MECHANICAL MAINT PAPER II

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Q,1) with help of neat sketch explain the working of a single stage
centrifugal pump . 3(Mar-86),(Mar-03)

Single stage centrifugal pumps are the most common pump for fluid
transfer in high flow rate, low pressure installations. If a lower flow rate or a
higher pressure is needed over what a single stage centrifugal pump can
provide, a multistage centrifugal pump is a better suited alternative. Centrifugal
water pumps are common single stage pumps, however due to the wide range of
materials available centrifugal pumps can also be used for other low viscosity
fluids such as fuel, oils and petrochemicals.

Q,2) What do you mean by „Overhauling‟? 3(Mar-87),(Mar-01)

Overhauling is thus a part of preventive maintenance which includes
removing parts of the machine .i.e. dismantling, finding the faults,
Repairing, cleaning ,lubricating , and refitting or assembling the
machine parts and testing the machine of running.
Overhauling is done for following purposes.
1) To increase the efficiency of the machine.
2) To increase the life of the machine.
3) To restore the machine accuracy.
4) To eliminate vibrations.
5) To eliminate major breakdowns and avoiding dangers to the machine and the
operator.
Q,3) What do you mean by „Cutting fluid ?What are the functions of
cutting fluid . 3(Mar-87)

Cutting fluid are also called as coolant or lubricants. Coolants are

liquids and gases which are applied to the tool and work piece to
assist in the cutting operations.

Function of cutting fluid.

1) To carry away the heat generated during machining.

2) To cool the work. This prevents the excessive thermal distortion of work.
3) To cool the tool. This increase the tool life.
4) To protect the finished surface from corrosion.
5) To cause the chips to break in to small parts.

Q,4) Mention the main components of a reciprocating pump. Also

give its function. 3(Mar-87)

1) Cylinder 2) Piston
3) Connecting rod and crank 4) Suction pipe
5) Delivery pipe 6) Suction valve
7) Delivery valve 8) Air vessel

1) Cylinder :- Cylinder must be air tight. Positive or negative pressure

should be built in the cylinder.
2) Piston:- Piston reciprocates in the cylinder. It is made of special material. The
function of the piston is to create positive or negative pressure in the cylinder.
3) Connecting rod and crank.:- The function of connecting rod is to convert the
rotary motion of the crank into reciprocating motion of the piston in the pump.
4) Suction pipe:- Suction pipe connects the cylinder and the reservoir of the
liquid.
5) Delivery pipe:- Water is delivered to the required space through the delivery
pipe.
6) Suction valve:- The function of valve is to allow the liquid to enter the
cylinder during the suction stroke only and not to allow the liquid to enter the
suction pipe during the delivery stroke.
7) Delivery valve:- The function of this valve is to allow the liquid to enter the
delivery pipe during delivery stroke only and not to allow the liquid to enter the
delivery pipe during suction stroke.
8) Air vessel:- Air vessel is a closed chamber fitted on the suction as well as on
the delivery side, near the pump cylinder. Function of this is pump can be run
at a higher speed and large amount of power can be saved.
Q,5) What are the advantages of multi –stage pump? Draw simple
sketch. 3(Mar-87) ,(Mar-01),(Mar-04)

1) As there is no drive seal so there is no leakage in pump.

2) There are very less frictional losses.
3) There in almost no noise
4) Pump have minimum wear with respect to other.
5) There is a gap between chamber and motor so there is no heat transfer
between them.

Q,6) List the tools required in G.I. pipe fitting work. 3(Mar-87),(Mar-03)
1) Work bench 2) Pipe vice
3) Pipe bending machine 4) Hacksaw frame
5) Chain pipe wrench 6) Pipe wrench
7) Stock and die

Q,7) List the tools and equipment used in pipe fitting

2(Mar-04) 2(Mar-2000)

Shop equipment are

1) Work bench 2) Pipe vice
3) Pipe bending machine
Tool are
1) Ball point hammer 2) Screw driver
03) Square 04) Rule
05) Trowel 06) Stock and die
07) Pipe wrenches 08) Blow pipe
Q,8) Explain briefly the working principle of cone clutch .3(Mar-87)
It is simple device for transmission of power with a comparatively
less axial force. It consists of inner cone fixed to the driver. The
movable or outer cone has splint connection with driven shaft. A
single CCH spring provides the axial force. The only advantages of
this clutch is that a small axial force is required. It can be used in
automobiles ,machine tools etc.

Q,9) State causes of Vibrations ?. 3(Mar-01),(Mar-03)

1) Unproper foundation 2) Defect in assembly of machine.
2) Defect in parts of machine. 4) Misalignments of moving parts
5) Jerky motion of machine tools.

Q,10) Write notes on following ? 02 marks each (Mar-86)

a) Hydraulic Jack..
Hydraulic jack is used to lift heavy loads. Hydraulic jack consists of a ram, a
small tank for hydraulic oil,a plunger, a cylinder in which the ram moves, a
plunger inlet valve and cylinder inlet valve. The handle of the plunger is
operated which opens the plunger inlet valve A. The oil is sucked in, and due of
the cylinder inlet valve opens. Due to the action of the plunger the oil is forced
thro the cylinder inlet valve into the cylinder. Due to the pressure of the oil the
ram moves upwards and lifts the load.

b) Causes of vibrations occur in the machine. 3(Mar-04)

1) Unproper foundation 2) Defect in assembly of machine.
3) Defect in parts of machine. 4) Misalignments of moving parts
5) Jerky motion of machine tools

c) Bush bearing.
It is slightly improved form of the solid type of bearing. It is provided with a
hollow bush of gun metal or brass to take up the wear. The bush is pressed
inside the hole of the bearing. The bush can be easily replaced when it gets
worned out.

d) Function of connecting rod.

It connects the piston with crank pin and transmits the power from piston to
crankshaft. The small end of connecting rod is connected to the piston by
means of pin called „piston pin‟ or „guden pin‟ or „wrist pin‟ .The big end of the
connecting rod is connected to the crank shaft.
Q,11)Advantages of individual drive over group drive 2(Mar-87)
1) There is a great flexibility in the arrangement of machine.
2) Operation and control is simple.
3) Overhead cranes can be used ,if required.
4) Replacement of belts requires less time, as grooved pulleys and V-belts are
generally used.
5) Failure of driving motor causes a single machine to remain idle and not all
the machine in the shop.

Q,12) Note on „Maintenance‟ 2(Mar-87)

Maintenance involves taking care of the machine, cleaning ,lubricating and
repairing them whenever required . The object of maintenance is to keep the
machine in an efficient operating condition and prevent its breakdown.
Maintenance is responsible for the smooth and efficient working of an
industry .Maintenance keeps the machines in good condition. A improperly
maintained plant will sooner or later require expensive and frequent repairs. There
are two types of maintenance 1) Preventive maintenance 2) Breakdown
maintenance.

Q,13) Note on „Winch crab‟ 2(Mar-87)

The hoisting machine or lifting machine that gives a single

mechanical advantage is called single .Purchase crab‟ or „Winch „
and that which give double mechanical advantages is called a
„Double purchase crab‟.

