leader of the Expressionist group The Blue
Rider, a man named Kandinsky, felt that simple colors and shapes should cause an
observer to perceive the moods and feelings in paintings. With this concept, he took
the important leap into Abstraction, transforming 20th century art.
P5 Unfortunately, by 1914 many of the Expressionist groups were disrupted by
the start of World War . In fact, some members of Der Blaue Reiter were killed in
battle, while others, like Kandinsky, were forced to move back to Russia because
they were Russian citizens. As a result, Der Blaue Reiter disbanded after three years
in 1914.

Progress Test 3 

 Progress Test 4
BT Reading
Question 1 to 6

1. The word emanating in paragraph 2 is 5. How does the author explain matter
closest in meaning to falling into a supermassive black hole?
reflecting By describing the spinning
curving momentum as a black hole turns
energy into plasma
radiating
By providing information about
stretching
the jets of energy created from
in-falling gases
2. Look at the four squares [ ] that By illustrating the life-cycle of a
indicate where the following sentence black hole in the standard model
could be added to paragraph 2. of an active galaxy
By explaining the process
This mechanism, however, is highly through which the matter turns
efficient at turning matter into energy. into tremendous energy
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [ ] to add the
6. According to paragraph 3, what can
sentence to the paragraph.
be inferred about a black hole?
A B
The gas and dust in a galaxy can
C D
D
be used to determine the
remaining life-span of a galaxy.
D
3. The word ceases in paragraph 3 is Normal galaxies are less bright
closest in meaning to than active galaxies.
Normal galaxies no longer have
discontinues
functional black holes to
persists consume remaining gas and
commemorates dust.
transfers Neighboring galaxies can be
created by the same black hole
and source of gas and dust.
4. The word fed in paragraph 3 is
closest in meaning to
transmitted
pulled
deprived
quenched

 Part B
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Active Galaxies

P1 An active galaxy is a galaxy where a significant fraction of the energy output is

not emitted by the normal components of a galaxy: stars, dust and interstellar gas.
This energy can be emitted across most of the electromagnetic spectrum, as
infrared, radio waves, UV, X-rays and gamma rays. Most active galaxies appear to be
powered by a compact region in the galactic center.
P2 The standard theoretical model is that the energy is generated by matter falling
into a supermassive black hole. A As the material falls into the black hole, spinning
momentum causes the material to flatten into a disk. B Frictional heating causes the
in-falling material to turn into plasma and emit strongly in the optical, ultra-violet or
X-ray bands. C Frequently, one observes jets emanating from this disk, although
the mechanism of formation of those jets is poorly understood. D It can convert
almost 50% of the mass-energy of an object into energy as compared with only a
few percent with nuclear fusion.
P3 It is believed that when the black hole has eaten all of the gas and dust in its
neighborhood, the active galactic nucleus ceases to emit large amounts of radiation
and becomes a normal galaxy. This model explains the different types of active
galactic nuclei, which are believed to all be due to the same type of source, but can
appear quite different, depending on the amount of gas and dust available to be fed
into the black hole.
P4 Quasars are extremely bright and distant active galaxies, some as far away
from Earth as 12 billion light-years. A quasar is extremely bright, emitting more
energy than dozens of active galaxies. In fact, quasars burn so brightly that they
block out all the light from their own galaxies’ stars. They are perhaps a hundred or
even a thousand times brighter than the center of a Seyfert active galaxy. The
scientific consensus is that quasars are powered by material drawn into
supermassive black holes in the nuclei of distant galaxies, making these luminous
versions of the general class of objects known as active galaxies.

Progress Test 4 
 Progress Test 4

BT Reading
Question 7 to 9

7. The word luminous in paragraph 4 is 9. According to paragraphs 3, 4 and 5,

closest in meaning to which of the following can be inferred
about Seyfert galaxies?
flashing
notable The spiral shape of Seyfert
uneven galaxies was puzzling at first to
astronomers, but now they
glowing
understand that the jets of hot
gas cause the spinning motion.
8. Why does the author mention quasars Seyfert galaxies are as bright as
in paragraph 4? quasars and other active
galaxies which are powered by
To describe the brightness of supermassive black holes
material before it falls into a because they emit tremendous
supermassive black hole amounts of radiation.
To illustrate a new kind of very Because its energy jets are
distant, very bright but generally stable over time, Seyfert
inactive galaxy galaxies tend to be regular and
To show how the model can more predictable than other
explain the energy that active galaxies driven by black
generates another type of active holes.
galaxy When compared to quasars,
To introduce a point about active Seyfert galaxies have lower
galaxies which are closer and amounts of gas and dust
more similar to our own available for black holes to feed
upon to generate their energy.

 Part B
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

P3 It is believed that when the black hole has eaten all of the gas and dust in its
neighborhood, the active galactic nucleus ceases to emit large amounts of radiation
and becomes a normal galaxy. This model explains the different types of active
galactic nuclei, which are believed to all be due to the same type of source, but can
appear quite different, depending on the amount of gas and dust available to be fed
into the black hole.
P4 Quasars are extremely bright and distant active galaxies, some as far away
from Earth as 12 billion light-years. A quasar is extremely bright, emitting more
energy than dozens of active galaxies. In fact, quasars burn so brightly that they
block out all the light from their own galaxies’ stars. They are perhaps a hundred or
even a thousand times brighter than the center of a Seyfert active galaxy. The
scientific consensus is that quasars are powered by material drawn into
supermassive black holes in the nuclei of distant galaxies, making these luminous
versions of the general class of objects known as active galaxies.
P5 Another type of active galaxy that is powered by a supermassive black hole is a
Seyfert galaxies. These are spiral or irregular galaxies which each contain an
extremely bright nucleus that can sometimes outshine the surrounding galaxy. Jets
of hot gas pour out in opposite directions from stars at nearly the speed of light. The
gas gives off huge amounts of radiation before being pulled back toward the black
hole and disappearing inside of it.

Progress Test 4 
PA R T

C
to Learn
Read in g
ue st io n s
Q
 ro se Su mmary
08 P
Chapter
em atic Table
Sc h
Ch apter 09
6
s Test 5-
Progres
 08
Chapter

PROSE
SUMMARY

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 Chapter 8

Prose Summary
OV E RV I E W

Question Type

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most
important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because
they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on
View Text.
Introductory sentence will be given here

General Strategy

1.
2. (false) (main information)
(minor information)

summary

 Part C
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the question.

Landsat Images
In 1972, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched
the first Landsat satellite. Mapmaking is one field that has benefited from the use of
satellite images. Satellites use sensors to detect changes in the wavelength of light
that is reflected from the surface of the earth. They send this information to
computers on earth, which process it into images. The images are not necessarily
true-to-life color pictures because natural colors make perceiving the different
wavelengths difficult while the information gained from the images is used to create
more accurate maps.
In addition to their value in mapmaking, these satellite images give other earth
scientists a new window on the world. In 1999, a team of scientists from the American
Museum of Natural History used Landsat images to find a new site of dinosaur and
early mammal fossils in the Gobi Desert. The images helped scientists pinpoint areas
of sedimentary rocks that had been carried along and then left somewhere by water,
ice, or wind, and low vegetation, both signs of a site that might hold fossils.
Landsat images are also helpful in the field of regional planning, which involves
the efficient placement of infrastructure and the use of proper zoning to allow for the
sustainable growth of a region. The images, which can show a large area with a
resolution of 15m, can help solve future regional environmental, social, and economic
problems. Buildable and unbuildable areas can be identified more easily, as well as
the best areas for such facilities as transportation hubs and parks.

1. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express
the most important ideas in the passage.

Landsat images are proving useful in many different fields.

Chapter 8
Some features on earth can be difficult to identify in true-to-life color pictures
from Landsat.
Landsat images are used to map precise surface features as they would
appear from above.
Images from Landsat help to locate where archeological evidence can be
found on earth.
The regional images are valuable when planning long-term goals for a region’s
development.
Information from Landsat images can help scientists find dinosaur fossils in
some deserts.
Many city planners in very advanced regions are now depending on images
from Landsat.

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Rock Cycle

The rock cycle is a fundamental geology concept that describes the dynamic
transitions through geologic time between the three main rock types: igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary. Each type of rock can change from one type of rock
into another in the rock cycle as they encounter new environments.
As rocks are forced deep below the surface of the earth, they melt into magma.
This magma cools into a solid and is called igneous rock. Within the earth igneous
rocks are called intrusive rocks and on the earth they are extrusive rocks, such as
volcanic rocks. All of the types of rocks can form magma and cool into igneous rocks.
Rocks under high temperature and/or pressure can be forced to change either
physically or chemically into another form of rock, called metamorphic rock. If this
occurs in a region, it usually is associated with the process of mountain-building
which often lasts for hundreds of millions of years, involving deformation and the
subsequent uplift of rocks within the mountains. The rocks look distinctive because
they contain bands of minerals and colors. Metamorphism can occur also when a rock
touches an intrusive rock.
Any rock that is exposed to the atmosphere can be broken down into smaller
particles by weathering and erosion. Dissolved rock material is carried away in water,
accumulates, and is buried by more material. Sedimentary rocks then form in
lithification, a process whereby sediments compact under pressure and gradually
become solid rock.

1. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express
the most important ideas in the passage.

There are three types of rocks classified according to the processes by

which they are formed: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary.
Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies either below the
surface or on the surface of the earth.
Magma can be derived from pre-existing igneous rocks made molten by
extreme temperature and pressure.
Metamorphic rock is the result of the physical and / or chemical transformation
of a pre-existing rock type.
Metamorphic rock is formed when minerals touch igneous rocks, which
causes physical changes.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of the weathered remains of
other rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are the result of gradual destruction and removal of rock
by rivers or the weather.

 Part C
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

1. sector (A) a sociological, economic, or political subdivision of society

2. ventilation (B) the organization of information according to preset

specifications

3. stunt man (C) a tendency to support or oppose a particular person or thing in

an unfair way by allowing personal opinions to influence a
person’s judgment

4. format (D) in film production, a skilled male performer who substitutes for
an actor in hazardous or acrobatic sequences

5. elicit (E) to obtain or produce something, especially information or a

reaction

6. bias ( F) the act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of foul air

7. plight (G) happening between people of different races

8. explosion (H) someone who votes in an election

9. shape ( I ) to influence the way a person, idea, or situation develops

10. voter (J) a fixed general image about what a particular type of person or

Chapter 8
thing is like

11. racial (K) a serious and difficult situation

12. stereotype (L) an occasion when something bursts with a lot of force and a
loud noise, often causing damage

13. patron (M) a social or financial sponsor of a social function

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 Basic Drill Choose the best summary of each paragraph

Find the major point of each paragraph. Then answer the question.

P1 The film industry has influenced many sectors in American society. These sectors
include the technology sector, the country’s economy and society and culture, in
general. Although some studies have attempted to prove that movies can influence
children’s cultures, no single movie has been proved to impact a large number of
children over a long period of time. However, one study suggests that a general trend in
movies, when watched over a period of time, can influence children.

(A) Movies in America create trends which are influential in many areas of life, such as
clothes and language, which a large number of children watch and often imitate.
(B) The movie-making industry has widely impacted many areas of American society,
including its culture, technology, economy, and, to a limited extent, its children.

P2 Movies have become more technical demanding more skill and new production
methods, which benefit society. For example, new air ventilation, make-up and robotics
techniques had to be developed for some characters in the Star Wars movie series,
particularly for R2-D2 and C-3PO. Lessons learned from controlled explosions, fires,
and other camera and studio techniques have been adopted by other areas of society as
well. For example, improvements in safety equipment designed for stunt men have
been used by fire departments and the military.

(A) Skillful production methods convinced the makers of Star Wars to include new
characters made with new robotics and make-up in the movie series.
(B) Techniques developed to solve technical and production problems in the movie industry
have led to a number of benefits for society.

P3 The film industry including film and sound recording is contributing to the economy in
a significant way. Although the number of movie theaters has declined overall, the film
industry has created new businesses and markets, such as home movies including
DVDs and other formats of movies that have sold by the millions. In addition, the
industry has chosen to turn theaters into entertainment experiences providing greater
conveniences and comforts as well as giant screens with elaborate speaker systems. And
this helped to bring more movie patrons and create a 41.2 billion dollar market in 2004.

