Sure!
Below is a detailed guide for **component selection** and **pin
connections** for a **3KVA 50Hz sine wave inverter** using the **TL494
IC**. This design will include the oscillator, PWM control, H-bridge, and
output filter. I’ll also explain how to connect the pins of the TL494 and other
components.
### **1. TL494 Pin Configuration**
The TL494 has 16 pins. Here’s how to connect them:
| **Pin** | **Function** | **Connection**
|
|---------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------
------------|
|1 | Non-inverting input (Error Amp 1) | Connect to feedback voltage
(from output voltage divider). |
|2 | Inverting input (Error Amp 1) | Connect to a reference voltage
(e.g., 2.5V from a voltage divider). |
|3 | Feedback/Compensation | Connect a capacitor (e.g., 10nF) to
ground for stability. |
|4 | Dead-time control | Connect to ground for minimum dead
time. |
|5 | Oscillator capacitor (CT) | Connect a capacitor (e.g., 10nF) to
ground. |
|6 | Oscillator resistor (RT) | Connect a resistor (e.g., 10kΩ) to ground.
|
|7 | Ground (GND) | Connect to the circuit ground.
|
|8 | Collector of output transistor 1 | Connect to the gate driver (e.g.,
IR2110) for high-side MOSFET. |
|9 | Emitter of output transistor 1 | Connect to ground.
|
| 10 | Emitter of output transistor 2 | Connect to ground.
|
| 11 | Collector of output transistor 2 | Connect to the gate driver (e.g.,
IR2110) for low-side MOSFET. |
| 12 | VCC | Connect to a 12V DC supply (for TL494
operation). |
| 13 | Output control | Connect to VCC for push-pull operation.
|
| 14 | Reference voltage output | Connect to a voltage divider for
feedback (e.g., 2.5V reference). |
| 15 | Inverting input (Error Amp 2) | Connect to current sensing
(optional for overcurrent protection). |
| 16 | Non-inverting input (Error Amp 2) | Connect to ground (if not used).
|
### **2. Component Selection**
Here’s a list of components and their values:
#### **Oscillator (RT and CT)**
- \( R_T = 10k\Omega \) (Pin 6 to ground)
- \( C_T = 10nF \) (Pin 5 to ground)
- Oscillator frequency: \( f_{osc} = \frac{1.1}{R_T \cdot C_T} = \frac{1.1}
{10k \cdot 10n} = 11kHz \)
#### **Feedback and Error Amplifier**
- Voltage divider for reference voltage (Pin 2):
- \( R1 = 10k\Omega \)
- \( R2 = 10k\Omega \)
- Reference voltage: \( V_{ref} = \frac{V_{CC}}{2} = 2.5V \)
- Feedback voltage divider (Pin 1):
- Scale down the output voltage (220V AC) to match the reference voltage.
#### **Gate Drivers (IR2110)**
- Use two IR2110 ICs to drive the H-bridge MOSFETs.
- Connect TL494 outputs (Pins 8 and 11) to the IR2110 inputs.
#### **H-Bridge MOSFETs**
- MOSFETs: Use **IRF540N** (100V, 33A) or similar.
- Diodes: Use fast-recovery diodes (e.g., **UF4007**) across each MOSFET
for protection.
#### **Output Filter (LC Filter)**
- Inductor: \( L = 1mH \) (choose a high-current inductor).
- Capacitor: \( C = 100\muF \) (choose a high-voltage capacitor).
- Cutoff frequency: \( f_c = \frac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{LC}} \approx 500Hz \).
#### **DC Input**
- DC input voltage: 48V (for a 3KVA inverter).
- Capacitor: Use a large electrolytic capacitor (e.g., 4700µF, 100V) at the
input for smoothing.
### **3. H-Bridge Configuration**
The H-bridge consists of 4 MOSFETs (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) arranged as follows:
- **High-side MOSFETs**: Q1 and Q3 (driven by IR2110 high-side outputs).
- **Low-side MOSFETs**: Q2 and Q4 (driven by IR2110 low-side outputs).