Q,14)Note on „Silent chain drive‟ 2(Mar-87)

This is a compact method of driving when shafts are not too far apart. This gives a
rigid link between the shafts to be connected. The roller chains are commonly used
for power transmission .It consists of inner and outer links are connected together
by means of pins, the rollers being inserted between them, to form an endless belt.
Chain drive is suitable for maximum angular speed of 1500 r.p.m. Chain sprockets
are used in chain drive. The chain passes around the two sprockets , one is
mounted on driving shaft and the other mounted on driven shaft.

Q,15) What is the use of cone pulley ? 2(Mar-87)

Cone pulley Is used when the speed of the driven shaft is to be changed
very frequently .Used in lathe machine ,drilling machine etc. Cone pulley is an
integral casting .one set of cone pulley mounted in reverse on the driven shaft.

Q,16) Function of impeller in centrifugal pump. 2(Mar-87)

It is rotating element having number of vanes. The function of impeller is to
convert kinetic energy into pressure energy and thus increase the efficiency of the
pump.
Q,17) Explain the working of of four stroke Diesel engine with the help of
neat sketches 06(Mar-2000)

The working of four stroke diesel engine is similar to that of four

stroke petrol engine. The major difference is that only atmospheric air is drawn into
the cylinder during suction stroke .This air is compressed by the piston moving
upward during compression stroke . The pressure and temp. of air increase to a
sufficiently high value due to high compression . During the expansion stroke both
the valves remain closed and fuel valve opens just before the beginning of this
stroke.
The fuel is admitted in the cylinder in the form of fine spray
and ignited due to high temp. of compressed air. The hot high pressure gases
drive the piston down on power stroke to the bottom dead center. Afterwards
exhaust stroke takes place. These engines are known as compression ignition
engine(C.I.engine). A fuel pump is provided to increase the pressure of the fuel
and the injector is used to atomize the fuel.
A diesel engine has fuel injector in place of spark plug .The
function of fuel injector is to atomise or break fuel oil into fine particles and to direct
the spray into the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke , so
that every fuel particle mixes with the air.
Q,18) Explain with a neat diagram the working cycle of four stroke
petrol engine. 06(Mar-86), (Mar-99),(Mar-01)

The working of Otto four-cycle engine is as follows

First Stroke :- Suction Stroke
Second Stroke :- Compression Stroke
Third Stroke :- Expansion Stroke or Working stroke
Fourth Stroke :- Exhaust Stroke

1) Suction Stroke:- This stroke starts when the piston is at the top dead
center. As the piston moves downwards ,suction is produced in the cylinder
and the mixture of air and petrol is sucked into the engine cylinder through
the carburetor .During this stroke the inlet is open and the exhaust valve is
closed.

2) Compression Stroke:- During this stroke both the valves are closed, the
piston moves up in the cylinder and compresses the charge of fuel-air
mixture to a pressure of about 8kg/cm2.Just before the end of compression
stroke, the mixture is ignited by an electric spark which results in a rapid
rise in pressure of gases.Combustion takes place at constant volume.

3) Working stroke or Expansion Stroke :- During the start of the expansion

stroke, both the valves remain closed and the hot high pressure gases
drive the piston down on the power stroke back to bottom dead center.

4) Exhaust Stroke :- During this stroke the exhaust valve is open and inlet
valve is closed .The piston now moves up in the cylinder, and burnt gases
are driven out through the open exhaust valve.
 Q,19) Explain otto cycle with P-V diagram 2(Mar-03)

Fig shows theoretical P-V diagram of four stroke Otto cycle engine. During the
suction stroke the charge is admitted in the cylinder increasing the volume form 1 to
2 at the atmospheric pressure .Cylinder volume is the sum of clearance volume and
stroke volume .During the compression stroke the charge is compressed from 2 to 3
.Volume decrease to clearance volume and pressure rises.
The compressed charge is ignited at constant volume which increases
the pressure as represented by to 5 line. At 5 the exhaust valve open and exhaust
takes place at constant volume which decrease the pressure suddenly as
represented by 5 to 2 line .Finely the piston moves onward rushing out the exhaust
gases at atmospheric pressure as represented by 2 to 1 line .The volume again
decreases to clearance volume 1 as at the beginning of the suction stroke.
 Q,20) Explain with the help of P-V diagram the working of four-
stroke petrol engine. 06(Mar-87)

The process,

1- 2 Suction stroke
2- 3 Compression stroke
3- 4 Combustion at constant volume
4- 5 Expansion stroke or power stroke
5- 2 Heat rejection and drops in pressure at constant volume
2-1 Exhaust stroke

Fig shows theoretical P-V diagram of four stroke Otto cycle engine. During the
suction stroke the charge is admitted in the cylinder increasing the volume form 1 to
2 at the atmospheric pressure .Cylinder volume is the sum of clearance volume and
stroke volume .During the compression stroke the charge is compressed from 2 to 3
.Volume decrease to clearance volume and pressure rises.
The compressed charge is ignited at constant volume which increases
the pressure as represented by to 5 line. At 5 the exhaust valve open and exhaust
takes place at constant volume which decrease the pressure suddenly as
represented by 5 to 2 line .Finely the piston moves onward rushing out the exhaust
gases at atmospheric pressure as represented by 2 to 1 line .The volume again
decreases to clearance volume 1 as at the beginning of the suction stroke.
 Q,21) Explain with the help of P-V diagram the working of four-
stroke Diesel engine. 03(Mar-01)

The Pressure-Volume diagram of diesel cycle is as shown in above fig.

1-2 Suction stroke ,volume increase .
2-3 Compression stroke ,air is compressed
3-4 Diesel is sprayed on hot air and combustion takes place at constant
pressure.
4-5 Expansion stroke or power stroke
5-2 Heat rejection and drop in pressure.
2-1 Exhaust stroke.

In actual spark ignition engines , the upper limit of compression ratio is

limited by the self ignition temp. of the fuel. In order to increase compression ratio.
Diesel cycle differs from Otto cycle in one respect. The heat is added at constant
pressure instead of constant volume .In diesel cycle only air is sucked and
compressed in the cylinder to a high pressure; the temp. of this compressed air
becomes sufficiently high to ignite fuel.

Diesel is injected in the cylinder at the end of compression

stroke, which itself ignites due to high temp. of the compressed air .There is
no spark plug in the diesel engine.
Q,22) Draw a neat labeled diagram of Two Stroke Petrol Engine. 2(Mar-99)

Explain the working of 2-Storke petrol engine with neat sketch .

3(Mar-2000),(Mar-04)
In two stroke engine, valves are replaces by the ports which are opened and
closed by the movements of the piston. The working of this cycle is follows

Down stroke:- As the piston moves down on the power stroke it first uncovers the exhaust
port and the cylinder pressure drops to atmospheric pressure as the combustion product
leaves the cylinder. Further ,movement of the piston uncovers the transfer port. As soon as
transfer port opens, the slightly compressed air-fuel mixture in the crank case enters the
engine cylinder.

