Finals 5.

Nerve Conduction: Cholesterol is used

to insulate nerve fibers.
Cholesterol

What is Cholesterol? 6. Cell Membranes – Cholesterol is a

component of membranes and has a
- The word cholesterol is derived from modulation effect on the fluid state of
the Greek words “chole” which means the membrane.
bile, “steros” which means solid, and
“ol” which means alcohol. What is the connection of Liver and
- Almost all nucleated cells can Cholesterol?
synthesize cholesterol.
- It is widely distributed within the - The liver has a major role in
human body. controlling the plasma levels of LDL
- Cholesterol is a light yellow crystalline cholesterol.
solid.
- When crystals are examined under the 1. Liver synthesizes cholesterol
microscope, they show a notched 2. Liver removes cholesterol from Lp
appearance. remnants
- Cholesterol is soluble in chloroform 3. Liver is the only organ that can
and other fat solvents. excrete cholesterol through bile
- It is the most important animal 4. Liver converts cholesterol to bile
steroid from which other steroid acids
compounds are formed.
- Cholesterol is widely distributed in What are plasma lipids?
animal tissue.
- Total plasma lipid is 400-600 mg/dL
What are the functions of cholesterols? - Out of this, 40% is cholesterol, 30% is
phospholipids, and 20% is
1. Esterification – The OH group of triglycerides
cholesterol is esterified to fatty acids t - Since lipids are insoluble in water,
form cholesterol esters. This they need help of carriers in the
esterification occurs in the body by plasma
transfer of a PUFA moiety by lecithin - therefore, they are complexed with
cholesterol acyl transferase. proteins called lipoproteins. The
protein part of lipoprotein is called
2. Vitamin D3 is from 7-dehydro- apolipoprotein
cholesterol - the lipoproteins are usually
abbreviated as Lp.

