John Kenneth E.

Calivoso
Instructor 1
jecalivoso@[Link]
 SKILLS KNOWLEDGE VALUES

1. critical thinking 1. environmental principles 1. respect to the environment

2. computer competency 2. processes, interactions and 2. social and cultural
3. communication skills interrelationships of the responsibility
natural and social 3. global-mindedness
environment
3. impact of anthropogenic
activities
1. Timely submission of requirements
2. Enrollment (Module/Learning Material)
3. Attendance to classes
4. Proper attire and attitude during classes
5. Group works
6. Academic dishonesty (Chat GPT, AI)
7. Contact Information / Consultation Schedule
a) Define environment and environmental science
b) Understand the importance of the interdisciplinary nature of
environmental science in dealing with environmental problems
c) Understand the relationship of environmental science to other
sciences
• Environment – the sum of all the physical, chemical, and
biological factors including the processes and interactions in
and between, acting upon an organism or an
ecological community, at a defined moment of time.
• Everything that is around us, surrounding external
conditions influencing development or growth of people,
animal or plants;
1. What is Surrounded
• The living objects in general and man in particular
2. By what Surrounded
• The physical attributes, which become the environment
• Environment definition has been changing and widening, from
environment as a physical aspect it expanded through social, economic, and
political
3. Where Surrounded
• In Nature, planet Earth viz land, air, water etc., support and affect life.
• Field of science that studies the interactions of the
environment's physical, chemical, and biological components
and the relationships and effects of these components with
the organisms in the environment.
• Learn how the natural world works
• Understand how we as humans interact with the
environment
• Determine how we affect the environment
 INTERDISCIPLINARITY
The natural sciences provide the
means to gain accurate information
about our world and to interpret it
reasonably, while the social sciences
help us comprehend our interactions
with the environment by weighing
values and understanding human
behavior.
Natural Sciences Social Sciences

Anthropology Economics
Geography History
Linguistics Political Science
Psychology Sociology
Demography
• Science and Objective Truth
1. Observe: Make careful observations of the world around us.
2. Ask questions: Formulate questions about what you observe.
3. Form a hypothesis: Create a testable explanation for your
observations.
4. Test your hypothesis: Conduct experiments or make more
observations to test your prediction.
5. Analyze results: Determine if your data supports your hypothesis
6. Iterate: Use your results to create new hypotheses
7. Share results: communicate findings
 ENVIRONMENTALIST V.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST
ENVIRONMENTALIST ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST
• People who participate in • People who follow the process
environmentalism of science to generate new
ideas
• May not always subscribe to an
objective approach • Strives hard to always be
objective
• Ideas may sometimes have a
personal or ideological bias
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE SYSTEMS OF
THE EARTH
The Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
• To define environmental science and explain its significance
• To differentiate the layers of the earth
• To classify climate using the Koppen climate classification
scheme
• The Biosphere: is the global sum of
all ecosystems. It can also be termed
the zone of life on Earth, a closed
system, and largely self-regulating
• Ecological point of view: biosphere is
the “global ecosystem”, comprising
the totality of biodiversity on earth
and performing,
• all manner of biological functions,
including photosynthesis, respiration,
decomposition, nitrogen fixation and
denitrification.
The term “Biosphere” was coined by
geologist Eduard Sues in 1875, which he
defined as:
The place on Earth’s surface where life
dwells.
The biosphere is core concept within Biology and Ecology,
where it serves as the highest level of biological organization,
which begins with cell organelles, cells, organisms, population,
community, ecosystem biomes and the biosphere.
 From a state of Primary production Oxygen-rich
lifelessness, single- of plants released atmosphere as we
celled organisms oxygen from this know of it today
originated 3.5 billion carbon dioxide
years ago.
Prokaryotes Photosynthesis Life
• People have altered the flow of energy in the biosphere. For
example, O2 levels decrease as CO2 increases due to various
factors.
• United Nations in 1970 – established the Man and the
Biosphere Programme (MAB)
• Currently, there are 563 biosphere reserves (Worldwide).
• The first bio reserve was in Yangambi, Democratic Republic of
Congo with 32, 000 species.

• In the Philippines, there are 3 Biosphere Reserves

1. Puerto Galera (1977)
2. Palawan (1990)
3. Albay (2016)
 The Biosphere

Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
LITHOSPHERE

Crust- outermost layer

Upper Most Solid Mantle
 LITHOSPHERE

• “lithos” Gk word meaning Rock

The lithosphere is the solid, outer

part of the Earth.