Up stroke:- As the piston moves upwards, first, transfer port closes and then the exhaust
port is closed. As soon as the exhaust port closes, compression of air-fuel mixture(charge)
begins. The upward movement of the piston during compression stroke lowers the pressure
in the crank –case so that fresh charge is sucked in the crank case through the inlet port
uncovered by the piston. The compressed charge is then ignited by the electric spark when
the piston is at the top dead center. The hot high pressure gases drive the piston down. The
cycle is repeated.
Q,23) Explain the working of 2-Storke Diesel engine with neat sketch. * 6M
The working of two stroke diesel engine is similar to that of petrol engine. The
major difference is that only atmospheric air is drawn into the cylinder during suction stroke .
The fuel (diesel) is injected into the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke and ignition
occurs due to high temp. of compressed air . The fuel injector ,therefore, replaces the spark
plug of petrol engine.

1. 1st Stroke – As the piston starts rising from its B.D.C. position, it closes the transfer and the
exhaust port. The air which is already there in the cylinder is compressed. At the same time
with the upward movement of the piston, vacuum is created in the crank case. As soon as the
inlet port is uncovered the fresh air is sucked in the crank case. The charging is continued until
the crank case and the space in the cylinder beneath the piston in filled with the air.

2. 2nd Stroke – Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke a very fine spray of
diesel is injected into the compressed air (which is at a very high temperature). The fuel ignites
spontaneously.
Pressure is exerted on the crown of the piston due to the combustion of the air and
the piston is pushed in the downward direction producing some useful power. The downward
movement of the piston will first close the inlet port and then it will compress the air already
sucked in the crank case.
Just at the end of power stroke, the piston uncovers the exhaust port and the transfer port
simultaneously. The expanded gases start escaping through the exhaust port and at the same
time the fresh air which is already compressed in the crank case, rushes into the cylinder
through the transfer port and thus the cycle is repeated again.
Q,24) Explain with neat diagram the working principle of centrifugal pump.
06(Mar-87),(Mar-99),(Mar-01)

Draw the labeled diagram of centrifugal pump. 02(Mar-2000)

Working ;-
Centrifugal pump consists of rotating impeller. The center if
impeller is known as eye of impeller. When the impeller is rotated by an external
power, water between the two adjacent impeller blades is whirled about the center
of impeller .Hence centrifugal forces acts upon this water .This force pushes water
from the center to the outer periphery of the impeller .Velocity of the water leaving
the vane of the impeller i.e. water at the periphery ,is now greatly increased .This
velocity energy of the leaving water will be transformed into pressure head in the
casing.
Once the flow has started , the pressure at the eye of the
impeller will be reduced, hence more water will be lifted from the reservoir into the
pump casing to fill up this partial vacuum. The speed of the pump should be high
enough to produce centrifugal head sufficient to initiate discharge against delivery
head.
(Suction pipe always opens at the center of impeller.)
 Q,25) Advantages and disadvantages of belt drive .
06(Mar-87),3(Mar-01),06(Mar-03)
Advantages of belt drive
1) Initial cost is low.
2) Less noise
3) Driving arrangement is more flexible.\
4) Slipping of belt is sometimes advantageous as it may prevent
excessive damage.
5) Being flexible ,belts may be twisted in more than one plane and
hence suitable for connecting non-parallel shafts.
Disadvantages of belt drive

1) In case of belt drive there is always slipping of belt which results in loss of
power.
2) Life of belt is short due to wear and tear.
3) It requires more attention.
4) Suitable for transmitting small power.
5) It requires more space.
6) Turning moment is not uniform.

Q,26) Advantages and disadvantages of Chain drive . 03(Mar-2000)

Advantages of Chain Drive
1) Very large power can be transmitted in a limited space.
2) It is a positive drive, hence no slip.
3) Constant velocity ratio is maintained between the driver and the follower.
4) It does not require adjustment of initial tension.
5) It is suitable at high and low temp.
Disadvantages of Chain Drive

1) Initial installation cost is high.

2) Running is noisy.

Q,27) State the advantages of gear drive over belt drive. 03(Mar-04)
Advantages of gear drive
1) It is very compact and need less space.
2) It has very high efficiency which is very useful in transmitting motion.
3) The main advantage of gear drive is that it transmit same velocity ratio.
4) Again a good advantage is that it is very good reliable service.
5) And last is that it can be used to transmit a very large power.
Advantages of belt drive

1) Initial cost is low.

2) Less noise
3) Driving arrangement is more flexible.
4) Slipping of belt is sometimes advantageous as it may prevent
excessive damage.
5) Being flexible ,belts may be twisted in more than one plane and
hence suitable for connecting non-parallel shafts.
Q,28) Difference between petrol engine and diesel engine
02(Mar-87),6(Mar-01), (Mar-04)
Petrol engine Diesel engine
01 Petrol engine sucks a mixture of 01 Diesel engine sucks only air during
air and petrol during suction stroke suction stroke
02 Air-fuel mixture is ignited by 02 Fuel is ignited by high temperature
electric –spark. air.
03 Combustion of fuel takes place 03 Combustion of fuel takes place
approximately at constant volume. ` approximately at constant
pressure.
04 Compression ratio is between 5 to 04 Compression ratio is between 14to
10 . 20.

Q,29) Difference between Two stroke engine and four stroke

engine. 06(Mar-2000),(Mar-03)

Two stroke engine Four stroke engine.

01 The cycle is completed in one 01 The cycle is completed in two revolution

revolution of crank shaft. of crank shaft.
02 One power stroke for each 02 One power stroke for two revolution of
revolution of crank shaft. crank shaft in case of single cylinder
engine.
03 Low initial cost as there is no 03 High initial cost as there is cam, valve
cam, valve mechanism etc. mechanism etc.
04 Maintenance cost is less 04 Maintenance cost is high.
05 Produces greater noise and 05 Less noise and wear and tear.
has more wear and tear.
06 Thermal efficiency is less. 06 Thermal efficiency is more.

Q,30) Difference between Centrifugal pump and Reciprocating

Pump. 6(Mar-99)

Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump

01 Compact ,occupies less floor 01 Compact ,occupies more floor space
space
02 Initial cost is low 02 Initial cost is high.
03 Smooth flow 03 Pulsating flow
04 Simple in construction. 04 Complicated in construction.
05 Low maintenance cost 05 High maintenance cost
06 Requires light foundation 06 Requires heavy foundation
07 Can operate at high speed 07 High speed is not suitable due to
separation difficulties.
08 It is suitable for high discharge 08 It is suitable for low discharge at high
and low head. head.
09 Efficiency is less. 09 High Efficiency .It may be as high as
90%.
 Q.31) Compare between Chain drive and Gear drive 03 (Mar-99)

Chain drive;-
Chain drives are positive in motion ,are used for high transmission of power ,They
are mostly used when distance between center is short. They are used for the
transmission of power in cycles, motor vehicles ,agriculture machinery, road rollers
etc.

