ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANEGMENT PLAN FOR

PLASTIC PRODUCT MANUFACTURING FACTORY

PROJECT LOCATION; OROMIA REGIONAL STATE

SHEGER CITY ADMINSTRATION,
GELAN GUDA SUB-CITY
DALETI WOREDA

PROJECT OWNER: SULTAN AND HIS FAMILY GENERAL

BUSINESS PLC

NATIONALITY: ETHIOPIAN

February, 2025
SHEGER, OROMIA

1
Contents
List of tables……………………………………………………………………………………i
List of figures--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii

Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... iii

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... ivi
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Company .................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Back Ground of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study in Ethiopia.................... 2
1.3 Objective of the ESMP .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Approaches and Methodology in the ESMP Study ........................................................................ 4
1.3.1. Study Approaches............................................................................................................. 4
1.3.2. Methodology of the Study ........................................................................................................ 4
1.4. Limits of the Study ............................................................................................................... 5
1.5. Project justification .................................................................................................................. 5
2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING.................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area……………………………………8
2.2 Defining list of Activities, type and Magnitude of the Production Project …………………8
3. RELEVANT POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................. 8
3.1. International Conventions......................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Economic Development Policies and Strategies ........................................................................... 10
3,3 Environmental Policies and Strategies .......................................................................................... 12
3.4 Sectoral Policies and Strategies .............................................................................................. 14
3.5 Legislative Instruments .......................................................................................................... 18
3.5.2 Oromia Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No.176/2012 .......... 20
3.6 Institutional Framework ......................................................................................................... 23
3.7 Political Economy and Governance in Ethiopia ...................................................................... 24
3.8 Dispute Resolution and Grievance Redress Procedures ........................................................... 25
3.9 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies ............................................................................ 25
3.10 Strategies ............................................................................................................................... 25
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................... 27
4.1 Location of the project........................................................................................................ 27

i
 4.2 . Project location .......................................................................................................................... 27
4.3 Project description ....................................................................................................................... 28
4.4 Project Goal ............................................................................................................................. 28
4.5 Project objectives ..................................................................................................................... 28
4.5.1 Project Specific objectives..................................................................................................... 28
4.6 Project Beneficiaries .............................................................................................................. 29
4.7 Project capital cost ....................................................................................................................... 29
4.8 Raw material during operation ..................................................................................................... 29
5. DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..................... 33
5.1 Physical Environment .................................................................................................................. 33
5.1.1 Geology and Soil................................................................................................................... 33
5.1.2 Topography and climatic condition........................................................................................ 34
5.2 Biological Environment ............................................................................................................... 34
5.3 Socio economic characteristics of the Sub City............................................................................. 35
5.3.1 Urban Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 35
5.3.2 Unemployment and Social Vulnerability ............................................................................... 35
5.3.3 Health Condition of the Sub City ........................................................................................... 36
5.3.4 Education Condition of the Sub City ..................................................................................... 36
5.3.5 Transportation and Environment ........................................................................................... 37
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION AND PREDICTION AND
MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................................................................................ 38
6.1 . Beneficial Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 38
6.2. Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project and its mitigation measures ................ 39
6.2.1. Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts During operation phase ..................................... 40
7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (ESMMP) .......................... 50
7.1Roles of Institutions in the Implementation ESMP ........................................................................ 51
7.1.1During Operation phase.......................................................................................................... 51
7.2. Responsibility of the Proponent .................................................................................................. 51
7.2.1. Chemical Management ........................................................................................................ 51
7.2.2. Solid waste management .......................................................................................................... 52
7.2.3. Water Quality Monitoring .................................................................................................... 52
7.2.4 Health and Safety Management ............................................................................................ 53

ii
7.2.5Potable Water and sanitary facility provision.................................................................................. 53
7.2.6Social Management Plan ................................................................................................................ 53
7.3Environmental and social auditing .................................................................................................... 54
[Link] AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 57
[Link] ................................................................................................................................... 59

iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Environmental and social management plan ................................................................ 54
Table 2: Multilateral environmental agreements to which Ethiopia is a party environmental
agreement Adoption Entry into force Adoption by Ethiopia ...................................................... 61

iv
 Acronyms
ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization
BOPP Biaxial Oriented poly Propylene
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CO Carbon monoxide
CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
Db decibel
EA Environmental Assessment
EFCCC Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPC Environmental Protection Council
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ESMP Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency
EWNHS Ethiopian Wildlife & Natural History Society
EVOH Ethylene vinyl alcohol
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FDRE Federal democratic Republic Of Ethiopia
GHG Green House Gas
GDP Growth Domestic Product
HS Health and Safety
IFC International Finance Corporation’s
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International standardization for Organization
MEFCC Ministry of Environmental, Forest and Climate Change
MoNREP Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection
NBPN ational Biodiversity Policy
NGO Non Governmental Organization
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
PP Poly propylene
PE Poly ethylene
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
PVC Poly vinyl chloride
SD Sustainable Development
UNECE United Nation Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP United Nation Environmental Program
USNEPA United State National Environmental Policy Act
WCED World Conservation and Economic Development

v
 Executive Summary
The Consulting Firm is responsible to conduct Environmental and Social Management plan (ESMP)
for Plastic material manufacturing in Sheger City Administration Gelan Guda Sub-City Daleti
Woreda. The project occupied 3703m2of land. The project got the legal recognition from regional
government and found on the Manufacturing service. The investment capital budget estimated to be
5,000,000 Mil Eth Bir. The project created a job opportunity for over 50 workers on permanent and
temporal bases. The project also provides an opportunity to transfer technology that could really help
the country in addition to paying government tax, saving foreign currency by reducing import of
materials.
However, Short-term benefits build up from development projects may significantly impact on the
ability of human and natural ecosystems to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations
unless proper management is undertaken. An important component of sustainable development is the
process of assessing the potential environmental, economic and social impacts of a project prior to
its implementation. This is aimed at identifying, evaluation and predicting possible impacts of a
project with the sole aim of enhancing anticipated positive impacts while at the same time
incorporating into the project measure for minimization of negative impacts. Therefore, the aim of
this study was to undertake Environmental and Social Management plan (ESMP) of the project,
Plastic material Manufacturing Plant, to ensure the sustainable development. For this therefore,
PESIA report was prepared by The Consulting Firm from January 2024. The study team undertook
site visit, interview with project proponent and with general manager of Sultan and his family
General business PLC Plastic products manufacturing and document reviewer.
During the scoping exercise, the areas of impacts identified were impacts during construction,
installation and operation of the project, Sultan and his family General business PLC Plastic
products Manufacturing such as:-
 Waste generation (solid and liquid waste) during operation of the project
 Solid waste generation during operation of the project
 Noise pollution
 Odor and air pollution during project implementation from VOCs emissions
 Health and safety impact for the staff workers during operation of the project
The methods employed during the under taking of ESMP were, site observation, desk review of
relevant legislations, guidelines and scientific articles.

vi
Some negative impacts may be related to chemical usage such as, solvents and land pollution
from plastic waste, ground water pollution from wastewater generation, air pollution and odor
from gaseous emissions and health and safety impacts. The sanitation component can also have
health hazards related to waste handling, odor and smell. There is also possibility of microbial
water contamination. Health hazards associated with inappropriate location
Various mitigation measures were proposed in this to avoid/minimize the likely negative
environmental and social impacts. For water pollution the following were suggested:- Use a
water conservation strategy at the plant in the manufacturing as well as washing and cleaning
purpose to reduce the volume of wastewater generated; Aware and train workers in resource
conservation especially water; Safe and standard chemicals should be utilized to avoid/minimize
risks related to groundwater pollution; Avoid any discharge of liquid waste in the environment
without treatment; Septic tank should be installed for the treatment of wastewater and avoid
competition with public drinking water line.
For solid waste generation and land pollution the following were suggested;-As much as
possible reduce the volume of solid waste generated from the facility as well office via reusing
the waste as it is; The proponent should assure that the imported chemical, and other substances
as well as those produced in by the company meet the criteria set at national and international
level; Awareness creation in proper resource utilization for the workers that helps to reduce the
amount of solid waste should consider; Timely collection and segregation as well as proper
disposal of waste should be in place in collaboration with Gelan Guda Sub City Municipality;
Waste reduction, reuse and recycling technologies especially plastic waste should be undertaken
to reduce the environmental burden.
For air pollution control: Possibilities for solvent reduction may be identified by Sultan and his
family General business PLC plastic products manufacturing plc through solvent management plans.
Changes in work practices, particularly during the storage and handling of solvents and the
cleaning of equipment, can lead to reduced fugitive losses. The solvent may be economically
recovered for reuse, by means of activated carbon or other adsorption medium. Water-based inks
may be used instead of organic solvent-based inks. Water-based solvents will contain organic
compounds such as alcohols and amines. The composition of ink can also be changed allowing
ultra-violet, infra-red or electron radiation for curing the ink. Many of these curing methods use

vii
inks with almost no organic solvent content. Less volatile cleaning agents may also be used.
Biological (bio filter, Bio scrubber) can be used.
For health, safety issues he following was suggested such as; all personnel should be trained on
the basic ergonomics principles; Proper safety signals should be put in place to protect workers
from accidents and the way they get out if any accidents happen. All electrical equipment and
machinery shall be properly grounded; Provision of appropriate protective clothing such as dust
masks, gloves, and safety goggles to workers during installation of machineries and operations is
a must; Good housekeeping is essential and particular attention should be given to keeping the
floors clean; Toilets should always be clean and drinking water should be free of pathogens;
Adequate spacing should also be allowed for the storage of raw materials and finished goods.

viii
ix
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Company
Industries have an important role in the development of regions and countries. As industries
grow and concentrate in industrial regions, the increase in waste production, degrading soils,
polluting air, polluting water, altering landscapes and threatening biodiversity on one side and
the lack of necessary regulations for the management of these issues on the other side has made
many regions in the world face serious challenges and has led to many environmental threats.
Plastic material Manufacturing Plant is with an initial capital of 5,000,000 mili. Eth bir. The
company created an employment opportunity for 50 workers. By doing so the company will play
a significant role in reducing the environmental burden of the plastic waste which is the global
problem because of their resistance to biological degradation.

At present, the company needs to engage Sultan and his family General business plastic products
manufacturing PLC. The Plastic material Manufacturing are highly demanded which helps to
reduce the import of Plastic materials saves the foreign currency.

The envisaged project, Plastic material Manufacturing created a job opportunity for about 50
employees on permanent and temporal bases based on competition. This will contribute to
reduce the number of youth unemployment which is the bottle neck of the country. It also saves
the foreign currency and pay tax for the government. It can also reduce the demand of the Plastic
Products.

However, Short-term benefits build up from development projects may significantly impact on
the ability of human and natural ecosystems to meet the needs and aspirations of the future
generations unless proper management is undertaken. The concept of sustainable development
envisages development that not only allows the present generation to meet its developmental and
natural needs but also ensure intergenerational equity through application of precautionary
principle. An important component of sustainable development is the process of assessing the
potential environmental, economic and social impacts of a project prior to its implementation.
This is aimed at identifying, evaluation and predicting possible impacts of a project with the sole
aim of enhancing anticipated positive impacts while at the same time incorporating into the
project measure for minimization of negative impacts. Therefore, the aim of this study is to

1
conduct Environmental and social Management Plan (ESMP) of the project to ensure the
sustainable development.
1.2. Back Ground of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is highly vulnerable to severe environmental degradation mainly due to unwise use of
natural resources and poorly planned development projects, prompted by rapid population
growth. This is because the environment has not featured on the development agenda in the past,
since project evaluation and decision-making mechanisms have focused only on short-term
technical feasibility and economic benefits. Thus, neglected environmental and social, as well as
long term economic dimensions, have resulted in a situation where the country experiences a
seriously degraded natural environment that has consequences on negatively impacting the
public health (Yonas, 2006).
As the supreme law of the land, the constitution (FDRE,1995) of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has served as a stepping stone for the formulation of the
Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) which was issued in 1967. The EPE provides guidance
in the conservation and sustainable utilization of the country’s natural resources in general with
achieving specific objectives of; ensuring conservation, development and sustainable use of
essential ecological processes and life support systems, biological diversity and renewable
natural resources and the empowerment and participation of the people in environmental
management. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia lays the foundation for ESMP in the country as it
provides for the enactment of a law which requires that an appropriate ESMP and environmental
audits are undertaken on private and state development projects (Mellese and Mesfin, 2008). In
order to ensure sustainable development, it is essential to integrate environmental concerns into
development activities, programs, and policies. The Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESMP) is one of the best environmental management tools and facilitates the
inclusion of principles of sustainable development aspirations early in a project (RIO, 1992).
Environmental and social impact assessment (ESMP) is an activity designed to identify, predict,
interpret, evaluate and communicate information about the positive and negative impacts of any
development intervention through environmental and social impact statement report. Hence, the
ultimate objective of ESMP is to provide the decision-makers with an indication of the likely
consequences of their actions’ (Wathern 1988). Though, detailed steps in the ESMP process vary
from country to country, thegeneric steps most widely applied at internationally level are under

2
comprises screening, scoping, impact assessment, mitigation, reporting, reviewing, decision
making and implementation (UNEP 2002).

