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Translation Approaches Explained

The document discusses various approaches to translation, including linguistic and functional theories. Key concepts include Catford's translation shifts, Nida and Taber's formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence, as well as Vermeer's Skopos theory and Nord's text analysis approach. Each approach emphasizes different aspects of translation, such as linguistic structure, cultural context, and the intended function of the translated text.

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Adam Setiawan
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57 views12 pages

Translation Approaches Explained

The document discusses various approaches to translation, including linguistic and functional theories. Key concepts include Catford's translation shifts, Nida and Taber's formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence, as well as Vermeer's Skopos theory and Nord's text analysis approach. Each approach emphasizes different aspects of translation, such as linguistic structure, cultural context, and the intended function of the translated text.

Uploaded by

Adam Setiawan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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APPROACHES TO

TRANSLATION
Foundation of Translation: Session 2

Maya Rahmawati, M.Hum.


Translator: How Faithful Should Translator Be ?

Source Text Target Text

Literal Free
Translation Translation
1. Linguistic Approach
(1) Catford: Linguistic Theory of Translation
Underlying idea of this approach:

• “any theory of translation must draw upon a theory of


language”(1965:01).
• The theory was mainly about applying the linguistic approach
to the translation process.
• The analysis and description of translation- processes must
make considerable use of categories set up for the description
of languages.
Catford: Translation Shift
1. Level Shift
the changes that take place when “an SL item at one linguistic level has
a TL equivalent at a different level;”

Example: My baby is crying


Bayi Saya sedang menangis
2. Category Shift

• Structure shifts
Example: Yellow umbrella=> Payung kuning
MD => DM

• Class shifts
Example: driving license=> Surat ijin mengemudi

• Unit shifts
Example: driving license=> Surat ijin mengemudi
(2) Nida and Taber : Formal Correspondence and
Dynamic Equivalence
• Formal Correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in
both form and content.

Example:
Source Text:
Selain itu di sana juga tak jarang buaya sebesar pangkal pohon sagu melintasi
jalan. (LP0211)

Target Text:
In those spooky palm areas, it wasn’t uncommon to encounter a crocodile as large
as a sago tree crossing the road.
• Dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression by
which TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as
the original wording did upon the ST audience.
• Example:

Source Text: Selain itu di sana juga tak jarang buaya sebesar pangkal
pohon sagu melintasi jalan. (LP0211)

Target Text: In those spooky palm areas, it wasn’t uncommon to


encounter a crocodile as large as a coconut tree crossing the road.
(TRT0211)
2. Functional Approach
(1) Vermeer: Skopos Theory
• Skopos is a Greek word which means aim or purpose
• Underlying Ideas of this approach:
• Translation is considered primarily as a process of intercultural
communication whose end product is a text which has the ability
to function appropriately in specific situations and context of
use(Schaffner,1998a:3)
• “Skopos rule”: a translational action depends on its skopos => “the
end justifies the means” (Reiss and Vermeer)
(2)Nord: Text Analysis Approach
• Texts can be used for a variety of purposes. There may be parts of text or
even expressions with various purposes.
• Functional typology of translations is based on the target text's intended
functions.
• In a functional framework, Translation units are components of the source
text that are meant to perform a certain communicative role in a functional
context.
• Pre-translational text analysis, the translator identifies functional
translation units and decides whether a unit can be reproduced as it is or
has to be adapted to the target situation defined in the translation brief.
• Documentary and instrumental translation.

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