Gear drive;-
Gears are toothed wheels giving positive drive, one gear mounted on the driving
shaft meshes with the other gear on the driven shaft ,It is possible to drive shafts
that are parallel, intersecting or neither parallel Nor intersecting by the use of
toothed gear. Gear drive is often used in preference to belting friction drive or
chain drive large amount of power is transmitted ,material commonly used for gear
cast iron, steel, brass and bronze

Q.32) Compare between Air Cooling with Water cooling of an I.C Engine
03 (Mar-99)
Air Cooling Water cooling
01 In Air cooled engines there are 01 In water cooling system also there
two types. One is pressure cooling are 2. One is thermosyphon
second is natural incoming force second is forced feed
system
02 In air cooled system fins are 02 In water cooling system a radiator
provided around the cylinder and is used to tranfer the heat
head to transmit heat

03 Minimum temperature of the water 03 Minimum temp can not be

can be controlled in water cooled controlled in air cool system
system by using a thermostat
04 Engine oil temperature is under 04 Engine oil temperature is under
control in water cooled system control in water cooled system

05 Less space compared to water 05 More space required for water

cooled engine requires for air cooled engines
cooled engines
Q,33) Compare between Ball bearing and Roller Bearing 02 (Mar-2000)
Ball bearing:-Radial ball bearing consist of four elements namely
1) Inner race grooves on its outer surface.
2) Outer race grooved on its inner surface.
3) Spherical ball which are inserted between inner and outer race.
4) Cage or ball retaining ring in which ball are located with equal spacing.
Roller bearing;-
Load carrying capacity of roller bearing is more than that of ball
bearings. Ball bearing having point contacts ae not able to support heavy loads.
Hence ,roller bearings with line contact are substituted for ball bearing .
They are also suitable under impact or shock loads.
Rolling elements in the bearings may be in the form of 1) Cylinder 2) Frustum of a
cone 3) Convex or concave surface of rollers.

Q,34) Difference between I.C Engine and E.C Engine. 06 mark

I.C engine E.C engine.

01 I.C engine means internal 01 E.C engine means External

Combustion engine. Combustion Engine.
02 The combustion of fuel takes 02 The combustion of fuel takes place
place inside the engine cylinder out side cylinder.
03 The working temp. and 03 The working temp. and pressures
pressures are higher. are low.
04 Have a high efficiency. 04 Have a low efficiency.
05 Required low space. 05 Required big space.
06 I.C engine are lighter and 06 E.C engine are heavier and costly.
cheaper.
07 I.C engine example are petrol 07 E.C engine example are Steam
engine and Diesel engine. engines.

Q,35) Difference between S.I. Engine and C.I.Engine. 06 mark

S.I engine C.I. engine.

01 S.I means Spark Ignition 01 C.I means Compression Ignition

engine. engine.
02 Petrol is used as a fuel 02 Diesel is used as a fuel
03 A carburetor is necessary to 03 Carburetor is not necessary but the
produce mixture of air and injector is used to inject the fuel.
petrol.
04 Basic cycle of operation is 04 Basic cycle used is Diesel cycle
Otto cycle which is constant which is a constant pressure heat
volume heat addition cycle. addition cycle.
05 High speed engine. 05 Low speed engine.
06 Occupies low space. 06 Occupies high space.
07 Light weight engine. 07 Heavy weight engine.
08 Initial cost is less 08 Initial cost is high.
Q,36) What precaution are to be taken during foundation of a machine?
2(Mar-87),03(Mar-04)
Two main precautions should be taken during foundation of machine.
1) Foundation should have sufficient depth so that it can bear all the load which is
transmitted by the machine.
2) To avoid and absorb vibrations caused by the machine timber or rubber is
provided at the time of foundation of macine.

Q,37) On which factor the centrifugal pumps are classified? 2(Mar-03)

Centrifugal pump can be classified according to

1) Working head
2) Number of impeller per shaft
3) Direction of flow through the impeller
4) Number of entrances to the impeller
5) Type of casing.
6) Type of impeller.

Q,38) What is pump? Name the various types of pumps 2(Mar -04)

Pump is mechanical device to increase the pressure energy of a

liquid. In most of the cases a pump is used for raising fluid from a lower to higher
level. This is achieved by creating a low pressure at the inlet or suction end and
high pressure at eh outlet or delivery end of the pump .Due to low inlet pressure
the fluid raises from a depth where it is available and the high outlet pressure
forces it up to height where it is to be available.
Various types of pumps are follows
1) Centrifugal pump
2) Reciprocating pump

Q,39) What do you mean by clutch? Where it is used? 2(Mar -04)

A Clutch is a device is used for transmitting power from one shaft

to another, as and when required. The shafts may be connected or disconnected
while in motion with the help of clutch.
It is used in cars, trucks , tractors ,jeeps, scooters ,motorcycles
,automobile and some machine tools.

Q,40) Where V-Belts are used? Why? 2(Mar -04)

V-belt are used when center distance between shaft is short and large
amount of power is to be transmitted
This belt is trapezoidal in cross section and designed to run in a V-
shaped groove of 400 turned in the pulleys .It is mad of fabric and vulcanized
rubber. V-belts are the endless belts.
.
Q,41) List the various of types of pipe fitting used in plumbing ,starting the
functions of any three with neat sketch 3(Mar -99),(Mar-01)
Pipe fitting which are commonly used are listed below
1) Socket or Coupler
2) Reducing socket
3) Elbows
4) Bends
5) Nipple
6) Plug

1) Reducing socket:- The ends of the reducing sockets are of different

diameters and are threaded from inside . Pipes of different diameters can be
connected by reducing socket.

2) Elbows:-These are used for connecting the pipes which are at right angles.

3) Bends:- Bends are used for connecting pipe which are inclined with each
other or are at right angle to each other.

Q,42) Where and when mechanical jacks are used? 2(Mar -04)

It supports the work from the bottom side and lifts in vertical
direction .
Mechanical jacks are used in Paper ,Press ,printing industry ,Gypsum
factories, Sheet metal forming industry ,Mechanical lifting applications, Platform
lifting ,Construction sector ,Food processing machinery ,Defence industry
,Automobile sector, Shipyards, Bridge jack for road and bridge lifting, Roll form
machinery ,Lift tables etc.
 Q,43) Explain with neat sketches the uses of “Tee” and “Elbow”.
2(Mar-2000)
1) Tee:- It is used when connecting horizontal run, such as a waste arm to vent
stack or vertical riser .

2) Elbows:-These are used for connecting the pipes which are at right angles.

Q,44) What are the different types of bearings used in industrial machine?
2(Mar -04)
Following are the different types of bearings used ..
1) Sliding contact bearing
2) Radial load bearing ( Journal bearing)
3) Axial thrust bearing
4) Solid bearing
5) Bush bearing
6) Foot step bearing
7) Flat pivot bearing
8) Conical pivot bearing
9) Rolling contact bearing
10) Ball bearing
11) Roller bearing
12) Collar bearing
13) Single collar bearing
14) Multi collar bearing.

Q,45) What is the principle of a friction drive? 3(Mar-86)

A friction drive or friction engine is a type of transmission that, instead of
a chain and sprockets, uses 2 wheels in the transmission to transfer power to the
driving wheels. This kind of transmission is often used on scooters, mainly go-peds,
in place of a chain.
 Q,46) Describe the function of Clutch with neat sketch 3(Mar -99)

Function of Clutch are

A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages the
power transmission, especially from driving shaft to driven shaft.
Clutches are used whenever the transmission of power or motion
must be controlled either in amount or over time (e.g., electric screwdrivers limit
how much torque is transmitted through use of a clutch; clutches control whether
automobiles transmit engine power to the wheels).
In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two
rotating shafts (drive shafts or line shafts). In these devices, one shaft is typically
attached to an engine or other power unit (the driving member) while the other shaft
(the driven member) provides output power for work. While typically the motions
involved are rotary, linear clutches are also possible.

