DEFINITION OF ART

ALAMPAT

 It is a Visayan term for "art"

 It demands creativity, artistry, and imagination to produce a piece of art.
 According to Thorne (2007), "without creativity, there would be no real innovation; we need
people who are pure idea generators and we need others who can modify those ideas."
 The word art comes from the ancient Latin word ars which means a "craft or specialized form of
skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery."

In Medieval Latin, ars means "any special form of book-learning, such as grammar or logic, magic or
astrology."

In the Renaissance Period, the word reacquired a meaning that was inherent in its ancient form of craft.

(Collingwood, 1938)

In the Early Renaissance, artists saw their activities merely as a craftmanship.

In Seventeenth Century, the problem and idea of aesthetics began to unfold distinctly from the notion of
technical workmanship.

In Eighteenth Century, the word has evolved to distinguish between the fine arts and the useful arts. The
fine arts would come to mean "not delicate or highly skilled arts, but 'beautiful' arts.(Collingwood, 1938)

The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have provided the earliest assumptions of art as linked to human
instincts. In his Poetics, Aristotle claimed that humans have instincts (lying deep in our nature) for
imitation and harmony.

Art, then may be defined as a human pursuit to imitate life and the world into something pleasing or
beautiful.

ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

“Art is universal, art is not nature and art involves experience “

(Dudley and Faricy, 1969)

1. Art is Universal
1.1 Arts as Means of Communication
■ People share common means of expressing their thoughts and feelings through Arts.
■ Arts communicate different feelings and emotions.

Credits. Japhet C. Barri

1.2 Art is Timeless

■ It goes beyond the time of our existence

■ It continually evolves.

■ Art defines time, time defines art

1.3 Art Addresses Human Needs

■ "Art is there to serve our human fundamental needs" (Ortiz, et. al., 1976, 6.)

■ Through directly functional and indirectly functional arts, we are provided with a variety of
offerings- comfort, entertainment and education.

2. Art is not Nature

■ Art is man-made.

■ Art is artificial.

■ Art can never be natural

■ Art is permanent, unless manipulated.

■Art is limited.

■ Art is refined and processed.

3. Art involves Experience

■ By experience, we mean the "actual doing of something" (Dudley, et. al., 1960).
■ Art is always an experience. It is known by experience.
■ Dudley, et. al. (1960) affirmed that "all art depends on experience, and if no one is to know art,
he must know it not as fact or information but as experience."

CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGIONS

CONTEMPORARY ARTS

➤It is the art that springs out of the present – day events and passions of the society. It is the newest
form of art, amusing people from the middle to the late 20th century up to this very minute

>Contemporary art then permits possibilities of exploring either subject or medium in art to express the
Filipino sense of self

➤At present, Filipinos are becoming more and more aggressive as they use the arts to express
themselves and create wonderful artworks that try to capture the Filipino way of life.

Credits. Japhet C. Barri

Leo Benesa, a Filipino poet, essayist, and art critic, said that there is a certain characteristics of Filipino
art. He said, "The idea was that the depiction of scenes of everyday life and the surroundings without
idealizing them was closest in spirit to the Filipino soul and native soil."

➤When a Filipino artist paints a farmer ploughing the fields or writes about a fisherman casting nets, the
subject is undeniably Filipino, but the artist has to keep in mind that the medium of expression should
portray the subject as true to what it is in reality

CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS

Traditional and contemporary art encompass activities as diverse as:

• Architecture, music, opera, theatre, dance, painting, sculpture, illustration, drawing, cartoons,
printmaking, ceramics, stained glass, photography, installation, video, film and cinematography.

All these activities are commonly referred to as "THE ARTS" and are commonly classified into three
categories, such as VISUAL, PERFORMANCE, and LITERARY.

VISUAL ARTS

is a modern but imprecise umbrella term for a broad category of art which includes a number of artistic
disciplines from various sub-categories.

Which means it encompasses the following:

• Fine Arts

 Applied Arts
 Decorative Arts

VISUAL ARTS

a. FINE ARTS
One definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic
and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting,
sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture.

b. APPLIED ARTS This category encompasses the application of aesthetic designs to everyday
functional objects. Applied arts are intended for the use of a career. It includes computer art.
photography, industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, and interior design.

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 c. DECORATIVE ARTS The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and
manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional. It includes most of the arts
making objects for the interiors of buildings, and interior design, but not usually architecture.

