MECHANICAL

HEAT PUMP
 Mechanical Heat Pump

The Equipment sent to a customer may have some differences from the above picture, mainly depending on
options from their selections and our continuing improvement of products

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

NOTE:

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is accurate;
however no liability is accepted for errors. Should an error be discovered please inform the
company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given are for guidance only and
are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given apparatus; due to the
complex variables applicable to most experiments.

The basic principles set out in the following make no claim to completeness. For further
theoretical explanations, refer to the specialist literature.

The selection of experiments makes no claims of completeness but is intended to be used as a

stimulus for your own experiments. The results shown are intended as a guide only.

Depending on the construction of the individual components, experimental skills and

environmental conditions, deviations may occur in the experiments.

Nevertheless, the laws can be clearly demonstrated.

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Table of Contents
Page
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 2

2.1 Unit Assembly ............................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Experimental Capabilities ........................................................................................... 3

3. SUMMARY OF THEORY ............................................................................................ 4

3.1 Closed Cycle Vapour Compression Heat Pump ......................................................... 4
3.2 Vapour Compression Heat Pump System Principles .................................................. 5
3.3 Understanding the Pressure Enthalpy Diagram .......................................................... 6
3.4 Obtain the Enthalpy Values from P-H Diagram ......................................................... 9
3.5 Coefficient of Performance ......................................................................................... 13

4. GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURE ................................................................... 14

4.1 General Start-up Procedure ......................................................................................... 14
4.2 General Shutdown Procedure ..................................................................................... 14

5. EXPERIMENTS ............................................................................................................ 15
5.1 Experiment 1 ............................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Experiment 2 ............................................................................................................... 16
5.3 Experiment 3 ............................................................................................................... 17
5.4 Experiment 4 ............................................................................................................... 18
5.5 Experiment 5 ............................................................................................................... 19

APPENDIX A Experimental Data Sheets

APPENDIX B Typical Experimental Result
APPENDIX C Sample Calculations

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

1 INTRODUCTION:

The Mechanical Heat Pump has been designed to provide students with a practical and
quantitative demonstration of a vapour compression cycle, and is suitable for all course
levels (intermediate and undergraduate). Refrigerators and heat pumps both apply the
vapour compression cycle, although the applications of these machines differ, the
components are essentially the same.

The Mechanical Heat Pump is capable of demonstrating the heat pump application where
a large freely available energy source, such as the atmosphere is to be upgraded for water
heating. The unit will be of particular interest to those studying Mechanical Engineering,
Energy Conservation, Thermodynamics, Building Services, Chemical Engineering, Plant
and Process Engineering, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

2.1 Unit Assembly:

The Mechanical Heat Pump is a table unit with all components and
instrumentations mounted on the sturdy base. The heat pump consists of a
hermetic compressor, a water-cooled plate heat exchanger, a thermostatic
expansion valve and an air heated evaporator. The arrangements of the
components are in a manner similar to that used for many domestic air-water heat
pumps where they are visible from the front of the unit.

During the operation, slightly superheated refrigerant (R-134a) vapour enters the
compressor from the evaporator and its pressure is increased. Thus, the
temperature rises and the hot vapour then enters the water cooled condenser. Heat
is given up to the cooling water and the refrigerant condenses to liquid before
passing to the expansion valve. Upon passing through the expansion valve, the
pressure of the liquid refrigerant is reduced. This causes the saturation
temperature to fell to below that the atmospheric. Thus, as it flows through the
evaporator, there is a temperature difference between the refrigerant and the air
being drawn across the coils. The resulting heat transfer causes the refrigerant to
boil, and upon leaving the evaporator it has become slightly superheated vapour,
ready to return to the compressor.

The temperature at which heat is delivered in the condenser is controlled by the

water flowrate and its inlet temperature. The evaporating temperature is largely
determined by the ambient conditions. Instrumentations are all provided for the
measurement of flowrates of both refrigerant and cooling water, power input to
the compressor and all relevant temperatures.

Fig: Schematic Diagram for mechanical Heat Pump

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

2.2 Experiment Capabilities:

 Determination of power Input, heat output and coefficient of performance

 Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and
delivery temperatures
 Production of the vapour compression cycle on a p-h diagram and comparison
with the ideal cycle
 Determination of energy balances for the condenser and compressor
 Production of heat pump performance curves based on the R134a properties at
a variety of evaporating and condensation temperatures
 Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric efficiency.