The Plastic material should keep in mind that, the environmental protection and social benefit
capitalization via economic and social development is very important for the firm’s profit and
its sustainability. The use of these chemicals has given rise to environmental concerns that are
limited to the local production settings by the pollution of the environment and human health.
Thus, this PESIA report was conducted by The Consulting Firm to identify potential impacts,
both positive and negative and then to propose possible enhancement/mitigation measures for the
project, Plastic material Manufacturing located in Sheger City Administration Gelan Guda Sub-
City Daleti Woreda.

1.3 Objective of the ESMP

The fundamental objective of conducting ESMP is to ensure that the project is environmentally
sound and socially acceptable, and hence contributes to the development of environmental and
social functions of local communities. It is also expected to provide a means whereby the overall
environmental performance and social benefits of the project can be enhanced through:
 Carrying out assessment and description of site/location, objectives, scope, nature of the
project,

 Carrying out analysis of the project activities during the project cycle; operation and
decommissioning phases,

 Establish the suitability of the project in the proposed location,

 Review and establish all relevant baseline information (Physical, Biological, Social
Cultural and Economic) and identify any information gaps,

 Description and analysis of policy, legal and institutional framework including but not
limited to policies, laws, regulations and guidelines which have a direct bearing on the
project and will also serve as benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation, and future
environmental audits,

 Do an in-depth description of the project and associated works together with the
requirements for carrying out the works,

3
  Analyze the efficacy of the designs, technology, procedures and processes to be used, in
the implementation of the works,

 Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the plastic

product manufacturing project,

 Defining positive social and economic benefits local communities can derive from the
project implementation,

 Identification, prediction and synthesis of the potential environmental impacts associated

with the project implementation and;

 Designing subsequent operation, and preparation of plans and recommendations

regarding measures that will minimize adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts.

 Preparing ESMP Report for the plastic product manufacturing project.

1.3. Approaches and Methodology in the ESMP Study

1.3.1. Study Approaches

The processes of ESMP study naturally involve a whole range of stakeholders in a much more
participatory manner. The participatory approach served as a plat form to jointly identify the
potential positive and negative out comes and enhancement and mitigation measures in the
implementation of the intended project, respectively. It is also very important in defining their
roles and responsibilities, required resources in the process of the preparation and
implementation of the Partial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Plan (PESIA).

1.3.2. Methodology of the Study

Here, the study of ESMP generally followed the standard procedures set by the former
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and international EIA guidelines. Both primary and
secondary data were collected. The secondary data were collected from relevant government
policies, guidelines, and scientific articles. For instance, ESMP related policies, guidelines;
procedures and manuals which were set national, regional and international levels were also

4
thoroughly reviewed. Different relevant document browsed from internet and web sites were also
reviewed and intensively used as secondary data sources.

In carrying out of the Impact Assessment, the following methodology aspects were incorporated:
A. Semi- structured interview: this involved holding individual interviews with the manager of
Plastic material manufacturing the plant manager using a pre- prepared interview checklist and
recording the feedback.

B. Literature review: this involved the review of all literature and data relevant to the project.
The literature included legislation, data kept by the proponent and government agencies.

C. Site observation: this involves a transect walk across the land rented and the neighboring area
to get acquainted with the natural environment and also to cross check issues, arising from the
interviews above. Furthermore, field visit was undertaken to understand the likely impacts of a
development project, pp woven bags in this case on the environment around the project site
through making transect walking along the intended project site. This field survey also helped to
gather the base line environmental condition of the area for better prediction and evaluation of
the adverse environmental impacts. In the field visit the Green Development consultancy
services identified different areas of attention like pollution from wastewater, air pollution, noise
pollution, and land pollution from improper solid waste disposal especially the plastic waste
during the project implementation human health and safety impacts.

1.4. Limits of the Study

The Environmental and Social Management Plan were prepared for those areas that would be
influenced by the impact of the project’s implementation. But the area where the project is to
be established is an industrial area and the impact from the nearby project was not entertained in
detail. Data inadequacy due to personal error may be another limitation which will cause the
unforeseen impacts to occur at any stage of the project cycle.
1.5. Project justification
The envisaged project in Gelan Guda Sub City, Daleti Woreda is aimed to Plastic Plastic
material Manufacturing. Total company premises area is [Link] Plastic Plastic material
Manufacturing was installed on 2000m2. The project created job opportunity for over 250
permanent and temporary workers.

5
 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING
With the aim of deciding upon the limits of the study area and the list of activities and impacts
to be studied during the assessment, an initial environmental examination and scoping have
been carried out. The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main
objectives:

 To define the limits of the study area,

 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area,
 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project, and
 To define list of impacts to be studied.

In order to carry out the above tasks a tool and technique relevant to the project was employed.
For example, Environmental scoping checklist with followed by site and literature review) have
been applied.

This ESMP document covers the activities that will take place in the Plastic Plastic material
Manufacturing which includes:-
Impacts during construction and operation of the project implementation, Plastic Plastic material
Manufacturing such as:-

 Wastewater generation during operation of the project

 Solid waste generation during construction and operation of the project
 Noise pollution
 Odor and air pollution during project implementation from VOCs emissions
 Health and safety impact during for the staff workers during construction and
operation of the project
2.1 Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area
The primary function of scoping also referred to as setting the Terms of Reference of a ESMP, is
to establish the environmental priorities and set the boundaries for the study. The objective of
the is to avoid creating a voluminous report and make the assessment process concise and
focused. Impacts of the Plastic Plastic material Manufacturing will totally cover around 1hectare
found in around Sheger City Administration Gelan Guda Sub City Daleti Woreda. Primarily
water and air are the natural ecosystem to be impacted by the project as result of the dust

6
generated during construction and transportation, loading and unloading activities. Landscape
changes because construction affects the flora and faunas reduce water quality and quantity of
the area. Physical injuries and human health affected from the dust emission during construction,
processing, loading and unloading. Noise pollution is also another effect raised from the
machines used to full fill the purposes of the project.
2.2 Defining list of Activities, type and Magnitude of the Production Project
To investigate the activities such as base line environmental condition (such as the status of flora
and fauna) diversity and distribution, water resources quality and quantity situation, soil type and
geology of the area were investigated with objectives of predicting the future with the project
and without the project. The type and magnitude of the impact due to the project is part of the
environmental scoping. The ESMP team of expertise identified the impact type such as:
Effects on endangered species
Change in natural landscapes
Impacts on the human health
Effects on the present use of available natural resources
Abandonment of either use of future production of natural resources
Air quality deterioration
Water quality reduction
Soil pollution
Instability of lands

7
 3. RELEVANT POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

This section covers the policy, legislative and institutional issues that are most relevant to
agricultural projects in general and the fruit and vegetables project in particular. The first part
this discussion looks at the national economic development policies and strategies. The second
section deals with sectoral policies and strategies related to the project. The third part focuses on
existing environmental policies and strategies at the national and international levels. Finally, the
fourth section presents the existing institutional framework for environmental protection and
management.

3.1. International Conventions

In addition to national environmental legislations, the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia is
also a party to a number of regional and international conventions and plastic container cols on
environment. The government has established an Environmental Protection Authority, and this
Authority is designated as focal point for the implementation of these conventions and plastic
container cols. Accordingly; Article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia provides that once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or
established procedure, it automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land.
Consequently, the convention and the plastic container are the laws of this land. Therefore; the
following international conventions and plastic container cols are relevant to the proposed fruit
and vegetables production project.
A. International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Guidance on Performance Standards on
Social & Environmental Sustainability

These Guidance Notes offer helpful guidance on the requirements contained in the Performance
Standards, including reference materials, and on good sustainability practices to improve project
performance. IFC expects that each client will employ methods best suited to its business to
meet the requirements of the Performance Standards. In assisting the client to meet the
Performance Standards, IFC will take into account variables such as host country context, the
scale and complexity of project impacts, and the associated cost-benefit considerations, as well
as those of project performance beyond the level required in the Performance Standards.

8
B. Convention on Biological Diversity
The convention on biological diversity has three goals. The convention was ratified by Ethiopia
through proclamation No.98/94 on May 31, 1994.
These are:
 Conservation of biodiversity;
 Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and
 Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
C. Framework Convention on Climate Change

Ethiopia ratified this convention through proclamation No. 67/1994 on May 2/1994. This
convention takes into account the fact that climate change has trans-boundary impacts. The basic
objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of climate change. It also aims to prepare
countries to minimize the impact of climate change, should it occur.
D. The United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification

The objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of droughts
in countries experiencing serious drought and desertification, particularly in Africa. Ethiopia has
ratified the convention through its proclamation No. 80/1967.
E. The Basel Convention
The objective of the Basel convention is to control and regulate the Trans boundary movement of
hazardous wastes. The Bamako convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the
African continent. Ethiopia ratified the Basel convention through its proclamation No. 357/2002.
Its amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/2002. The country has also ratified the
Bamako convention through proclamation No. 355/2002.
F. The Stockholm Convention
In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified the Stockholm convention on persistent
organic pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban the use of persistent organic
pollutants. The Environmental protection authority has the full mandate to implement the
convention at the national level.
G. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora
The objectives of the convention are to control international trade in endangered species and to
ensure that international trade in non-endangered species is carried out in a manner which
ensures stable markets and economic benefits for the exporting countries as well as to control

9
and regulate illegal trade in such non endangered species, fossils and/ or their derivatives.
Ethiopia ratified the convention through proclamation No.l4/1670. The mandate to implement
the convention at federal level is the responsibility of the Ethiopian wildlife protection and
development organization.

3.2 Economic Development Policies and Strategies

a) The National Economic Development Strategy

The guiding strategy under the National Economic Development is known as the ‘Agricultural
Development Led Industrialization’ (ADLI). This strategy further developed into sectoral
strategies that include Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Population growth, technological progress,
Economic and Social infrastructure, etc. The following can be identified as the core elements of
the agro-industrial development strategy component of ADLI (MoPED, 1993).
 The promotion of labor intensive technologies and utilization of domestic raw materials,
 Determination of the composition of industrial output based on the needs and income
levels of the population, and
 Government intervention to motivate the choice of labor intensive technology that makes
extensive use of domestic raw materials.
ADLI has provided that basis for the development of the other national and sectoral policies and
strategies that have direct relevance to the development of export oriented agriculture in the
country.
b) The Agriculture Sector Policy and Strategy
The policy objectives are:
 To substantially enhance the production and productivity of agricultural sector for
improvement of the living conditions of the people,
 To conserve and rational utilization of natural resource for sustainable agricultural
development,
 Policy elements on crop protection focus on non –migratory and Migratory pests.
The policy statements include:
 Importation and handing over of crop protection technologies should be based on testing
their effectiveness,
 spraying pesticides considered as effective control of Migratory pests,

10
  the need for the establishment of plant quarantine system to prevent intrusion of exotic
pests or move out of the country,
 Development of pesticide registration and control system, etc .
c) Ethiopian Investment Strategy
There had been a number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by successive
governments as the country started to move away from ‘centralized economy’ to ‘mixed
economy’ (since 1992). These policy issues influence the project in different aspects.
Above all; the following two documents that constitute the building blocks of the current
Ethiopian investment strategy, directly affect investment in the country in general.
Proclamation No.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia,
Proclamation of Ministers Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to provide
for investment Incentives. According to the Investment Proclamation No.37/1996, the objective
of the investment policy of the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) are designed to
improve the living standard of the peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable
economic and social development. Article 13 of the proclamation specifies the required
information for submitting an application for investment permit. The first sub article under
article 14, prescribes the procedure for issuance of investment permit, stating the following:
Upon receiving an application for investment permit made in full compliance with the provisions
of Article 13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 10 days that the included
investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country and that, in
particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws, the
appropriate investment organ shall issue an investment permit to the applicant.
The Council of Ministers regulation No. 7/1996 provides the terms and conditions under which
investment incentives provided for investors. The investment incentive is divided into the
following two categories: exemption from income tax and exemption from customs duty on
imported machinery and equipment. The exemption from income tax is based on the following
two criteria. The first criterion is the class of the investment as pioneer investment, promoted
investment, or expansion and upgrading of existing investment. The second criterion is the
location of the investment with respect to its potential contribution to equitable distribution of
regional development.