(A) The film industry is responsible for contributing tens of billions of dollars to the U.S.
economy each year.
(B) Movie theaters have remade themselves into successful entertainment experiences and
are profitable once again.

 Part C
P4 Because movies and films can elicit deep emotions and create worlds and realities that
do not exist, they have the power to change or shape opinions. One example is
Fahrenheit 911, a highly biased political film. Through editing, it gave some incorrect
information, which was meant to convince voters not to re-elect President Bush. The
movie almost succeeded, until some of the unedited scenes were discovered and aired
on TV, and the bias was revealed.

(A) Movies have the power to change a culture because they can stir up emotions and alter
the perception of the truth.
(B) Political bias is common in many film-makers’ works, such as the movie Fahrenheit 911,
which was unfairly edited.

P5 Also, morals, language, lifestyles and clothing have been influenced by movies, such as
Dirty Dancing, Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure, and Rebel Without a Cause. To Kill a
Mockingbird challenged racial stereotypes in a positive way. A Beautiful Mind presented
the plight of a brilliant, but mentally ill professor, which created a dialogue about the
treatment of the mentally ill in society. Other movies, such as Apollo XIII, are examples
of the best movies with true life events, which inspire and improve society by giving
people true heroes and hope for the future.

(A) Some movies have affected American life, in areas such as morals and language, and
others have brought social issues into public view.
(B) Movies which retell true stories of heroism inspire a society and give people hope, which
the recent movies End of the Spear and Apollo XIII exemplified.

Q. Two of the following should be combined in order to complete the summary by

Chapter 8
selecting three best summaries. Which TWO of the following should be combined?

The film industry has influenced many areas of American society, including its
technology, economy, and culture.
(a) Best summary of P2
(b) Best summary of P3
(c) Best summary of P4
(d) Best summary of P5

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Check the Definition |

Exercise 1

identity v. to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what

they are
depict v. to represent or show something in a picture or story
vary v. to change or cause something to change in amount or level, especially
from one occasion to another
passionate a. having very strong feelings or emotions
asymmetrical a. with two halves, sides or parts which are not exactly the same in shape
and size
integrate v. to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit
their way of life, habits and customs
carefree a. free from anxiety, having no worries

Exercise 2

legislature n. the group of people in a country or part of a country who have the
power to make and change laws
donation n. the act or an instance of giving or contributing, as to a cause
unpredictable a. tending to change suddenly and without reason and therefore not able
to be predicted or depended on
capitalist n. some one who invests capital, esp. extensively, in business enterprises
diploma n. a document given by a college or university to show that you have
passed a particular examination or completed a course
workforce n. the total number of workers who are actively employed in a business,
industry, or nation, or who are available for employment; labor force

Exercise 3

associate v. to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or

something else
entrepreneur n. someone who starts their own business, usually when this involves risks
circulation n. the number of copies of a newspaper, periodical, or the like that is
distributed to readers at a given time, or the distribution itself
allege v. to state that someone has done something illegal or wrong without
giving proof

Part C
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
identify legislature depict workforce
vary circulation allege unpredictable

1 The ________ appropriated the funds for the construction of the public library.

2 The weather in Boston in April is ________.

3 Witnesses were asked to ________ the man who robbed the theater.

4 The prices of vegetables ________ with the seasons.

5 Brown demonstrates his unique perception of colors to best ________ stars.

6 The boy that the policeman ________ to be the thief was completely innocent.

7 Shrinking ________ has been a problem for newspapers for some years.

8 The United Nations says at least 500 million new jobs will be needed during the next ten
years to help support the world’s ________.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

carefree associate passionate

1
The old man remembered ________________________________. (past, summer)

Chapter 8
2
The Italians ____________________________________. (be said to)
3
We ________________________________. (Egypt, with, the Nile)

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

Baroque Art
P1 Baroque art dates from about the 17th to the latter part of the 18th century. Baroque art is
often identified with the cultural movement within the Roman Catholic Church to stop the
spread of Protestantism, the Counter Reformation, which was a result of the Roman
Catholic Church’s reforms in response to Protestant critics and critics within the Catholic
Church. However, Baroque art was not limited to the church.

P2 For painters this was a time of breaking away from classical rules, but for the Catholic
Church, Baroque art was a means of keeping its members. At the Council of Trent (1545-
63), which planned the Roman Catholic Church’s reforms, art work received a new focus.
New art commissioned by the church was aimed at those who could not read or write and
at restoring the church’s glory. Thus, Baroque art was chosen to depict many Saints, the
Virgin Mary and Bible stories that were well-known by the people at that time.

P3 Around 1600 some innovators in art, Caravaggio and the Carracci brothers, were
commissioned to paint for the church. They later would develop into famous Baroque
painters. Rembrandt and Rubens were also noted Baroque painters.

P4 The characteristics of Baroque paintings were high levels of drama, deep, rich colors, and
intense, but varying shadows. The overall effect was a dark tone that was heavy in its
heroic or religious themes. The most dramatic moment in the action was always featured.
In this way Baroque art created passionate emotions in its observers. Lines and colors
were used freely and were fluid and complex.

Part A
P5 In the early 1700s Baroque art still maintained its complex forms and intricate patterns,
but had also acquired and integrated other styles, such as Oriental designs and many
elaborate, asymmetrical styles. Perhaps this is why the term Baroque was incorrectly
used to describe Rococo art, an extremely ornate French art form of elaborate
decorations and shell-like curves. However, Rococo paintings depicted the carefree life of
aristocrats and lighthearted romances. The Rococo style was developed during the reign
of King Louis XV and is exemplified by the works of Watteau and Boucher.

P6 At the time, Baroque painting was thought to have influenced the development of Rococo
art. This was primarily because of the increasing complexity and variety of Baroque’s
forms. However, the two styles’ subjects differed considerably. Baroque art focused
almost exclusively on church themes, while Rococo art featured delicate colors, cherubs,
love myths, portraits, and pastoral landscapes of aristocratic couples at ease on outings.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

P1 Introduction

P2 The Origin

P3 Exemplifying New Art Commissioned by the Church

P4 Characteristics

P5 Difference 1 Baroque and Rococo

P6 Difference 2 Baroque and Rococo

Chapter 8
B

P1 Introduction

P2 Background

P3 The Origin

P4 Characteristics

P5 Comparison with Rococo Art

P6 Comparison with Other Arts

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 4

1. Which of the sentences below best 3. Look at the four squares [ ] that
expresses the essential information indicate where the following sentence
in the highlighted sentence in could be added in paragraph 4.
paragraph 1? Incorrect choices For example, Bernini painted David
change the meaning in important hurling a stone in his slingshot at
ways or leave out essential Goliath, the giant.
information.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Critically speaking, Baroque art Click on a square [ ] to add the
was a factor in the work of the sentence to the paragraph.
Catholic Church as it fought to A B
stop Protestants within the
C D
church and using art to criticize
the work of the church.
Culturally, Baroque art was a
4. According to paragraph 5, why does
movement initiated by church
the author mention other styles that
leaders to stop non-Catholics
were acquired and integrated into
from taking away from the
Baroque Art?
membership of the church
through art and higher criticism. To illustrate many shapes and
designs which were incorporated
Baroque art was linked to the
into Baroque art
reforms of the Catholic Church in
response to its internal and To contrast its differences with
external critics as it moved to previous art forms, like French
halt the progression of Rococo art
Protestantism in the culture. To provide a reason why Baroque
As a result of divisions within the art has often been confused with
church, Roman Catholics Rococo art
preferred Baroque art as a tool to To describe an elaborate art style
spread their beliefs, especially that was used in the French court
among critical Protestants within of King Louis XV
their churches.

2. The wold noted in paragraph 3 is

closest in meaning to
unknown
notable
beginning
contrary
Glossary

intricate very complicated and difficult

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

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Baroque Art
P1 Baroque art dates from about the 17th century to the latter part of the 18th
century. Baroque art is often identified with the cultural movement within the Roman
Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism, the Counter Reformation, which
was a result of the Roman Catholic Church’s reforms in response to Protestant critics and
critics within the Catholic Church . However, Baroque art was not limited to the church.
P2 For painters this was a time of breaking away from classical rules, but for the
Catholic Church, Baroque art was a means of keeping its members. At the Council of
Trent (1545-63), which planned the Roman Catholic Church’s reforms, art work
received a new focus. New art commissioned by the church was aimed at those who
could not read or write and at restoring the church’s glory. Thus, Baroque art was
chosen to depict many Saints, the Virgin Mary and Bible stories that were well-known
by the people at that time.
P3 Around 1600 some innovators in art, Caravaggio and the Carracci brothers were
commissioned to paint for the church. They later would develop into famous Baroque
painters. Rembrandt and Rubens were also noted Baroque painters.
P4 The characteristics of Baroque paintings were high levels of drama, deep rich
colors, and intense, but varying shadows. A The overall effect was a dark tone that
was heavy in its heroic or religious themes. B The most dramatic moment in the action
was always featured. C In this way Baroque art created passionate emotions in its
observers. Lines and colors were used freely and were fluid and complex. D
P5 In the early 1700s Baroque art still maintained its complex forms and intricate
patterns, but had also acquired and integrated other styles, such as Oriental designs

Chapter 8
and many elaborate, asymmetrical styles. Perhaps this is why the term Baroque was
incorrectly used to describe Rococo art, an extremely ornate French art form of
elaborate decorations and shell-like curves. However, Rococo paintings depicted the
carefree life of aristocrats and lighthearted romances. The Rococo style was developed
during the reign of King Louis XV(1715~74) and is exemplified by the works of Watteau
and Boucher.

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 5

5. Directions : An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is

provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices
that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not
belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
The Roman Catholic Church used Baroque art to fight the spread of Protestantism
although the art form was not limited to church uses.
Answer Choices
Just as painters were breaking the rules in art, the Catholic Church was rewriting
them to keep its members, using Baroque art as a way to draw members back.
Baroque art mostly has many famous people in Bible story including Saints and
the Virgin Mary painted on its paintings.
The use of dramatic action, at the height of a battle, for instance, and varying
shadows were meant to elicit strong emotions from observers of the dark, heroic
art.
Passionately created Baroque art work includes light, moving, yet dramatic
scenes of religious content, which tell stories of complex and shadowy men.
In the eighteenth century Baroque art had incorporated a number of styles which
caused it to be confused with Rococo’s use of shell-like curves.
Rococo art primarily featured delicate rather than dark colors and certain members
of the French court rather than primarily church-related subjects.

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

P2 For painters this was a time of breaking away from classical rules, but for the
Catholic Church, Baroque art was a means of keeping its members. At the Council of
Trent (1545-63), which planned the Roman Catholic Church’s reforms, art work
received a new focus. New art commissioned by the church was aimed at those who
could not read or write and at restoring the church’s glory. Thus, Baroque art was
chosen to depict many Saints, the Virgin Mary and Bible stories that were well-known
by the people at that time.
P3 Around 1600 some innovators in art, Caravaggio and the Carracci brothers were
commissioned to paint for the church. They later would develop into famous Baroque
painters. Rembrandt and Rubens were also noted Baroque painters.
P4 The characteristics of Baroque paintings were high levels of drama, deep rich
colors, and intense, but varying shadows. A The overall effect was a dark tone that
was heavy in its heroic or religious themes. B The most dramatic moment in the action
was always featured. C In this way Baroque art created passionate emotions in its
observers. Lines and colors were used freely and were fluid and complex. D
P5 In the early 1700s Baroque art still maintained its complex forms and intricate
patterns, but had also acquired and integrated other styles, such as Oriental designs
and many elaborate, asymmetrical styles. Perhaps this is why the term Baroque was
incorrectly used to describe Rococo art, an extremely ornate French art form of
elaborate decorations and shell-like curves. However, Rococo paintings depicted the
carefree life of aristocrats and lighthearted romances. The Rococo style was developed
during the reign of King Louis XV(1715~74) and is exemplified by the works of Watteau
and Boucher.

Chapter 8
P6 At the time, Baroque painting was thought to have influenced the development of
Rococo art. This was primarily because of the increasing complexity and variety of
Baroque’s forms. However, the two styles’ subjects differed considerably. Baroque art
focused almost exclusively on church themes, while Rococo art featured delicate
colors, cherubs, love myths, portraits, and pastoral landscapes of aristocratic couples
at ease on outings.