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

3 SUMMARY OF THEORY:

A heat pump is a mechanism that absorbs heat from waste source or surrounding to
produce valuable heat on a higher temperature level than that of the heat source. The
fundamental idea of all heat pump is that heat is absorbed by a medium, which releases
the heat at a required temperature which is higher after a physical or chemical
transformation.

Heat pump technology has attracted increasing attention as one of the most promising
technologies to save energy. Areas of interest are heating of buildings, recovery of
industrial waste heat for steam production and heating of process water for e.g. cleaning,
sanitation.

Generally, there are three types of heat pump systems:

i. Closed cycle vapour compression heat pumps (electric and engine driven)
ii. Heat transformers (a type of absorption heat pump) and
iii. Mechanical vapour recompression heat pumps operating at about at 200°C

3.1 Closed Cycle Vapour Compression Heat Pump:

Most of the heat pumps operates on the principle of the vapour compression
cycle. In this cycle, the circulating substance is physically separated from the
heat source and heat delivery, and is cycling in a close stream, therefore called
‘closed cycle’. In the heat pump process, the following processes take place:

1. In the evaporator the heat is extracted from the heat source to boil the
circulating substance;
2. The circulating substance is compressed by the compressor, raising its
pressure and temperature;
3. The heat is delivered to the condenser;
4. The pressure of the circulating substance (working fluid) is reduced back to
the evaporator condition in the throttling valve.

DIRECTED HEAT
OUT

ELECTRICITY CONDENSER

EXPANSION
COMPRESSOR
VALVE

MOTOR

EVAPORATOR

WASTE HEAT IN

Fig: The closed loop compression cycle

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3.2 Vapour Compression Heat Pump System Principles:

Fig: Vapour Compression Heat Pump cycle

The labeled components are:

1. Condenser
2. Compressor
3. Expansion Valve
4. Evaporator

Four basic processes or changes in the condition of the refrigerant occur in a

Vapor Compression Heat Pump Cycle. These four processes shall be illustrated in
the most simplistic way with the aid of above schematic sketch.

3.2.1 Compression process (t 1  t 2 ):

The refrigerant at the pump suction is in gas at low temperature and low
Pressure. In order to be able to use it to achieve the heat pump effect
continuously, it must be brought to the liquid form at a high pressure. The
first step in this process is to increase the pressure of the refrigerant gas by
using a compressor. Compressing the gas also results in increasing its
temperature.

3.2.2 Condensing process (t 2  t 3 ):

The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a gas at high temperature and

pressure. In order to change it to a liquid, heat must be removed from it.
This is accomplished in a heat exchanger called the condenser. The
refrigerant flows through one circuit in the condenser. In the other circuit,
a cooling fluid flows (normally air or water), at a temperature lower than
the refrigerant.

Heat is therefore transferred from the Refrigerant to the Cooling fluid and
as a result, the refrigerant condenses to a liquid state (3). This is where the
heating takes place.

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

3.2.3 Expansion process (t 3  t 4 ):

At Point (3), the refrigerant is in liquid state at a relatively high pressure

and temperature. It flows to (4) through a restriction called the flow
control device or expansion valve. The refrigerant loses pressure going
through the restriction. The Pressure at (4) is so low that a small portion of
the refrigerant flashes (vaporizes) into a gaseous. In order to vaporize, it
must gain heat (which it takes from that portion of the refrigerant that did
not vaporize).

3.2.4 Vapourizing process (t 4  t 1 ):

The refrigerant flows through a heat exchanger called the evaporator. The
heat source is at a slightly higher temperature than the refrigerant,
therefore heat is transferred from it to the refrigerant. The refrigerant boils
because of the heat it receives in the evaporator. By the time it leaves the
evaporator (4) it is completely vaporized.

The refrigerant has thus returned to its initial state and is now ready to repeat the
cycle, in a continuous manner.

3.3 Understanding the Pressure Enthalpy Diagram:

Using the chart of R-134a Refrigerant, we shall attempt to explain the use of it:

The Chart is divided into THREE areas. These three areas are separated from each
other by the following:

a) Saturated Liquid
b) Saturated Vapor Line

The area on the chart to the left of the Saturated Liquid line is called the
SUBCOOLED region. At any point in the sub-cooled region, the refrigerant is in
the LIQUID phase and its Temperature is below Saturation temperature
corresponding to its Pressure.

The area to the right of the Saturated Vapor line is the SUPERHEATED region,
and the refrigerant is in the form of a SUPERHEATED VAPOR.

The area between the SATURATED LIQUID and the SATURATED VAPOR
lines is the mixture region and represents the change in phase of the refrigerant
between the liquid and Vapor phases. Thus, at any point between the two
saturation lines the refrigerant is in the form of liquid-vapor mixture.