11
In 1998, the government of FDRE issued the following proclamation and regulations with the
objective of amending the investment proclamation and regulation issued in 1996. Regulation
No. 116/1998: A proclamation to amend the investment proclamation, Proclamation No.
35/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations on Investment Areas Reserved for Domestic
Investors, and Regulation No. 36/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations to Amend the
Investment Incentives Regulations.
Amendment Regulation No. 146/2008The Proclamation was enacted with a view to:
encourage and promote the role of the private sector in the economic development of the
country; widen the scope of participation of foreign investors; create a transparent and efficient
system of investment administration.
3,3 Environmental Policies and Strategies

A. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions all other policies,
regulations and institutional frameworks must comply with. The Constitution of the FDRE
(Proclamation No. 1/1995 as amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural resources
and environmental management. The Constitution states that:
 Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty to protect the country’s
environment and natural resources,
 Design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not damage or
destroy the environment,
 The People have the right to full consultation and expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environment policies and projects that affect them directly.
The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the
Constitution of the FDRE. Article 44 of the revised Constitution of the FDRE states that all
persons who have been displaced or whose livelihood has been adversely affected because of
state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance. However, the
compensation does not take into account the value of land.
B. The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (FDRE, 1967). The CSE sets out detailed
strategies and action plans as well as the institutional arrangements required for the

12
implementation of sectoral as well as cross-sectoral interventions for the management of
Ethiopia’s natural, man-made and cultural resources. The CSE provides a strategic framework
detailing principles, guidelines and strategies for the effective management of the environment.
The most important areas that are considered in the document include the following:
 Improvement of soils, crop and animal husbandry for sustainable agricultural
production.
 Management of forest and woodland resources.
 Development of water resources for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water supply.
 Rangeland management and pastoral development.
 Promotion of individual participation in sustainable development of natural,
artificial and cultural resources, and environmental protection.
 Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.
 Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and
environmental management.
 Development of environmental education, public awareness and human
resources.
C. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The major policy framework document with respect to environmental management of Ethiopia is
the Environmental Policy (EPE) of the FDRE approved by the Council of Ministers in April
1967. The Policy was prepared under the joint-effort of the Environmental Protection Authority
(EPA) and the Environmental Planning Unit (EPU) of the then Ministry of Economic
Development and cooperation (MEDaC).
The policy contains elements that imply the importance of main streaming socio-ecologic aspects
in development programs. More specifically, there are two cross-sectoral policies components
with a mainstreaming effect in the EPE. Article 4.6 of EPE covers different aspects of the
importance of incorporating environmental costs and benefits in the development planning
process. Under this Article, the initiation of a pilot project on the application of Environmental
accounting in Ethiopia was identified as one of the policies directions.
The sectoral policies of EPE contain policy directions that may ensure the the promotion of
sustainable industrial development in the country. More specifically, Article 3.8 of EPE provides
policy directions for the control of hazards materials and pollution from industrial waste. This

13
sectoral policy emphasizes the importance of pollution prevention and minimization as the
primary approach for pollution control. To this effect, Article 3.6 states (EPA 1967, 15):
To adhere to the precautionary principle of minimizing and where possible preventing
discharge of substances and to disallow the discharge when they are likely to be hazardous.
Article 3.8., more specifically (EPA 1967, 16) states:
 To promote waste minimization processes including the efficient recycling of materials
wherever possible.

D. Impact Assessment Guideline Document

The guide to EIA document that was prepared by EPA provides a background to EIA and
environmental management in Ethiopia .In effect the document aims at being a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for
all parties who engage in the process. The basic objectives of the guide are:
 Providing all interested parties with a consistent approach in EIA
 Providing background information for the context of EIA in Ethiopia
 Assisting proponents in identifying their EIA responsibility
 Assisting communities and NGO groups in realizing their environmental rights
with regard to EIA
 Assisting the authority in determining their roles and responsibility as decision
makers in the EIA process: and
 Assisting in decision-making with regard to cost and benefits of proposed
development projects.
3.4 Sectoral Policies and Strategies
A. Water Resources Management Policy and Strategies
Water resources management and administration in the country should be based on Ethiopia's
Water Resource Management Policy and the water resources laws of the country as indicated in
Proclamation No. 167/2000. MoWR is entrusted with broad powers of "planning, management,
utilization administration and protection of water resources". This includes promoting the
implementation of medium and large multipurpose dam projects. According to Proclamation No.
167/2000, MoWR's duties include inventory of water resources, allocation of water resources,
establishment of standards for design and construction of waterworks, issuance of guidelines and
directives for the prevention of water resources pollution as well as water quality and health
standards, establishment of water users' associations, and settlement of disputes. Water Resource

14
Utilization Proclamation No. 92/2002 is another important proclamation put in place with a view
to proper management of the country's water resources.
B. National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005)
The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2005) defines the
state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to
"property produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of
exchange land and limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and
certification of tenure rights. Part three of the proclamation presents regulations relating to the
use of rural land, particularly as it relates to soil and water conservation and watershed
management. The rural land administration and land use laws are to be implemented by the
regional states.
Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease it
and, while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to
acquire property thereon, by labor or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The
proclamation also addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives
on environmental protection. An important feature of this proclamation is that it stipulates rural
land use and restrictions based on proper land use planning, providing for the proper use of
various types of land, such as slopes, gullies and wetlands, as well as the utilization of rural land
for villages and social services. In addition, it is envisaged that the proclamation created sense of
ownership among the vast majority of the rural population and enable them to take initiatives and
collectively engage in environmental management activities.
C. Measures Related to Occupational Health Control
Any employer shall ensure the availability of occupational health service to his employees. The
use of any machinery or instrument which generates excessive noise is prohibited. Any person
who uses such machinery or instruments shall install noise reducing apparatus or instrument.
D. Proclamations No. 42/1993 Labor Proclamation
The proclamation stipulates that an employer shall take the necessary measures to safeguard
adequately the health and safety of the workers; he shall in particular:
 Comply with the occupational health and safety requirements provided for in this
proclamation,
 Take appropriate pre-cautions to ensure that all the processes of work shall not be a
source or cause of physical, chemical, biological, agronomical damages.

15
E. Special Decree No, 20/1990 Council of State Special Decree to Provide for the
Registration and Control of Pesticide
In the preamble it is states that the purpose of the proclamation is to make it possible to
minimize, to the extent reliable, the adverse effects that utilization of pesticides might cause to
human beings, animals, plants and the environment.
According to the this proclamation, any substance, mixtures thereof or a living organism
intended for use in preventing, destroying or controlling any pest; the following in particular is
termed as "pesticide":
 unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during, or otherwise interfering with,
the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food commodities,
agricultural produces, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs;
 insects or other pests in or on the bodies of animals and causing harm to their health
 Vectors of human and animal disease: it also includes substances or mixtures thereof
intended for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or agent for thinning
fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit and substances applied to crops, either
before or after harvest, to protect the commodity form deterioration during storage or
transport.
The proclamation prohibits;
 The manufacture, import, sells or use of pesticide not registered in accordance with this
special decree,
 The import, storage, transport or offer for sale of pesticides where not packed or labeled
as provided in this special decree and directives issued hereunder.
 Authorization of registration is granted if the pesticide is used or handled according to the
instructions contained in its proposed label, would constitute a risk to human beings,
animals and the environment of such a minimal extent or degree as to be outweighed by
the necessity or advantages of using it.

E. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies

The National Biodiversity Policy (NBP) was established in 1998 based on a holistic ecosystem
approach to conserve, develop and utilize the country's biodiversity resources. Integration of
biodiversity conservation and development in federal and regional sectoral development

16
initiatives, and mobilization of international cooperation and assistance, have been identified as
the principal strategies for implementation of the policy.
The policy provides for guidance towards effective conservation, rational development and
sustainable utilization of the country’s biodiversity, and contains comprehensive policy
provisions for the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. Protection of
biodiversity-related traditional indigenous knowledge and communities' benefit sharing
arrangements are not yet effective. Similarly, the potential of biodiversity-related opportunities
has not yet been exploited to enhance sustainable livelihood to the desired level. However, there
is a general understanding with respect to changing the management approach in order to bring
about the desired benefits.
Wetlands are considered among the most productive type of ecosystem in the world, providing
benefits far in excess of those obtained from alternative uses to which they are subjected.
Ethiopia is endowed with vast wetlands, including a tract in the project area; however, efforts
towards their conservation and sustainable utilization are very limited, and no clear policy and
legislative framework have been designed. The EPA and Ethiopian Wildlife & Natural History
Society (EWNHS), in collaboration with Ramsar Bureau and other funding organizations, are
focusing efforts in this direction, and have conducted successful workshops and awareness
raising programs.
F. Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy

The biodiversity policy was approved in 1998 and it provides policy guidance towards the
effective conservation, rational development and sustainable utilization of the country's
biodiversity. The policy objectives accentuate public participation in biodiversity conservation,
development and utilization, and also ensure that communities share from the benefit accrued
from the utilization of the genetic resources and their traditional knowledge. The policy consists
of comprehensive provisions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity, and
it underlines the requirements for implementers to adopt during planning and operational phase
of projects and for those projects engaged in biological resource utilization to follow ESMP
procedures.

17
G. Energy Policy of Ethiopia

The Ethiopian energy policy document (drafted in 1994) has encouraged the use of indigenous
resources and renewable energy. The general objectives of the National Energy policy are:

 To ensure a reliable supply of energy at the right time and at affordable prices,
particularly to support the country's agricultural and industrial development
strategies adopted by the government.
 To ensure and encourage a gradual shift from traditional energy sources use to
modern energy sources.
 To streamline and remove bottlenecks encountered in the development and
utilization of energy resources and to give priority to the development of
indigenous energy resources with a goal toward attaining self-sufficiency.
 To set general guidelines and strategies for the development and supply of energy
resources.
 To increase energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy wastage.
H. Forest development, conservation and utilization policy and strategy

The federal Environment, Forest and climate change commission (FEFCCC) sets out a policy
which gives due emphasis and precedence for local community in the development of forest
resource. The policy stresses the participation of local communities in the management of, and
sharing of benefits from, State forests. General objective of the policy is to conserve and develop
forest resources properly so that there could be sustainable supply of forest products to the
society (hence satisfying the demand) and contribute to the development of the national economy
through the attainment of the national goals.

3.5 Legislative Instruments

The Federal Government of Ethiopia is in the process of passing number of proclamations that
are aimed at providing the legislative instruments for the implementation of the national
environmental policy objectives and strategies. The following environmental protection
proclamations were enacted by the council of Representative of FDRE.
3,5,1 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)

18
This Proclamation (No 299/2002) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of
projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies the projects and
activities that will require an environmental impact assessment (EIA).
The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the
legislation. The EPA will then review the EIA and either approve the project (with or without
conditions) or reject it. Under this legislation, the EPA has to prepare procedures, regulations,
environmental guidelines and standards for the EIA. Environmental guidelines are among the
tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental issues and principles of sustainable
development and their inclusion in development proposals. The Proclamation requires, among
other things:
 Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an
authorization from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to
commencing implementation of the project.
 Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly
received prior to issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a
work permit to a business organization.
The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from carrying
out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact.
A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued where the EPA
or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental authorization.
Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact
assessment are described in the Proclamation. Thus, a project developer is expected to act as
follows:
 Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely
adverse impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention, and submitting the
environmental impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to
the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency.
 Ensure that an environmental impact assessment is conducted and an
environmental impact study report is prepared by an expert who meets the
requirements set forth by the directive issued by the EPA.
 Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency for review.

19
3.5.2 OromiaRegionalStateEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProclamationNo.176/2012
The Oromia regional state has adopted the Federal Proclamation on Environmental Impact
Assessment after it customized it to the regional realities. The Oromia region version of the
proclamations is called Oromia National Regional state Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation No. 176/2012. The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 176/2012
of the region clearly stipulates the requirement for environmental assessment by stating that no
person shall commence implementation of a project that requires environmental impact
assessment without the authorization from the Bureau. The enforcement of this requirement for
environmental assessment is spearheaded by OEPA and its branch offices at Zonal, City and
Woreda levels.
3.5.3 Oromia Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 177/2012)
Environmental Pollution Control in the region should be based on Environmental Pollution
Control laws of the region as indicated in Proclamation No. 177/2012. Some of them are
shown as follow:
 No person can pollute or cause any other person to pollute the environment by
violating the relevant environments.
 Any person engaged in any field of activity which is likely to cause pollution of any
other environmental hazard shall install a sound technology that avoids or reduce to
the required minimum, the generation of waste and when feasible apply methods for
recycling of waste.
 Any person who causes any pollution shall be required to clean up the polluted
environment within a limited period of time.
3.5.4 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002)
Proclamation No. 300/2002 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the
right of citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of
the country. The law addresses the management of hazardous waste; establishment of
environmental quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of pollution. In order to
ensure implementation of environmental standards and related requirements, inspectors
belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered by the
Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, any land or premises

20
at any time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from Ethiopia's serious concern and
commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.
In order to ensure implementation of environmental standards and related requirements,
inspectors belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered
by the Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, any land or premises at any
time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from Ethiopia's serious concern and
commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.
3.5.5 Solid Waste Management (Proclamation No. 513/2004)
Measures related to waste handling and disposal:
 Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner,
which does not affect the health of the society.
 No person shall dispose solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner which
contaminate the environment or affects the health of the society.