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 5

1. According to paragraph 1, which of 4. According to paragraph 3, which of

the following is given as a reason the following can be inferred about
for the educational change? private research universities?
The subjects taught in U.S. Because private universities
colleges were no longer of were more expensive to attend,
interest to “modern” students. they educated students better.
U.S. colleges were not prepared Private universities required an
to quickly educate enough entrance exam rather than just a
qualified professionals. high school diploma.
U.S. industrial development Graduates from private
required a new educational universities could not compete
strategy to develop workers. with workers from other
Research universities preferred universities.
teaching professional and State-funded universities
classical courses, like Latin. struggled to find enough money
for students to perform research.

2. The word They in paragraph 2

refers to 5. The word calling in paragraph 4 is
State-funded universities closest meaning to
State legislatures promotion
Federal land-grants advance
Private universities future
profession

3. Why does the author mention

Michigan State University in
paragraph 2?
To demonstrate that a state-funded
university can be supported solely
by wealthy donors
To give an example of a
university that is provided with
money and land by the
government
To show how state legislatures
can meet unexpected educational
needs through fund-raising
To illustrate the difficulties of
universities receiving private and
public donations in the U.S.

 Part C
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Universities in the United States

P1 Through most of the 19th century, the traditional college curriculum concentrated
on classical languages, such as Greek and Latin, and in philosophy, theology, and
mathematics, but America’s industrial development changed the nation’s educational
needs at the college level. A new institution, the research university, emerged to meet
these modern needs, offering courses in modern languages, engineering, economics,
the physical sciences, psychology and sociology. The U.S. federal and state
governments also established professional schools in law and medicine, and some
new research universities as well.
P2 State-funded universities were founded by state legislatures or through federal
land-grants. A land-grant university was created with land given free of charge by the
federal government to be used for an agricultural research university that would benefit
people in many areas. By the way, although it is a land-grant university, Michigan State
University is funded primarily by the state legislature of Michigan. They can also
receive money from private donors, but it is a great advantage to be supported by the
government and not to have to depend solely on sometimes unpredictable private
donations, like the private universities.
P3 Like state-funded universities, private research universities, which were founded
by wealthy capitalists, wanted to ensure an ample supply of engineers and scientists.
The state-funded universities in the Midwest and in California, however, differed with
the private universities. They believed that a higher education and the opportunity to
perform research should be available to more people, providing industry and the nation
with a larger pool of qualified workers in many fields. In fact, the land-grant universities

Chapter 8
began with this purpose partly in mind. Thus, they began to admit students without
even requiring an entrance exam, using the high school diploma as the entrance
requirement, instead.
P4 Today, students can attend a number of state-funded and private universities in
the United States. These universities can provide excellent preparation for careers. The
educational offerings, and thus the calling preparation, of all participating U.S.
universities have been strengthened as such schools have added and improved
internships and overseas experiences as preparation for participation in a global
workforce. These include scientists, mathematicians, linguists, teachers, veterinarians,
engineers, economists, psychologists, sociologists, lawyers, doctors and architects.

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 6

6. Directions : An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is

provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices
that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not
belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
Traditional college courses and universities were transformed into publicly and
privately supported, research-driven institutions in the late nineteenth century as
a response to America’s industrial development.

Answer Choices
State governments and federal land-grants gave birth to the state-funded
universities, who also could receive private donations.
Private donations from wealthy individuals can be very unpredictable as a
source of funding for a university or college.
Universities disagreed on entrance requirements for students who would
eventually become qualified workers in U.S. industries.
Land-grant universities were begun by states partly to promote the study of
professions after requiring an entrance exam.
Students in the U.S. today can choose from many publicly- and privately-funded
universities with many quality career options.
Global workforce preparations in the U.S. are excellent because of improved
internships and overseas experiences.

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

P2 State-funded universities were founded by state legislatures or through federal

land-grants. A land-grant university was created with land given free of charge by the
federal government to be used for an agricultural research university that would benefit
people in many areas. By the way, although it is a land-grant university, Michigan State
University is funded primarily by the state legislature of Michigan. They can also
receive money from private donors, but it is a great advantage to be supported by the
government and not to have to depend solely on sometimes unpredictable private
donations, like the private universities.
P3 Like state-funded universities, private research universities, which were founded
by wealthy capitalists, wanted to ensure an ample supply of engineers and scientists.
The state-funded universities in the Midwest and in California, however, differed with
the private universities. They believed that a higher education and the opportunity to
perform research should be available to more people, providing industry and the nation
with a larger pool of qualified workers in many fields. In fact, the land-grant universities
began with this purpose partly in mind. Thus, they began to admit students without
even requiring an entrance exam, using the high school diploma as the entrance
requirement, instead.
P4 Today, students can attend a number of state-funded and private universities in
the United States. These universities can provide excellent preparation for careers. The
educational offerings, and thus the calling preparation, of all participating U.S.
universities have been strengthened as such schools have added and improved
internships and overseas experiences as preparation for participation in a global
workforce. These include scientists, mathematicians, linguists, teachers, veterinarians,

Chapter 8
engineers, economists, psychologists, sociologists, lawyers, doctors and architects.
P5 State-funded universities compete very well with private universities in providing
the best academic and career preparations in many fields, including professions. For
example, Michigan State University and the University of Michigan are two state-
funded universities that rank in the top five research universities in the U.S., while
having some of the top-ranked medical and other professional programs in the country.

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 4

1. According to paragraph 2, which of 4. The word distorted in paragraph 5

the following can be inferred about is closest in meaning to
Joseph Pulitzer?
slanted
He was an influential slandered
newspaperman because he was
acclaimed
able to satisfy the public’s desire
for news. gratified
He built a newspaper and media
empire from nothing but steady,
liberal political ideas.
He worked at a newspaper for
fourteen years until he could buy
his own company.
He sold more papers because he
printed stories of immorality and
wrote editorials.

2. The word them in paragraph 4

refers to
rival versions
the two newspapers
the Spanish atrocities
the similar stories

3. According to paragraph 4, why

does the author mention Spanish
Glossary
atrocities in Cuba?
lurid full of unpleasant or sexual details that are meant to
To indicate the types of subjects
shock or interest people
which were of interest to the
socialism a system of society or group living in which there
two newspaper owners is no private property
To demonstrate the kinds of conservatism a political preference for maintaining
stories the men wrote for their established institutions and customs and
newspapers and their editorials changing only gradually, or the acts and
practices resulting from this preference
To show the competition between
allege
the newspapers and the
syndicate a group of people or companies who join
increased circulation that resulted
together in order to share the cost of a particular
To illustrate sensational stories business operation for which a large amount of
which were often published by money is needed
other newspapers of that time

 Part C
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Journalistic Entrepreneurs
P1 In the late 1800’s in America, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
associated with the growth of the mass-circulation newspapers of their day, are the first
two journalistic entrepreneurs. Over time, each of these men bought several
newspapers and other types of media companies, which made them influential in
American life. As a result, Pulitzer and Hearst created larger, even more influential
media holdings of many kinds.
P2 A poor Pulitzer, an immigrant from Hungary, reached the U.S. without financial
resources in 1864. He became owner of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1878, acquiring
the New York World in 1883. He built up the circulation of the World by printing the
most lurid news stories, at the same time campaigning in its editorial columns for liberal
reforms and public honesty. In fact, Pulitzer continuously advocated liberal political
ideas until his death in 1911.
P3 Likewise, Hearst, who had inherited a fortune, took control of the San Francisco
Examiner in 1887 and acquired the New York Journal in 1895. Hearst attacked big
business and advocated reforms verging on socialism; but he swung over to
conservatism after World War I. He also acquired a chain of newspapers and
magazines throughout the country, most of which he continued to control until his
death in 1951.
P4 But during the men’s lifetimes, the World and the Journal became bitter rivals.
Soon after Hearst acquired the Journal, the two newspapers began competing by
printing similar stories of alleged Spanish atrocities in Cuba and stirring up war hysteria.
During the war with Spain, each of them gained an unheard of circulation of more than
a million. They also, printed rival versions of an early comic strip featuring a character

Chapter 8
known as the “Yellow Kid.” Their newspapers also used similar sensationalistic
methods.
P5 In some cities the entire press came under the ownership of a single syndicate, as
the methods of Pulitzer and Hearst were imitated by other entrepreneurs. These were
alarming developments, since they meant that the chief agencies in the formation of
public opinion were coming under the control of a small number of wealthy
entrepreneurs who might use their influence to oppose progressive issues. In so far as
they distorted news reports and appealed to mass prejudices, they were poisoning
public information at its source. On the whole, however, election returns during the
twentieth century seemed to indicate that newspapers had less influence over public
opinion than might be expected.

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 5

5. Direction : An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is

provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices
that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not
belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

Pulitzer and Hearst were two newspaper entrepreneurs of the late 19th century
who were responsible for the evolution of today’s large media outlets, such as
mass-circulation newspapers.

Answer Choices
Both Pulitzer and Hearst were reformers, acquiring multiple newspapers to
spread their views, although Hearst became more conservative after World War I.
The two men’s papers became rivals shortly before the Spanish war,
contributing to the fervor to go to war and, as a result, grew greatly in terms of
their circulation.
Joseph Pulitzer, an immigrant, did not have the financial advantages that William
Randolph Hearst had, since Hearst was born into a very wealthy family.
The “Yellow Kid” was a cartoon that was featured in over one million
newspapers across America during the days of the Spanish war hysteria.
While 20th century public opinion has been influenced by mass-circulation
newspapers, it has been affected by them less than might be expected.
The two men became an example for other newspaper owners to follow, which
alarmed some due to fears that it could negatively influence voting in the U.S.

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Journalistic Entrepreneurs
P1 In the late 1800’s in America, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
associated with the growth of the mass-circulation newspapers of their day, are the first
two journalistic entrepreneurs. Over time, each of these men bought several
newspapers and other types of media companies, which made them influential in
American life. As a result, Pulitzer and Hearst created larger, even more influential
media holdings of many kinds.
P2 A poor Pulitzer, an immigrant from Hungary, reached the U.S. without financial
resources in 1864. He became owner of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1878, acquiring
the New York World in 1883. He built up the circulation of the World by printing the
most lurid news stories, at the same time campaigning in its editorial columns for liberal
reforms and public honesty. In fact, Pulitzer continuously advocated liberal political
ideas until his death in 1911.
P3 Likewise, Hearst, who had inherited a fortune, took control of the San Francisco
Examiner in 1887 and acquired the New York Journal in 1895. Hearst attacked big
business and advocated reforms verging on socialism; but he swung over to
conservatism after World War I. He also acquired a chain of newspapers and
magazines throughout the country, most of which he continued to control until his
death in 1951.
P4 But during the men’s lifetimes, the World and the Journal became bitter rivals.
Soon after Hearst acquired the Journal, the two newspapers began competing by
printing similar stories of alleged Spanish atrocities in Cuba and stirring up war hysteria.
During the war with Spain, each of them gained an unheard of circulation of more than
a million. They also, printed rival versions of an early comic strip featuring a character

Chapter 8
known as the “Yellow Kid.” Their newspapers also used similar sensationalistic
methods.
P5 In some cities the entire press came under the ownership of a single syndicate, as
the methods of Pulitzer and Hearst were imitated by other entrepreneurs. These were
alarming developments, since they meant that the chief agencies in the formation of
public opinion were coming under the control of a small number of wealthy
entrepreneurs who might use their influence to oppose progressive issues. In so far as
they distorte news reports and appealed to mass prejudices, they were poisoning
public information at its source. On the whole, however, election returns during the
twentieth century seemed to indicate that newspapers had less influence over public
opinion than might be expected.

Chapter 8 | Prose Summary 

 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined words.

1 Certain people attempt to find a new way which can allow to see things differently.
(A) turn (B) endeavor (C) attribute (D) compensate

2 Love the moment. Flowers grow out of dark moments. Therefore, each moment is
significant . It affects the whole. Life is a succession of such moments and to live each is
to succeed.
(A) vital (B) avaricious (C) mutual (D) suitable

3 The figure, looking around to make sure no one saw him, slowly approached the security

desk.
(A) rehearsed (B) retaliated (C) sustained (D) advanced

4 I want to take a morning class, but my schedule is unpredictable .

(A) fixed (B) packed (C) uncertain (D) incomplete

5 We will continue contributing to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of our country as we

are well aware that development is indispensable to ensure human security.