The distance between the two lines along any constant pressure line is known as
the “latent heat of vaporization” at that pressure.

The Saturated Liquid line and Saturated Vapor line are not exactly parallel to each
other because the “latent heat of vaporization” varies with the pressure at which
the change in phase occurs.

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

This change of phase from liquid to vapor phase takes place progressively from
LEFT to RIGHT and the change in phase from vapor to liquid phase occurs from
RIGHT to LEFT.

At any point on the Saturated Liquid line, the refrigerant is at SATURATED

LIQUID and at any point along the SATURATED VAPOR LINE, the Refrigerant
is a SATURATED VAPOR.

The HORIZONTAL LINES, extending across the chart are CONSTANT

PRESSURE Lines.

The VERTICAL Lines are Lines of CONSTANT ENTHALPY.

The Lines of Constant Temperature varies, depending on the phase stage. It is

almost VERTICAL in the SUBCOOLED region and is PAPALLEL to lines of
CONSTANT ENTHALPY.

It however changes at the CENTRE section, since the refrigerant changes state at
a CONSTANT TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE, the lines of Constant
Temperature are now, parallel to constant Pressure line.
At the Saturated Vapor line, the lines of Constant Temperature changes direction
again and upon entering the SUPERHEATED VAPOR REGION, it falls off
sharply towards the bottom of the chart.

The ENHALPY Values are found on the Horizontal scale at the bottom of the
chart.

The Magnitude’ of the Pressure in bar/MPa is read on the vertical scale at the left
side of the chart.

Temperature values in degrees Celcius are found adjacent to constant temperature

lines in subcooled and superheated regions of the chart on both Saturated Liquid
and Saturated Vapor Lines.

It is worthwhile to note that the p-h diagram is based on a lib mass of the
refrigerant, the volume given is the specific volume, the Enthalpy is in kJ per kg,
and the entropy is in kJ per kg per degree of absolute temperature.

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Fig: A pictorial representation of a P-H diagram

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3.4 Obtain the Enthalpy Values from P-H Diagram:

To obtain the following values, we first refresh our memory from the previous
chapter on

a) Flow diagram of a Simple Saturated Cycle

b) Enthalpy or p-h diagram of R-134a, Simple Saturated Cycle, as shown below:

Fig 1a: Flow diagram of a simple saturated cycle

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Fig 1b: Comparison of two simple saturated cycles operating at different vaporizing temperatures
(figure distorted). (Refrigerant-134a)

Fig 2a: Skeleton P-H chart illustrating the three regions of the chart and the direction of phase
changing

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Fig 2b: Skeleton P-H chart showing oaths of constant pressure, constant temperature constant
volume, constant enthalpy, and constant entropy. (Refrigerant-134a)

Fig 2c: Pressure-enthalpy diagram of a simple saturated cycle operating at a vaporization

temperature of 200F and a condensing temperature of 1000F. (Refrigerant – 134a)

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

In recalling, and referring back to Figure 1a and 1b, of a Simple Saturated Cycle,
we now thus obtained the following values:

h1 = The Enthalpy at Point 1, which is the point where “Compression Process”,

begins.
(This is also where we obtained the Temperature Reading).

H2 = The Enthalpy at Point 2, which is the point where “Compression

Process” ends.

H3 = The Enthalpy at Point 3, which is the point where “Condensation” is

complete.
(This is also where we obtained the Temperature Reading).

Thus,

h2 – h3 = Refrigerating Effect (See figure 2)

While,

h2 – h1 = Heat of Compression (See figure 2)

Fig 3: Pressure-enthalpy diagram of a simple saturated cycle operating at a vaporizing

temperature of 20oF and a condensing of 100oF (Refrigerant- 134a)

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

3.5 Coefficient of Performance COP:

The Coefficient of Performance, (COP H ) of a heat pump cycle is an expression of

the cycle efficiency and is stated as the ratio of the heat removed in the heated
space to the heat energy equivalent of the energy supplied to the Compressor.

COP H = Heat removed from heated space / Heat energy equivalent of the
energy supplied to the Compressor

Thus, for the Theoretical Simple Cycle, this may be written as:

Heating Effect
COP H =
Heat of Compression

=
(h 2 − h3)
(h 2 − h1)

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

4 GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURE:

4.1 General Start-up Procedure:

1. Check that the unit and all instruments are in proper condition.
2. Check that the both water source and drain are connected then open the water
supply and set the cooling water flowrate at 1.0 LPM.
3. Check that the drain hose at the condensate collector is connected.
4. Connect the power supply and switch on the main power follows by main
switch at the control panel.
5. Switch on the refrigerant compressor. The unit is now ready for experiment as
soon as temperature and pressures are constant.

