Bone Remodeling Lecture
Master Degree
Oral Biology Departement
2020
Prof.Radwa Hegazy
1
Bone development
(1) Endochondral (2) Intramembranous (3) Sutural
Bone formation bone formation bone growth
(1) Mechanism of endochondral bone formation:
1- Concept : Cartilage formed then replaced by bone with no direct
transformation of cartilage into bone.
2- Site: a- all long bone
b- ribs
c- vertebrae.
d- articulating extremities of mandible.
e- bone of the skull.
3- Steps: During early embryonic development ,cartilage formation and
growth.
1- Condensation of mesenchymal cells.
2- Differentiation of chondroblasts. Cartilage
Matrix chondroblast chondrocyte.
3- Formation of perichondrium around periphery.
4- Rapid growth of cartilage by:
2
Interstitial growth Secretion increases cartilage matrix by
chondroblasts increases length of cartilage.
Appositional growth cell proliferation and matrix secretion
within perichondrium increases width.
(2) Mechanism of intramembranous bone formation:
1- Concept: The bone is directly formed with in soft connective tissue.
2- Site: a- Vault of skull.
b- Maxilla.
c- body of mandible.
d- mid shaft of long bone.
3- Steps:
(1) Mesenchymal condensation and increasing vasculature thus
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells differentiate into
osteoblasts.
Secrete bone matrix.
Contain alkaline phosphatase activity.
Get entrapped to be osteocytes.
(2) First embryonic bone is woven which is characterized by
mineralization which is initiated by matrix vesicles (these are
small bounded structures that budd off osteocytes as independent
units representing the initial focus of mineralization as they
provide microenvironment for first apetite crystal formation).
(3) Slow transition from women bone to lamellar bone which
involves formation of primary osteon = immature bone. Then
3
after turnover the nature lamellar bone is formed (1 ry& 3ry
osteons)
1ry osteon = young immature
2ry = replace 1ry, immat. 3 ry = replace 2ry, mature.
(3) Sutural Bone growth:
Sutures:
Play on important role in the growing of face.
Found exclusively in skull.
Fibrous joints between bones.
Allow only limited movements.
Permit skull & face to accommodate growing organs as eyes and
brain.
Structure:
1- Periosteum of bone consists of outer fibrous layer and inner
osteogenic layer.
2- Sutures have the same osteogenic potentials as periosteum. When
two bones separated.
e.g. Skull faced apart by growing brain bone formation
along sutural margins.
3- The histologic structure of suture permit strong tie between bones
and provide a site for new bone formation.
4- Growth can occur independently at each margin.
Bone remodeling & internal reconstruction
4
Definition:
It is a continuous life long process occurs as a result of
mechanical & functional forces applied on bone, as in mandible
& maxilla.
Internal reconstruction continuously during development and
growth and also through life during normal function.
By continuous deposition of bone on the outer surface.
Ex: In mandible as it has thick cortical plates:
1- Bone deposits on outer surface circumferential lamellae.
2- When lamella get certain thickness resorbed from its deepest
layer and replaced by spongiosa.
Areas of resportion: called cutting cone & leading edge of resorption is
scalloped line represent Hawship’s lacunae of osteoclasts.
Areas of formation: called filling cones.
Cement line or reversal line: separates new & old bone with its convexities
facing old bone.
Types of incremental lines:
1- Resting line: dark by H & E represent incremental pattern of
bone formation.
2- Reversal line: Between new & old bone, scalloped line with
convexities facing old bone.
3- Faint line: dark with silver, reflects charge in the angulation of
collagen fibers.
Internal reconstruction of alveolar process:
5
To adapt occlusal movement of tooth due to physiologic
continuous eruption or occlusal wear.
Mechanism:
1- Bone deposition at fundus of socket in form of parallel layers
of bundle bone with new sharpey’s fibers and indicated by
presence of resting lines.
2- When bundle bone reaches certain thickness:
resorbed from marrow spaces & replaced by Haversian
lamellar bone.
3- When Hasversian bone reaches certain thickness
resorbed from deepest layer & replaced by spongiosa.
To adapt mesial drift movement, on distal wall shows
deposition while on mesial wall shows focal areas of resorption.
On distal wall:
Parallel layers of bundle bone.
When bundle bone reach certain thickness,, resorbed from
deepest layer & replaced lay lamellar bone.
When lamellar bone reach certain thickness ,,
resorbed & replaced by spongiosa.
On Mesial wall:
Shows focal areas of resorption where not all wall resorbed at the
same time.
A thin layer of bundle bone is continuously present.
Focal detattchement of periodontal ligament & lost.
Periods of resorption alternating with periods of rest. (repair).
6
During repair bundle bone is formed
Reattachment of PDL occurs and this is
supported by the presence of reversal lines
with convexities facing lamellar bone.
Internal reconstruction of bone may result in total shift of the
interdental septa of bone between adjacent teeth.
Function of Bone:
1- Skeletal support of the body including teeth.
2- Store for calcium and phosphate which may be mobilized from bone
and not from teeth, according to the need of the body.
3- Protection for internal organs.
4- Manufacturing for blood elements.
5- Function of bone cells:
a- Osteoprogenitor cells:
They can differentiate into other types of bone cells as
osteoblast.
Some of them provide self-renewal without differentiation to
provide continuous pool of osteogenic cells (stem cells).
Active during growth and healing fracture.
b- Osteoblast
secretion of osteoid tissue and their enzymes responsible for
osteoid calcification.
7
Following maturation, osteoblasts may:
1- Undergo apoptosis.
2- Encased in matrix as osteocyte.
3- Remain on bone surface as bone lining cells.
Bone lining cells may retain junctions with osteocytes creating
a network which control homeostasis and ensure bone vitality.
c- Osteocytes:
*They maintain bone vitality through osteoblasts-osteocytes
complex.
*play important role in releasing calcium ions from bone matrix
when calcium demands increase ,this occur by local degradation of
bone(osteocytic osteolysis)
*prevent hypermineralization by continuously pumping calcium
back to blood ,otherwise sclerosis and death of bone cells occur.
d- Osteoclasts:
The main function is bone resorption which occur through
rapid successive events as follows:
1- Attachment of osteoclast to bone surface creating a sealing
environment.
2- Demineralization at the ruffled border of osteoclasts by
secretion of organic acids mainly citric and lactic acid.
8
3- Degradation of exposed matrix by the action of released
enzymes such as acid proteases & collagenase.
4- Endocytosis at the ruffled border of inorganic and organic
bone degeneration products.
5- Transport of soluble products to extracellular fluid or the
blood.
