Name DIKSHA BHARDWAJ
Roll No. 2314501453
Programm Master of Business Administration
Semester 3rd
Course Name Human Resource Management
Code & Name DMBA301 Research methodology
ASSIGNMENT SET - I
Ques 01: Explain the meaning of Research and Further discuss various types of research.
Ans: Research is a methodical process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising data. It
involves collecting, analysing, and interpreting data to answer specific questions or break problems. In
the environment of academic and professional fields, exploration serves as a foundation for knowledge
creation, enabling individuals and associations to make informed opinions grounded on empirical
substantiation.
There are colorful types of exploration, each serving different purposes and employing distinct
methodologies. They are some of the primary types.
1. Descriptive exploration; This type focuses on furnishing a detailed account of a miracle. It aims to
describe characteristics or behaviours without manipulating variables. Checks and experimental studies
are common styles used in descriptive exploration.
2. Exploratory exploration: frequently conducted when there's limited knowledge about content,
exploratory exploration seeks to identify patterns, ideas, or suppositions. It's generally qualitative in
nature, utilising interviews, focus groups, or open- concluded checks to gather perceptivity.
3. explicatory exploration; This type aims to explain the reasons behind a miracle or the connections
between variables. It frequently involves thesis testing and can use both qualitative and quantitative
styles. Experimental designs are constantly employed in explicatory exploration to establish
cause-and-effect connections.
4. Quantitative exploration; This approach involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to
identify patterns, test propositions, or make prognostications. It frequently employs statistical styles and
is characterized by structured data collection instruments like checks and trials.
5. Qualitative exploration: In discrepancy to quantitative exploration, qualitative exploration focuses
on understanding mortal geste and the reasons that govern similar geste. It employs unshaped or
semi-structured ways similar as interviews, focus groups, and content analysis to gather in-depth
perceptivity.
6. Applied Research; This type of exploration is conducted to break practical problems and ameliorate
processes or products. It's frequently used in business, healthcare, and education to inform decision-
timber and policy development.
7. Basic exploration; Unlike applied exploration, introductory exploration is aimed at gaining a deeper
understanding of abecedarian principles and propositions without immediate practical operation. It
contributes to the broader body of knowledge in a field.
8. Action Research; This participatory form of exploration involves a cycle of planning, acting,
observing, and reflecting. It's frequently used in educational settings to ameliorate practices and issues
through cooperative inquiry.
In conclusion, exploration is a vital element of knowledge advancement across colorful fields.
Understanding the different types of exploration allows MBA scholars to elect applicable
methodologies for their studies, ensuring that their findings are robust and applicable.
Ques 02: Discuss various types of data. Further, discuss methods of Primary data collection.
Ans: Data is a crucial element in research, serving as the foundation for analysis and decision-making. It can
be categorized into various types, each with distinct characteristics and applications. The primary types
of data include:
1. Qualitative Data: This type of data is non-numerical and is used to capture qualities, attributes, and
characteristics. It often involves descriptions and can be collected through interviews, open-ended
surveys, and observations. Qualitative data is valuable for understanding perceptions, motivations, and
experiences.
2. Quantitative Data: Unlike qualitative data, quantitative data is numerical and can be measured and
analyzed statistically. It is often collected through structured methods such as surveys with closed-ended
questions, experiments, and observational studies. Quantitative data is useful for identifying patterns,
testing hypotheses, and making predictions.
3. Primary Data: This is data collected firsthand for a specific research purpose. It is original and unique to
the study, providing the most relevant information. Primary data can be qualitative or quantitative,
depending on the research objectives.
4. Secondary Data: This type of data has already been collected and published by others. It includes sources
such as academic journals, government reports, and existing datasets. While secondary data can be
useful for background research and context, it may not always be tailored to the specific needs of a
study.
When it comes to collecting primary data, several methods can be employed, each with its advantages and
limitations:
1. Surveys and Questionnaires: These are structured tools used to gather information from a large number of
respondents. Surveys can be administered online, via telephone, or in person. They can include both
closed-ended and open-ended questions, allowing for quantitative and qualitative data collection.
2. Interviews: This method involves direct interaction between the researcher and the participant. Interviews
can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility desired. They
provide in-depth insights and allow for follow-up questions to clarify responses.
3. Focus Groups: A focus group consists of a small group of participants discussing a specific topic guided
by a facilitator. This method is useful for exploring perceptions, attitudes, and ideas in a social context,
allowing for dynamic interaction among participants.
4. Observations: This method involves systematically watching and recording behaviours or events in their
natural settings. Observations can be a participant (where the researcher is involved) or non-participant
(where the researcher observes from a distance). This method is particularly useful for understanding
context and real-world interactions.