4.2 General Shutdown Procedure:

1. Switch off the compressor, follows by main switch and power supply.
2. Close the water supply and ensure that water is not left running.

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

5 EXPERIMENTS:

5.1 Experiment 1:

Objective:

To determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a

vapour compression heat pump system

Procedure:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Adjust the cooling water flowrate to 2.0 LPM.
3. Allow the system to run for 15 minutes.
4. Record all necessary readings into the experimental data sheet.

Observations:

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

5.2 Experiment 2:

Objective:

To produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and delivery
temperatures

Procedure:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Adjust the cooling water flowrate to 4.0 LPM.
3. Allow the system to run for 15 minutes.
4. Record all necessary readings into the experimental data sheet.
5. Repeat the experiment with reducing water flowrate so that the cooling water
outlet temperature increases by about 3°C.
6. Repeat similar steps until the compressor delivery pressure reaches around
14.0 bar.
7. The experiment may be repeated at different ambient temperature.

Observations:

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

5.3 Experiment 3:

Objective:

 To plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram and compare with
the ideal cycle.
 To perform energy balances for the condenser and compressor

Procedure:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Adjust the cooling water flowrate to 2.0 LPM and allow the system to run for
15 minutes.
3. Record all necessary readings into the experimental data sheet.

Observations:

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

5.4 Experiment 4:

Objective:

To plot the performance of heat pump over a range of evaporating and

condensation temperatures which is the saturation temperature at condensing
pressure

Procedure:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Adjust the cooling water flowrate to 4.0 LPM.
3. Allow the system to run for 15 minutes.
4. Record all necessary readings into the experimental data sheet.
5. Repeat the experiment with reducing water flowrate so that the compressor
delivery pressure increases by about 0.6 bar. Maintain the evaporating
temperature by covering part of the evaporator for the purpose of lowering the
evaporating load.
6. Repeat similar steps with water flowrate not less than 1.0 LPM. Make sure
that the compressor delivery pressure does not exceed 14.0 bar.
7. The experiment may be repeated another constant evaporating temperature.

Observations:

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

5.5 Experiment 5:

Objective:

To determine the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency

Procedure:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Adjust the cooling water flowrate to 2.0 LPM.
3. Allow the system to run for 15 minutes.
4. Record all necessary readings into the experimental data sheet.
5. The experiment may be repeated at different compressor delivery pressure.

Observations:

Refrigerant Refrigerant Pressure Refrigerant Pressure Evaporator Out

flowrate (low) P1 (high) P2 Temperature

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

APPENDIX A
Experimental Data Sheets

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Experiment 1
Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

Experiment 2

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Experiment 3

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

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Experiment 4

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar
Evaporator In Temperature °C
Evaporator Out Temperature °C
Condenser In Temperature °C
Condenser Out Temperature °C
Active Power of Energy Meter W
Cooling water flowrate LPM
Cooling water inlet temperature °C
Cooling water outlet temperature °C

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Experiment 5

Refrigerant Refrigerant Pressure Refrigerant Pressure Evaporator Out

flowrate (low) P1 (high) P2 Temperature

Refrigerant Refrigerant Pressure Refrigerant Pressure Evaporator Out

flowrate (low) P1 (high) P2 Temperature

Refrigerant Refrigerant Pressure Refrigerant Pressure Evaporator Out

flowrate (low) P1 (high) P2 Temperature

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

APPENDIX B
Typical Experimental Results

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Experiment 1

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter
3 26.0 29.9 627

Experiment 2

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter
8 28 32 635
4 30.5 35.8 658
3 26.0 29.9 627

Experiment 3

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM 0.6

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar 1.23
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar 8.5
Evaporator In Temperature °C 5
Evaporator Out Temperature °C 25.1
Condenser In Temperature °C 64.0
Condenser Out Temperature °C 32.4
Active Power of Energy Meter W 627
Cooling water flowrate LPM 3
Cooling water inlet temperature °C 26.0
Cooling water outlet temperature °C 29.9