(A) oblige (B) guarantee (C) render (D) convene

6 Checking the entire report for mistakes would be a laborious business.

(A) remained (B) abstract (C) whole (D) inquisitive

7 Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed

to imitate them.
(A) interrupt (B) intrude (C) alternate (D) resemble

8 I believe that education is the fundamental method of social progress and reform.
(A) approach (B) cohesion (C) manifestation (D) substitute

 Part C
 09
Chapter

SCHEMATIC
TABLE

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 Chapter 9

Schematic Table
OV E RV I E W

Question Type

- Directions: Select the appropriate phrases/statements from the answer choices and
match them to the types of X to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be
used. This question is worth 3 points.

General Strategy

1. Principles or Features

2. Relationship between features

 Part C
PRE-TEST

TEST 1 Read the following passage and answer the question.

Colorado and Michigan

Although Colorado and Michigan are cold-weather states, they differ in their
traffic regulations and educational systems. This is because of differences in their
locations and populations.
In snowy conditions, traffic regulations allow snow chains on vehicles traveling
Rocky Mountain roads in Colorado. This gives vehicles extra traction in poor driving
conditions. However, in Michigan, a northern peninsula, no vehicle with chains may
travel the relatively flat roads, which are cleared of snow and ice relatively quickly,
because chains can damage the roads. Other traffic laws vary as well. Michigan speed
limits are generally lower, while Colorado speed limits are higher. Also, young people
may drive sooner in Michigan than in Colorado, but Colorado requires more
supervised nighttime driving. Michigan also has a stricter “emergency vehicle passing
law,” which includes tow trucks and other assistance vehicles as emergency vehicles,
such as police cars. Colorado does not include assistance vehicles in their law.
The educational systems of the two states vary as well. Michigan, the more
populous state, has more publicly and privately funded universities and colleges,
including Michigan State University, which is a land grant university. Colorado, the
more sparsely populated state, has fewer publicly and privately funded schools, but
hosts the U.S. Air Force Academy, part of the U.S. military. Michigan students may pay
for college using scholarships through three state-sponsored programs: a savings
program, a competitive academic scholarship and a grant program. All are open to
every Michigan student. However, Colorado offers only a partial scholarship program
with many academic requirements for middle and high school students. There are 121
colleges and universities in Michigan, of which 34 are community or junior colleges,
while 15 out of 43 schools in Colorado are community or junior colleges.

1. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and
match them to the type of regions which they relate. TWO of the answer
choices will NOT be used.
Chapter 9
Answer Choices
Student drivers are required to practice driving more at night Colorado
Road conditions in winter do not require snow chains
Tow trucks are not viewed the same way as fire trucks
Salt and sand put onto roads clears them of snow faster
Lower enrollments increase scholarship opportunities Michigan
More educational opportunities exist for more people
Just less than one-half of the colleges are community
or junior colleges
Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 
 PRE-TEST

TEST 2 Read the following passage and answer the question.

Research
Research is an intellectual investigation which seeks to uncover, analyze and/or
revise facts through a systematic process of scientific inquiry. Its goal is an increased
understanding of behaviors, events, theories or practical applications that result from
such investigations. There are two types of research: basic research and applied
research.
Basic research aims to increase the knowledge and the theoretical understanding
of the relationships that exist among variables. This type of research is investigative
in nature and is fueled by the researcher’s curiosity, and even intuition. It is pursued
in an open-minded fashion, sometimes resulting in unexpected conclusions or results,
which can lead to useful applications. By definition basic research creates theories
upon which further research, such as applied research, can be conducted. In this way
basic research is considered foundational. Often this kind of research lacks funding
due to the unsure and impractical nature of its results and the short period of the time
during which the research can be conducted.
However, applied research aims to solve specific, practical questions. Scientists
engage in applied research to gain knowledge for a specific purpose. Although this
research can be exploratory at times, it is most often descriptive in nature. It is also
commonly built upon basic research. Industries and universities often carry out this
applied research and create financial partnerships. Many times industrial partners
will underwrite specific university applied research programs that directly benefit the
industries they represent. Applied research in such partnerships is often conducted in
areas such as the following: computer science, engineering, electronics, information
systems and other applied sciences.

1. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and
match them to the type of research which they relate. TWO of the answer
choices will NOT be used.

Answer Choices
Manipulates scientific applications Basic Research
Focuses on interactions
Has a narrow interest
Uses company scientists Applied Research
Generates further research
Combines efforts
Is readily supported

 Part C
Vocabulary Preview for Basic Drill

Match the word/phrase and its definition.

1. classify (A) to transform something into another form, substance, or state

2. thermodynamics (B) the area of physics connected with the action of heat and other
types of energy, and the relationship between them

3. constant (C) to cause something to exist

4. convert (D) to divide things into groups according to their type

5. predictable (E) staying the same, or not getting less or more

6. state ( F) to say or write something, especially clearly and carefully

7. generate (G) to collect and treat rubbish to produce useful materials which
can be used again

8. concentrated (H) happening or behaving in a way that you expect

9. recycle ( I ) distilled to a stronger solution, usually by removing liquid

10. degrade (J) to spoil or destroy the beauty or quality of something

Chapter 9

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 Basic Drill Recognize features compared

Read the following passage and complete the outline.

P1 The behavior of energy on earth can be classified in two ways using the first two laws of
thermodynamics. The first two laws describe the constant nature of energy and the
effects of change upon energy. Thermodynamics, a branch of physics that studies how
heat energy is converted into other forms of energy, and specifically, the laws of
thermodynamics describe how heat energy flows. And, although all energy on earth
does not behave in the same way, in general, it follows these predictable rules, which
explain what energy will do.

P2 The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can never be created or destroyed,
but only changed from one form into another. Also, energy exists in a defined amount.
This energy can change form many times. For example, solar energy can be stored in
plants, which die and eventually become fossil fuels. The fossil fuels can be burned at
an electric power plant to generate electricity, which then powers a light bulb in the
room of a house where plants are being grown.

P3 The second law of thermodynamics states that when energy changes, it is converted
from a more useful, more concentrated form into a less useful, less concentrated form.
This means that energy, which exists in a limited amount, can never be recycled
completely. Some energy will always be lost in the change, usually as heat. As solar
energy moves through the changes described above, it is gradually degraded into less
useful forms. But energy is unlike water, which can turn from ice to water, to water
vapor and back again without harm.

P4 For example, the surface of the earth is not uniform. It is covered by oceans, deserts,
grasslands, forests, cities, and glaciers. These different parts of the earth reflect and
absorb solar energy at various rates. According to the first law of thermodynamics, solar
energy is neither being created nor destroyed on the earth. For instance, at a forest
location the solar energy is generally constant. The percentage of energy that is reflected
without being changed is called the albedo. A forest has a low albedo, reflecting
between 5 and 10 percent of the energy that reaches it. On the other hand, this means
that approximately 90 to 95 percent of the energy is absorbed by the forest. But in this
change, according to the second law, part of the energy is converted into heat and made
less useful or lost.

 Part C
 First Law Second Law
Nature of energy fixed but is (1) ___________ is alterable
Converted energy transformed states transformed to (2) _________________
can’t be recycled completely; some
Recycled energy many (3) _____________ possible
energy lost with each change
Amounts of energy (4) __________ amount (5) ____________ amount

Application of laws receives constant solar energy; (7) _____________ and heat loss
to earth’s surface (6)__________

describes the way heat energy describes the way heat

Purpose of laws
moves energy moves
Less useful energy not mentioned becomes (8) _____________

Chapter 9

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 Vocabulary Preview for Exercise

| Check the Definition |

Exercise 1

property n. a quality in a substance or material, especially one which means that it

can be used in a particular way
dense a. closely crowded together
erupt v. to explode or burst out suddenly

Exercise 2

innermost a. most secret and hidden, or nearest to the centre

diameter n. a straight line that reaches from one point on the edge of a round
shape or object, through its centre, to a point on the opposite edge
eject v. to put out or expel from a place
variable a. likely to change frequently
opaque a. preventing light from travelling through, and therefore not transparent or
translucent
overestimate v. to think that something is or will be greater, more extreme or more
important than it really is
probe n. an attempt to discover information by asking a lot of questions

Exercise 3

friction n. the force which makes it difficult for one object to slide along the
surface of another or to move through a liquid or gas
composition n. something that is created by arranging several things to form a unified
whole
discriminate v. to be able to see the difference between two things or people
static a. staying in one place without moving, or not changing for a long time
kinetic a. involving or producing movement

 Part C
| Check-up |

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form if needed.
composition discriminate kinetic eject
variable overestimate erupt diameter

1 Police dogs can ____________ between the different smells.

2 He has investigated ____________ of the atmosphere for two hours.

3 A number of football fans had been ____________ from the bar for causing trouble.

4 ____________ energy is the energy produced by an object moving.

5 The volcano ____________ in 1980, devastating a large area of Washington state.

6 The benefits of nuclear technology, she said, had been grossly ____________.

7 The asteroid with only about 200 feet ________________ exploded above Siberia in 1908
with the force of a hydrogen bomb and killed millions of people.
8 British weather is perhaps at its ____________ in the spring.

B. Complete the sentence using given words.

property opaque innermost static

1
I need a friend ____________________________________. (share)
2
If you __________________________________________________. (closely, characteristic)
3
Chapter 9
The windows _________________________________________________________.
(uniquely, translucent)
4
Many people _____________________________________. (human nature, unchanging)

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 Speed Reading for Text Organization

A. 45 seconds are allowed for the passage. When you finish reading, check your
time.

Time allowed: 45 seconds Total reading time: ________ seconds

Venus and Earth

P1 Venus has been called Earth's sister planet. Although similar in some physical
characteristics, the two planets are very different. Some people like to think of the two
planets as similar because they are near each other and because they share some basic
physical properties, such as being approximately the same in diameter, mass, and gravity.

P2 The Earth, however, has a strong magnetic field because it rotates about its axis fast
enough to produce the dynamo effect. The Earth also rotates on its axis from west to
east. It requires 24 hours to complete one rotation and takes 365 days to orbit the sun.
Unlike Earth, Venus has a nonexistent magnetic field because it rotates too slowly to
produce the dynamo effect necessary to produce a magnetic field like the Earth’s. In
addition, Venus has a unique and very slow rotation on its axis, rotating from east to west,
completing one rotation every 243 days. It orbits the sun in 225 days, which means one
day on Venus is longer than its year.

P3 On Earth, the atmosphere is mostly clear. The oldest crust on Earth is about 4.3 billion
years old, while volcanic surface activity is fairly quiet. Earth’s temperature does not
average above 100°C, although increasing amounts of CO 2 in the oxygen-laden
atmosphere and the greenhouse effect are a growing concern.

 Part C
P4 Other differences between the Earth and Venus include pale, yellow clouds in Venus’
atmosphere, which make its surface impossible to see. The dense atmosphere is mostly
CO2 with about 3% nitrogen. Venus’s clouds are made of droplets of concentrated sulfuric
acid. The surface atmospheric pressure is about 90 times greater than it is on Earth. In
addition, the oldest crust on Venus is about 800 million years old. Whether its volcanoes
continue to erupt and faulting is still going on is uncertain. Also, despite Venus’s thick
clouds, its surface gets very hot. CO2 in the atmosphere acts like the glass roof of a
greenhouse. The CO2 prevents much of the sun's heat that reaches the surface from
escaping back into space. The result of this greenhouse effect is a surface temperature of
about 475°C.