Q,47) Explain briefly the expanding dog clutch? 2(Mar-86)

It is also known as claw clutch . It consists of two jaws one is lifted on

driver shaft and the other is on driven shaft .The jaw which is lifted on driven shaft
has splint connection to the same shaft .Square grooves and square projected snap
on each jaw engages in each other.
Dog clutch is mechanism to connect or disconnecting two rotating
shaft. Utilized in automobile manual transmission.
Q,48) Explain any one method of cooling an I.C engine 2(Mar -04)

The types of engine cooling system in common use are as follow.

1) Air cooling system.

2) Water cooling system.
3)
Air cooling system :-
In this method of cooling direct flow of atmosphere air reaches over
the cylinder surface and head. This system is commonly used in two wheelers for
engine cooling.

Air cooled engines have fins or ribs on the outer surfaces of the
cylinder and cylinder heads. The fins are cast integrally with the cylinder and
cylinder head and serve to increase the amount of radiation surface presented to
the air stream. The heat produced by combustion passed through the walls of the
cylinder and cylinder head to the fins, where it is dissipated into the passing air
.Individual cylinder are generally equipped to provide ample cooling area.

Q,49) List the various Lifting Devices with their uses 2(Mar-99)

Various type of lifting devices are as follows

1) Block and tackle:-
It is used for various rope formations.
2) Winches:-
it is used in loading heavy equipment into ships ,construction equipment and
building and similar jobs.
3) Screw jack;-
It is used for lifting automobiles for repair purpose.
4) Hydraulic jack:-
A very large load can be lifted by comparatively very small effort by this jack.
5) Rack and pinion jack:-
It is used for lifting and lowering comparatively light load .
6) Pneumatic jack :-
7) Hoist:-
It is operated between fixed guides rails for lifting things vertically.
8) Elevators;-
it is used for where it is dangerous to take the chance of electric spark.
9) Piller crane:-
It is used for lifting load upto 25 tonnes.
Q,50) List out the various types of material handling devices and sketch
any two of them giving their uses. 6(Mar-99)
What are the different types of material handling equipments in
industry ?Explain any one of them. 3(Mar-04)

Material handling devices are as follow.

a) Manual handling
b) Mechanical handling
a) Manual handling:- In some factories material is handled by men.
b) Mechanical handling;- There are two major divisions of handling equipment.
1) Lifting and lowering devices
a) Block and tackle
b) Winches
c) Jacks
1) Hydraulic jack 2)Screw jack
3) Pneumatic jack 4) Rack and pinion jack
d) Hoist
e) Elevators
f) Pillar crane etc.
2) Transporting devices include:-
a) Hand jack (Trolly)
b) Power truck
c) Conveyors
1) Belt conveyor 2) Roller conveyor 3) Pipe line conveyor
4) Elevating conveyor 5) Chain conveyor 6) Screw conveyor

Screw jack :- It is very useful for lifting light and heavy work, Small screw jack is
very portable and can be used for lifting automobiles for repair purpose.
Belt conveyor :- This conveyor is used for handling large quantity of material as
cement, fertilizer ,coal ,ore and other similar materials.
Belt conveyor consists of moving the endless belt which carries
material within supporting frame. Belt moves on two pulleys .One pulley is
operated by electric power .The belt material may be rubber fabric, leather
,steel.
This conveyor is mostly used for handling large quantity of material as cement,
fertilizer ,coal ,ore and other similier materials.
I) Roller conveyor :- This type of conveyor is used to transport various
shapes of products. This type of consists of rollers supported in frame over
which materials are allowed to move.
Ii) Pipe line conveyor :- This is used for transporting chemical powder, sand,
cement etc. It is operated by gravity ,air pressure or by mechanical means

Q,51) Give the classification of I/C Engine. 3(Mar -99)

Internal combustion engines may be classified according to the

1) Working cycle employed

i) Four stroke cycle engine ii) Two stroke cycle engine

2) Fuel used
i) Petrol engine ii) Diesel engine iii) Gas engine

3) Nature of thermodynamic cycle used

i) Otto cycle (Otto engine ii) Diesel cycle (Diesel engine)
iii) Dual combustion cycle (Dual combustion engine)

4) Method of ignition
i) Spark ignition engine ii) Combustion ignition engine

5) Speed
i) Low speed engine ii) Medium speed engi iii) High speed engine

6) Method of cooling
i) Air cooled engine ii) Water cooled engine

7) Arrangement of engine cylinder

i) Horizontal engine ii) Vertical engine
iii) V-Type engine iv)Radial engine
Q,52) What are the different types of mechanical power transmission ?
Explain any one of them stating their advantages and disadvantages
06(Mar-04)

Following are the different types of mechanical power transmission

1) Belt drive
2) Rope drive
3) Chain drive
4) Gear drive
5) Coupling
6) Clutches

Belt drive:-
Belt drives is one of the most common and effective devices of
transmitting motion and power from one shaft to another by means of thin
inextensible band running over two pulleys. The pulleys mounted on the driving
shaft is called driver and that mounted on the other shaft is known as follower.
The power is transmitted by the frictional resistance between the belt and the
pulleys .
This drive is not always positive due to possibility of belt slip
resulting in loss of power.

Advantages of belt drive

1) Initial cost is low.

2) Less noise
3) Driving arrangement is more flexible.\
4) Slipping of belt is sometimes advantageous as it may prevent
excessive damage.
5) Being flexible ,belts may be twisted in more than one plane and
hence suitable for connecting non-parallel shafts.

Disadvantages of belt drive

1) In case of belt drive there is always slipping of belt which results in loss of
power.
 2) Life of belt is short due to wear and tear.
3) It requires more attention.
4) Suitable for transmitting small power.
5) It requires more space.
6) Turning moment is not uniform.

Q.53) What are the various types of gears used for Power Transmission? .
Give specific use? 3(Mar -99)
Following are the various types of gears used
1) Spur gear
2) Helical gear
3) Bevel gear
4) Worm and worm wheel
5) Rack and pinion
Specific uses of gears are follows.
1) Spur gear :- These are used to connect two parallel shaft .such types of
gear are used for speed change mechanism .It is used in gear boxes of lathe
machine .automobiles etc.
2) Helical gear :- Helical gear are used in high speed stages of automobile
gear boxes, machine tool gear boxes and also used in steam and gas
turbine.
3) Bevel gear:-Used to transmit rotary motion between intersecting shafts. It is
used in hand drill , car differential and shaft driven bicycle.
4) Worm and worm wheel:-Worm gear are used when large gear reduction
are needed. It is used in material handling and transportation machinery,
machine tools and automobiles and lifting devices such as crane ,lift
,conveyor etc
5) Rack and pinion:- it is used in lathe machine ,drill planer etc are fitted with
rack and pinion to convert rotary motion to straight line motion.

Q,54) Write short notes on Belt Conveyer 2(Mar-99),3(Mar-99)

Belt conveyor consists of moving the endless belt which carries
material within supporting frame. Belt moves on two pulleys .One pulley is
operated by electric power .The belt material may be rubber fabric, leather
,steel.
This conveyor is mostly used for handling large quantity of material as cement,
fertilizer ,coal ,ore and other similier materials.
I) Roller conveyor :- This type of conveyor is used to transport various
shapes of products. This type of consists of rollers supported in frame over
which materials are allowed to move.
 Ii) Pipe line conveyor :- This is used for transporting chemical powder, sand,
cement etc. It is operated by gravity ,air pressure or by mechanical means.