PERFORMANCE ARTS

This classification consist of an art form that refers to public performance events which occur mostly in
the theater. Performance arts includes:

1. Theatre

2. Dance

3. Music

PERFORMANCE ARTS – THEATRE

Traditional theatre

performances usually combine acting, singing, dance and music. These arts, however, are more
than simply 'performances' for an audience; they may also play crucial roles in culture and society such
as songs sung while carrying out agricultural work or music that is part of a ritual.

A mime performance

is a very popular form of entertainment that one can see on the stage as well as on street
corners. This term refers to a type of performance art in which a story is recounted using body
movements, facial expressions and hand gestures instead of words.

Ballroom dance

is a type of partner dance originating at the end of the sixteenth century in France. Commonly
used as shorthand for any partner dance, ballroom has today evolved into two main subgenres
standard/smooth and Latin/rhythm.Dances within these categories Include the waltz, tango and foxtrot,
and pasodoble, bolero and samba.

Hip-hop dancing

refers to a range of ces that developed street dances in relation to hip hop music and culture.
Hip-hop dancing dates back to the early 1970s in New York and Califomia, evolving out of Funk and
development of break beat. theMain styles of hip-hop dancing Include Breaking, Locking and Popping,
with derivative styles emerging out of these including Memphis Jookin', Turfing. Jerkin' and Krumping.
These were often popularised and made mainstream after being featured in music videos of the time.

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Music can be assorted into different genres or subgenres, although the divisions of these genres are
usually vague and subtle. It is also said that there is a very strong connection between mathematics and
music. To a lot of people who belong to various cultures, music plays an important part in their lives.
Music is usually associated with the way of life of different kinds of people across the land

Opera

is a form of performing arts wherein musicians and singers perform a dramatic work that
combines text, which is called the libretto and musical score. This form of art is a popular part of the
Western classical music tradition. The art incorporates a lot of elements of spoken theatre, including
scenery. acting and costumes. Sometimes it also includes dance. The performance in an Opera is usually
done in an opera house. It is also accompanied by either a musical ensemble or an orchestra. Opera
originated in Italy by the 16th century, and it soon spread to the rest of Europe as it gains popularity.

Spoken word

is often used as an entertainment or musical term, referring to works that are intended to be
performed by a single person who will speak by himself naturally. Musically, this is different from rapping
for the latter involves rhythm while spoken words do not follow such. Spoken words is said to be more
akin to speaking or narration.

AUDITORY ARTS

This includes music in all its forms but not song, opera, and those arts that combine music with
literature. Just as the medium of visual art is sight, so the medium of auditory art is sound.In auditory art
there is unlike visual art-no physical object (other than the score). There is only the temporally
successive series of sounds: sound waves emanating from the various instruments. While no such tones
are being emitted, no sounds exist; only the musical score exists (and the memories of listeners, some of
whom might enable the score to be reproduced if it were lost), from which music can be reproduced.

As times are quickly changing, brought about by the advancement in information technology and
communication, the identity of the Filipino in the arts is one that is constantly struggling and evolving. In
the songs of Gloc-9 or the dance steps of the Jabbawockeez, Filipino artists try to bring the nation's
experience and talent in the global arena.

Credits. Japhet C. Barri

 BASIC VISUAL ELEMENT OF ART

FUNCTIONS OF ART:

Aesthetic Value - this means that the arts possesses some capacity to elicit a sense of pleasure in
the viewer. Although. what is considered pleasing to the eye may vary depending on the viewer

Example: The church being built in my hometown gives a beautiful historical view

Relaxation and Inspiration

-Art can help to pull people out of their mind of racing and wandering thoughts, into the present
moment to experience what is in front of them

Example: Music is a form of therapy

Personal Expression

- This allows individuals a means of personal expression. Through painting, sculpture, and
performance art, anyone can express themselves in a way that will be safely observable for others

Example: Fernando Amorsolo shares his principles in life by means of painting

The Visual Elements of Art are the "tools" that artists use to make art. There are 7 of them

Line

Value

Texture

Shape

Form

Space

Color

Line

This refers to a prolongation of a point, or a mark of a surface. Lines can be thick, thin, dotted or solld.
They can make straight movements, zig-zags, waves or curls

1. Line - Horizontal Line

- Horizontal Lines signify rest and peace, like the horizon, where the sky meets land
2. Line - Vertical Line
- Vertical lines seem to be reaching, so they may seem inspirational like tall majestic trees or
church steeples. They signify ambition and strength.