B. Choose the answer choice that shows the right organization of the passage.

P1 Introduction

P2 Comparison 1 the Earth and Venus

P3 Comparison 2 the Earth and Venus

P4 Other features on Venus

P1 Introduction

P2 Comparison the Earth and Venus

P3 Other features on Earth

P4 Other features on Venus

Chapter 9

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 1 to 4

1. Which of the following best 3. Which of the following is true about

expresses the essential information Venus in paragraph 2?
in the highlighted sentence in It rotates its axis very fast.
paragraph 1? Incorrect choices
It has a strong magnetic field.
change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential Its one day is longer than its
information. year.
It cannot support any life, except
Some people like to think of the
some kinds of fungi.
two planets because they are
near each other and because
they share basic physical
4. Why does the author mention CO2
properties.
in paragraph 4?
Some people think that the two
planets are similar because they To illustrate one of the by-
are almost the same in diameter, products generated by volcanic
mass, and gravity. activity
The two planets are considered To contrast it with the acid that
to be similar to some people creates Venus’ yellow clouds
because of their closeness. To suggest that it is the main
Close physical features and cause of the greenhouse effect
distance make them seem To identify one cause of Venus’
similar. heavy cloud formations

2. The word it in paragraph 4 refers

to
the dense atmosphere
surface atmospheric pressure
concentrated sulfuric acid
the oldest crust

Glossary

magnetic field the lines of force surrounding a permanent

magnet or a moving charged particle
axis an imaginary line that passes through the middle of a
planet or other object
crust outer layer of something
-laden combines with nouns to form adjectives which
indicate that something has a lot of particular thing
or quality
fault to break and form a crack in the surface of the earth

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Venus and Earth

Venus has been called Earth’s sister planet. Although similar in some physical
characteristics, the two planets are very different. Some people like to think of the two
planets as similar because they are near each other and because they share some basic
physical properties, such as being approximately the same in diameter, mass, and gravity .
The Earth, however, has a strong magnetic field because it rotates about its axis
fast enough to produce the dynamo effect. The Earth also rotates on its axis from west
to east. It requires 24 hours to complete one rotation and takes 365 days to orbit the
sun. Unlike Earth, Venus has a nonexistent magnetic field because it rotates too slowly
to produce the dynamo effect necessary to produce a magnetic field like the Earth’s. In
addition, Venus has a unique and very slow rotation on its axis, rotating from east to
west, completing one rotation every 243 days, while it orbits the sun in 225 days.
On Earth, the atmosphere is mostly clear. The oldest crust on Earth is about 4.3
billion years old, while volcanic surface activity is fairly quiet. Earth’s temperature does
not average above 100°C, although increasing amounts of CO2 in the oxygen-laden
atmosphere and the greenhouse effect are a growing concern.
Other differences between the Earth and Venus include pale, yellow clouds in
Venus’ atmosphere, which make its surface impossible to see. The dense atmosphere
is mostly CO 2 with about 3% nitrogen. Venus’ clouds are made of droplets of
concentrated sulfuric acid. The surface atmospheric pressure is about 90 times greater
than it is on Earth. In addition, the oldest crust on Venus is about 800 million years old.
Whether its volcanoes continue to erupt and faulting is still going on is uncertain. Also,
despite Venus’s thick clouds, its surface gets very hot. CO2 in the atmosphere acts like
the glass roof of a greenhouse. The CO2 prevents much of the sun’s heat that reaches
the surface from escaping back into space. The result of this greenhouse effect is a
surface temperature of about 475°C. Chapter 9

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 BT Reading

Exercise 1 Question 5

5. Directions : Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match
them to the class to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be
used.

Answer Choices
Heavy carbon dioxide and nitrogen-based atmosphere Venus
East-west rotation with a short day and short year
Crust of undetermined age with faulting ongoing
Obscured views of surface features due to thick clouds
Young, volcanic crust with high surface temperatures Earth
Completion of one rotation in a day
More effective magnetic field due to stronger dynamo effect

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Venus and Earth

Venus has been called Earth’s sister planet. Although similar in some physical
characteristics, the two planets are very different. Some people like to think of the two
planets as similar because they are near each other and because they share some basic
physical properties, such as being approximately the same in diameter, mass, and gravity .
The Earth, however, has a strong magnetic field because it rotates about its axis
fast enough to produce the dynamo effect. The Earth also rotates on its axis from west
to east. It requires 24 hours to complete one rotation and takes 365 days to orbit the
sun. Unlike Earth, Venus has a nonexistent magnetic field because it rotates too slowly
to produce the dynamo effect necessary to produce a magnetic field like the Earth’s. In
addition, Venus has a unique and very slow rotation on its axis, rotating from east to
west, completing one rotation every 243 days, while it orbits the sun in 225 days.
On Earth, the atmosphere is mostly clear. The oldest crust on Earth is about 4.3
billion years old, while volcanic surface activity is fairly quiet. Earth’s temperature does
not average above 100°C, although increasing amounts of CO2 in the oxygen-laden
atmosphere and the greenhouse effect are a growing concern.
Other differences between the Earth and Venus include pale, yellow clouds in
Venus’ atmosphere, which make its surface impossible to see. The dense atmosphere
is mostly CO 2 with about 3% nitrogen. Venus’ clouds are made of droplets of
concentrated sulfuric acid. The surface atmospheric pressure is about 90 times greater
than it is on Earth. In addition, the oldest crust on Venus is about 800 million years old.
Whether its volcanoes continue to erupt and faulting is still going on is uncertain. Also,
despite Venus’s thick clouds, its surface gets very hot. CO2 in the atmosphere acts like
the glass roof of a greenhouse. The CO2 prevents much of the sun’s heat that reaches
the surface from escaping back into space. The result of this greenhouse effect is a
surface temperature of about 475°C. Chapter 9

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 BT Reading

Exercise 2 Question 1 to 5

1. The word celestial in paragraph 1 is 4. According to paragraph 3, why was

closest in meaning to Titan considered the largest moon in
famous the solar system?
heavenly The technology to observe Titan
was not much developed.
spiritual
It was the largest moon among
light
the observable moons.
People thought that its
2. The word these in paragraph 2 atmosphere was the surface of
refers to Titan.
unusual features People found something similar
hundreds of kilometers to volcanic activities in the
atmosphere.
the volcanoes
range of temperatures

Glossary
3. The word expel in paragraph 3 is
closest in meaning to crater a round hole at the top of a volcano, or a hole
similar to this
suspend sulfur a pale yellow element which exists in various
withdraw physical forms
eject molten metal or rock that is in a liquid state because of
great heat
suppose silicate any of a large number of common minerals formed
of silica, oxygen and one or more other elements

5. Directions : Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match
them to the class to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be
used.

Answer Choices
Molten rock and metals creating lakes and flowing rivers Io
Atmospheric conditions created by volcanic activity
Well-formed, yet very thin and toxic atmosphere
One of the largest known innermost moon Titan
Fairly constant sub-zero surface temperatures
Dramatic land variations due to temperature
Low, granular terrain with some volcanoes

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

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Io and Titan
Moons are celestial bodies which orbit around planets in space. Although Io and
Titan are two of the most unusual moons in Earth’s solar system and each orbits a large
planet, they exhibit sharp differences.
In 1610 the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei discovered Jupiter’s four moons. The
innermost moon, later named Io, has a diameter of 3642.6 km, or 0.286 Earths, and a
mass of 8.9319x1022 kg. With nine large, active surface volcanoes, Io is considered the
solar systems’ most volcanically active body. These were discovered in 1979 through
photos taken of the moon’s surface by Voyager 1. Io’s surface surprised scientists who
had expected to find a crater-filled landscape. Instead, Io’s volcanoes keep the surface
“young” and its features changing. Most features have been formed only recently from
ejected material which is hurled hundreds of kilometers into the very thin atmosphere.
The material falls back onto Io’s variable-temperature surface, which ranges from a
burning 2000 degrees Kelvin (1726 degrees Celsius) to a frigid 130 degrees Kelvin (-143
degrees Celsius), on average. This variation affects the landscape dramatically,
resulting in some unusual features. These include liquid sulfur lakes and river-like flows
of molten silicate rock or sulfur.
Dutch astronomer Christian Huygens discovered Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, in
1655. Titan is one of the largest moons in the solar system, with a diameter of 5150 km,
or 0.404 Earths, and a mass of 1.345x1023kg. Titan’s thick, fully developed atmosphere,
which reaches over 300 km above the surface, makes it unique among moons. In fact,
until 1944, Titan was thought to be the largest moon in the solar system because
observers mistook the nearly opaque atmosphere for the moon’s surface, and thus,
overestimated its size. On its surface, Titan experiences some volcanic activity.
However, unlike familiar volcanoes, Titan’s volcanoes expel water, ice, ammonia and
methane. These ice volcanoes or cryovolcanoes may be a major source of methane Chapter 9
that is released into the atmosphere and plays a significant part in Titan’s unusual
atmosphere. Titan’s surface is unusual as well, with no known mountainous regions
and an average surface elevation which varies by only 50 meters. Recent observations
from the Huygens probe indicate that Titan has a sand-like surface made of ice
crystals. The temperature is 94 degrees Kelvin, which is a chilly --- 179 degrees Celsius.

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 1 to 5

1. According to paragraph 1, which of 4. The word it in paragraph 3 refers

the following best describes the to
coefficient of friction? contact areas
It is a ratio of two forces that are coefficients
caused when an object is pushed.
ice on metal
It is the value of two items
object and friction
which come into friction contact
with one another.
It is the relationship between 5. Why does the author mention ice on
objects and the pressure on metal and a sled in paragraph 3?
them to touch.
To show how two objects rub
It is how we understand the together
tendency of friction to move
To give an example of objects
objects in interesting ways.
that cause low dynamic friction
To suggest that they have
2. The word stationary in paragraph lowest coefficient among others
2 is closest in meaning to To compare different coefficient
of friction between ice and and
motionless
a sled.
repaired
incessant
unstable

3. The phrase the other in paragraph

2 refers to
wheel
point
movement
object

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Friction
Friction is the force that opposes relative motion or the tendency of motion when
two surfaces of objects touch. Their composition affects the coefficient of friction, the
ratio of the force of friction between the two objects and the force pressing them
together. The coefficient of friction depends on the materials used ---for example, ice on
metal has a low coefficient of friction since they slide past each other easily, while
rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction as they do not slide past each
other easily.
It is also important to discriminate between dynamic friction and static friction.
Static friction occurs when two objects do not move relative to each other. Such
objects have a high coefficient of friction. Objects stick instead of sliding past each
other easily. For example, a rubber-soled shoe on a basketball court has a high
coefficient of friction. The size of the contact area is important, also. If the area of
contact is larger, static friction, and thus, the adhesion is better. However, if the
adhesion is lost, the size of the contact area is no longer important. In addition, static
friction is the initial force required to begin moving an object, like a table without
wheels. A special case is made for objects with wheels. These items create rolling
friction, a type of static friction. Only one point on a wheel, for instance, is in contact
with the ground at any one moment. Interestingly, that point is considered stationary
relative to the ground, or without any movement. In rolling friction one object rolls and
the other is fixed.
As two objects move relative to each other and rub together, kinetic friction
occurs. This dynamic friction can create varying coefficients, but they are generally low.
Ice on metal, like a sled sliding down a snowy hill, has a low coefficient of friction
because it easily slide past each other. Changing the size of the contact area
between the two “sliding” objects does not alter the force of kinetic friction. Fluid
friction is a type of kinetic friction as well. It is the friction between a solid object and its
Chapter 9
surroundings as it moves through a liquid or a gas and is expressed as “drag,” such as
the drag of air on an airplane’s structure or of water on a submarine. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is normally less than the coefficient of static friction.

Glossary

coefficient a constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 BT Reading

Exercise 3 Question 6

6. Directions : Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match
them to the class to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be
used.

Answer Choices
Generally has a raised or a higher coefficient of friction Static Friction
Has a tendency to move effortlessly by one another
Increases as contact area gets wider
Increases when an object is moving Kinetic Friction
Is not affected by the size of contact area
Pulls on objects traveling in liquids or gases
Is greater than the force to move an object

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Friction
Friction is the force that opposes relative motion or the tendency of motion when
two surfaces of objects touch. Their composition affects the coefficient of friction, the
ratio of the force of friction between the two objects and the force pressing them
together. The coefficient of friction depends on the materials used ---for example, ice on
metal has a low coefficient of friction since they slide past each other easily, while
rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction as they do not slide past each
other easily.
It is also important to discriminate between dynamic friction and static friction.
Static friction occurs when two objects do not move relative to each other. Such
objects have a high coefficient of friction. Objects stick instead of sliding past each
other easily. For example, a rubber-soled shoe on a basketball court has a high
coefficient of friction. The size of the contact area is important, also. If the area of
contact is larger, static friction, and thus, the adhesion is better. However, if the
adhesion is lost, the size of the contact area is no longer important. In addition, static
friction is the initial force required to begin moving an object, like a table without
wheels. A special case is made for objects with wheels. These items create rolling
friction, a type of static friction. Only one point on a wheel, for instance, is in contact
with the ground at any one moment. Interestingly, that point is considered stationary
relative to the ground, or without any movement. In rolling friction one object rolls and
the other is fixed.
As two objects move relative to each other and rub together, kinetic friction
occurs. This dynamic friction can create varying coefficients, but they are generally low.
Ice on metal, like a sled sliding down a snowy hill, has a low coefficient of friction
because it easily slide past each other. Changing the size of the contact area
between the two “sliding” objects does not alter the force of kinetic friction. Fluid
friction is a type of kinetic friction as well. It is the friction between a solid object and its
Chapter 9
surroundings as it moves through a liquid or a gas and is expressed as “drag,” such as
the drag of air on an airplane’s structure or of water on a submarine. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is normally less than the coefficient of static friction.