5. Experiments: In experimental research, the researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe the
effect on another variable. This method is often used in scientific studies to establish cause-and-effect
relationships.
Ques 03: Discuss various types of questions in the questionnaire and their need in the
questionnaire.
Ans: The different types of questions used in a questionnaire are essential. The questionnaire is a crucial
tool in collecting data from respondents to gather insights for research analysis. Various types of
questions serve different purposes and offer valuable information. This assignment will delve into the
significance of different question types and their need in a questionnaire.
1. Open-Ended Questions:
In a questionnaire, open-ended questions allow respondents to provide detailed and personalized
responses. These questions are unstructured, enabling individuals to express their thoughts freely.
Open-ended questions are essential for gaining in-depth insights, understanding diverse perspectives,
and exploring new ideas. They provide researchers with rich qualitative data, helping them uncover
complexities in respondents' opinions or experiences.
2. Closed-Ended Questions:
Closed-ended questions in a questionnaire require respondents to select from predetermined choices,
such as multiple-choice options or rating scales. These questions provide structured data that are easy to
quantify and analyze. Closed-ended questions are valuable for obtaining specific information,
comparing responses across respondents, and facilitating statistical analysis. They help researchers
gather quantitative data efficiently and draw statistical inferences.
3. Likert Scale Questions:
Likert scale questions present respondents with a series of statements and ask them to indicate their level
of agreement or disagreement. This type of question utilizes a scale to measure the intensity of opinions
or attitudes. Likert scale questions are vital in assessing the degree of agreement within a sample,
understanding respondent preferences, and evaluating the strength of attitudes. They enable researchers
to quantitatively measure sentiment and analyze trends in responses.
4. Dichotomous Questions:
Dichotomous questions offer respondents two options, typically 'yes' or 'no'. These questions are useful
for collecting binary data and obtaining quick insights into specific aspects of respondents'
characteristics or preferences. Dichotomous questions are valuable for decision-making processes,
segmentation analysis, and hypothesis testing. They provide researchers with straightforward data for
making comparisons and drawing conclusions.
In conclusion, different types of questions in a questionnaire play a crucial role in research methodology by
offering diverse perspectives, structured data, quantitative measurements, and binary insights. Open-ended
questions provide depth and qualitative richness, while closed-ended questions facilitate quantification and
analysis. Likert scale questions gauge the intensity of opinions, and dichotomous questions offer binary
choices for quick insights. By incorporating a mix of question types in a questionnaire, researchers can gather
comprehensive data for analysis and decision-making.
ASSIGNMENT SET - II
Ques 04: Explain Editing. Discuss various types of editing.
Ans: Editing is a crucial step in the research process that involves reviewing and refining data collected
during a study. The primary goal of editing is to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and clarity of the data,
which ultimately enhances the quality of the research findings. Effective editing helps identify errors,
omissions, and inconsistencies, allowing researchers to present their work in a professional and credible
manner.
There are various types of editing, each serving a specific purpose in the research methodology:
1. Content Editing: This type of editing focuses on the overall structure and organization of the research
document. It involves reviewing the content for coherence, logical flow, and relevance to the research
objectives. Content editing ensures that the arguments presented are well-supported and that the
information is appropriately aligned with the research questions.
2. Copy Editing: Copy editing involves checking the text for grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors. It
ensures that the language used is clear and concise, making the document more readable. Copy editors
also verify that the formatting adheres to the required style guide (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago), which is
essential for maintaining consistency throughout the document.
3. Data Editing: In the context of research, data editing refers to the process of reviewing and cleaning the
collected data. This includes checking for missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies in the dataset.
Data editing is crucial for ensuring the integrity of the data, as it directly impacts the validity of the
research findings. Researchers may use statistical software to assist in data cleaning and validation.
4. Structural Editing: This type of editing focuses on the organization of the document at a macro level. It
involves assessing the arrangement of sections, headings, and subheadings to ensure that the document
is logically structured. Structural editing helps improve the overall readability and flow of the research
paper, making it easier for readers to follow the argument.
5. Technical Editing: Technical editing is particularly relevant in research that involves complex
methodologies or specialized terminology. This type of editing ensures that the technical aspects of the
research are accurately presented and that the terminology used is appropriate for the intended audience.
Technical editors may also verify the accuracy of data representations, such as tables and figures.
6. Proofreading: Proofreading is the final step in the editing process, where the document is reviewed for any
remaining errors before publication or submission. This includes checking for typographical errors,
formatting issues, and ensuring that all references are correctly cited. Proofreading is essential for
producing a polished and professional final document.