Credits. Japhet C. Barri

 3. Line - Diagonal Line
- Diagonal lines tend to be disturbing. These usually signify dynamic action, conflict, or stress.
They suggest decay or chaos like lightning or falling trees

LINES

Lines can convey emotionas well. They may show excitement. anger, calmness, tension, happiness and
many other feelings. Because of these, some are said to be expressive

SHAPE

Shape is created when a line becomes connected and encloses space. It is the outline or outward
appearance of something Shapes are 2 Dimensional (2-D) which means there are 2 ways they can be
measured. You can measure its HEIGHT and its WIDTH

There are two basic types of shape: geometric shape and organic shape.

Geometric shapes

- have smooth even edges and are measurable

Organic shapes

- have more complicated edges and are usually found in nature.

FORM

- Form is a shape that has become 3- Dimensional (3-D), Form has HEIGHT, WIDTH and
DEPTH.Depth shows the thickness of the object.

VALUE

- Value is the lightness or darkness of a color. It makes objects appear more real because it
imitates natural light. When showing value in a work of art, you will need a LIGHT SOURCE.
In order to have a successful drawing, you will need to show a full value range, which means
that there are very light areas, middle tones, and very dark areas. This is a way of giving a
work of art the contrast. In drawing value can be added several ways: cross-hatching.
stippling and soft-shading

Cross-hatching

- is when you use irregular lengths of parallel lines that cross over each other diagonally. The
closer together the lines are placed, the darker the value.

Stippling

- is the use of dots to create shade. This is accomplished by placing dots very close together to
create dark values and farther apart to create lighter values

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Soft shading

- is when you use your pencil to create soft gradual movements from one value to the next
using full value range.

Color

- refers to visual perception that allows a person to differentiate objects due to the way
various wavelengths of light are reflected. Color is a very important element because it can
communicate information and emotion to the viewer. Color has three properties: hue, value
and saturation.

HUE

- which refers to the basic or pure color, and is represented in the color wheel.

Value

- which refers to the lightness and darkness of color. A light color or tint is the result of adding
white to a hue, while dark color or shade results from adding black to a hue

Saturation

- which refers to brightness and dullness of color. It is also referred to as purity of the color. A
bright color can be produced by adding more pigment to the same hue, while a dull color
can be produced by adding gray of the color's complement to the pigment

COLOR

-The color wheel which is an arrangement of primary. secondary, and tertiary colors. is an
important tool to identify which colors can work well if used in a certain artwork

Monochromatic

- This involves using the same hue but with different gradients of value.

Analogous

- This entails the use of three or four adjacent colors in the color wheel

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Complementary

- This involves the use of a color and its complement meaning the color located opposite of the
first color

Split - Complementary

- This uses the two colors adjacent to the complement.

Triadic

– This uses colors that are equal distance with each other.

Tetradic

- This is also known as double complementary color scheme, this uses two pairs of
complementary colors

TEXTURE

- Texture refers to the feel or appearance of a surface. A person may describe texture if the
surface is either smooth or rough. Texture may also be described as actual or implied.

Actual texture

- can be felt tangibly based on the material that is used for the artwork

Implied texture

- can be exhibited, for instance in a painting of fur of an animal

SPACE

- Space refers to the area that is occupied by an object or a subject, as well as the area
surrounding that object or subject. An illusion of space can still be created in a two
dimensional surface using perspective. There are two types of perspective: atmospheric
perspective which utilizes the properties of light and air in depicting the illusion of distance;
and linear perspective, which involves the use of vanishing points and receding hidden line

5 ELEMENTS OF CONTEMPORARY ART

- Contemporary art is not restricted to the individual experience of the artist but is reflected
of the world we live in

Credits. Japhet C. Barri

APPROPRIATION

- Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no

transformation applied to them. The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the
history of the arts (literary, visual, musical and performing arts). In the visual arts, to
appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects (or the entire form)
of human-made visual culture

PERFORMANCE

- Performance refers to artwork created by or presented to an audience. Performance as an

element can also include the processes used by the artist to create the work. This takes
place when the process used to create the artwork is more important than the finished work
itself.

SPACE

- Space is one of the basic elements of art. It refers to the distance between or the area
around and within shapes, forms, colors and lines.

HYBRIDITY

- Artists use hybridity in their work through the blending of new or unusual materials with
traditional mediums. The incorporation of these materials, such as recycled or industrial
materials, plays an important role in the meaning of the artwork.

TECHNOLOGY

- Usage of technology in the creation and dissemination of art works

Credits. Japhet C. Barri