Q.55) Write short notes on Connecting rod 2(Mar-2000)

It connects the piston with crank pin and transmits the power from piston to
crankshaft. The small end of connecting rod is connected to the piston by
means of pin called „piston pin‟ or „guden pin‟ or „wrist pin‟ .The big end of the
connecting rod is connected to the crank shaft.

Q,56) What are the different types of lubricating systems? Explain

any two of them with neat sketches. 06(Mar-86)
Explain any one method of Lubrications with neat sketch. 2(Mar-01)

Different types of lubrication system are as follows

1) Drip system
2) Splash or bath lubrication
3) Grease cup method
4) Wick feed lubrication
5) Forced or pressure lubrication system

1) Splash or bath lubrication;-

In this system revolving parts are partly dipped in the lubricating oil. The
splash method is used in the crankcase of steam and I.C engine, for crankpin,
main bearing and crosshead lubrication .This system is also used in gear
boxes.

2)Week feed lubrication;-

In this type of lubrication a cotton or woolen wick sucks the oil and becomes wet
which drips oil into the oil holes of the housing.
Q,57) What do you mean by Air Compressor? 2(Mar-99)
An air compressor as the name indicates is a machine used to
compress air to a high pressure .The air compressor sucks air from the
atmosphere ,compresses it and then delivers the same under a high pressure to a
storage vessel. From the storage vessel , it may be conveyed by a pipeline to a
place where the supply of compressed air is required.

Q.58) Explain with neat sketch Bevel Gears” . 2(Mar-01)

In the bevel gear the teeth are cut on a conical surface. These are used
for transmission of rotary motion between two intersecting shafts that lie in one
plane .The angle of intersection may be greater or less than 900 but usually 900.

Q. 59) What do you mean by coupling ? What are the types of coupling
used?
3(Mar-03)
 The basic function of coupling is to transmit the rotational motion directly
form one shaft to other shaft. In doing so it must operate with the maximum
efficiency as well as accommodate ,if necessary ,any slight error that might occur
in the shaft alignment.
Following are the types of coupling
1) Rigid coupling
a) Muff or sleeve coupling
b) b)Flange coupling
2) Flexible coupling
a) Bush pin type
b) Oldham‟s coupling
c) Universal coupling.

Q.60) What do you mean by Coupling? Draw a sketch of of Muff Coupling

02(Mar-01)
The basic function of coupling is to transmit the rotational motion directly
form one shaft to other shaft. In doing so it must operate with the maximum
efficiency as well as accommodate ,if necessary ,any slight error that might occur
in the shaft alignment.

Q. 61) Explain the terms “ Clearance Volume “ and “ Swept Volume”

2(Mar-2000)
Clearance Volume:-
The volume conainted in the cylinder above the top of the piston, when the piston
is at top dead center ,is called the clearance volume.

Swept Volume:-
The volume swept through by the p
iston in moving between top dead center and bottom dead center,is called swept
volume or piston displacement .Thus when piston is at bottom dead center, Total
volume=Swept volume+ Clearance volume.

Q,62) Write short notes on Bearing 2(Mar-99)

A bearing is a device that is used to enable rotational or linear movement.
While reducing friction and handling stress. Resembling wheels. bearings literally
enable devices to roll. which reduces the friction between the surface of the bearing
and the surface it„s rolling over. It„s significantly easier to move. both in a rotary or
linear fashion. when friction is reduced this also enhances speed and efficiency
When there is a relative motion between two machine parts ,one supports
the other , the supporting member is called a bearing.
Principle functions of bearing are as follow.
1) To carry load
2) To reduce the friction in the mating parts having any type of movement.

Q,63) Explain the working of Reciprocating pump with neat sketch .

3(Mar-2000)
Draw a labeled diagram of reciprocating pump 2(Mar-87)

Explain with the neat sketch the working of single acting reciprocating
pump? Why air vessels are required for these pumps. 06(Mar-04)

Working of reciprocating pump:-

When the piston moves from left to right. It creates a partial vaccum in
the cylinder. This causes the liquid from the sump to be sucked into the cylinder
through the suction pipe. During this stroke the suction valve is open and the
delivery valve is closed. When the piston moves from right to left, a high
pressure which is above atmosphere is built up in the cylinder. This causes the
suction valve to be closed and delivery valve to be opend .Water is pushed in
the delivery pipe under pressure. Thus water can be raised to the required
height.
 Air vessel;- Air vessel is a closed chamber fitted on the suction as well as on the
delivery side, near the pump cylinder. The effect of fitting air vessels on the suction
and delivery pipe of reciprocating pump is to have a uniform discharge and velocity
of water in the pipe.
In this type of pump a definite quantity of liquid is displaced in every stroke, hence
it is called as positive displacement pump.

Reciprocating pump consists of the following main parts.

1) Cylinder :- Cylinder must be air tight, Positive or negative pressure should be
built in the cylinder.

2) Piston:- Piston reciprocates in the cylinder .It is made of special material. The
function of the piston is to create positive or negative pressure in the cylinder.

3) Connecting rod and crank;- Connecting rod connects piston rods and crank.
The function of the connecting rod is to convert the rotary motion of the crank
into reciprocating motion of the piston in the pump.

4) Suction pipe:- Suction pipe connects the cylinder and the reservoir of the
liquid.

5) Delivery pipe;- Water is delivered to the required space through the delivery
pipe.

6) Suction valve;- This valve opens during suction stroke and closes during
delivery stroke. The function of this valve is to allow the liquid to enter the
cylinder during the suction stroke only and not to allow the liquid to enter the
suction pipe during the delivery stroke.

7) Delivery valve:- This valve open during delivery stroke and closes during the
suction stroke. The function of this valve is to allow the liquid to enter the
delivery pipe during delivery stroke only and not to allow to liquid to enter the
delivery pipe during suction stroke.

Q.64) Explain with neat sketch the “Cross Belt Drive” 2(Mar-2000)
and of varied cross section either flat or V-shaped .The belts are made of leather
In this type driver and follower rotate in the opposite direction. Belting is
made of different material ,cotton and canvass,indian rubber ,steel and are
commonly used.
 Q,65) Explain with neat sketch Function of Air Vessels 2(Mar-01)
Function of Air Vessel are as follows.
A) Suction side:
1) Pump can be run at a higher speed.
2) Length of the suction pipe below the air vessel can be increased.
B) Delivery side:-
1) Constant rate of discharge is ensured.
2) Large amount of power can be saved.

Q,66) Explain with a sketch working principle of Hydraulic Jack. 3(Mar-01)

Hydraulic jack is used to lift heavy loads. Hydraulic jack consists

of a ram, a small tank for hydraulic oil,a plunger, a cylinder in which the ram
moves, a plunger inlet valve and cylinder inlet valve. The handle of the plunger
is operated which opens the plunger inlet valve A. The oil is sucked in, and due
of the cylinder inlet valve opens. Due to the action of the plunger the oil is
 forced thro the cylinder inlet valve into the cylinder. Due to the pressure of the
oil the ram moves upwards and lifts the load.