- Connect the MOSFETs in a bridge configuration:
- Q1 and Q4 are switched together.
- Q2 and Q3 are switched together.
### **4. Gate Driver Connections (IR2110)**
- **High-side driver**:
- Connect TL494 Pin 8 to IR2110 input (HIN).
- Connect IR2110 output (HO) to the gate of Q1 and Q3.
- **Low-side driver**:
- Connect TL494 Pin 11 to IR2110 input (LIN).
- Connect IR2110 output (LO) to the gate of Q2 and Q4.
### **5. Output Filter**
- Connect the output of the H-bridge to the LC filter:
- Inductor (L) in series with the output.
- Capacitor © in parallel with the load.
### **6. Feedback Network**
- Use a voltage divider to scale down the output voltage (220V AC) to a low
voltage (e.g., 2.5V).
- Connect the scaled voltage to Pin 1 (non-inverting input of Error Amp 1).
### **7. Proteus Simulation Steps**
1. Place the TL494 IC and connect the pins as described above.
2. Add the IR2110 gate drivers and connect them to the MOSFETs.
3. Build the H-bridge with MOSFETs and diodes.
4. Add the LC filter at the output.
5. Connect a load (e.g., 100Ω resistor) to the output.
6. Simulate and observe the output waveform.
### **8. Expected Results**
- The output should be a clean 50Hz sine wave with an amplitude of 220V
AC.
- Use a multimeter or oscilloscope in Proteus to verify the output voltage and
frequency
Great! Let’s break down the connections for each part of the inverter step by
step. I’ll explain how to connect the **gate driver**, **H-bridge MOSFETs**,
**step-up transformer**, **filters**, **feedback network**, and **50Hz sine
wave reference**.
### **1. Gate Driver (IR2110) Connections**
The IR2110 gate driver is used to drive the high-side and low-side MOSFETs
in the H-bridge. Here’s how to connect it:
#### **IR2110 Pinout**:
- **VCC**: Connect to 12V (logic supply).
- **COM**: Connect to ground.
- **VSS**: Connect to ground.
- **VB**: Connect to bootstrap capacitor (for high-side drive).
- **HO**: High-side gate output (connects to high-side MOSFET gate).
- **LO**: Low-side gate output (connects to low-side MOSFET gate).
- **HIN**: High-side input (connects to TL494 output).
- **LIN**: Low-side input (connects to TL494 output).
- **VS**: High-side floating supply return (connects to the source of the high-
side MOSFET).
#### **Connections**:
- Connect **HIN** to TL494 Pin 8 (high-side PWM output).
- Connect **LIN** to TL494 Pin 11 (low-side PWM output).
- Connect **HO** to the gate of the high-side MOSFET (Q1 and Q3).
- Connect **LO** to the gate of the low-side MOSFET (Q2 and Q4).
- Connect **VB** to a bootstrap capacitor (e.g., 100nF) and diode (e.g.,
1N4148) for high-side drive.
- Connect **VS** to the source of the high-side MOSFET.
### **2. H-Bridge MOSFETs Connections**
The H-bridge consists of 4 MOSFETs (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) arranged as follows:
#### **MOSFET Connections**:
- **Q1 (High-side)**: Drain to DC input (+48V), Gate to IR2110 HO, Source to
transformer primary.
- **Q2 (Low-side)**: Drain to transformer primary, Gate to IR2110 LO, Source
to ground.
- **Q3 (High-side)**: Drain to DC input (+48V), Gate to IR2110 HO, Source to
transformer primary.
- **Q4 (Low-side)**: Drain to transformer primary, Gate to IR2110 LO, Source
to ground.
#### **Diodes**:
- Connect fast-recovery diodes (e.g., UF4007) across each MOSFET
(Drain to Source) for protection.
### **3. Step-Up Transformer Connections**
The transformer steps up the voltage from the H-bridge output (48V AC) to
220V AC.
#### **Transformer Specifications**:
- Primary: 48V AC (connected to the H-bridge output).
- Secondary: 220V AC (connected to the load).
