PHP Operators - Used to perform operation on Variables and Values
PHP Arithmetic Operations – used with the numeric values to perform common
arithmetical operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided
by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the
$y'th power
PHP Assignment Operators – used with numeric operators to write a value to a variable,
The basic assignment operator in PHP is “=” It means
that the left operand gets set to the value of the
assignment expression to the right “x = x n y”
Assignmen Same as... Description
t
x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x-y Subtraction
x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
x /= y x=x/y Division
x %= y x=x%y Modulus
PHP Comparison Operators – used to compare two values (number or string)
Operato Name Example Result
r
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they
are of the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or
they are not of the same type
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
>= Greater than or equal to $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal
to $y
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to
$y
<=> Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns an integer less than, equal to, or
greater than zero, depending on if $x is
less than, equal to, or greater than $y.
Introduced in PHP 7.
PHP Increment and Decrement Operators – Used to increase and decrease a
variables’ values
Operato Same as... Description
r
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one
Operato Name Example Result
r
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of
$txt1 and $txt2
.= Concatenation $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to
assignment $txt1
PHP string operators – has 2 operators specifically designed for strings
PHP Logical Operators – used to combine conditional statements
Operato Name Example Result
r
and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are
true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is
true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is
true, but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are
true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is
true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
PHP Array Operators – used to compare arrays
Operato Name Example Result
r
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y
have the same key/value
pairs
=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y
have the same key/value
pairs in the same order
and of the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not
equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not
equal to $y
!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not
identical to $y
PHP conditional assignment operators - used to set a value depending on
Conditions
Operato Name Example Result
r
?: Ternary $x = expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 Returns the value of
$x.
The value of $x
is expr2 if expr1 =
TRUE.
The value of $x
is expr3 if expr1 =
FALSE
?? Null coalescing $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of
$x.
The value of $x
is expr1 if expr1 exists,
and is not NULL.
If expr1 does not exist,
or is NULL, the value of
$x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7
PHP conditional statement – used to perform different actions based on different
condition
The if statement - executes some code if one condition is true.
if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than
two conditions
switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed
The switch statement - used to perform different actions based on different
conditions.
When PHP reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block
The default keyword specifies the code to run if there is no case match
If you want multiple cases to use the same code block, you can specify the
cases
PHP Loops - used to execute the same block of code again and again, as long as
a certain condition is true.
while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is
true
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as the specified condition is true
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array