Q,67) What are the general rules for safe material handling? 2(Mar-03)

1) To avoid fatigue of transport worker, full use should be made of mechanical

material handling equipments.
2) The transport workers should not be asked to lift more than the permissible
load. For exa:- for a boy of 16 to 18 years of age , the load is 19 kgs.
3) During transport ,sharp materials, sharp edged goods, poles etc,should be
covered ,placed in stable holders and retained by means of a wire.
4) Goods should be piled up in such a way that they do not collapse due to impact
or vibrations.
5) All the materials handling equipment s should have adequate strength and
should be maintained properly.

Q,68) Explain Priming 2(Mar-01)

Explain Priming related with the Centrifugal pump 2(Mar-99

Priming of centrifugal pump means filling of the pump casing with liquid
to be pumped to remove the air,gas or vapour in that region. The pump will not
generate its pressure if there is any air left on the suction side. Hence ,it wiil not
start ,Thus, priming is very essential in centrifugal pump.
Priming can be done manually in centrifugal pump.

Q,69) Explain why cooling is necessary in I.C Engine .What are the
methods of Cooling? 3(Mar-2000)
The cooling system is necessary because of the high temp.
generated during engine operation. During the combustion of air fuel mixture
enormous amount of heat is produced inside the engine the cylinder. The temp. is
so high that it wil break the lubrication film between the moving parts may cause
any mechanical breakage of the engine parts. So something must be done to
remove some of this heat to prevent damage .
If the engine is not cooled during operation ,valves will burn and
warp, piston and bearing will overheat and pistons will seize in the cylinders. Thus
the purpose of the cooling system is to keep the engine at its most efficient
operating temp. at all engine speeds and all driving conditions.The cooling system
is so designed that it prevents cooling until the engine reached to its normal
operating temp.
The types of engine cooling system in common use are as follow
1) Air cooling system
2) Water cooling system
Air cooled engines are cooled by the direct flow of air over the cylinder surfaces
and head. Water cooled engines are cooled by circulating a water through
Jackets surrounding the cylinders and heads.

Q,70) What are the various uses of Compressed Air? 3(Mar-2000)

The main uses of compressed air are

1) It is used to drive air motor used in coal mines.
2) It is used to operate various pneumatic applicances such as pneumatic drill,
hammer, water pump, paint spray, pneumatic life, pneumatic conveyors etc.
3) It is used in air breaks for automobiles .
4) It is used to clean workshop machines, automobiles etc.
5) It is used in refrigerator and air-conditioning plants.

Q,71) State at least four merits of Preventive Maintenance 2(Mar-2000)

Merits of preventive maintenance are

1) Reduction in breakdown time
2) Increased production
3) Increase life of machine tool
4) Low maintenance and repair cost.

Q,72) Write short notes on Conveyer used in Material handling .

3(Mar-2000)
Conveyor are employed to transport material over a fixed path which
may be horizontal or inclined to different location in a factory .They prove
economical ,if the flow of material is continuous.

There are many kind of conveyors such as

1) Belt conveyor
2) Roller conveyor
3) Pipe line conveyor
4) Elevating conveyor
5) Chain conveyor
6) Screw conveyor
1) Belt conveyor :-
it consist of moving the endless belt which carries material within
supporting frame. Belt moves on two pulleys . One pulley is operated by
electric power. The belt material may be rubber fabric ,leather ,steel. This
conveyor is mostly used for handling large quantity of material as cement,
fertilizer ,coal ,ore and other similar materials.

Q,73) What is the Functions of flywheel in I/C Engine .

2(Mar-99)
What is the importance of flywheel in I/C Engine . 2(Mar-01)

1) The main function of a flywheel is to smoothen out variations in the speed of

a shaft caused by torque fluctuations .
2) Flywheel absorbs mechanical energy by increasing its angular velocity and
delivers the stored energy by decreasing its velocity.
3) A flywheel in an engine is entirely different from that of governor
4) It controls the speed variation caused by the fluctuations of the engine
turning moment during each cycle of operation.
5) It does not control the speed variations caused by a varying load.
6) The varying demand for power is met by the governor regulating the supply
of working fluid.

Q,74) Explain the working of simple carburetor with a neat sketch.

03(Mar-03)
 The carburetor is the control for the engine. It feeds the engine with a
mixture of air and petrol in a controlled volume that determines the speed,
acceleration and deceleration of the engine.
The carburetor is controlled by a slide connected to the throttle cable
from the handlebar twist grip which adjusts the volume of air drawn into the engine.
A system of fixed holes (jets) and, adjustable needles control the volume of fuel
(petrol) to match the volume of air. The ratio of fuel and air the carburetor delivers
can be changed by selecting different jets and adjusting the position of the
needles. Sometimes but not very often, the manufacturers restrict the speed of the
scooter for certain countries by fitting a reducing washer to the entrance of the
carburetor.

Q,75) State the function of carburetor 02(Mar-04)

1) The main function of carburetor is to supply limited quantity of fuel to engine.

2) It breaks up or atomizes the fuel into a fine spray and it mixes with air to
make a mixture that will burn readily
3) It regulates the ratio of fuel to air.
4) It regulates the amount of the fuel –air-mixture going into the combustion
chamber.

Q, 76) State the function of Fuel injector 2(Mar-99)

1) It filter the fuel.
2) Measure the correct quantity of fuel to be injected.
3) Time the fuel injection.
4) Control the rate of fuel injection.
5) Atomize the fuel.
6) Distribute the fuel in the combustion chamber.

Q, 77) What are the functions of Lubricants? 3(Mar-2000)

1) Lubricants are usually oil based fluids as oil posses good lubricating qualities.
2) It is used to reduce friction at tool-chip and tool work interface.
3) It is done through extreme pressure lubrication. Which is special form of
lubrication in which a thin layer of metal surface is formed through chemical
reaction.
4) Compound of sulfur and chlorine in these lubricants produces this layer which
helps to separate the tool and chip.

6) What are the functions of Coolants? 3(Mar-2000)

Explain importance of coolants ? 3(Mar-04)
 1) Engines produce more heat that can be converted into useful work.
2) The cooling system manages engine temp. by removing ,circulting and
controlling heat.
3) The cooling system controls temp. of all metallic and non-metallic material
temp. and controls the temp. of other engine fluids.
4) More than 40% of engine problems originate in the cooling system.

Q,78) What is the purpose of ignition point.? 2(Mar-86)

The unit is equipped with two independent set of ignition point one for each
cylinder . They are both located on a single housing mounted on the left end of the
cam shaft.
The points act as a circuit breakers for the ignition system . A point cam spins
counterclockwise in the center of the ignition unit. A lobe on the cam controls the
opening and closing of the points. When the points are closed ,current flows to the
primary coil (Which begin to build a magnetic field) At a precisely calculated point of
crankshaft rotation. The cam forces the points apart ,which stops current flow to the
primary winding in the ignition coil .High voltage is then generated in the coil
secondary winding and causes the spark the plug electrodes.

Q,79) What are the advantages of the outside packed plunger type
pump? 2(Mar-86)

1) Plunger pump differ form piston pumps in that they have one or constant
diameter plungers reciprocating through packing glands and displacing liquid
from cylinders in which there is considerable radial clearance.
2) They are always single acting in the sense that only one end of the plunger is
used in plumbing the liquid.
3) Those with three or more cylinder are usually of vertical design. The driver
may be an electric motor, a steam or gas engine or a steam turbine.