Chapter 9 | Schematic Table 

 Vocabulary Test
Choose the closest meaning of each underlined word.

1 Modern archaeologists classify Kentucky’s prehistoric past into six cultures which
spanned from 13,000 BC to 1,650 AD.
(A) categorize (B) divide (C) turn (D) inquire

2 For every historical period and every human culture, people have always had their own

ideal of beauty, but this ideal has never been constant and is still subject to changes.
(A) alert (B) relevant (C) gracious (D) consistent

3 At the end of the survey, you will have the option to download the detailed information for

further analysis with the ability to automatically generate charts.

(A) liberate (B) create (C) diminish (D) dissolve

4 We try to find the way to meet human needs indefinitely without degrading the

environment.
(A) destroying (B) retrieving (C) abandoning (D) repenting

5 Hormones are released from glands into the bloodstream.

(A) soothed (B) renovated (C) secreted (D) recited

6 The variable interest rate can go up and down, but it gives you the flexibility to pay off
your loan faster, and save interest.
(A) considerable (B) intolerant (C) consistent (D) mutable

7 Responsibilities should not be enforced by law and be carried out voluntarily for the

good of our society.

(A) petitioned (B) obstructed (C) paralyzed (D) compelled

8 The most significant innovation occurs after you cast all your anxiety upon being changed.
(A) momentum (B) change (C) epoch (D) apex

 Part C
 PROGRESS TEST

R E A D I N G S E C T I O N D I R E C T I O N

In this section you will read TWO passages and answer reading comprehension
questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last
question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many
points you may receive.

You will have 30 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some
passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or
phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

When you want to move on to the next question, click on Next. You can skip
questions and go back to them later as long as long as there is time remaining. If you
want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any
time and the review screen will show you which questions you have answered and
which you have not. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you
have already seen in the reading section.

When you are ready to continue, click on the Dismiss Directions icon.
 Progress Test 5
BT Reading
Question 1 to 5

1. In paragraph 2, why does the author 4. In paragraph 3, why does the author
mention a writer and a speaker? mention the letters in English?
To explain how writers and To exemplify a language whose
speakers have the same phonemes and letters are not
difficulties with any language perfectly related to one another
To demonstrate the rule for To propose a system for
phonemes and letters in a understanding the English
perfectly phonological alphabet alphabet and its organization
To compare the difference To compare the phonemes and
between a sound and a letter of letters in the English and other
a perfectly phonological alphabet languages
To propose a way for language To demonstrate how exceptional
learners to master any perfectly it is as a perfectly phonological
phonological alphabet language

2. The word hindrances in paragraph 3 5. Look at the four squares [ ] that

is closest in meaning to indicate where the following sentence
could be added to paragraph 4.
diversions
accuracies As a result, some writing systems have
consistencies been adopted for languages that have
yet to develop their own writing
obstacles
systems.

Where would the sentence best fit?

3. In paragraph 3, what can be inferred Click on a square [ ] to add the
about Finnish? sentence to the paragraph.
Finnish is easy to learn because A B
it is a phonological language.
C D
Finnish spelling system does not
allow any exception of pronunciation.
The spelling system is regular
that each letter has a matching
sound.
In Finland, no one will be illiterate
because of Finnish’s easy system
of spelling.

 Part C
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Alphabetic Writing Systems

An alphabet consists of a small set of letters, which are basic written symbols
in a language. Currently or at some time in the past, each symbol somewhat
represents or has represented a phoneme, the smallest unit of sound in a spoken
language. The word “alphabet” comes from the words alpha and beta, which are the
first two symbols of the Greek alphabet.
In an alphabet that is considered perfectly phonological, the phonemes and
letters would correspond identically in two ways. First, a writer could predict the
spelling of a word when given its pronunciation. Second, a speaker could predict the
pronunciation of a word when given its spelling. Each language has general rules
that regulate the way that letters and phonemes are related to one another, but,
depending on the language, these rules may or may not be followed consistently.
Alphabets that are perfectly phonological can be easily learned and used, and
languages that have them, such as Finnish, present much fewer hindrances to
literacy than other languages, such as English, which has a very difficult and irregular
system of spelling. For example, in English the “f” sound is made by an “f ” but also
by the “ph.” Also, the letter “i,” when paired with a letter “e,” is normally placed
before the “e,” except when used after a letter “c” in a word. But this rule has an
exception: the “i” and the “e” are reversed in some words, like “neighbor” and
“weigh.”
Spoken languages often do not develop at the same time as their written forms.
A The degree of correspondence between the letters of any alphabet and the
phonemes in a different language can vary greatly from one language to another and
even within a single language. B Therefore, in modern times, linguists invent a
writing system that is relatively simple, especially for a language that hasn’t
previously had one . C Their goal is usually to create a perfectly phonological
alphabet, such as the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). D

Progress Test 5 

 Progress Test 5

BT Reading
Question 6 to 7

6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the letters and the
phonemes of any alphabet in a different language?
Modern linguists use letters and phonemes from different languages to make
new languages.
Spoken and written letters and phonemes are usually created together by
linguists.
Spoken forms of letters and phonemes in different languages rely on their
written forms.
The letters and phonemes are not always the same, even in the same language.

7. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided

below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express
the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the
summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are
minor ideas in the passage.
An alphabet is a set of written symbols that represents the smallest unit of sound.

In a perfectly phonological alphabet, each letter symbolizes a sound and the

sound is always expressed as the letter.
Phonological rules between a phoneme and a letter can vary in many different
languages around the world.
Alphabets sometimes hinder literacy when perfectly phonological spellings are
very difficult and irregular, like in English.
Languages with perfectly phonological alphabets are simpler to learn and use
because they do not interfere with literacy.
Languages without written forms employ linguists to resolve variations from one
language to another.
Since not all spoken languages have a written system, linguists create a perfect
alphabet of spoken phonemes.

 Part C
 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

Alphabetic Writing Systems

An alphabet consists of a small set of letters, which are basic written symbols in
a language. Currently or at some time in the past, each symbol somewhat represents
or has represented a phoneme, the smallest unit of sound in a spoken language. The
word “alphabet” comes from the words alpha and beta, which are the first two
symbols of the Greek alphabet.
In an alphabet that is considered perfectly phonological, the phonemes and
letters would correspond identically in two ways. First, a writer could predict the
spelling of a word when given its pronunciation. Second, a speaker could predict the
pronunciation of a word when given its spelling. Each language has general rules
that regulate the way that letters and phonemes are related to one another, but,
depending on the language, these rules may or may not be followed consistently.
Alphabets that are perfectly phonological can be easily learned and used, and
languages that have them, such as Finnish, present many fewer hindrances to
literacy than other languages, such as English, which has a very difficult and irregular
system of spelling. For example, in English the “f” sound is made by an “f” but also
by the “ph.” Also, the letter “i,” when paired with a letter “e,” is normally placed
before the “e,” except when used after a letter “c” in a word. But this rule has an
exception: the “i” and the “e” are reversed in some words, like “neighbor” and
“weigh.”
Spoken languages often do not develop at the same time as their written forms.
A The degree of correspondence between the letters of any alphabet and the
phonemes in a different language can vary greatly from one language to another and
even within a single language. B Therefore, in modern times, linguists invent a
writing system that is relatively simple, especially for a language that hasn’t
previously had one . C Their goal is usually to create a perfectly phonological
alphabet, such as the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). D

Progress Test 5 

 Progress Test 6
BT Reading
Question 1 to 5

1. The word dwindling in paragraph 2 is 4. What can be inferred about European

closest in meaning to investors in paragraph 3?
residing They invested a lot of money in
diminishing American industry.
static They were surprised at
America’s political unity and the
growing
absence of customs barriers.
They criticized a lack of stability
2. Look at the four squares [ ] that in European countries and came
indicate where the following sentence to America.
could be added to paragraph 2. They were searching for a
Where would the sentence best fit? market that is stable and has a
Therefore, these countries had less to high possibility to grow.
invest in fewer resources.

Where would the sentence best fit? 5. Why does the author mention the
Click on a square [ ] to add the Enlightenment in paragraph 5?
sentence to the paragraph. To propose that progress in
A America was inevitable because
B of the Enlightenment
C To illustrate the importance of
increased faith among Americans
D
in the workplace
B To demonstrate a source for the
3. The word impediments in paragraph values of thrift and hard work in
3 is closest in meaning to America at that time
defects To show another moral factor that
helped American industrialization
permission
to be successful
barriers
implements

 Part C
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Reasons for America’s Industrial Growth

P1 After the first industrial revolution in Great Britain, the United States also
witnessed its own industrialization, which later became more powerful and
prosperous than that of its founders’ original home. Several factors combined for the
success of American industrialization: rich natural resources, accumulated domestic
savings, vast foreign investment from Europe, political unity, and a lack of imminently
threatening neighbors.
P2 A While, the United States had rich soil and vast mineral resources with which
to compete in worldwide industries, in Europe, resources were divided between
smaller, competing countries with dwindling empires and declining treasuries. B
But, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there was no scarcity of
capital for their development in the United States. C The growth of trade and
manufacturing in the Northeast during the previous half-century had resulted in an
accumulation of savings. D
P3 In addition to domestic resources, individual European investors found
American industry attractive and contributed billions of dollars to its development. In
the United States, unlike Europe, political unity existed over a wide area. Because of
political unity, there were no customs barriers or other impediments to the flow of
goods. Since the country had no imminently threatening neighbors, its citizens did
not need to consistently concern themselves with international politics or maintain
large armed forces, and could devote all their energies to internal development.
P4 The rise of industry was not due only, however, to above factors. It would have
been impossible if the American people had not also possessed the appropriate
moral factors, such as habits and values that arose from their religious and
philosophical views.

Glossary

moral relating to right and wrong and the way people should behave
thrift the practice of spending money carefully and not wasting things
infuse to give someone or something a particular quality
property things, especially valuable things, that are owned by someone

Progress Test 6 

 Progress Test 6

BT Reading
Question 6

6. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to
the class to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.
Answers Choices
Insufficient resources within a country American Industry
Abundant natural resources for global
competition
Influx of money for industrial development
No restrictions on the movement of goods
Lack of political divisions within the European Industry
manufacturing groups
Not considered to be an attractive market
for investors
Consuming much of the material resources
for building empires

 Part C
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P2 A While, the United States had rich soil and vast mineral resources with which
to compete in worldwide industries, in Europe, resources were divided between
smaller, competing countries with dwindling empires and declining treasuries. B
But, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there was no scarcity of
capital for their development in the United States. C The growth of trade and
manufacturing in the Northeast during the previous half-century had resulted in an
accumulation of savings. D
P3 In addition to domestic resources, individual European investors found
American industry attractive and contributed billions of dollars to its development. In
the United States, unlike Europe, political unity existed over a wide area. Because of
political unity, there were no customs barriers or other impediments to the flow of
goods. Since the country had no imminently threatening neighbors, its citizens did
not need to consistently concern themselves with international politics or maintain
large armed forces, and could devote all their energies to internal development.
P4 The rise of industry was not due only, however, to above factors. It would have
been impossible if the American people had not also possessed the appropriate
moral factors, such as habits and values that arose from their religious and
philosophical views.
P5 These Christian religious teachings, taught them to develop the habits of thrift
and hard work. In addition, the optimistic philosophy of the Enlightenment infused a
faith in individual rights and liberties to do as one pleased with one’s own property
and finances. However, it also brought with it the desire for a harmony between
private self-interest and the welfare of all. But, above all, the Enlightenment stood for
the inevitability of progress. As a result, most Americans believed in the necessity of
advancing industrially as a country, regardless of the cost.