3. Steroid Hormones: Glucocorticoids, What is the classification of Lipoproteins?

androgens, and estrogens are from
cholesterol. 1. High density lipoproteins (HDL)
 Also known as alpha-
lipoprotein and good
4. Bile acids and bile salts are derived cholesterol
from cholesterol. Bile salts are  Major lipoprotein in HDL is
important for fat absorption. apo-A
 Function: the main transport
form of cholesterol from
 peripheral tissue to the liver, - It is a green-yellowish fluid made by
which is later excreted the liver and stored in our gallbladder.
through bile. This is called - Bile salts help with the digestion of
reverse cholesterol transport fats in our bodies.
by the HDL. The only - They also help us to absorb fat-soluble
excretory route of cholesterol vitamins
from the body is the bile. - Decreased production of bile salts can
lead to complications such as bad
2. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) smelling gas, stomach cramps, erratic
 Also known a beta- bowel movements, weight loss, and
lipoproteins and bad pale colored stools.
cholesterol
 Major apolipoprotein is B-100 What is the clinical significance of
 Function: LDL transports cholesterol?
cholesterol from liver to the
peripheral tissues - The level of cholesterol in the blood is
related to the development of
3. Intermediate density lipoproteins atherosclerosis. Abnormality of
(IDL) cholesterol metabolism may lead to
 Also known as broad beta cardiovascular accidents and heart
lipoproteins attacks.
 After triglyceride is removed
from the VLDL, the resulting What is atherosclerosis?
particle is called a VLDL
remnant or IDL - From the Greek word “sclerosis”
meaning hardening.
4. Very low-density lipoprotein - Also known as vascular calcification
 Also known as pre-beta - It is a disease caused by the
lipoproteins narrowing and hardening of the blood
 Main apoprotein is B-100 vessels due to the accumulation of
 Function: carries triglycerols atheromatous plaques on the walls of
from the liver to peripheral the artery, which are mainly
tissues for energy needs composed of fatty substances that
narrows the lumen of the arteries. The
5. Chylomicrons rich is more or less abrupt obstruction
 Contains apoprotein B-48 of the arteries.
 Formed in the intestinal - The plaque is mainly composed of fat
mucosa and fibrosis.
 Rich in triglyceride - The risk of plaque is that it may
 Function: they transport form rupture or ulcerate causing the
of dietary triglyceride from formation of clots.
intestines to the adipose
tissue for storage and to the What are the causes of atherosclerosis?
muscle and heart for their
energy needs 1. Having people in the family who
developed early atherosclerosis
What are bile salts? 2. Advanced age
3. Being a man
- It is the primary component of bile 4. Smoking
5. High cholesterol levels in the blood
 6. Hypertension Increased lipid fraction
7. Diabetes Occurrence
8. Obesity Average of overnight serum
9. Not enough consumption of fruits and
vegetables Type I
10. Excessive alcohol consumption
- Primary hyperlipoproteinemia or
What can be the prevention of familiar hyperchylomicronemia
atherosclerosis? - Chylomicrons
- TG
1. Lifestyle change are required, which - Rare
include regular exercise, balanced - Creamy top layer
diet, cessation of smoking,
maintaining proper weight, control Type IIA
hypertension, diabetes and
dyslipidemia. - Familiar hypercholesterolemia
2. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble vitamin - LDL
that acts as an antioxidant in the lipid - C
phase. In addition to protecting LDL - Common
from oxidation, vitamin E may also - Clear
prevent peroxidation of membrane
lipids. Vitamin C and A lack this Type IIB
protective effect despite their
antioxidant properties. - Familial combined hyperlipidemia
- LDL, VLDL
What is hyperlipidemia? - C, TG
- Most common
- It is a medical term for abnormally - Clear
high levels of fats in the blood. The
two major types of lipids found in the Type III
blood are triglycerides and
cholesterol. - Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
- It is more commonly known as high - IDL
cholesterol. - C, TG
- It can run in families as a genetic - Rare
disorder. - turbid
- Being overweight or obese, not getting
enough exercise, and eating a diet Type IV
high in saturated fat, carbohydrates,
cholesterol and low in fruits, - Familiar hypertriglyceridemia
vegetables, and fiber, can contribute to - VLDL
hyperlipidemia. - TG
- Common
What is the Frederickson’s classification of - Clear
Hyperlipidemia?
Type V
Formatting:
Type - Familiar mixed hyperlipidemia or
Name Endogenous hypertriglyceridemia
Increased lipoprotein - VLDL, Chylomicrons
 - TG B. Monounsaturated and
- Rare polyunsaturated fat
- Creamy top, turbid bottom - Considered heart healthy: and can
help with improving cholesterol when
What are the preventions of hyperlipidemia? used in place of unhealthy fats
- These can be found in:
1. Eat poultry without skin, fish, 1. Avocado
vegetables, most fruits, whole grains, 2. Nuts and seeds such as almonds,
and skim milk. cashews, pecans, peanuts, pine
2. Reduce sugar intake nuts, pumpkin, sesame seeds, or
3. Eat foods high in soluble fiber sunflower seeds
4. Eat more cold-water fish and soy 3. Olive oil
products 4. And olives
5. Avoid saturated fats and trans-fats 5. Oils such as vegetable oils
6. Eat polyunsaturated fats in 6. Peanut butter
moderation
7. Avoid or limit the frequency of foods What are the fats to avoid?
which are high cholesterol such as egg
yolks, red meat, rogan meat, butter A. Saturated fats
and other whole milk dairy products
8. Cessation of smoke and alcohol - This is mainly found in food that come
consumption in moderation from animals, but they can also be
9. Increase aerobic exercise since it found in most fried foods and some
raises the HDL level prepackaged food
- Saturated fats are unhealthy because
How can hyperlipidemia be diagnosed? they increase LDL levels in your body
and increase your risk for heart
- A blood test to check cholesterol disease
levels is called a lipid profile or lipid - Many saturated fats are solid fats
panel
B. Trans fats
What are healthy fats and what are the fats to
avoid? - It is an unhealthy substance that is
made through chemical process of
Healthy fats: hydrogenation of oils
- Hydrogenation solidifies liquid oils
A. Omega-3 fatty acids and increases the shelf life and the
flavor stability of oils and food that
- a kind of special heart healthy fat that contain them
can aid in lowering high triglyceride - Trans fatty acids are found in
values in your blood vegetable shortening and, in some
- this can be found in: margarines, crackers, cookies, and
1. fish such as salmon, mackerel, snack food
herring, sardines, albacore tuna, - It can also be found in abundance in
and rainbow trout many deep-fried food
2. tofu and other soybean products - It can raise LDL and lower HDL,
3. walnuts markedly increasing the risk for a
4. flaxseed and flaxseed oil heart disease
5. canola oil - In order to avoid trans-fat, look at the
nutrition table provided within the
 food you are eating and look for
partially hydrogenated oils or
shortening

What are amino acids?

- They are the building blocks of

proteins
- It is the fundamental subunits of
proteins

General Formula is:

What are the properties of Amino acids?

Physical property:

1. It is a white crystalline substance

2. Soluble in clold water, except cysteine
and tyrosine which are more soluble
in hot water
3. Insoluble in alcohol and ether except
proline and hydroxyproline
4. All amino acids except proline are
precipitated off from their solutions
by alcohol, but not by (NH4)2SO4 or
NaCl
5. Most of them are sweet like glycine,
alanine, serine, and proline; others
like leucine are tasteless, while some
are bitter like arginine

Chemical property:

1. Amino acids are amphoteric due to

the presence of both carboxyl and
amino groups as mentioned above
2. Forms esters with alcohol by
fractional distillation
3.