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Understanding Protein Synthesis Process

Protein synthesis involves two main processes: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used to create mRNA, which then exits the nucleus, while translation involves the ribosome assembling amino acids into proteins based on the mRNA sequence. The document provides detailed steps for both processes, including initiation, elongation, and termination stages.

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79 views21 pages

Understanding Protein Synthesis Process

Protein synthesis involves two main processes: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used to create mRNA, which then exits the nucleus, while translation involves the ribosome assembling amino acids into proteins based on the mRNA sequence. The document provides detailed steps for both processes, including initiation, elongation, and termination stages.

Uploaded by

jobert
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Protein synthesis

is the process in
which a cell
makes protein
based on the
message contained
within its DNA.
Stages of Transcription
1. Initiation
1. An enzyme
(helicase) attaches to
the DNA molecule at
the gene of interest.
2. The two strands of
DNA separate at that
location.
2. Elongation
3. Complementary RNA nucleotides bond to
the nitrogenous base on one of the DNA
strands. The enzyme, RNA polymerase, assists
4. The chain of RNA nucleotides forms a
single-stranded molecule of RNA by using
the DNA strand as a template.
3. Termination
5. When a stop codon is
reached, the RNA strand
separates from the DNA
molecule, leaves the
nucleus and goes
through the nuclear
membrane into the
cytoplasm.
6. The two DNA
strand rejoin. mRNA
leaves the nuclear
membrane into the
cytoplasm.
DNA ATG TAT CTG AAC GAA TTT CCG GAT TTA TAA
DNA template TAC ATA GAC TTG CTT AAA GGC CTA AAT ATT
mRNA (codon) AUG UAU CUG AAC GAA UUU CCG GAU UUA UAA
Stages of Translation

1. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome,


which contains proteins and rRNA.
The function of rRNA is to assemble
proteins according to the genetic
message.
Stages of Translation
1. Initiation
1. Small subunit of the ribosome binds the mRNA
strand.
2. An initiating tRNA binds to the start codon,
usually AUG. This determines where translation
should begin. The large ribosomal subunit then
binds to the small subunit and initiation is
complete.
2. tRNA, brings amino
acids to the ribosome in
the order specified by the
codon sequence on the
mRNA.
3. When another
tRNA drops off its
amino acid, the first
tRNA will disconnect
and can go pick up
another amino acid.
3. Termination
4. Ribosome forms a peptide
bond between the amino
acids
/ Sequence is repeated until
the ribosome reaches a
stop codon
/ This creates a polypeptide
or protein.
DNA ATG TAT CTG AAC GAA TTT CCG GAT TTA TAA
DNA template TAC ATA GAC TTG CTT AAA GGC CTA AAT ATT
mRNA (codon) AUG UAU CUG AAC GAA UUU CCG GAU UUA UAA
tRNA (anticodon) UAC AUA GAC UUG CUU AAA GGC CUA AAU AUU
Amino acid Met Tyr Leu Asn Glu Phe Pro Asp Leu Stop
Let’s do this
DNA CCG TAT ATA ATG CCC GAG GCG TTT GCT GAC CTG GTC GTA TAA
DNA (template) GGC ATA TAT TAC GGG CTC CGC AAA CGA CTG GAC CAG CAT ATT
mRNA (codon)
Amino acids

Note: (AUG- start) (UAA, UAG, UGA- stop)

2. DNA ACC TAC CGG ACC GAA CCT ACG CCG GGT ACT GGA GAA
DNA template
mRNA (codon)
Amino Acid

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