Progress Test 6 
 FINAL TEST

R E A D I N G S E C T I O N D I R E C T I O N S

In this section you will read THREE passages and answer reading comprehension
questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last
question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many
points you may receive.

You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some
passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or
phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

When you want to move on to the next question, click on Next. You may skip
questions and go back to them later as long as long as there is time remaining. If you
want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any
time and the review screen will show you which questions you have answered and
which you have not. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you
have already seen in the reading section.

When you are ready to continue, click on the Dismiss Directions icon.
 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 1 Question 1 to 5

1. The word It in paragraph 1 refers to 4. According to paragraph 2, which of the

following is true about the function of
Cognitive psychologist
consciousness?
The consciousness
Consciousness predicts our
The world relationships to one another
Personal identity because of assumptions it
makes.
Plans made during conscious
2. Which of the following can be inferred hours help us relate well to
from paragraph 1 about the nature of others in unusual situations.
consciousness?
Consciousness helps a person
A unanimous conclusion about to decide what to do with the
the nature of consciousness has collected information.
not been reached.
Because of special tracking
The environment is considered skills, consciousness can control
the determining factor in the emotional reactions to others.
nature of consciousness.
Consciousness is a hotly debated
topic among psychologists and 5. How does the author explain
psychiatrists of today. consciousness in paragraph 3?
The nature of consciousness can By explaining the amount of
sometimes become distorted as effort required to recall
scholars introduce it to the information from unconscious
public. By comparing the
consciousness with the
preconscious and unconscious.
3. The phrase keeping track of in
By explaining Freud’s theory in
paragraph 2 refers to
detail
remembering
By showing how fast the
referring to information in different levels of
being exposed to the conscious can be recalled
being aware of


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Consciousness

P1 A state of consciousness enables us to evaluate the environment and to filter

information from the environment through the mind, while being aware of the
occurrence of this complex process. Philosophers and psychologists have debated
the nature of consciousness for generations. William James referred to
consciousness as the stream of thought. The cognitive psychologist Robert
Sternberg refers to consciousness as a mental reality that we create in order to
adapt to the world. It serves to establish our personal identity.
P2 Consciousness serves two important functions. First, consciousness is
responsible for monitoring, or keeping track of ourselves, our environment, and our
relationship with the environment. Additionally, consciousness serves a controlling
role, planning our responses to the information gathered by monitoring.
P3 We typically think of ourselves as fully conscious, but there are lower levels of
consciousness, specifically the preconscious which can be recalled with effort, and
the unconscious which is beyond the reach of voluntary recall. The preconscious
level contains information that is available to consciousness, but that is not always in
consciousness. It can be retrieved when needed. According to Sigmund Freud, this
is an area where thoughts stay temporarily, not permanently.
P4 This is where information such as a description of your best friend is stored. A
You use these in tasks that you can do nearly without thought, such as riding a
bicycle. B An example of preconscious information processing can be seen in the
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in which we try to recall something that we already
know that is available but not easily accessible to consciousness. C This
phenomenon demonstrates that preconscious information may be available to the
conscious mind even though it takes some time and effort. D

FINAL TEST 

 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 1 Question 6 to 9

6. The word retrieved in paragraph 3 is 9. Which of the sentences below best

closest in meaning to expresses the essential information in
the highlighted sentence in paragraph
removed
5? Incorrect choices change the
rebuilt meaning in important ways or leave
remembered out essential information.
accompanied Many psychologists have tried to
connect the power of the mind
over conscious behavior of the
7. Look at the four squares [ ] that person.
indicate where the following sentence
The unconscious is defined
could be added to paragraph 4.
psychologically as completely
The preconscious is also where many independent from the conscious.
automatic behaviors are stored.
Psychologists think that hidden
Where would the sentence best fit? consciousness called
Click on a square [ ] to add the unconscious can affect the
sentence to the paragraph. consciousness.
A In psychology, the unconscious or
B subconscious is thought to be the
C
lowest level of consciousness.
D

8. The word the contents in paragraph 5

refers to
solely negative thoughts and ideas
information in the unconscious
a force recognized by its motives
information recognized in the
conscious


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P3 We typically think of ourselves as fully conscious, but there are lower levels of
consciousness, specifically the preconscious which can be recalled with effort, and
the unconscious which is beyond the reach of voluntary recall. The preconscious
level contains information that is available to consciousness, but that is not always in
consciousness. It can be retrieved when needed. According to Sigmund Freud, this
is an area where thoughts stay temporarily, not permanently.
P4 This is where information such as a description of your best friend is stored. A
You use these in tasks that you can do nearly without thought, such as riding a
bicycle. B An example of preconscious information processing can be seen in the
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in which we try to recall something that we already
know that is available but not easily accessible to consciousness. C This
phenomenon demonstrates that preconscious information may be available to the
conscious mind even though it takes some time and effort. D
P5 The notion of an unconscious or subconscious has been defined in a variety of
ways over time, but in psychology it is considered to be the deepest level of
consciousness, a part of which we are not directly aware, but still contains elements
that affect conscious behavior . The subconscious level of consciousness is the
level at which information is stored that is too difficult to deal with consciously. The
unconscious is a depository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires,
traumatic memories, and painful emotions. However, the contents do not
necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, it is a force that
can only be recognized by its effects. It cannot be altered by argument or
contradiction and doesn’t respond to conscious logic.

Glossary

depository a place where objects can be stored safely

FINAL TEST 

 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 1 Question 10

10. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to
each level of consciousness to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT
be used.
Answer Choices
Available to consciousness, but it is not always Preconscious
presented in the conscious level
Has information that is extremely difficult
to retrieve
Evaluates situations and relationships a person
finds himself in Unconscious
Once thoughts appear, they are not maintained
over time
Retrieves learned behaviors without becoming
conscious
Has gratifying as well as terrible or unacceptable
thoughts and feelings
Is easily influenced by logical arguments or
contradictions


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Consciousness

A state of consciousness enables us to evaluate the environment and to filter information

from the environment through the mind, while being aware of the occurrence of this complex
process. Philosophers and psychologists have debated the nature of consciousness for
generations. William James referred to consciousness as the stream of thought. The cognitive
psychologist Robert Sternberg refers to consciousness as a mental reality that we create in
order to adapt to the world. It serves to establish our personal identity.
Consciousness serves two important functions. First, consciousness is responsible
for monitoring, or keeping track of ourselves, our environment, and our relationship with
the environment. Additionally, consciousness serves a controlling role, planning our
responses to the information gathered by monitoring.
We typically think of ourselves as fully conscious, but there are lower levels of
consciousness, specifically the preconscious which can be recalled with effort, and the
unconscious which is beyond the reach of voluntary recall. The preconscious level contains
information that is available to consciousness, but that is not always in consciousness. It
can be retrieved when needed. According to Sigmund Freud, this is an area where
thoughts stay temporarily, not permanently.
This is where information such as a description of your best friend is stored. A You
use these in tasks that you can do nearly without thought, such as riding a bicycle. B An
example of preconscious information processing can be seen in the tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenon, in which we try to recall something that we already know that is available but
not easily accessible to consciousness. C This phenomenon demonstrates that
preconscious information may be available to the conscious mind even though it takes
some time and effort. D
The notion of an unconscious or subconscious has been defined in a variety of ways
over time, but in psychology it is considered to be the deepest level of consciousness,
a part of which we are not directly aware, but still contains elements that affect conscious behavior .
The subconscious level of consciousness is the level at which information is stored that is
too difficult to deal with consciously. The unconscious is a depository for socially
unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions.
However, the contents do not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the
psychoanalytic view, it is a force that can only be recognized by its effects. It cannot be
altered by argument or contradiction that is completely different from others, and doesn't
respond to conscious logic.

FINAL TEST 

 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 2 Question 11 to 16

11. The word drab in paragraph 1 is 14. Look at the four squares [ ] that
closest in meaning to indicate where the following sentence
could be added to paragraph 2.
pleasant
creamy Matisse abandoned the palette of the
dull Impressionists and established his
own characteristic style, which
opaque
included brilliant flat colors and fluid
lines.
12. The word undeniable in paragraph 2 Where would the sentence best fit?
is closest in meaning to Click on a square [ ] to add the
indisputable sentence to the paragraph
reserved A B
indistinct C D
refuted D

15. The word transient in paragraph 3 is

13. According to paragraph 2, what can closest in meaning to
be inferred about the work of Matisse? tentative
His works, although very fleeting
celebrated, were also very transforming
primitive in nature.
enduring
Before becoming a Fauvist, his
position among Expressionists
made him famous. 16. The word them in paragraph 3 refers
He was very experimental and to
distinguished from the other 20th century art movements
previous artists.
Impressionists
Like other Fauvists, the leader of
three exhibitions
the movement lacked balance in
his paintings. the Fauvists


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The Fauvists
P1 During the brief period of 1904~1907, the 20th century’s first expressionistic
movement, Fauvism, inspired by Paul Cezanne and led by Henri Matisse, claimed to
celebrate nature through color. Fauvism represents an effort to capture the
spontaneous spirit of nature. A small group of painters, including Henri Matisse,
Andre Derain and Maurice Vlaminck, developed a style of intensely colorful painting
that dramatically departed from the drab and monotonous style of Impressionism
and earned them the name Les Fauves (wild beasts).
P2 Henri Matisse was clearly a leading painter, not just as a leader of Fauvism; he
was recognized as such through the undeniable superiority of his work and by his
seniority. A Influenced by the works of Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van
Gogh and Paul Signac, and also by traditional Japanese art, he started to see color
as a crucial element of composition. B He was the only Fauvist to develop his work
as a balance between color and line, in flat compositions, without traditional means
of giving the illusion of depth, such as shading. C He was one of the first painters of
the Fauvist movement to be interested in “primitive” art. D This originality in style
made him known as a leader of that movement.
P3 Yet, of all twentieth-century art movements, Fauvism was the most transient
and possibly the least definable. This movement lasted for only three years and had
only three exhibitions. Also, this movement had no concrete theories. Kees Van
Dongen, or just Van Dongen, a member of this loosely defined group, denied the
existence of any kind of doctrine. Van Dongen mentioned that one can talk about
Impressionist schools because they held to certain principles, but, for him, there was
nothing like that and he merely thought the colors of them were a bit dull.
P4 Though the Fauvists were highly individual and techniques were personal to
each painter, their beliefs and ideas on painting were firm. There may not have been
a common doctrine, but from the evidence, including their letters, notes, and of course
the works themselves, it clearly shows that the leading Fauvists, such as Matisse,
Derain and Vlaminck did have their own unique ideas on their work at the time .

FINAL TEST 
 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 2 Question 17 to 21

17. Why does the author mention Van Among the uniquely Fauvist ideas
Dongen in paragraph 3? were the leaders’ doctrines,
To show the way that Fauvists which were their commonly held
created a doctrine of painting to beliefs, evidenced by their art at
vaguely define their art the time.
To illustrate the types of painters
who chose the methods of
Fauvism as their own styles 19. The word arbitrary in paragraph 5 is
closest in meaning to
To provide a possible reason
why the Fauvism and their work random
are not much definable. judgmental
To provide a comparison antiquated
between Impressionism and principled
Fauvism and their key principles

20. The word dazzled in paragraph 5 is

18. Which of the following best expresses closest in meaning to
the essential information in the
bewildered
highlighted sentence in paragraph 4?
Incorrect choices change the meaning surprised
in important ways or leave out overcome
essential information. pleased
The evidence shows that major
Fauvists had concrete thoughts
about painting during the period 21. According to paragraph 5, which of the
although they didn’t have any following is NOT mentioned as a
agreed principles. feature of Fauvism?
Without a plan between them, Color was used to create light with
but with signs of cooperation, few distinguishing characteristics.
the Fauvist leaders had clear Fauvist subjects were not
ideas about the art world during difficult to interpret due to the
the time Fauvism was fading. simple lines.
It was not commonly known, but Random colors and odd angles
Fauvist leadership was evidently were normal in Fauvist art
agreed on some principles works.
uniquely held among them about Observers were often shocked
their own work at the time. by the subjects of Fauvist art.