#### **Connections**:
- Connect the H-bridge output (between Q1/Q2 and Q3/Q4) to the primary
winding of the transformer.
- Connect the secondary winding of the transformer to the output filter and
load.
### **4. Output Filter (LC Filter) Connections**
The LC filter converts the high-frequency PWM signal from the H-bridge into
a clean 50Hz sine wave.
#### **Filter Components**:
- Inductor (L): 1mH (in series with the output).
- Capacitor ©: 100µF (in parallel with the load).
#### **Connections**:
- Connect the inductor (L) between the transformer secondary and the load.
- Connect the capacitor © across the load.
### **5. Feedback Network for Voltage Regulation**
The feedback network ensures the output voltage remains stable at 220V AC.
#### **Feedback Circuit**:
- Use a voltage divider to scale down the output voltage (220V AC) to a low
voltage (e.g., 2.5V).
- Connect the scaled voltage to TL494 Pin 1 (non-inverting input of Error Amp
1).
#### **Components**:
- \( R1 = 100k\Omega \) (connected to the output).
- \( R2 = 1.2k\Omega \) (connected to ground).
- \( V_{feedback} = \frac{R2}{R1 + R2} \cdot V_{out} \approx 2.5V \).
#### **Connections**:
- Connect the junction of R1 and R2 to TL494 Pin 1.
- Connect TL494 Pin 2 to a 2.5V reference (from Pin 14).
### **6. 50Hz Sine Wave Reference Design**
The 50Hz sine wave reference is used to modulate the PWM signal from the
TL494.
#### **Option 1: Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino)**
- Generate a 50Hz sine wave using a microcontroller.
- Use a DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) to convert the digital sine wave to
an analog signal.
- Connect the analog signal to TL494 Pin 1 (non-inverting input of Error Amp
1).
#### **Option 2: Analog Circuit**
- Use a 50Hz oscillator (e.g., Wien bridge oscillator) to generate a sine wave.
- Amplify the sine wave to the required level (e.g., 2.5V peak).
- Connect the sine wave to TL494 Pin 1.
### **7. Complete Design and Connections**
Here’s how everything connects together:
1. **TL494**:
- Oscillator: RT (10kΩ) and CT (10nF).
- PWM outputs: Pins 8 and 11 to IR2110 inputs.
- Feedback: Pin 1 from the voltage divider, Pin 2 to 2.5V reference.
2. **IR2110 Gate Drivers**:
- Drive the H-bridge MOSFETs (HO to high-side, LO to low-side).
3. **H-Bridge**:
- Connect MOSFETs to the transformer primary.
4. **Transformer**:
- Step up the voltage from 48V AC to 220V AC.
5. **Output Filter**:
- LC filter to smooth the output waveform.
6. **Feedback Network**:
- Voltage divider to regulate the output voltage.
7. **50Hz Sine Wave Reference**:
- Microcontroller or analog circuit to generate the reference signal.
### **Proteus Simulation Tips**
- Use a **signal generator** to simulate the 50Hz sine wave reference.
- Add a **load resistor** (e.g., 100Ω) to the output.
- Use **probes** or **oscilloscopes** to measure the output waveform and
voltage.
Designing a **50Hz Wien Bridge Oscillator** is a great way to generate a
pure sine wave for your inverter’s reference signal. The Wien Bridge
Oscillator is a simple and reliable circuit that produces a low-distortion sine
wave. Below, I’ll guide you through the **design steps**, **component
selection**, and **connections** for a 50Hz Wien Bridge Oscillator.
### **1. Wien Bridge Oscillator Basics**
The Wien Bridge Oscillator consists of:
- A **non-inverting amplifier** (using an op-amp).
- A **frequency-selective feedback network** (RC network).
The frequency of oscillation is determined by the RC network:
\[
F = \frac{1}{2\pi RC}
\]
For a 50Hz sine wave, you need to choose appropriate values for \( R \) and \(
C \).