It extends from the surface of

Earth to a depth of about 70-
100 km.
 LITHOSPHERE

• Rocks in the lithosphere are elastic

but not as viscous as the
asthenosphere.
How deep is the lithosphere?
 LITHOSPHERE

2 TYPES

a. Continental Lithosphere- the continental crust

b. Oceanic Lithosphere - associated with oceanic
crust, slightly denser
 The Continental Lithosphere

• the continental crust

• less dense than “OL” but thicker
• 70% of the volume of the Earth’s
crust
• 40% of the Earth’s surface
• mostly consist granitic rock
• older than the “OL”
The Oceanic Lithosphere

• consist Mafic crust and

ultramafic mantle
• denser than the “CL”
• constantly being produced at
the mid ocean ridges
• recycled to the mantle at the
subduction zone
LITHOSPHERE

Why is the oceanic

Lithosphere younger
than Continental
Lithosphere?
• Tectonic activity describes the interaction of the
huge slabs of lithosphere called tectonic plates
 LITHOSPHERE
Major Plates

• African
• Antarctic
• Eurasian
• Indo-Australian
• North American
• South American
• Pacific

Tectonic plates - huge slabs of irregularly shaped solid rocks composed of both
continental and oceanic lithosphere.
Continental Drift Theory – Alfred Wegener (20th Century)
Evidences of the
Tectonic Activities

• orogeny
• earthquakes
• volcanic eruptions
(plate boundaries)
• formation of deep
trenches
• fossils
 HYDROSPHERE
• “Hydro” (Gk) = water
• The discontinuous layer of water at or near Earth’s
surface.
• It includes all liquid and frozen surface waters,
groundwater held in soil and rock, and atmospheric
water vapor.
• Covers 71% of the earth’s area
hydroSPHERE
Much of the Earth’s water is likely to have originated from
the outer parts of the solar system.

dirty snowballs outgassing of H20 during

volcanic eruptions
Water is constants and is on a perpetual move
(13).
• Movement of water is the one responsible for the
chemical and mechanical breakdown of rocks or
weathering.

• Transports solid materials to bodies of water

• Dissolved and transports nutrients for organisms.

 ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere is the gas and aerosol envelope that extends
from the ocean, land and ice-covered surface of the planet
outward into space.

• provides oxygen
• absorbs hazardous solar radiation
• burns up incoming meteors
• transports and recycles water and nutrients
• moderates climate
ATMOSPHERE
densest at the troposphere
 ATMOSPHERE
COMPOSITION OF
THE ATMOSPHERE

78% - nitrogen gas (N2)

21% - oxygen gas (O2)
1% - argon gas (Ar) and
other gases
HOW DID IT DEVELOP?

• resulted from a gradual

release of gases from the
interior of the earth
• Metabolic activities of life
forms
 ATMOSPHERE
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Troposphere – bottommost layer

• responsible for the planet’s
weather
• contains ¾ of the atmosphere’s mass
 ATMOSPHERE
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Stratosphere – extends 15 to 50 kilometers
above sea level
• experiences little vertical mixing
• it is where the ozone layer is found

Ozone layer – protected film in the atmosphere

that reduces the amount of solar radiation
reaching the earth surface.
 ATMOSPHERE
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Mesosphere – extends up to 85 kilometers
above sea level
• Meteors burn up in this layer
Thermosphere- extends to 600 kilometers above
sea level
• Aurora and satellites occur in this layer
Exosphere – extends up to 10, 000 km
• Uppermost layer of the atmosphere
 ATMOSPHERE
WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Weather – the condition of the atmosphere at a particular

place over a short period of time

Characterized by:
Temperature, wind, cloudiness, humidity and precipitation
 ATMOSPHERE

WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Climate – the weather pattern of a place over a long period of

time.

• Yearly cycles of temperature, wind, and rainfall that does

not vary daily.
 ATMOSPHERE
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WEATHER
• Temperature – the hotness or coldness of the atmosphere
• Atmospheric Pressure – weight of air resting on the earth’s
surface
• Wind – movement of air masses on the earth’s surface
• Relative Humidity – the ratio a water vapor a given volume
of air to the maximum amount it could contain at a
given temperature.
 ATMOSPHERE
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CLIMATE
• Latitude – the distance of a certain area from the equator
• Altitude- the vertical height of an object above the sea level
• Ocean Currents - the continuous, predictable, directional
movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind, and water
density.
• Topography - the arrangement of the natural and artificial
physical features of an area.
• Distance from oceans and lakes
 ATMOSPHERE
CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
Koppen Climate Classification – Wladimir Koppen
 ATMOSPHERE
• It makes use of the 12 monthly temperature and
precipitation values

• Type A: Tropical/ megathermal Climates

• Type B: Dry (arid and semiarid) Climates
• Type C: Temperate Climates
• Type D: Continental Climate
• Group E: Polar Climate
• Group H: Highland Climates
 ATMOSPHERE
KOPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
ATMOSPHERE
• Type I- two pronounced season, dry
from November to April and wet during
the rest of the year. Max. Precip is from
June to September.

• Type II – No dry season with a very

pronounced maximum rain period from
December to February. There is not a
single dry month. Minimum monthly
rainfall occurs during the period from
December to February or from March
to May
• Type III- No very pronounced maximum
rain period, with a very dry season
lasting only from one to three months,
either during the period from March to
May. This type resembles Type 1 since it
has a short dry season.

• Type IV- Rainfall is more or less evenly

distributed throughout the year. This
type resembles Type II since it has no
dry season.
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visit us
City of Batac, Ilocos Norte,
Philippines
(63) 77-600-0459
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