3.5. 6 Regulation No 159/2008, Prevention of Industrial Pollution Regulation

Pursuant to Proclamation 300/2002, a regulation to prevent industrial pollution was developed by

the Federal EPA and endorsed by the Council of Ministers to ensure compatibility of industrial
development with environmental conservation. This regulation confers important obligations to
industrial operators. A factory subject to the regulations is obliged to prevent or minimize the
generation and release of pollutants to a level not exceeding the environmental standards. The
regulation also obliges industrial operators to handle its equipment, inputs and products in a
manner that prevents damage to the environment and to human health. Moreover, the regulations
urge industrial operators to prepare and implement an emergency response system of their own.
On the other hand, industrial operators are required to prepare and implement internal
environmental monitoring systems and keep written records of the pollutants generated and the
disposal mechanisms used to get rid of the pollutants. In relation to it, factories are required by
the regulation to submit annual compliance reports with the provision of the regulations.

3.5.7 Public Health Proclamation No 200/2000

Various aspects of public health issues including water quality control, waste handling and
disposal, availability of toilet facilities and others are clearly addressed in the public health

21
proclamation. This proclamation critically prohibits discharging untreated liquid waste generated
from septic tanks, seepage pits, and industries into water bodies, or water convergences.

22
 3.6 Institutional Framework
a. Proclamation on Institutional Arrangements
This proclamation establishes the EPA as an autonomous Federal agency with the objective of
formulating Environmental policies, strategies, legislatives, standards and directives. The
proclamation also provides for the establishment of the Environmental council to ensure
integration of Environmental concerns with development policies, strategies and plans, as well as
coordination among sectors.
The Environmental council is chaired by the prime minister (or his designate) and is composed
of the relevant line ministries, heads of other government agencies and representative of trade
associations and NGOs. The executive Director of EPA will serve as member and secretary of
the environmental Council. Furthermore, the proclamation requires every competent agency to
establish or designate its own environmental unit, which shall ensure collaboration with EPA and
be responsible to coordinate and follow up that activities of the agency are taking place in
harmony with this proclamation and other Environmental requirements.
b. Environmental Protection Council
The proclamation for the establishment of the Environmental protection Authority establishes
Environmental protection council to ensure the integration of Environmental concerns with
development policies, strategies and plans as well as coordination among sectors. The council is
composed of the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Mines and Energy, the commissioner of Science and technology, the Ministry of
water resources and the general manager of EPA. An official to be designated by the government
chairs the council.
c. Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
In 1995, the EPA was created by means of the Environmental Protection Authority
Establishment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 9/1995). At the same time, an Environmental
Protection Council (EPC) was established, with representatives from most of the federal
ministries to supervise the EPA’s activities. The Director-General of the EPA was to serve as the
Secretary to the Council and the EPA took on the duties previously assigned to the Ministry of
Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection (MoNREP). The mandate and
duties of the EPA were subsequently clarified in the Establishment of Environmental Protection
Organs Proclamation (Proclamation No. 295/2002).

23
The EPA is an independent authority, acting outside the main ministerial structures and reporting
directly to the prime minister. The federal EPA is the key national level environmental agency,
with a mandate to address environmental issues. The environmental legislation gives the EPA
powers to fulfill its role, support all federal agencies in establishing environmental units, and
develop skills in strategic environmental analysis of policies and public instruments. The EPA is
involved in the development of environmental policy and legislation, setting environmental
quality standards for air, water and soils, monitoring pollution, establishing EIA procedures and
an environmental information system, and undertaking capacity development in relevant
agencies to ensure the integration of environmental management in policy development and
decision making.
3.7 Political Economy and Governance in Ethiopia

Land rights in Ethiopia do not explicitly provide private property rights. After the Proclamations
No. 31/1675 and 47/1675, ownership of land was vested in the State, and Ethiopian citizens were
given various forms of use-rights (usufruct) over land and other resources. Accordingly, the
1995 Constitution Article 40(3) recognizes land as a common property of the Nations,
Nationalities, and Peoples of Ethiopia and prohibits sale or any other exchange of land.

The 1995 Constitution Article 40(7) reiterates and furthers this point by stating, “Every
Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent
improvements he brings about on the land by his labor or capital. This right shall include the
right to alienate, to bequeath, and, where the right to use expires, to remove his property, transfer
his title, or claim compensation for it.” Regional states are responsible for administering land,
enacting law that is in conformity with the provisions on environmental protection and federal
utilization policies (Proclamation No. 89/1967 and Proclamation No. 456/2005 Article 17(1)).
Furthermore, Proclamation No. 89/1967confirms and details the Constitutional principle that
holding rights on land can be assigned to peasants and pastoralists, and that these are to be
secured from eviction and displacement. The1995 Constitutions Articles 40(4) and 40(5) provide
for free land without payment for farmers and pastoralists.

24
 3.8 Dispute Resolution and Grievance Redress Procedures

If misunderstandings and disputes arise between the principal parties (e.g. local government
bodies and affected parties) involved in the resettlement and compensation process, the preferred
means of settling disputes is through arbitration (Proclamation No. 455/2005). The number and
composition of the arbitration tribunal may be determined by the concerned parties. The regular
court having jurisdiction within the region may also be involved in implementation and
compensation of resettlement if the administrative organ to hear land grievances has not yet been
established (Proclamation No. 455/2005 Article 11(1)). Similarly, if the landholder is not
satisfied with the decision of the compensation grievance review committee, the case may be
referred to the High Court (Regulation No. 51/2004).

3.9 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies

The Resilient Landscape and Livelihood Project has been assigned as an EA category of B, for
the potential social and environmental impacts on humans and sensitive areas (wetlands, forests,
natural habitats, etc...) are less adverse, site specific, few if any of them are irreversible. The
ESMF will be required to comply with not only the relevant national policy and legal
frameworks but also with the applicable environmental and social safeguard policies of the
World Bank.

3.10 Strategies
a. Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy Strategy

The Government of Ethiopia has initiated the Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE)
initiative to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change and to build a green
economy that will help realize its ambition of reaching middle-income status before 2025.
Ethiopia’s green economy plan is based on the following four pillars:

 Improving crop and livestock production practices for higher food security and
farmer income while reducing emissions;
 Protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services,
including as carbon stocks;

25
  Expanding electricity generation from renewable sources of energy for domestic
and regional markets; and,
 Leapfrogging to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industrial
sectors, and buildings.
b. Climate Resilience Strategy for Water and Energy

The Climate Resilience Strategy for Water and Energy has three main objectives: to identify the
economic and social impacts of current climate variability and future climate change on water
and energy in Ethiopia; to identify priority ways that the water and energy sectors can build
climate resilience and reduce the impact of climate variability and climate change; and to map
the necessary steps to finance and implement measures in the water and energy sectors to build
climate resilience in Ethiopia and deliver an integrated Climate Resilient Green Economy. This
strategy is important and directly relevant to the RLLP, where the project plans to scale up
household (HH) level RE and EE options in target areas under the income opportunities and
resilient livelihoods component, with a focus on the benefit of this activity in empowering and
strengthening women. This relates to catchment management and reducing deforestation and
forest degradation.

c. Climate Resilience Strategy for Agriculture and forestry

The country has recently released a resilience strategy document for Agriculture and Forestry
which is directly relevant for the RLLP implementation. The strategy aims to identify the impact
of both current weather variability and future climate change on Ethiopia (‘challenge’), to
highlight options for building climate resilience (‘response’) and to understand how these options
can be delivered (‘making it happen’). The document sets out a strategy to ensure Ethiopia’s
economic growth in agriculture is climate resilient. The strategy focuses on the sectors of
responsibility covered by the two ministries, i.e. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Resource
(including crops and forestry) and Ministry of Livestock and Fishery (including livestock). These
sectors are the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and play a major role in
Ethiopia’s economy, contributing 43% of GDP, around 80% of employment and approximately
75% of export commodity value.

26
 4. . PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1 Location of the project

The project is located in Oromia national regional state in Sheger City Administration, Gelan
Guda sub-city at Daleti Woreda. The project area is located at 24 km from the capital city of
Ethiopia. The project was established on 4000 m2 of land. Total population of Gelan Guda sub-
city is approximately 129,[Link] project will create job opportunity for 50 job seekers on
permanent and temporary basis at the project levels mainly from the local community.
According to the municipality annual report, currently the municipality solid waste collection
and transfer is conducted by two skip loader tracks, 8,containers, (8m3), about 3 carts and 2
tractors. The skips were serving for 3 Woredas. But the regularity of the skips differs according
to population density and waste generation rate. Solid waste collected by the municipal skip
loaders openly dumped at Daleti, Southern part of the City near the right side of the road to
Butajira. The dumpsite was located at 2.5km from the Daleti Woreda. It is estimated that the City
generates solid waste at a rate of 0.32 kg/cap/day. This indicates that the City generates slightly
higher solid waste than it can manage creating high load for the municipality. Continuous
economic activities, rapid urbanization, population growth and the rise of living standards could
accelerate the generation of MSW in Sheger City Administration, Gelan Guda Sub City. It is
estimated that the Sub City generates solid waste at a rate of 0.32kg/cap/day. This indicates that
the Sub City generates slightly higher solid waste than it can manage creating high load for the
municipality. Continuous economic activities, rapid urbanization, population growth and the rise
of living standards could accelerate the generation of MSW in Gelan Guda Sub City
Administration. The project will create job opportunity for 50 job seekers on permanent and
temporary basis at the project levels mainly from the local community.

4.2 . Project location

Company for Plastic material Manufacturing is located in Oromia national regional state in
Sheger city Administration Gelan Guda Sub City at Daleti Woreda. The facility is built on total
area of about 2000m2. The facility is composed of stores, this area comprises the working place

27
where all machinery exist, the administration spaces, the sanitary units, the warehouse stores and
other essential service rooms.

The outside not ceiled area was paved and used for loading/unloading purposes and a place
where all traffic will move and/or park. A gate with a guard room is built in front of the main
entrance to check what/who in- or out enters/goes.

4.3 Project description

The project is located in Oromia national regional state in Sheger City Administration, Gelan
Guda sub-city at Daleti Woreda. The project area is located at 24 km from the capital city of
Ethiopia. The project was established on4000 m2 of land. Total population of Gelan Guda sub-
city is approximately 129,[Link] project will create job opportunity for 50 job seekers on
permanent and temporary basis at the project levels mainly from the local community service as
hotel.

4.4 Project Goal

The proponent proposed this project having an overall goal of taking advantage of opportunities
existing in plastic product manufacturing project and supply of quality plastic product to
domestic markets.

4.5 Project objectives

The general objective of the project is to add value on the raw materials and solvents by
integrating the local resources which include the human resource and land in identified area
which could be achieved by Plastic material Manufacturing.

4.5.1 Project Specific objectives

Specific objectives of the project are:

 To get private benefit from the Plastic Plastic material manufacturing by using different
guests come from different area of country.
 Creating conducive living environment with ecological and social diversity as a
development approach for Ethiopia Country.

28
  Provide a friendly pedestrian environment with quality, safe public environment for those
working and entertaining in the area and surroundings, and offer a nested security for the
residents.
 To generate employment opportunity for 235 job seekers in the area.
 To engage in playing its role in promoting local development by generating revenue and
paying taxes for local government
 To engage in playing its role in promoting local development by generating revenue and
paying taxes for local government.

4.6 Project Beneficiaries

The expected beneficiaries of this project are:

 Surrounding community in obtaining job opportunity.

 People living in the country in obtaining Plastic material manufacturing as well as selling
their products.
 Individuals having houses and other buildings around the project site are also other
expected beneficiaries of this project.
 Government and non-merchants involved in Plastic material manufacturing trading will
also be the expected beneficiaries of this project.

4.7 Project capital cost

The project will be financed by the partner and banks in the proportion of 30:70 respectively.
The project capital costs include such costs as machine costs, expenditure on office equipment,
and vehicles for raw materials and products transportation, investment and other costs which
gradually get depreciated over the life of the project.

Construction costs include costs of construction: shades, staff canteen, generator houses,
machine houses and warehouse, offices, toilets, and guard houses, parking areas, Main access
road Pavement& Internal Circulation Access of the Compound and cafeteria and stores.
4.9. Production Process

4.9.1 PVC Pipes Everything about PVC Pipes, Types and its Manufacturing

Process

29
 [Link] What is PVC?