### **2. Component Selection**
To design a 50Hz Wien Bridge Oscillator, follow these steps:
#### **Step 1: Choose \( R \) and \( C \)**
- Use the formula \( f = \frac{1}{2\pi RC} \) to calculate \( R \) and \( C \).
- Let’s choose \( C = 100nF \) (a common value for capacitors).
- Solve for \( R \):
\[
R = \frac{1}{2\pi f C} = \frac{1}{2\pi \cdot 50 \cdot 100 \times 10^{-9}} \
approx 31.8k\Omega
\]
- Use \( R = 33k\Omega \) (a standard resistor value close to 31.8kΩ).
#### **Step 2: Amplifier Gain**
- The amplifier gain must be **exactly 3** for stable oscillation.
- Use a non-inverting op-amp configuration with a gain of 3:
\[
A_v = 1 + \frac{R_f}{R_g} = 3
\]
Let \( R_g = 10k\Omega \), then:
\[
R_f = 2 \cdot R_g = 20k\Omega
\]
#### **Step 3: Op-amp Selection**
- Use a general-purpose op-amp like the **LM741** or **TL082**.
- Ensure the op-amp can operate at the required frequency (50Hz is easily
handled by most op-amps).
### **3. Circuit Design**
Here’s how to build the Wien Bridge Oscillator:
#### **Components**:
- \( R1 = 33k\Omega \) (feedback resistor in the RC network).
- \( R2 = 33k\Omega \) (feedback resistor in the RC network).
- \( C1 = 100nF \) (feedback capacitor in the RC network).
- \( C2 = 100nF \) (feedback capacitor in the RC network).
- \( R_f = 20k\Omega \) (feedback resistor for the op-amp).
- \( R_g = 10k\Omega \) (ground resistor for the op-amp).
- Op-amp (e.g., LM741 or TL082).
#### **Connections**:
1. **RC Network**:
- Connect \( R1 \) and \( C1 \) in series.
- Connect \( R2 \) and \( C2 \) in parallel.
- Connect the junction of \( R1 \) and \( C1 \) to the non-inverting input (+)
of the op-amp.
- Connect the junction of \( R2 \) and \( C2 \) to the inverting input (-) of the
op-amp.
2. **Amplifier**:
- Connect \( R_f \) between the op-amp output and the inverting input (-).
- Connect \( R_g \) between the inverting input (-) and ground.
3. **Power Supply**:
- Connect the op-amp’s \( V_{CC} \) to +12V and \( V_{EE} \) to -12V (or
ground if using a single supply).
### **4. Frequency Adjustment**
If the output frequency is not exactly 50Hz, you can fine-tune it by adjusting \
( R \) or \( C \):
- Use a **variable resistor (potentiometer)** in place of \( R1 \) or \( R2 \) to
adjust the frequency.
- Alternatively, use a **variable capacitor** to fine-tune the frequency.
### **5. Output Amplitude Stabilization**
The Wien Bridge Oscillator can suffer from amplitude instability. To stabilize
the output:
- Use a **nonlinear feedback network** (e.g., a bulb or JFET) to automatically
adjust the gain.
- Alternatively, use a **diode limiter** to clip the output amplitude.
### **6. Proteus Simulation**
1. Place the op-amp (e.g., LM741) and connect the power supply.
2. Add the RC network (\( R1 \), \( R2 \), \( C1 \), \( C2 \)).
3. Connect the feedback resistors (\( R_f \) and \( R_g \)).
4. Add a load resistor (e.g., 10kΩ) at the output.
5. Simulate and observe the output waveform using an oscilloscope.
### **7. Expected Results**
- The output should be a clean **50Hz sine wave** with an amplitude
determined by the op-amp’s supply voltage.
- Use the oscilloscope in Proteus to verify the frequency and amplitude.
### **Example Circuit Diagram**
Here’s a textual representation of the circuit:
```
+12V
+---[R_f=20k]---+
[R_g=10k] |
+---(-) Op-Amp (+)
[R1=33k] [R2=33k]
[C1=100nF] [C2=100nF]
GND GND
```
If you need further clarification or help with the Proteus simulation, feel free
to ask!