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Experiment 4

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM 0.7 0.62 0.60

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar 1.60 1.60 1.23
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar 9.2 9.0 8.5
Evaporator In Temperature °C 2.9 4 5
Evaporator Out Temperature °C 24 24.1 25.1
Condenser In Temperature °C 77.1 62.6 64
Condenser Out Temperature °C 32.1 31.7 32.4
Active Power of Energy Meter W 635 658 627
Cooling water flowrate LPM 8 4 3
Cooling water inlet temperature °C 28 30.5 26
Cooling water outlet temperature °C 32 35.8 29.9

Experiment 5

Refrigerant Refrigerant Pressure Refrigerant Pressure Evaporator Out

flowrate (low) P1 (high) P2 Temperature
0.27 3.6 10.6 22

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APPENDIX C
Sample Calculations

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Experiment 1

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter
3 26.0 29.9 627

Power Input = 627 W

3.00 L 1 L 1 min 4186 J

Heat Output = × × × × ( 29.9 − 26 ) K
min kg 60 s kg .K
= 816.3 W

Heat Output
COP H =
Power Input
816.3W
=
627 W
= 1.3

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 Mechanical Heat Pump

Experiment 2

Cooling Water Cooling water inlet Cooling water outlet Active power at
flowrate temperature temperature power meter
8 28 32 635
4 30.5 35.8 658
3 26.0 29.9 627

At 8 LPM the heat output = 1339.5 W & COP H = 2.11

At 4 LPM the heat output = 887.4 W & COP H = 1.35
At 3 LPM the heat output = 816.3 W & COP H = 1.30

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Experiment 3

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM 0.6

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar 1.23
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar 8.5
Evaporator In Temperature °C 5
Evaporator Out Temperature °C 25.1
Condenser In Temperature °C 64.0
Condenser Out Temperature °C 32.4
Active Power of Energy Meter W 627
Cooling water flowrate LPM 3
Cooling water inlet temperature °C 26.0
Cooling water outlet temperature °C 29.9

Energy Balance on the Condenser

Refrigerant mass flowrate

m3
= 0.6 LPM = 0.00001
s
3
m kg
= 0.00001 x 1146.7 3
s m
kg
= 0.011467
s

Heat transfer from the refrigerant

kg J
= 0.011467 × ( 409 − 249 ) × 1000
s kg
= 1834.7 W

Heat transfer to the cooling water

3.00 L 1 L 1 min 4186 J
= × × × × ( 29.9 − 26 ) K
min kg 60 s kg .K
= 816.3 W

Energy Balance on the Compressor

Power Input = 627 W

Heat Transfer to the refrigerant
kg J
= 0.011467 × ( 450 − 409 ) × 1000
s kg
= 470.1 W
Heat loss to surroundings
= (627 – 458.7) W
= 156.9 W

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Experiment 4

Refrigerant Flowrate LPM 0.7 0.62 0.60

Refrigerant Pressure (low), P1 Bar 1.60 1.60 1.23
Refrigerant Pressure (high), P2 Bar 9.2 9.0 8.5
Evaporator In Temperature °C 2.9 4 5
Evaporator Out Temperature °C 24 24.1 25.1
Condenser In Temperature °C 77.1 62.6 64
Condenser Out Temperature °C 32.1 31.7 32.4
Active Power of Energy Meter W 635 658 627
Cooling water flowrate LPM 8 4 3
Cooling water inlet temperature °C 28 30.5 26
Cooling water outlet temperature °C 32 35.8 29.9

At 8 LPM the heat output = 1339.5 W & COP H = 2.11

At 4 LPM the heat output = 887.4 W & COP H = 1.35
At 3 LPM the heat output = 816.3 W & COP H = 1.30

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Experiment 5

Refrigerant Refrigerant Pressure Refrigerant Pressure Evaporator Out

flowrate (low) P1 (high) P2 Temperature
0.6 1.23 8.5 25.1

Compressor pressure ratio

P 2 (abs )
=
P1 (abs )
9.5 bar ( abs )
=
2.23 bar ( abs )
= 4.26

Refrigerant mass flowrate

m3
= 0.6 LPM = 0.00001
s
3
m kg
= 0.00001 x 1146.7 3
s m
kg
= 0.011467
s
Volumetric flowrate of refrigerant at the compressor suction, V1
= Refrigerant mass flowrate x specific volume of refrigerant at compressor suction
= 0.011467 kg/s x 0.103 m3/kg
= 0.00118 m3/s

Compressor swept volume

rev 1 min m3
= 2800 × × 0.0000439
min 60 s rev
3
= 0.00205 m /s

Volumetric Flowrate
Volumetric Efficiency =
Compressor Swept Volume
0.00118
= × 100%
0.00205
= 57.6 %

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