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P3 Yet, of all twentieth-century art movements, Fauvism was the most transient
and possibly the least definable. This movement lasted for only three years and had
only three exhibitions. Also, this movement had no concrete theories. Kees Van
Dongen, or just Van Dongen, a member of this loosely defined group, denied the
existence of any kind of doctrine. Van Dongen mentioned that one can talk about
Impressionist schools because they held to certain principles, but, for him, there was
nothing like that and he merely thought the colors of them were a bit dull.
P4 Though the Fauvists were highly individual and techniques were personal to
each painter, their beliefs and ideas on painting were firm. There may not have been
a common doctrine, but from the evidence, including their letters, notes, and of course
the works themselves, it clearly shows that the leading Fauvists, such as Matisse,
Derain and Vlaminck did have their own unique ideas on their work at the time .
P5 Fauvists used color to evoke forceful emotions. Fauvist painters, such as
Matisse, Vlaminck and Derain created light without detail through their use of colors.
They also used uncomplicated lines, which formed simple subjects that observers
could easily understand. Their paintings exaggerated perspectives with bright but
arbitrary colors, which were chosen for no particular reason. These men valued
freshness and spontaneity in their works more than a finished look. People were
amazed by the expressive freedom of the pure colors. The exaggerated drawings
and perspectives dazzled first-time viewers. For a short time, these men were
considered the most advanced group of painters in the French capital.

FINAL TEST 
 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 2 Question 22

22. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the
most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary
because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in
the passage.
Fauvism was a brief 20th century expressionistic movement which attempted to
represent the spontaneity of nature through the use of vivid colors.

Answer choices
Matisse, a masterful painter who was influenced by many forms of art, and was
so original in his work with color and composition that he became the leader of
the Fauvists.
Henri Matisse was influenced heavily by the “primitive” Chinese art forms as
well as by the famous paintings of Paul Cezanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh and Paul
Signac.
The Fauvist movement lasted only a short time and had no common or unifying
beliefs about their paintings or art in general.
Kees Van Dongen, also known as Van Dongen, exemplified the typical Fauvist
mind-set, which rejected the dull colors of previous artists from the
Impressionist school of art.
Although highly individualized, Fauvists had strong beliefs about their own styles
of brilliant colors and simple lines to provoke strong emotions.
For the short period of only a few years, the French group of painters known as
the Fauvists were once the most radical group of artists in all of Paris.


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P2 Henri Matisse was clearly a leading painter, not just as a leader of Fauvism; he
was recognized as such through the undeniable superiority of his work and by his
seniority. A Influenced by the works of Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van
Gogh and Paul Signac, and also by traditional Japanese art, he started to see color
as a crucial element of composition. B He was the only Fauvist to develop his work
as a balance between color and line, in flat compositions, without traditional means
of giving the illusion of depth, such as shading. C He was one of the first painters of
the Fauvist movement to be interested in “primitive” art. D This originality in style
made him known as a leader of that movement.
P3 Yet, of all twentieth-century art movements, Fauvism was the most transient
and possibly the least definable. This movement lasted for only three years and had
only three exhibitions. Also, this movement had no concrete theories. Kees Van
Dongen, or just Van Dongen, a member of this loosely defined group, denied the
existence of any kind of doctrine. Van Dongen mentioned that one can talk about
Impressionist schools because they held to certain principles, but, for him, there was
nothing like that and he merely thought the colors of them were a bit dull.
P4 Though the Fauvists were highly individual and techniques were personal to
each painter, their beliefs and ideas on painting were firm. There may not have been
a common doctrine, but from the evidence, including their letters, notes, and of course
the works themselves, it clearly shows that the leading Fauvists, such as Matisse,
Derain and Vlaminck did have their own unique ideas on their work at the time .
P5 Fauvists used color to evoke forceful emotions. Fauvist painters, such as
Matisse, Vlaminck and Derain created light without detail through their use of colors.
They also used uncomplicated lines, which formed simple subjects that observers
could easily understand. Their paintings exaggerated perspectives with bright but
arbitrary colors, which were chosen for no particular reason. These men valued
freshness and spontaneity in their works more than a finished look. People were
amazed by the expressive freedom of the pure colors. The exaggerated drawings
and perspectives dazzled first-time viewers. For a short time, these men were
considered the most advanced group of painters in the French capital.

FINAL TEST 

 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 3 Question 23 to 27

23. The word resided in paragraph 1 is 25. The word attentive in paragraph 2 is
closest in meaning to closest in meaning to
resolved canny
inhered cautious
perched concentrated
belonged sensible

24. Which of the sentences below best 26. In paragraph 3, why does the author
expresses the highlighted sentence in mention a marked increase in toilet
paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change flushing?
the meaning in important ways or leave To point out that there were TV
out essential information. commercials at regular intervals
The new medium TV could show To provide evidence of how TV
images while radio couldn’t. changed life patterns of
Advent of New medium always Americans.
replaces previous mediums. To argue that TV commercials
The image of TV was the key between programs should be
factor to take the place of radio. required
TV’s broadcasting pictures To explain that television had a
attracted traditional radio great deal of influence on health
listeners.

27. The phrase wreaking havoc with in

paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
devoting to
improving
ruining
endangering


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Television
P1 The confusion between artifice and truth was part of the magic of television.
Viewed in a ceremonial space, movies had always been understood by viewers to be
another reality, not their own. But since television resided in the living room on a
domestic-sized screen, it had a different effect --- the feeling of looking through a
peephole at something going on somewhere, someplace and watching it happen as
it happened.
P2 Of course, the important thing about television was that people were looking at
something. For what separated the new medium from the old medium it seemed
destined to replace was the simple fact that TV had pictures and radio didn’t . While
it was true that many families in the thirties and forties sat in a circle around the
radio, listening to the evening fare, they could also listen during the day while
cleaning the house or being otherwise engaged. While radio required that only
listeners’ ears be attentive , leaving the rest of the story to be filled in by the
imagination, television demanded their eyes.
P3 The difference was significant because it meant that people had to give up so
much more in order to be physically there for the medium. Even in the fifties, viewers
were organizing their lives and daily habits around the television schedule. Studies
showed a marked increase in toilet flushing at the precise moment that the most
popular television shows went to commercial. In 1954, noting how television was
wreaking havoc with family meal patterns, Swanson created the “TV Dinner,” a
frozen individual meal, tidily packaged in a little tray, that could be heated up and
rushed to the living room.

Glossary

artifice the clever use of tricks and devices

peephole small hole in a door or wall through which a person can look secretly at what is happening on the
other side

FINAL TEST 

 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 3 Question 28 to 32

28. According to paragraph 4, what can be Advertisements were introduced

inferred about the promotion of into television programming.
television?
Uncensored and violent scenes
Commercials modeled appropriate were viewed in U.S. homes.
distances for TV viewing.
Americans by the millions
purchased multiple TV sets. 31. According to paragraph 5, why was
TV sellers used similar arguments television the most effective and
for TV sales as for radio sales. revolutionary way of advertising?

Various methods were used to Television salesmen always left

attract people to buy TVs. their customers happy.
Salesmen made mistakes in real
life presentations.
29. Look at the four squares [ ] that Every TV product looked no
indicate where the following sentence better than in a store.
could be added to paragraph 4.
No product ever failed to work
One store display aimed at fathers when shown on TV.
who needed a well-earned rest from
the rest of the household.
Where would the sentence best fit? 32. How does the author explain television
Click on a square [ ] to add the as a medium for advertisers in
sentence to the paragraph. paragraph 5?
A B By illustrating a washing
C D machine commercial from that
B time period
B
By giving examples of products
30. Based on the information in paragraph on TV that were shown to be
4 and paragraph 5, which of the perfect
following is NOT mentioned as one of By mentioning a writer of
the effects of television? television commercials during
People created new life patterns the fifties
based on their TV viewing. By comparing automobile sales
Viewing television changed family once their ads went on television
meal patterns in the U.S.


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HIDE TIME 02:10:00

P3 The difference was significant because it meant that people had to give up so
much more in order to be physically there for the medium. Even in the fifties, viewers
were organizing their lives and daily habits around the television schedule. Studies
showed a marked increase in toilet flushing at the precise moment that the most
popular television shows went to commercial. In 1954, noting how television was
wreaking havoc with family meal patterns, Swanson created the “TV Dinner,” a
frozen individual meal, tidily packaged in a little tray, that could be heated up and
rushed to the living room.
P4 Marketers promoted television as a way of bringing the family together. A They
claimed that baseball and movies took people out of the home, but television kept
them there. B While dad was enjoying his moment of privacy, mother could be
watching her own show, picking up new ideas for fashion and cooking. C Similarly, a
wife could make a dinner while the children and father watch TV. D
P5 Yet, it was the advertisements on television more than those selling televisions
that proved to be so revolutionary. A writer, Earl Shorris has pointed out that there
was never before such a flawless way to pitch products. It was like no other sales
medium in history, including the oldest one, the salesman. Television could present
an advertiser’s wares to their perfection. Automobiles always started, purred like
kittens and gleamed like freshly shined silver. Washing machines never overflowed,
cleaned clothes spotlessly and made mothers smile at their chores. Even her
temperamental children could be quieted by a bowl of morning cereal.

Glossary

flawless without any mistakes, marks, or bad features

pitch to design something so that a person can sell it to a particular group of people
ware(s) goods that someone is selling, especially at a market or on the street
temperamental getting angry easily or changing from one mood to another very quickly

FINAL TEST 

 FINAL TEST
BT Reading
Reading 3 Question 33 to 34

33. Which of the following most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about television?
Television has destroyed reading habits and cheapened U.S. culture.
Television played a significant role in organizing a new American life.
Television could lead to indifference between family members.
Television gave rise to a boom in the entertainment business.

34. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the
most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary
because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in
the passage.
Television has significantly changed Americans in ways that the radio never could
accomplish.

Answer Choices
TV mostly changed family meal patterns and helped to create related products.
Since TV required people to be there for the medium, it had influenced lives and daily
habits of people.
TV was efficiently targeted to families and the members and it had succeeded in
penetrating into most homes.
Marketers tried to change the previous perception of TV to promote it to many
American homes.
Advertisers sold many items on television, such as automobiles, washing machines
and cereal, which all worked wonderfully.
Television advertisements promoted products in a totally new and perfect way, such
that no salesman in real life could duplicate it.


 REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT

HIDE TIME 02:10:00

P2 Of course, the important thing about television was that people were looking at
something. For what separated the new medium from the old medium it seemed
destined to replace was the simple fact that TV had pictures and radio didn’t . While
it was true that many families in the thirties and forties sat in a circle around the
radio, listening to the evening fare, they could also listen during the day while
cleaning the house or being otherwise engaged. While radio required that only
listeners’ ears be attentive , leaving the rest of the story to be filled in by the
imagination, television demanded their eyes.
P3 The difference was significant because it meant that people had to give up so
much more in order to be physically there for the medium. Even in the fifties, viewers
were organizing their lives and daily habits around the television schedule. Studies
showed a marked increase in toilet flushing at the precise moment that the most
popular television shows went to commercial. In 1954, noting how television was
wreaking havoc with family meal patterns, Swanson created the “TV Dinner,” a
frozen individual meal, tidily packaged in a little tray, that could be heated up and
rushed to the living room.
P4 Marketers promoted television as a way of bringing the family together. A They
claimed that baseball and movies took people out of the home, but television kept
them there. B While dad was enjoying his moment of privacy, mother could be
watching her own show, picking up new ideas for fashion and cooking. C Similarly, a
wife could make a dinner while the children and father watch TV. D
P5 Yet, it was the advertisements on television more than those selling televisions
that proved to be so revolutionary. A writer, Earl Shorris has pointed out that there
was never before such a flawless way to pitch products. It was like no other sales
medium in history, including the oldest one, the salesman. Television could present
an advertiser's wares to their perfection. Automobiles always started, purred like
kittens and gleamed like freshly shined silver. Washing machines never overflowed,
cleaned clothes spotlessly and made mothers smile at their chores. Even her
temperamental children could be quieted by a bowl of morning cereal.

FINAL TEST