In the architecture and construction sector, polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl) is a cost-effective
and adaptable thermoplastic polymer that is frequently used to create door and window profiles,
pipelines (for drinking water and wastewater), wire and cable insulation, medical equipment, etc.
After polyethylene and polypropylene, it is the third-largest thermoplastic substance in the world
by volume. It is a solid, white, brittle substance that comes in granules or powder form. PVC is
now replacing conventional building materials including wood, metal, concrete, rubber,
ceramics, etc. in many applications due to its adaptable qualities, such as lightweight, durability,
low cost, and ease of processing. PVC is used to make various things but the most common use
of PVC is PVC pipes.

[Link] What is PVC Pipe?

Polyvinyl chloride is referred to as PVC. It is a polymer made of chlorinated hydrocarbons. It is

brittle and stiff in its native state. But it becomes more flexible and resilient when coupled with
chemicals like plasticizers. Electrical insulation, medical tubing, flooring, furniture, signage,
and as a rubber substitute are just a few uses for it. However, it’s most common application is in
the production of PVC pipes, which are essential for irrigation, plumbing, and water delivery.

Several PVC pipe variations are utilized as hot or cold water conduits in industrial and
commercial settings, depending on the application. For more than 80 years, PVC pipes have been
employed in a variety of commercial applications. The PVC pipes are the third most used pipes
the average usage of this price for manufacturing is nearly 40 million tons a year. This show how
sustainable and trusted is PVC across the globe. The best part about these pipes is the PVC pipe
prices. The prices are cost-effective and affordable by all.

[Link] PVC Pipe Uses

PVC pipes can be utilized for a variety of tasks, including transporting water and handling
chemical or industrial waste, thanks to their safety, durability, cost-effectiveness, and
recyclability. PVC pipes can be used in both above-ground and subsurface spaces of any
construction. If they are painted with water-based latex paint and with UV stabilizers and
inhibitors to guard against ultraviolet radiation, they are also useful for usage in outdoor
environments. Common substances like salts, acids, oxidizers, or bases have no effect on them.

30
There is wide range of uses of the PVC pipes and some of them are mentioned below-

- The PVC pipes are used for making the water plumbing and water pipes.
- The pipes are also essential for rain water management.
- These pipes are also helpful in making the fire sprinklers.
- PVC pipes are necessary part in the industrial use.
- The pipes are used in fittings of various things.
- These are useful pipes for chemical handling and agricultural purpose.
- The pipes are used for infrastructure and other structural material.
- Lastly, these pipes are utilized for coating and cable insulation as well.

PVC pipes can also be used in a variety of ways in the contemporary world. Due to the
versatility of the pipes, they are being used in a variety of recreational settings. These pipes come
in a wide range of shapes, widths, thicknesses, colors, and transparency, which has contributed to
the product's widespread use in recreational activities. PVC pipes, for instance, can be used to
create a variety of recreational products, including tents, covered spaces, raised garden beds,
greenhouse and carport frameworks, and many others.

4.9.2 Manufacturing Process of PVC Pipe

Raw materials are extruded to create PVC pipes. The PVC has to go through a typical process in
order to make a PVC pipe. Here is the procedure that PVC pipe manufacturers go through to
make a pipe-

- The process starts with feeding the raw material or powder feed into the PVC twin
screw extruder.
- Later the raw material is the melted and heated to the extended so that it is ready to be
in the shape. This material is melted and heated in multiple extruder zones.
- Further, a die is used to extrude and mold the material into the desired shape.
- Once the shape is given, the cooling down process starts.
- Lastly, the PVC pipes are then finally trimmed into the required length.

Almost every variety of PVC pipe goes through the same manufacturing process. Because of its
innate characteristics, PVC pipes are more challenging for producers to create and market.

4.9.3 Manufacturing Raw Material for PVC Pipe

The primary sources of raw materials for PVC are salt and oil. Salt water is electrolyzed to
produce chlorine, which is combined with ethylene (obtained from oil) to form vinyl chloride

31
monomer (VCM). The polymerization of VCM molecules yields PVC resin, which is
subsequently mixed with the appropriate additives to produce a particular PVC compound .

- It starts with the extraction of hydrocarbon and salt resources

- Later, the conversion of these resources into ethylene and chlorine
- Vinyl chloride monomer is created by combining chlorine with ethylene (VCM)
- VCM is polymerized to create polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
- PVC polymer is blended with other substances to create various formulations with

a variety of physical qualities.

The raw materials required to create PVC pipe are PVC resin, DOP, stabilizers, processing acids,
lubricants, colors, and fillers. Water and power are also very vital.

Procedure of PVC pipe manufacturing

Extrusion

The PVC uncompounded resin is not suitable for direct processing, much like other
thermoplastics. Mix additives are used for the PVC resin's process and stability. The production
method makes use of additives like DOP, DIOP, DBP, DOA, and DEP.

Lubricants - Epoxidized monoester of oleic acid, butyl- separate, glycerol mono-stearate, stearic
acid, etc. is among the lubricants utilized.
Fillers - When making a product of exceptional quality, such as calcined clay, fillers are
employed.
Stabilizers - Stabilizers commonly used include led, barium, cadmium, tin, and stearate.
Plasticizers - DOP, DIOP, DBP, DOA, DEP, Reoplast, Paralex, etc. are examples of common
plasticizers.

PVC resin is combined with plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, and fillers for process and
product stability. The elements and PVC resin are mixed quickly in a mixer.

Compound resin, inserts, and dies that have been fitted for the required diameter are all injected
into a double screw extruder. The PVC compounds are then sent through a hot chamber, where
screw compression and barrel heat cause the compounds to melt. The marking is done during the

32
extrusion stage. PVC pipes are widely used for many things in the industry and are known for its
versatility. This blog has everything you need to know about PVC pipes, its manufacturing
procedure and the types. If you are a manufacturer or you are planning to start a manufacturing
plant, this will guide you through the whole procedure.

5. DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Physical Environment

5.1.1 Geology and Soil

Geology

The geological setting of the study area is generally classified in to two major groups; namely,
Tertiary Volcanic and Quaternary units. The classification is based on age of eruptions, special
distribution, and mode of occurrence. Tertiary Plateau Basalts are part of the Trap-Series

33
volcanic products consisting huge accumulation of basaltic rocks with minor silica intercalations,
whereas the Quaternary Rift Volcanic and sediments comprise variety of rock units (both acidic
and basic) associated to the formation of the Main Rift System during the Quaternary Period.

Soil
The soils of the project area, as reported in OUPI (2008), are basically derived from Mesozoic
sedimentary and Cenozoic volcanic rocks; the major soil types are Chromic and PellicVertisols
(76.1%) and Chromic and Orthic Luvisols (23.9%).
5.1.2 Topography and climatic condition

Gelan Guda Sub city Administration has favorable and highly moderated climatic condition. It
has an altitudinal range of 2060 to 2667 meters above mean sea level. The Eastern and western
part of the Sub City is characterized by 3 mountain ranges land form having an altitude lying
between 2060 to 2667 meters above mean sea level. However, the southern part of the Sub City
lies between 2060 to 2150 meters above mean sea level, showing that it is the lowest elevated
part. As a result of this, vast area of Gelan Guda Sub City is considered as flat and intermediate
plateau that are highly recommended for expansion. Climatically, the Sub City is classified
within temperate (locally named Baddadaree/ Weynadega) zone that has the same general
climatologically characteristics as that of Addis Ababa. The majority of rainfall in the area is
obtained during the Ethiopian Summer time (Ganna/Kiremet) i.e. June, July, August and
September which covers 76.4% of the total annual rain fall. The minimum rain fall records are in
the months of December, January, and February with other short rain during March and April.
The average annual rain fall varies between 783.6 to [Link] temperatures of Gelan Guda
Sub City area lays in the temperate (Baddadaree/ Weynadega) climatic zone with a temperature
range of 12.67c to 24.40c.

5.2 Biological Environment

The Sub City is posited within the range of the afromontane forest and the tepid-humid mid
highland agro-ecological zone. Elements of the natural vegetation are merely noticeable from the
limited remnant trees of Ficus spp. and Oleaeuropaea ssp. cuspidata left for shade, on fences and
in some secluded places. Eucalyptus trees/plantations are observed on hilly areas, in open spaces
and in homestead compounds. Sparsely scattered naturally growing vegetation consisting of
shrubs, bushes, woody riverine species are found along with planted trees and protected

34
government and community forests in the Gelan Guda Sub City. No significant large animals are
observed in the area for many years. As it depends on trees, the recent wood manufacturing
development has effect on the plants and animals directly or indirectly.

5.3 Socio economic characteristics of the Sub City

Gelan Guda Sub city Administration is a home for almost all Nations and Nationalities in the
country, and the Oromo ethnic groups are the majority as a whole. Most of the residents of the
Sub City engaged in different trade activities and others were employed in different
governmental organizations and factories. Agriculture is also another economic activity in the
peri-urban area of the Sub City.

5.3.1 Urban Infrastructure

As part of the government’s ambitious plan to achieve ‘middle-income country’ status by 2025,
Gelan Guda Sub City has been benefited from huge investments over the past decade. Massive
urban renewal and redevelopment projects are underway across the Sub City to improve its
competitiveness as a business location, to tackle the huge backlog in affordable housing and
basic service delivery through accelerated investment in infrastructure and public housing
programs. As a result of these state interventions, Gelan Guda Sub city Administration has
experienced tremendous economic dynamism, attracting both domestic and foreign investments
that generate job creation and other economic opportunities. Despite the actual and symbolic
significance of the ongoing urbanization that is significantly changing both the spatial and
economic landscapes of Gelan Guda Sub City Administration, reliable empirical data is lacking.
Consequently, it is not always possible to understand and quantify the drivers of recent growth
and transformation of the Sub City and their socio-economic, environmental and social impacts.
5.3.2 Unemployment and Social Vulnerability

There are high levels of poverty, unemployment, and social vulnerability in Gelan Guda Sub
City Administration. Someof the population of the Sub City is living below the poverty line and
some of households in Gelan Guda Sub city Administration have an unemployed adult (higher
than the national urban average of 15%). Moreover, current programs that provide support to
poor and vulnerable households are not effectively targeted, have low coverage, are fragmented,
and largely focus on categories of vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and disabled (many of
which are disabled due to occupational hazard). In addition to the daily stress that this presents

35
for individuals, the cumulative impact among segments of society could reverse gains made on
the inclusive growth agenda and result in social unrest.
5.3.3 Health Condition of the Sub City

The intimate linkage between health and education has been firmly established in a number of
studies, which taken collectively, offer some ideas about how education and health could
potentially reinforce each other towards the rapid socio-economic development of the country.
Epidemiological and health service research in Ethiopia has shown that illiteracy is usually
associated with high health risks and low health seeking behavior. Ethiopia is addressing major
challenges in the health sector, including lack of human resources for health (HRH) and low
utilization of health services, through its innovative Health Extension Programmed (HEP),
accelerated midwifery training, Integrated Emergency Surgery and Obstetrics (IESO) task
shifting, and scaling up family planning (FP). The HEP trains health extension workers (HEWs)
to deliver a basic package of preventive and a few curative health services, including maternal
and child health services, in urban, rural and pastoral areas. The HEP has trained and deployed
over 2000 health workers and approximately 1000 health posts and 3 health centers have been
constructed to increase access to essential services in Ethiopia.
Despite major strides to improve the health of the population in the last one and half decades,
Ethiopia’s population still face a high rate of morbidity and mortality and the health status
remains relatively poor.
The major health problems of the country are largely preventable communicable diseases and
nutritional disorders. More than 90% of child deaths are due to pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria,
neonatal problems, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS, and often as a combination of these conditions.
The major supply side constraints affecting maternal health are shortages of skilled midwives,
weak referral system at health center levels. On the demand side, cultural and societal norms,
distances to functioning health centers and financial barriers were the major constraints.
However, as Gelan Guda Sub city Administration is very close to the capital city of the country,
the health coverage/ health facility as well as health professionals are far better than other Sub
City of the country. There are great number of private health centers including higher hospitals,
higher clinics in the Sub City.
5.3.4 Education Condition of the Sub City

36
Education is a tool to eradicate poverty and bring technological advancement for the nation.
When we come to the educational situation of the Sub City, Gelan Guda Sub city Administration
is better in education coverage as well as the quality as it is found in the center of the country
comparing with other areas of the countries. There are investments on education by private
companies’ and individuals. At the same time children can get access to school at the shortest
distance that makes the educational status of the Sub City to be in a better condition.
5.3.5 Transportation and Environment

As Gelan Guda Sub city Administration lacks adequate transportation and since the Sub City’s
has yet to offer affordable mass transportation, the use of private cars in general and gasoline-
based public transportation in particular affects the Sub City’s ecosystems. According to
Benjamin son et al, (2012) the average age of 17 years of vehicles on the Sub City’s streets
explains the high number of inefficiently functioning motor vehicle engines that are major
contributors to Gelan Guda Sub City Administration’s air pollution. What makes the air pollution
situation even worse is Gelan Guda Sub City Administration’s topography: a valley surrounded
by mountain peaks that trap the air and aggravates the problem.
The pollution problem in Gelan Guda Sub city Administration is exacerbated by a lack of
adequate and environment friendly mass mobility services. The gap left by the inadequate public
transport system is met by private minibus operators. These minibus taxis are often overcrowded
and unsafe, and contribute to the growing traffic congestion in the Sub City. However, the Gelan
Guda Sub city Administration is undertaking measures to mitigate the emission of CO2 under
the umbrella of its CRGE strategy. The initiative is primarily aimed at tackling transport-related
emissions.