Q,80) Explain the construction and working of “Gear pump” 03(Mar-03)

The gear pump is used for fluid transfer and power transfer and
process. The gear pump is widely used in the agricultural and mobile vehicle
industry for hydraulic transmission systems. The pump can be used for transferring
a wide variety of fluids depending on the materials of construction. The pump
includes two gears one gear is driven by the prime mover.
The pump bearings are generally provided with internal bearings
and packed glands or mechanical seals. The most popular gear types are straight
spur. These can be noisy and subject to vibration if they are not manufactured to
high standards. Helical gears can be used to minimize vibration but high side
loads result. The used of double helical gears to eliminate side loads results in
expensive costly units.
These pumps are reliable low cost units which can be run for
long periods if operated correctly. They have good high pressure operating
characteristics. Close tolerances are required between the internal components for
the pump to operate effectively .The gear pump has moderate efficiency and it not
recommended for handling suspended solids.
 Q,81) State any two types of Impeller giving their specific uses.
2(Mar-99),3(Mar-01)
(Write any two of following)

Centrifugal and are some of the different impeller types and what they are used
for:
1) High Head Closed Channel Impeller –
high-efficiency design for pumping water and other liquids at higher head
pressures
2) Vortex Impeller –
Used for pumping stringy solids and debris-laden liquids
3) Centrifugal Screw Impeller –
Used for pumping oils and other viscous liquids
4) Propeller –
Used for pumping high volumes of water at low heads

Q.82) Write short notes on “Valves” and “Ports “ with reference to I.C.Engine
2(Mar-2000)

Valves
There are two types of valve.
1)Inlet Valve :- This valve is used to admit charge into the cylinder .
2) Out let valve:- This valve is used to remove exhaust gases from the
cylinder .
 Ports
There are two types of ports.
1) Intake Ports:- An intake manifold is a component that delivers either air or
an air/fuel mixture to the cylinders. ... These manifolds sometimes also form
an integral part of the cylinder head, in that they may serve to “seal” the top
of an engine.
2) Exhaust Port:- When the exhaust valve is at relatively low lift, the exhaust
gasses can be exiting the seat area at super sonic speeds. During this phase
the exhaust responds more to opening area than form. As valve lift
increases, the gas velocity drops to subsonic, and port form now becomes
the dominant factor toward high flow.

Q.83) What are the common sources of accidents in a workshop

Following are eight of the most common causes of accidents in the workplace:

 Lifting. ...
 Fatigue. ...
 Dehydration. ...
 Poor Lighting. ...
 Hazardous Materials. ...
 Acts of Workplace Violence. ...
 Trips and Falls. ...
 Stress.

Q,84) What are the types of pulleys used to transmit the power from one
shaft to another ? 2(Mar-03)
Types of pulleys
1) Flat belt pulley
2) Fast and loose pulleys
3) Speed cones or stepped pulleys
4) Guide pulleys
5) Jockey pulleys are rider pulleys
6) Grooved pulleys
7) Split pulleys.

Q,85) What are the precautions to be taken before dismantling a machine?

2(Mar -04)
 1) Prepare a space around the machine for keeping and handling the parts
removed from the machine.
2) A Maintenance service trolly containing all the tools, kerosene ,cotton waste
,wiper cloth etc.
3) It is very important to switch off the supply before dismantling.

Q,86) Why does atmosphere pressure play an important part in

carburetor? 2(Mar-86)
A carburetor consists of a single jet situated in the center of choke
tube. The mixing of chamber of the choke tube is shaped as venturi. Due to his
shape , the velocity of air entering through choke tube increases and pressure of
air reduces below atmospheric. The pressure in the float chamber is atmospheric.
This Difference of pressure causes the petrol to flow into the air stream at the
throat of the choke tube and gets vaporized and thus the air-fuel mixture is formed.
The throttle valve controls the speed and power of the engine. The
tip of the jet is placed 1.5 mm higher than the normal level of petrol in the float
chamber in order to avoid leakage of petrol ,when engine is at rest.

Q,87) How the bearings are mounted on the shaft and in the housing ?
How the bearings are dismantled? 6(Mar-03)

The following rules should be observed in mounting bearings on shaft and in

housing.
1) When a bearing is fitted on a shaft or in a housing .It must not be forced in any
hammering on bearing races, cage, balls or rollers. When solid bearings are fitted
on a shaft .The force should be applied the inner race, and when fitted I a housing ,
to the outer race, when solid bearings are fitted on a shaft and in housing
simultaneously ,the force may be applied to both races.
2) The method of mounting bearings by using a hollow mandrel and extension pipes
of various design which permits the use of a press .
3) When a bearing is fitted on a shaft and in a housing simultaneously ,the
effort from the mandrel should be transmitted to both races through a flange
washer or use of special mandrel should be made.
Dismentling bearings ….
Bearings must be dismantled with care so that they are not damaged when
they are removed from the shaft or forced out of the housing.
It is wrong to remove a bearing from a shaft by striking a hammer directly on the
outer race of the bearing as this will inevitably damage the balls or rollers or the
race-ways and fracture the bearing race. Similarly he bearing must not be forced
out of the body by the inner race.
The best method of dismantling a bearing is to use press ,which forces the shaft out
of the bearing. When using a press ,strips should be fitted close to the shaft so that
the load rests entirely on the inner race.

Q,88) With the help of a neat sketch illustrate the taper key?
 2(Mar-86)

Q,89) How will you check the axial and angular alignment of coaxial
shafts connected by two rigid flanges ?Explain briefly.
06(Mar-86)

In direct coupled drives, either solid or flexible couplings may be used. But
correct alignment is of prime importance. Bad alignment may quickly ruin in a
flexible coupling and may lead to bent shaft and damaged bearings when a solid
bearing is being used.
Alignment of two shaft should first be tested by measuring the height of
centers. With as straight edge, such as a steel rule placed along the outside
machined faces of the two coupling flanges. The relative positions of the two
machines should be adjusted until the straight edge touches both flanges along
their entire lengths.
The horizontal alignment should also be checked be measuring. With a
feeler gauge, the distance between the faces of the two coupling halves, the
coupling should not be turned during the measuring process. Measure and record
the readings taken at four places around the periphery of the coupling. Repeat the
readings after turning one half coupling by half a revolution. If all the readings are
equal ,the coupling will be truly in line.

Q,90) How is the direction of rotation indicated on a rotary pump?

3(Mar-86)
Sliding vane type pump it is one of the rotary positive displacement
pump . A rotor revolves little eccentrically in the compact casing of the pump. The
number of slots are cut on the rotor. The sliding vanes are placed in these slots
which are thrown away towards the internal periphery of the casing , by means of
centrifugal force caused during the rotation.
The fluid present in the suction chamber is tapped between the vanes
and carried away by rotation. A the edges of the vanes touches the casing ,there is
no chance for slip or leakage of fluid before opening of delivery part. Thus number
of vanes collect the fluid from the inner part and deliver it to the outer part.
Displacement of the the fluid from the suction part creating the vacuum and sucks
the fluid.