In conclusion, editing is a vital component of the research process that enhances the quality and credibility of
the final output. By employing various types of editing, researchers can ensure that their work is accurate,
coherent, and well-presented, ultimately contributing to the advancement of knowledge in their field.
Ques 05: Research proposals and reports are an important component of research. Discuss
and further describe various components of research report.
Ans: Research proposals and reports are essential components of the research process, serving as formal
documents that outline the objectives, methodology, and findings of a study. A well-structured research
report communicates the research process and results effectively, allowing readers to understand the
significance and implications of the research. Below are the key components of a research report:
1. Title Page: The title page includes the title of the research, the author's name, institutional affiliation, and
the date of submission. A clear and concise title reflects the essence of the research and captures the
reader's attention.
2. Abstract: The abstract is a brief summary of the research report, typically ranging from 150 to 250 words.
It provides an overview of the research problem, objectives, methodology, key findings, and
conclusions. The abstract allows readers to quickly grasp the main points of the study.
3. Introduction: The introduction sets the context for the research by presenting the background information
and outlining the research problem. It includes the research objectives, the significance of the study, and
the research questions or hypotheses. A well-crafted introduction engages the reader and establishes the
relevance of the research.
4. Literature Review: This section reviews existing literature related to the research topic, highlighting key
theories, concepts, and previous studies. The literature review identifies gaps in the current knowledge
and justifies the need for the present research. It provides a theoretical framework that guides the study.
5. Methodology: The methodology section details the research design, data collection methods, and analysis
techniques used in the study. It describes the sample population, sampling techniques, and any
instruments or tools employed for data collection. A clear methodology allows for the replication of the
study and enhances its credibility.
6. Results: In the results section, researchers present the findings of the study, often using tables, graphs, and
charts to illustrate the data. This section should be objective and focused solely on the data collected,
without interpretation or discussion.
7. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main findings and their implications, reiterating the
importance of the research. It may also suggest areas for future research and practical applications of the
findings.
8. References: This section lists all the sources cited in the report, following a specific citation style. Proper
referencing is crucial for academic integrity and allows readers to locate the sources.
9. Appendices: Appendices include supplementary material that supports the research but is not essential to
the main text, such as raw data, questionnaires, or detailed calculations.
Ques 06: A random sample of 395 people in a country were surveyed to find out if gender is
independent of education level. Each person was asked to report on the highest
education level they had obtained. The data that resulted from the survey is
summarized in the following table:
Formulate the hypothesis and test that are gender and education level dependent at 5% level
of statistical significance.
Ans: We all know that gender and education are independent and dependent at a rate of 5 percent are
given in the case and we will perform chi-square independence test to help assess the
relationship between two categorical data.
Step 1 calculate the value and formula of hypotheses
H1= It shows gender and education are dependent on each other.
H0 = it shows gender and education are independent each other.
Step-2 To calculate the value of given data (given in question)
Step-3 calculate the value of expected frequency of male and female by there categories:
1. Male in high school: 100* 194/395 - 49.12
2. Female in high school: 100* 201/395 = 50.88
3. Male in bachelor: 98* 194/395 - 48.26 .
4. Female in bachelor: 98* 201/395 = 49.74
5. Male in masters: 99* 194/395 = 48.62
6. Female in masters: 99* 201/395 = 50.38
7. Male in Ph d 98* 194/395 = 47
8. Female in Ph d: 98* 201/395-50
High School Bachelor Masters Ph d Total
Edu. level
Male 49.12 48.26 48.62 47 193
Female 50.88 49.74 50.38 50 201
Step 4 Calculate the chi-square method
1. Male in high school: (40-49.12) / 49.12 square root = (- 9.12) / 49.12 approx 1.693.
2. Female in high school: (60-50.88)/50.88 square root = (9.12) / 50.88 approx 1.635
3. Male in bachelor: (44-48.26)/48.26 square root = (- 4.26) / 48.26 approx 0.376.
4. Female in bachelor: (54-49.74)/ 49.74 square root = (4.26) / 49.74 approx 0.364
5. Male in masters (53-48.62) /48.62 square root = (4.38) / 48.62 approx 0.394
6. Female in masters: (46-50.38)/50.38 square root = (- 4.38) / 50.38 approx 0.381
7. Male in Ph d: (57-47)/47 square root = (10)/ 47 approx 2.128
8. Female in Ph d: (41-50)/50 square root = (- 9) / 50 approx 1.620
Step-5 calculate the degree of freedom
DF = (r - 1) * (c-1)
= (4-1)*(2-1)
=3
Step- 6 find critical value and chi-square statistic
Critical value is 7.815 (3 degree of 5 percent)
Statistic value is 8,591
According to this solution we conclude that the null hypothesis that gender and education level are
dependent on each other at the level of 5 percent.