37
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION
AND PREDICTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES
ESMP to “identify, describe and asses the direct and in direct Effects of a project on the
following factors: human beings, fauna and flora; soil, water, air, material assets and the cultural
heritage; and the interaction between the factors”. Therefore, in this section the Environmental
and social impact assessment (both positive and negative ) of the project, Plastic material
Manufacturing was identified, evaluated , predicted with practical and feasible enhancement and
mitigation/ reduction measures.
6.1 . Beneficial Impacts
A. Employment Opportunity

Currently, unemployment in Ethiopia is one of the bottle-neck that made the country politically
and economically unstable as there are no as such industries that can create huge job opportunity
for the graduate youths. As the project is located in the adjacent to capital of the country where
the migration is greatly for the search of job; the project will really contribute to reduce the
number of unemployment in the Gelan Guda Sub City. The project created a job opportunity for
130 people on permanent and temporal base (skilled professionals with various disciplines)
which will be increased during the expansion of the project. The development of the Plastic
material Manufacturing will expose the workers and others agencies to new technologies that
could help increase similar plants to be established elsewhere in the country. Based on this
Consulting Firm recommended the enhancement for this beneficial impacts as shown in the
following box.

BOX 1: Enhancement Measures

 As much as possible recruit workers from the local market and Employees will be trained
on their job description periodically.
 Increase product quality to penetrate the local market and competitive as it ensures
sustainability.
 The company Pension and Plastic material Manufacturing project should utilize the
maximum capacity of the plant to produce the mentioned amount of products to ensure
sustenance of the number of employees
 Fair salary and other benefits should be in place based the work load and level of
education.

38
  Plastic material Manufacturing should Transfer knowledge on updated technology that is
feasible, practical and implemented.
 Train employees about saving and entrepreneurship to motivate them in other business
activities.
B. Income Generation, Better Livelihood and government tax
As the project created a job opportunity for more than 130 workers in permanently and
temporary bases; the workers livelihood will enhance to lead a better life in the future and teach
their children if any. Similarly, the envisage project will save the foreign currency from the
importation of plastic product to the country’s economic development. Furthermore, the
company, Plastic material Manufacturing will pay government tax that can also contribute to
increase the country’s income. The study team of The Consulting Firm therefore, recommends
the following for the enhancement of this illustrated in the following box.

BOX 2: Benefit Enhancement Measures

 Motivation of workers via training with updated technologies and incentives to increase

the company’s productivity and profitability

 The company, Plastic material Manufacturing Plant, should work strongly on the product

quality and quantity to be competitive in the national/ domestic market.

 Pension and Plastic material Manufacturing play its role of corporate social

responsibility( CSR) to enhance public trust by engaging itself in the countries

development by financial and technological support

6.2. Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project and its mitigation measures
In this section, various impact origins are there to adversely impact the environment (air, water,
soil) as well as social impacts on human health and safety. The impact at this stage is long term
and though the individual impact may negligible, the cumulative impact in the long run can

39
affect the environment and the human health. Therefore, different impact categories were
identified, evaluated and predicted with possible mitigation/ reduction measures as described in
the following sections

6.2.1. Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts During operation phase

[Link]. Water Resource Pollution
Fresh water resource is very critical for the health of human being without which life is
impossible. These fresh water resources are used for domestic purpose, industrial activity, and
recreational activities. And ay activity that can affect the quality and the quantity of fresh water
would directly affect not only the drinking water but also affects the quality of the industrial
product and activity. Surface water pollution in the town of Gelan Guda Sub City is great as
many industries and the city duelers discharge their waste both liquid and solid without any form
of treatment /little treatment.
The project will utilize chemicals such inks, solvents and water are used. Near the project, there
is no surface water in the immediate vicinity to be polluted by the wastewater if any discharged
from the manufacturing plant of Plastic material Manufacturing Plant. Water is used here for
plastic waste washing and product mix in the printing process and there is no wastewater
discharge into the nearby environment to be a potential pollution. However, wastewater from
plastic waste washing, house cleaning and washing as well as toilet and shower room may
contain chemicals from the ink and solvent to harm the nearby environment especially the
groundwater resource via percolation. Therefore, the study team of The Consulting Firm
therefore, recommends the following mitigation/ reduction measures as written in the following
box.

40
BOX 3: Mitigation/reduction Measures
 Use a water conservation strategy at the plant in the
manufacturing as well as washing and cleaning purpose to reduce the volume of
wastewater generated.
 Aware and train workers in resource conservation especially
water.
 Safe and standard chemicals should be utilized to
avoid/minimize risks related to groundwater pollution
 Avoid any discharge of liquid waste in the environment
without treatment
 Septic tank should be installed for the treatment of
wastewater
 Wastewater from cleaning, shower and other activity should
be collected via lines/ drainages and to be connected to the septic tank
 The company, Plastic material Manufacturing should have
its own groundwater source for the manufacturing, showering and other activities in the
compound to avoid competition with public drinking water line.
 There is no any greener in the compound as the area is
totally occupied by buildings. Therefore, Plastic material Manufacturing should engage
itself in plantation of trees which are indigenous on the town street, degraded area in
collaboration with Gelan Guda Sub City beautification office and sheger environment
protection authority that could help avoid erosion, as well as recharges both the surface
and ground water resources for sustainable water use.

[Link]. Solid Waste Generation and Land Pollution

Dealing with the environmental costs in rapidly growing economic development, urbanization
and improving living standards in cities have led to an increase in the quantity and complexity of
generated waste, representing a phenomenal challenge (UNDP 2004). While cities are generating
an ever-increasing volume of waste, the effectiveness of their solid waste collection and disposal

41
systems are declining. In urban centers throughout African regions, less than half of the solid
waste produced is collected, and 95 percent of that amount is either indiscriminately thrown
away at various dumping sites on the periphery of urban centers, or at a number of so-called
temporary sites, typically empty lots scattered throughout the city (Mohammed 2003).
Gelan Guda Sub City started its solid waste management some three decades back. The service
cannot meet changing demands. The social waste collection service is unsatisfactory, and scenes
of scattered waste are common in most part of the city (UNDP 2004). According to (AASBPDA
2003), only 65% of the solid waste produced per day is collected and disposed by the
municipality in the dumpsite, 5% is recycled, 5% is composted and the remaining 25% of the
solid wastes are uncollected and dumped in unauthorized areas such as open fields, ditches,
sewers, streets and many other available spaces in the city.
The envisaged project, Plastic material Manufacturing also will add additional load and burden
to the existing solid waste of Gelan Guda Sub City from office and manufacturing plant. As
the project is to produce Plastic and flexible packaging which origin is plastic, their environment
problem is significantly high because of their environmental persistence. Plastic wastes are non-
biodegradable and have longer half-life affecting the ecology of the area. These plastic wastes
are scraps that are inevitable to occur during the operation of the project. The office wastes and
these plastic leftover materials have to be handled by the proponent. Poor packaging can also
contribute to the increase in the volume of waste. For example, poor raw material quality; fail to
realize appropriate package for their product; third, defect in the package production process by
package manufacturers, and fourth, defect in the packing process. Solid Waste Management
Proclamation is in place by the government of Ethiopia in 2004 to combat adverse impacts
related to plastics. In this proclamation, it is clearly indicated that the production and placing of a
plastic bag in the market, unless it is labeled to how whether it is biodegradable, is unlawful as of
the date fixed by the Authority. Therefore, the study team of The Consulting Firm suggested the
following for reduction/ mitigation of solid waste generated from the facility.
BOX 4: Reduction/Mitigation Measures
 As much as possible reduce the volume of solid waste generated from the facility as well
office via reusing the waste as it is
 The proponent, Plastic material Manufacturing, should assure that the imported chemical,
and other substances as well as those produced in by the company meet the criteria set at

42
 national and international level.
 Awareness creation in proper resource utilization for the workers that helps to reduce the
amount of solid waste should be considered.
 Timely collection and segregation as well as proper disposal of waste should be in place
in collaboration with Gelan Guda Sub City Municipality
 Waste recycling technologies especially plastic waste should be undertaken to reduce the
environmental burden. In this regard, the company, Plastic material Manufacturing has a
good experience in plastic recycling that should again be considered for plastic waste as
well as other sources of solid waste generated from the facility of the proposed project.
 As the town has a problem of waste management, Plastic material Manufacturing should
play its corporate social responsibility (CSR) by contributing both financial and
technological support to make the town beautiful and clean. This could be done by
playing its role in supporting Gelan Guda Sub City Beautification.

[Link]. Air Pollution and Odor during Operation of the Project

The air quality has become a serious concern in the city. The mass concentrations of total
suspended particulate matter in the city were beyond the WHO safe guideline value of167μg/m3.
The outdoor air pollutant's (CO, PM10, NOxand PM2.5) concentrations near and on the road sides
were above 67% of the world health guideline limit (Teferaet al.,2016). The major causes of
potential air pollutants in urban settings of Ethiopia are attributed to traffic (vehicular) exhausts.
Unlike other cities in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa has high traffic and population density coupled with
industrial concentration and commercial activities. The city is currently undergoing rapid
urbanization with huge expansion in transport sectors with the purpose of increasing the road
network and the associated quality of transport service.
Air pollution related respiratory diseases are increased significantly since recent years. Acute
upper respiratory disease is an infection caused by air pollution that may interfere with normal
breathing system and affects both the upper and lower respiratory stem. According to the report,
such infections has been stepwise increased from 4539 (2003) to 212590 (2017). It has been
increased by an average rate of 47.18% per year. Similarly, acute bronchitis was increased
annually by 55.62%. Respiratory diseases like Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
and Pneumonia are also common incidents that seriously affecting the population of Addis
Ababa City. The rate of annual growth of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in
43
Addis Ababa is about 53.44%. Only 8 incidents were recorded in 2013 for the first time and then
increased to 1871 incidents by 2017. The number of pneumonia incidents was 575 (2013); that it
is increased to 29844 incidents by 2017(Tarekegn MM, Gulilat TY (2018).
Plastics also emit greenhouse gas (GHG) after incineration contributing to global warming
(UNEP, 2013). Second, recent studies estimate that 31 per cent of the plastic debris in marine
environments originates from food and beverage packages. For this project of Plastic and flexible
packaging Manufacturing Plant, the materials used for the production purpose are fossil-based
plastics. And air pollution is expected in the life cycle of the product affecting and polluting the
environment. The package must maintain not only the above functions but also the purity and
freshness of the product's contents and protect them from the outside environment. If the
contents are harmful, corrosive, or poisonous, the package must also protect the outside
environment from being polluted. Besides, the packaging itself must present no chemical hazard
to the environment as well (Ariev, 2008).
Printing of plastics involves the use of inks which may contain a proportion of organic solvents.
These inks may then be subsequently diluted before use. Different inks have different
proportions of organic solvents and require dilution to different extents. Printing can also require
the use of cleaning solvents and organic dampeners. Ink solvents, diluents, cleaners and
dampeners may all make a significant contribution to emissions from industrial printing.
Emissions to air arise primarily from the organic solvents contained in inks. Solvents used in
cleaning, the storage and handling of solvents and the use of organic solvents as part of the
dampening solutions (commonly is opropane) is also important sources of emissions of organic
compounds. Solvents driven off through evaporation from the inks may be discharged untreated
or destroyed via incineration. Based on this the study team of Consulting Firm suggested the
following to reduce/mitigate gaseous emissions.
BOX-5 :Mitigation/ Reduction Measures

 Possibilities for solvent reduction may be identified by Plastic material manufacturing

through solvent management plans. Changes in work practices, particularly during the
storage and handling of solvents and the cleaning of equipment, can lead to reduce
fugitive losses.
 The solvent may be economically recovered for reuse, by means of activated carbon or
other adsorption medium. However, their immediate reuse is often not practical, and the

44
 recovered solvents are generally sent away for reprocessing or destruction.
 Water-based inks may be used instead of organic solvent-based inks. Water-based
solvents will contain organic compounds such as alcohols and amines.
 The composition of ink can also be changed allowing ultra-violet, infra-red or electron
radiation for curing the ink. Many of these curing methods use inks with almost no
organic solvent content.
 Less volatile cleaning agents may also be used.
 Destruction of solvent emissions may be achieved through oxidation to carbon dioxide
and water. The various techniques may be categorized as follows:
 incineration ( such as Thermal and Catalytic (also thermal but generally requires less
additional fuel) and Biological( bio filter, Bio scrubber)

[Link]. Adverse Social Impact of the Project and its mitigation measures
[Link]. 1. Occupational Work Accident and Safety
As the work is to be done using machineries, accidental injuries are expected. Occupational work
accident such as the physical injuries to the workers is very prevalent in Ethiopian industrial
sectors as money people and the workers complain from various factories operating in the
country. These accidental incidents may happen due negligence, lack of safety material and lack
of training. This project is also having a probability to have accidents during machine operation
as well as chemical handling and storage. Therefore, the study teams The Consulting Firm
recommended the following to reduce/avoid the injuries at the work place in the operational
phase of the project as shown in the following table.
BOX -5:Mitigation/Reduction Measures
 All personnel should be trained on the basic ergonomics principles. This should cover the
correct lifting, carrying and setting down techniques to prevent incidences of hernias,
sprains, strains, back injuries and other muscular-skeletal disorders due to improper
handling heavy objects.
 The company will periodically conduct health, Safety and Environmental audits whose
outcomes will enable the company to fully understand the impacts of its operations and
corrective actions to be put in place.
 Proper safety signals should be put in place to protect workers from accidents and the

45
 way they get out if any accidents happen
 Ensure that the operational manuals are available and accessible for every equipment
/machinery
 Properly maintain all machinery and equipment to prevent premature failure or possible
accidents
 All electrical equipment and machinery shall be properly grounded
 Regular training on pro-active safety attitudes for employees will inspire a sense of
responsibility upon the employees and enhance employee’s efforts towards avoiding
occurrence of accidents due to negligence, ignorance or carelessness.
 Provision of appropriate protective clothing such as dust masks, gloves, and safety
goggles to workers during installation of machineries and operations is a must.
 If injuries and accidents happen, the Plastic and flexible packaging Manufacturing Plants
should give financial support for medical treatment. Apply good manufacturing practice
(GMP).
 Good housekeeping is essential and particular attention should be given to keeping the
floors clean. Without routine cleaning, floors will become badly contaminated from
machine oil or spilled plastics granules. Methods of work including safe means of access
to areas above floor level should also be considered and provided.
 Toilets should always be clean and drinking water should be free of pathogens
 Adequate spacing should also be allowed for the storage of raw materials and finished
goods; these areas should be clearly designated

[Link].2. Health Impact from Chemical Usage, Handling and Storage and Disposal
The health of the workers from the work place may be adversely affected that could cause
chronic diseases to the workers in the long term. These health impacts may be for example from
the heat generated in the operation room, chemical inhalation, ingestion and dermal entry. As the
proposed project, Plastic products Manufacturing Plant utilize chemicals such as Polypropylene,
inks, and solvents that can be inhaled, ingested, and dermal absorption. Therefore, the study team
suggested the following to be implements by Plastic material Manufacturing as stated in the
following box.

46
BOX-6: Mitigation/ Reduction Measures
 Plastic material Manufacturing should import safe chemicals that have little/no impact on
human health that meets national and international standard.
 Reduce the use of chemicals as much as possible by replacing with updated technology
that consumes less chemicals
 Avoid/ reduce long term storage of chemical by buying only the amount needed at the
time as much as possible.
 Personal protective equipment’s(PPE) should be provided to the workers to avoid/ reduce
chemical inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption
 Training workers on the safety issues
 Provide milk for workers who are dealing with chemicals most of the time.
 There are a number of potential health hazards associated with the processing of plastics.
The raw plastics are rarely used on own and appropriate precautions should be taken
regarding the additives used in the various formulations. Additives used include lead
soaps in Plastic and certain organic and cadmium dyestuffs. Plastic usage should be as
much as possible should be minimized and alternative chemical should be searched as
they are not safe environmentally.
 There is a significant risk of dermatitis from liquids and powders usually from “reactive
chemicals” such as phenol formaldehyde resins (before cross linking). Suitable protective
clothing should be worn.
 It is possible for fumes to be generated from the thermal degradation of polymers during
hot processing. Engineering controls can minimize the problem. Particular care, however,
must be taken to avoid inhalation of hydrolysis products under adverse conditions.
[Link]. 3. Fire Accidents
The operations that lead to fire outbreaks include poor handling of electricity systems, faulty
electrical equipment, carelessness etc. It is important to consider the issue of fire by bringing in
the element of preparedness. As the area is an industrial area, any fire hazard can affect the
industries in the immediate area. Therefore; the study team suggested the following
recommendation measures for the mitigation/ reduction of the fire hazards. These were stated in
the following boxes.
BOX-7: Mitigation/ Reduction measures

47
  All fire control and fighting facilities shall be installed

 Awareness creation is required as a first aid to take in case of fire outbreaks.

 The proponent/Plastic material Manufacturing shall ensure that all firefighting equipment
are strategically positioned, regularly maintained and serviced

 There shall be provided fire hazard signs such as no smoking signs, directions to exit in
case of any fire incidence; and emergency contact numbers shall be provided.

 Plastics are combustible materials, although not all polymers support combustion. In
finely divided powder form, many can form explosive concentrations in air. Where this is
a risk, the powders should be controlled, preferably in an enclosed system, with sufficient
relief panels venting at low pressure (about 0.05 bars) to a safe place. Careful cleanliness
is essential to prevent accumulations in the workrooms which may become airborne and
cause a secondary explosion.

 Polymers may be subject to thermal degradation and pyrolys is at temperatures not

greatly above normal processing temperatures. Under these circumstances, sufficient
pressures may build up in the barrel of an extruder, for example, to eject molten plastic
and any solid plug of plastic causing an initial blockage.

 Flammable liquids are commonly used in this industry, for example, as paints, adhesives,
cleaning agents and in solvent welding. Glass-fiber (polyester) resins also evolve
flammable styrene vapors. Stocks of such liquids should be reduced to a minimum in the
workroom and stored in a safe place when not in use. Storage areas should include safe
places in the open air or a fire resisting store

[Link]. 4. Impact of HIV/AIDS Distribution and Women

Human health may be threatened where inadequate training and awareness exist to support the
population within an area, project or locality. The presence of large workforce in an area, some
of whom will move away from their families may ultimately lead to prostitution, drug abuse,
increased incidence of HIV/AIDS among the workers and to the city residents. Cases of
insecurity may also increase targeting the working class.

48
Women are negatively impacted by gender norms on access to HIV services as most of them
deponent on their male partners. For fear of rejection and violence by their partners, women are
also unable to discuss their sexual activity and may not make use of health services. According
to the (DHS, 2016), among all the gender based violence,7% of them are sexual. The study team
of The Consulting Firm suggested the following for intervention.

BOX-8: Mitigation/Reduction Measures

 Health and safety audits should be carried out periodically.
 There should be adequate medical supervision personnel comprising pre-hiring clinical
screening, periodic medical examination and rehabilitative care for any affected workers.
 Training and availing first aid kits is recommended
 The company will regularly conduct health, Safety and Environmental audits whose
outcomes will enable the company to fully understand the impacts of its operations and
corrective actions to be put in place.
 There should be a separate toilet facilities for male and female workers
 Aware about HIV/AIDS regularly and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) with
periodic HIV counseling and testing (HCT) is very important for the labor forces of
Plastic and flexible packaging Manufacturing Plant.
 Condom distribution and promotion are very important
6.3 Alternative Analysis
The project has already got legal site plan for the land for the Plastic and flexible packaging
manufacturing plant. The project was designed for manufacturing Plastic and flexible packaging
manufacturing plant. The area is also industrial area where many industries are operating. Here
the project, Plastic material Manufacturing is on the operation stage. Therefore, the study team
suggested that the area is an ideal place as there are no local residents in the immediate vicinity;
no surface water resource near the project area as well as the amount of wastewater generation is
low. But there is a probability of noise pollution for workforce, solid waste generation as well as
gaseous emissions from the facility. These wastes and pollutions can be handled and managed by
the proper implementation of environmental and social management plan.

49
 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN
(ESMMP)
The base line assessment and the nature of project as well as the potential impacts and mitigation
measures proposed have been discussed at length in the preceding chapters. In this chapter,
where recommended mitigation measures and monitoring measures are translated into specific
plan of actions by means of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).This ESMP
provide a mechanism for the assessment of potential negative environmental and social impacts
and suggest mitigation measures and define the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders
for ensuring smooth implementation and monitoring of the Plastic material Manufacturing
operations.

The primary objective of this ESMP is to provide an implementation mechanism to address the
environmental and social impacts arising from the Plastic material Manufacturing and integrate
environmental and social mitigation measures in the project operation to reduce its adverse
impacts. Secondly, the ESMP are to comply with the National Environmental Laws and
Regulations. As such the ESMP will outline the significant adverse impacts, its recommended
mitigation measure, the responsible organs to implement it, time of implementation, responsible
organs to monitor its implementation as well as resources/budget needed for the implementation
of the mitigation measure all summarized in a tabulated form.

The ESMP should contain commitments that are binding on the proponent. It can be translated
into project documentation and provide the basis for a legal contract that sets out the
responsibilities of the proponent. In turn, the proponent can use the ESMP to establish
environmental performance standards and requirements for those carrying out the works or
providing supplies.

50
ESMMP involves the protection, conservation, and monitoring and sustainable use of the various
elements or components of the environment. The ESMP for the project provides all the details
of project activities, impacts, mitigation measures, time schedules, costs, responsibilities and
commitments proposed to minimize environmental impacts of activities, including, monitoring
and evaluation and environmental audits during implementation and phases of the project. In this
regard, Plastic material Manufacturing to produce Plastic and flexible packaging is expected to
generate solid waste especially plastic wastes that persistent in the environment, gaseous
emissions, as well as liquid waste is expected. Similarly adverse social impacts are expected
from this proposed project.

7.1Roles of Institutions in the Implementation ESMP

7.1.1During Operation phase

During the operation period, the environmental parameters indicated in the previous chapter and
also shown below will be monitored by Gelan Guda Sub City environmental protection,
authority. This institution has a regulatory and institutional framework to assure that, the Plastic
and flexible packaging manufacturing project comply with the national and international
environment policies. It is the responsibility of the proponent, SULTAN AND HIS FAMILY
GENERAL BUSIENES PLC PLASTIC MANUFACTURING to implement fully what is
suggested for recommendation with resource/budget allocated by hiring of environmentalist with
full pledged responsibility.

7.2. Responsibility of the Proponent

7.2.1. Chemical Management
The overall aim of the project with respect to chemicals (such as inks, solvent) is to reduce the
chemical usage load on the environment year after year whilst ensuring that chemical application
and usage is safe. The company will maintain a continuous improvement strategy based upon
audit and risk analysis using the following guidelines:-
 A system of ordering, transporting, receiving, storing and applying chemicals
 Restricted chemicals will not be used.
 Efficient and economical use of chemicals should be in place. These will be monitored
daily, monthly and yearly.
 Chemicals with least impact on human life and others have to be first choice.

51
  PPE Equipment and periodic training machine operators should be considered.
7.2.2. Solid waste management

The responsibility of SULTAN AND HIS FAMILY GENERAL BUSIENES PLC

PLASTIC MANUFACTURING with regard to solid waste management is:-
 Reduce the generation of waste at the source: reducing the generation of waste is the first
option that should be considered. This approach promotes the efficient use of resources and
reduces the volume of waste materials that must be handled by employees and hauled away
from the facility. Responsibility for reducing waste generation generally lies with
managements of the Plastic and flexible packaging Manufacturing Plant, it is better to
critically know the material balance that means what is in to the Plastic material
Manufacturing and what are out as product, by product and waste.
 Reuse all possible items: whenever possible items in their original form for the same or
different purpose rather than discarding them.
 Recycle all possible items: recycling consists of processing and transforming wastes in to
new marketable products. This is the least favorable of the three waste management options
and should be considered only if the reduction and reuse options are not applicable to
specific waste streams.
 Try to shift bio based plastics in the future

7.2.3. Water Quality Monitoring

Water is consumed in this project for product mixing and cleaning and washing purpose.
Continuous efforts shall be made to reduce excessive abstraction of water by applying water
Conservation strategies. Flow meter shall be installed for all the major water inlets and the flow
rates shall be continuously monitored. Periodic water audits shall be conducted to explore the
possibilities for minimization of water abstraction. The wastewater generated should be
connected to the septic tank for adequate treatment. To discharge wastewater to the environment,
water quality will meet the prescribed standards. Therefore, water quality monitoring is needed
which includes:

 General visual inspection of water bodies to identify physical pollution or blockages to

water flow
 Measurement of total suspended solids.

52
  Key parameters should include: BOD / COD, pH, ammonia, suspended discharged and in
receiving watercourses
 Biodiversity indicators such as aquatic macro invertebrates
 Physical / chemical / microbiological water quality measurements

7.2.4 Health and Safety Management

The Proponent of the Plastic material Manufacturing will be responsible for the care, health and
safety of all employees within its premises. The company has a responsibility to prevent injuries or
harm to its employees and every reasonable effort will be made to provide safe and healthy working
conditions by:-
 Ensuring management at all levels is aware their responsibilities for health and
safety

 Ensuring supervisors and workers are aware of their roles to care for their health
and safety and that of others.

 Training workers on health and safety techniques and that these are combined
with production techniques in the following areas:-
 The use and handling chemical.
 Personal and home hygiene

7.2.5 Potable Water and sanitary facility provision

Sufficient supply of potable water shall be provided at suitable places for the workers. Within the
area of every work place, toilet facility shall be provided at accessible place. These shall be
cleaned at least twice during working hours and kept in a good sanitary condition. The company
should have its own water resource source to avoid completion with the public pipe lines by
testing its quality periodically.

7.2.6 Social Management Plan

Any action of the project during installation of machineries and operation has to be managed
and to enhance the benefit of the project. This is the responsibility of the project proponent Gelan

53
Guda Environmental protection, Authority. The company should work in collaboration with its
employees and discuss any social issues in a round table related to the project such as salary,
health and safety, incentives and others in a transparent way. No bias should be created among
the workers by the company.

[Link]. Social Monitoring plan

The following monitoring plan is very important concerning the social issues in the Plastic
material Manufacturing located in the Gelan Guda Sub City. These are:-
 Risk monitoring related activities regarding effluent, land and soil and groundwater
contamination
 The public health and other risks associated the Plastic material Manufacturing need to be
monitored and managed
7.3 Environmental and social auditing
Environmental auditing is defined, by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), as a
“management tool comprising systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how
well environmental organization, management and equipment are performing with the aim of
helping to safeguard the environment”. Environmental auditing is carried out when a
development is already in place, and is used to check on existing practices, assessing the
environmental effects of current activities (ex post). Environmental auditing can produce a range
of benefits for an organization, including cost savings and increased management effectiveness.
Social Auditing may be defined as an in-depth examination and analysis of the working of any
public utility vis-a-vis its social relevance. It is a way of measuring the extent to which an
organization lives up to the shared values and objectives it has committed itself to. For this
particular project, Plastic material Manufacturing should provide the environmental audit study
to an independent body to undertake environmental audit. The audit includes water use audit,
water quality audit, waste management audit, chemical use and management audit (inks,
solvents, air quality audit, noise management audit etc. For social audit study however,
Employment opportunities for the local community, equal employment opportunities, reducing
skill gaps, improving quality and productivity of work, fighting poverty, facilitate access by all
to resources, rights, goods and services, prevent the risk of exclusion, amongst others elder
people, handicapped, Promoting gender equality, environmental and health safety audit are area

54
to be audited during social audit. The following table describes the environmental and social
management plan for the Plastic and flexible packaging Manufacturing Plant.

55
 Table 1: Environmental and social management plan

Impact Source of impact Mitigation measures Responsibility Monitoring agent

cost
(ETB)
per
year
- Installation of Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 30000
Air pollution -Generator (gas family general City
efficient ventilation
business PLC Environmental
emission, vapors,
system Protection
odors) Authority
-Workers wear suitable
masks when needed
-Sustainable
maintenance for all
machinery
- Continuous
surveillance
Noise level gets higher -Machinery -Suitable Maintenance for all Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 22000
family general City
-cars machinery. business PLC Environmental
-tools -Workers wear ears' anti-noise Protection
Authority
devices

54
 Pollution from -Continuous monitoring of disposal Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 45000
Water sanitary water of chemicals and solid waste. family general City
pollution ( shower, hand -Safe disposal of waste water through business PLC Environmental
wash, dining treatment pond. Protection
room, kitchen) -Ensure incorporation of Authority
environmental issues in activity
calendar.
-Ensure annual environmental audit.
-recycle waste water for machine
cooling
- Collection of all wastewater from
all utilities in the underground sealed
cesspool
- The septic tank will be
professionally emptied by special
sewage tanks once filled and
disposed according to the acting
municipality regulations
Soil pollution -Improper disposal of -Safe disposal of solid waste and Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 36000
plastic waste -recycling of waste water for machine family general City
-poor management of cooling or treatment of waste water business PLC Environmental
waste water Protection
-improper Authority
management of
sewages
Solid wastes increase -Personnel -Separation and implying recycling Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 33000
family general City
(quantitative & -operations when possible business PLC Environmental
qualitative) -visitors -Introducing suitable and sufficient Protection
Authority
containers and keep them always
closed

55
 - Emptying daily
- Cleaning around and spraying ant
insects
- Awareness training for all personnel

Occupational Health and from machine -Have a Safety and Health Work Plan Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 30000
safety operation, chemical -provision of PPE family general City
spillage and poor business PLC Environmental
chemical handling, Protection
storage and usage Authority

Fire risk possibility -Electric contact -maintenance for all machinery Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 35000
increases - over warming of the - Oils and all other combustibles kept family general City
plastics isolated business PLC Environmental
- oils' mishandling - Efficient fire alarm system Protection
introduced Authority
- Awareness programs for the worker
Production, handling and -Potential hazard on Employees injury Sultan and his Gelan Guda Sub 36000
storage of Plastic and employees from family general City
flexible packaging chemicals such as business PLC Environmental
inks, solvents Protection
Authority

56
 8. CONCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The project has clear social and economic benefits and will contribute to the improvement of the
quality of life for the people associated with it and the neighbors and the society in general. The
project will not be ill any serious conflict with any major national physical or environmental
protection policies. The on-site or off-site anticipated impacts identified are or varying
significance and these could be adequately mitigated to reduce any threat to the environment.
When the environmental management plan developed in the assessment is fully implemented and
the health and safety and environment policy is set up; then this will result in an overall
improvement in the environmental quality or the project area and its surrounding.
From the foregoing discussions, it is recommended that;
 Plastic material Manufacturing shall ensure that the development should be sustainable
and ensure that social and environments aspects are not ignored. All activities
concerning installations and maintenances such as work execution, site inspection and
material testing shall be strictly monitored by the proponent or a designated official who
shall be trained and experienced enough to judge the appropriateness of the works being
carried out.
 Implementation of an environmental management system is an integral part of growth
and development of any company and makes employees aware of the need to take a
responsible approach to the management of the environment in their operations. This
overall objective is to achieve continual improvement through monitoring and
measuring performance.
 Waste management strategy is critical to such a facility’s operations.
 The proponent/Plastic material Manufacturing shall comply with the relevant principle
laws, by-laws and guidelines issued for the development of such projects.
 Annual environmental audits should be carried out on the project in order to ensure the
compliance of the project with mitigation measures outlined in the Environmental and
Social Management Plan (ESMP).

57
 During the life of operation or implementation of a project there is always the possibility
that some issues will change through time, this Environmental and Social Management
Plan (ESMP).

 Should therefore be revised where necessary to mitigate the unanticipated impacts and
changes in the future.

 The company should work on environmental management system (EMS) to be certified

for the ISO14001 to be more competent in the international market and also a role
model for other agricultural investment sector and others in the country.
 Ensure that worker’s occupational health and safety standards are maintained through
capacity building, proper training, providing protective clothing and managing their
residential camps up to the required health standards.
 It is important that warning/ informative sign (bill boards) be erected at the site. These
should indicate the operation hours and when works are likely to be started and
completed. The signs should be positioned in a way to be easily viewed by the workers.
 Solid waste should be disposed appropriately to avoid creation of illegal dumpsites which
will finally become a health hazards in the area.
 Proper and regular maintenance of machinery and equipment will reduce emission of
hazardous fumes and noise resulting from friction of metal bodies. Maintenance should
be conducted in a designated area and in a manner not to interfere with the environment.
 A fully equipped first aid kit should be provided within the site.
 The proponent should employ a cleaner to maintain the sanitary facilities in a clean state
all the time.
 Cooperation between environment department of the Gelan Guda Sub City
Environmental protection, Authority should be strengthened.
 The company can play its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by involving in Gelan
Guda Sub City sanitation, beautification and greenery.

58
9. REFERENCES
1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia, Proclamation No
1/1995. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy Of Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1967), Environmental Policy Of Ethiopia:
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document
Environmental Assessment and Management: EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
6. Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
7. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for Reviewing Environmental Impact study Reports
(Final Drafts), Addis Ababa.
8. MEDAC/EPA (1967). The Conservation Strategies of Ethiopia, Volume 1. The
Resource Base. Its Utilization and Planning For Sustainability, Addis Ababa.
9. Environnemental Impact Assessment Guideline Document, EPA July 2000
10. Proclamation provided for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organ,
Proclamation No. 295/2000
11. Proclamation No. 455/2005, A Proclamation to provide for the Expropriation of
Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation
12. Council of Ministers Regulation No. 135/2004.
13. Ethiopia,( 2016) Demographic and Health Survey Key Findings
14. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), (2010.): Provisional Guidelines and
Standards for Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
15. Tarekegn MM, Gulilat TY (2018) Trends of Ambient Air Pollution and the
Corresponding Respiratory Diseases in Addis Ababa. Res Rep ClinPharmacolToxicol
Jour Vol.2 No.1:
16. Tefera W, Asfaw A, Gilliland F, Worku A, Wondimagegn M, et al. (2016) Indoor and
outdoor air pollution- related health problemin Ethiopia: Review of related literature.
Ethiop J Health Dev 30: 5-16.
17. Kume A, Charles K, Berehane Y, Anders E, Ali A (2010) Magnitude and variation of
traffic air pollution as measured by CO in the City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J
Health Dev 24: 156-166.
18. UNEP. 2013. Valuing Plastic: The Business Case For Measuring, Managing And
Disclosing Plastic Use In The Consumer Goods Industry. Nairobi: United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP).
19. Bradley, E.L. 2010. Biobased materials used in food contact applications: an
assessment of the migration potential. York: The Food and Environment.
20. Ariev, Donald (2008): "Packaging." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond,
WA:Microsoft Corporation

59
 21. Ethiopia Demographics Profile 2018 available
at[Link]
July,2019

Annexes

Interview check list for the proponent

1. What initiates you to establish the company?

2. What is the general overview of the company?

3. What are the raw materials used for the proposed project?

4. Are the raw materials imported/domestic?

5. How do you realize the safety of raw material used in your production?

6. What is the expected daily water and energy use by this proposed project?

7. How do you manage your water and energy usage in the company?

8. How do you manage water, soil and air pollution?

9. What is your plan to ensure workers benefit, protect workers health and safety?

10. Is there any plan to upgrade workers regarding capacity building

11. Have you ever played your corporate social responsibility so far and a plan in the future?

60
Table 2: Multilateral environmental agreements to which Ethiopia is a party environmental
agreement Adoption Entry into force Adoption by Ethiopia

No. Multilateral environmental Adoption Entry into Adoption by

agreements force Ethiopia
1 Convention on Biological 22 May 1992 ) 29 December May1994
Diversity (CBD 31 1993 (Proclamation
98/1994)
2 Cartagena Pplasticcontainercol on January 2000 September Ratified – 22 Sept
Biosafety to the Convention on 2003 2003
Biological Diversity Signed – 24 (Proclamation
May 2000 362/2003)

3 Convention to Combat 1994 26 December Ratified – 1967

Desertification 1996 (Proclamation
80/1967)
4 International Treaty on Plant November June 2004 Ratified – 2003
Genetic Resources for Food and 2001
Agriculture
5 Vienna Convention for the March 1985 - Became a party on
Protection of the Ozone Layer January 1996

6 Montreal Pplasticcontainercol on September 1 January 1989 Became a party on

Ozone Depleting Substances 1987 January 1996

7 UN Framework Convention on 1992 March 1994 31 May 1994

Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
8 Kyoto Pplasticcontainercol to the December 16 February 21 February 2005
UNFCCC 1967 2005
9 Stockholm Convention on May 2002 17 May 2004 Signed – 17 May
Persistent Organic 2002
Substances Ratified – 2 July
2002
Proclamation
279/2002
10 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior 10 September Ratified – 2 July
Informed Consent 1998 2002
Procedure for Certain Hazardous Proclamation
Chemicals and 278/2002
Pesticides in International Trade
11 Basel Convention on the 1989 1992 Disposal Ratified
Transboundary Movement of – 31 February
Hazardous Wastes and Their 2000
Proclamation
192/2000

61
12 Basel Ban Amendment 22 September 1995 Ratified – 3 July
2003
Proclamation 356/
2003
13 Pplasticcontainercol on Liability 10 December Ratified – 3 July
and Compensation for Damages 2000 2003
Resulting from Transboundary Proclamation 357/
Movements of 2004
Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal
14 Bamako Convention on the Ban of 30 January 22 April 1998 Acceded – 2002
the Import into 1991 Proclamation
Africa and the Control of 355/2003
Transboundary Movement
and Management of Hazardous
Wastes within Africa
15 Convention on International Trade Signed – 3 Entered into Ratified – 4 July
in Endangered March 1673 force – 1989
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1 July 1675

62
63
64