ae | a sea @ @ PS Senay aan won? NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA aren MAKINGSHOP WORKSHOP MANUAL ir defect, and wood working hand tools used in ~ To study characteristics of timber wood, thei | carpentry shop. he i ing joints for a : - Woodworking is generally termed as carpentry. It deals with making j cabinet making, furni ing or engineering purpose Isl Introductio ture, packing engineering window, lled timber. The Variety of application vise door, frame, works, pattern etc, The wood employed for build timber constructional work is studied in two stages: - 1. Carpentry | 2. Pattern making ant application in engineering field due to its specific properties. It has many strong and durable. It Timber has an import | advantages over the other material. It is light, beautiful, and sound resistant, is easy to join paint and polish. It works as a heat insulating material. The room made of timber remains hot in winter and cold summer. Soft wood is obtained from trees having needle shaped leaves in coldest part of the world and hard wood from those having broad leaves in hot climate. Common examples of soft wood are pine, deodar, kail, chir, walnut, semal, toon etc. Hard wood are sol, teak, Rose wood, Shisham, ak, Babool, Mango, Neem etc. The main characteristics of these two types of wood are given below: - Soft wood 1. Itis light in colour. 2. tis light in weight. 3, Itis easier tqbe worked on.4. Gets spitted quickly. 5, Can catch fire soon. a._ Relatively weaker and less durable. 7. Has a good tensile strength but is weak across the fibers, 8. The annual rings are quite distinct. 9. Carries straight fibers and fine texture. 10. tis a resinous wood having fragrant smell, Hard wood 1. Its dark iscolor. 2. Itis heavier. » Itis difficult to work on. ee ee ae at ee ee ro? 7 Does not split easily, More resistant to heat. 4. s 6. Stronger and more durable, used for structural work. 7. Has resistance to both tensile and shear forces, 8. The annual rings are not district, 8. Fibers are compact, 10. Non-resinous wood Containin, 11. Used for structural work. Disease of Timber: - rt i 8 2 fairly good amount of acid, § 6 The timber usually suffers by the following. 1, Dry rot: - if the timber is Placed in such aw CENTRAL WORKSHOP . NATIONAL INTUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA at ___parieRN MAKING SHOP 2 |__———wortsHOr MANUAL es ee sis » 2. Wet rot: «I's the decompestionnenele tissue of the timber caused by damp and moisture. It is » | induced by alternate dry and wet conditions: To prevent wet rot. Timber should be well seasoned and m | Protected from moisture by painting. m | Characteristics of agood timber % 1. Good timber should be from the heart of bound tree. Bit should be uniform and dark in color. x |3 It should have straight close fibers. BL 4. should be free from defects lke knots, crack ete. | x | 5, It should not have disease like dry rot or wet rot. | 6. tshould smell sweet. (77 | “9 tts surface when planed should have a firm and bright appearance: BC 5.11 should give a clear raining sound when struck, Pm 9. | seasoning of timber:- . ‘A freshly felled tree contains sap. This sap, which is light in color and weight, are liable to decay. It 9 | srcinks warps and cracks easily. Hence removing of sap from timber is necessary. The process of 9° | removal of the sap from timber is called as seasoning. 9 | objectives of seasoning: - 9 | 4, Toremove sap from the timber. ’ 2. To remove moisture from it a 3. To increase strength, durability and workability. - 7 4, To reduce the tendency to stink, warp and crack. ¢ p inh a 5. To prevent from decay and diseased joints. s 1 a Ma a sy 3 ) \ 7 ee i PYG. ‘ 4a "CENTRAL WORKSHOP aaa * ) NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA PATTERN MAKING SHOP - | WORKSHOP MANUAL » " | 7 q Methods of Seasoning: - s 1. Air seasoning: - The freshly cut timber is roughly squared by removing bark and outer sap and nal fables are stack in such a way to have free circulation of air for a long period ie. 2 to 4 years. 2. Water seasoning: - In this process the logs are kept wholly immersed in stream of water for 2 ¢ ¥o 4474 weeks, the sap of the logs is thus washed away be water. The logs are then taken out and exposec | Sy open air to dry. ) 7 f wu 3. Artificial seasoning: - It makes the timber suitable for work within a short period. = © The following methods are used in artificial seasoning: b & 1. Kiln seasoning. 2 . p * 2. Chemical of salt seasoning. y 3. Electrical seasoning. i " | Fundamental wood working operations: - a ¢ The fundamental wood working operations in the carpentry shop are as follows: - 7 ; ¢ 1. Measuring and marking 5 , 2. Holding and supporting . 3. Cutting and shaving 4. Drilling and boring 4 5. Turning « Measuring angjmarking: Measuring and marking are the preliminary operation in the Carpentry shop. The following hand trai accomplishes this. ‘ () Rule, straight edge rule, folding rule, flexible steel rule are the measuring tool~y oe CPP? 7 FT ee 4 Ce ee ee ee ee dad Bevel Square | Try square = Scriber Marking Gauge ji a \ Compass and divider Mortise guage bi Sprit Levelcis an « a CENTRAL WORKSHOP =a) a "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA Ce I "PATTERN MAKING SHOP aa oe WORKSHOP MANUAL a er ie > | (i) Try Square: - tis used for marking and testing the square of planed surfaces. It consists of stee'™ ) blade, fitted in a cast iron stock. It is used to check right angle. itis also used for checking the planes @™ Surfaces for flatness. The size of a try square varies from 150 to 300 mm according to length of the blade. Its less accurate when compared to try square used in fitting shop. & (ili. Bevel square: - It is used for lying out and checking angles. The blade of the bevel is adjustable Gx, and may be held in place by a thumbscrew. After itis set to the desired angle, it can be used in the ® same way as a try square. e (W™) Marking gauge:- tis a tool used to mark lines parallelto the edge of a wooden piece. It consists ey Of 2 square wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock (head) on it. A marking pin, made of steel is fe. ; fitted on thé stem. The stock is set at any desired distance from the marking point and fixed in , Position by a screw. It must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem about 3mm & , and the end is sharp enough to make a very fine line. fe ‘ [tis made of 20 cm. long steel rod. It’s one end is conical and other is flat and sharpened: | e, Conical end is used to mark the line and flat end is used to scrap the line. | . (vi) Mortised gauge: - It is just like a marking gauge but it has two pins one is fixed with stem and | @ another slid in the groove on the stem. With the help of mortise gauge two parallel lines can be (v) Scriber : drawn at a time on the timber piece. « (vil) Compass and divider: - Compass and divider are used for marking arcs and circles on the planed | @, surfaces of the wood. 6 (vill) Spirit Level: - tis used to check the horizontally of the surface. It consists of a glass tube filled in |, with spirit and covered with dress tube. When place horizontally the air bubbles is at the center poin of tube. tlCarpentry Vice Bar Clamp Bench Oh hs he aan A-D PPP AN HAO R © Oo we ~~ ~~ - |pi 1 7 5 . ® ’ %, ’ %) CENTRAL WORKSHOP. » . —_e NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA ” PATTERN MAKING SHOP WORKSHOP MANUAL Roc ie » 2. Holding & Supporting Device: - A S, The work piece on which operations are to be performed must be held and supported properly. The a v «, tools used for the purpose are as follows: ol (i). Bench: - It is a wooden bench on which a vice is fixed. It is generally of 300 cm X 90 cm and 80 cm high from ground level. v (ii). Carpentry vice: - Carpentry vice is used to hold work piece for planning, cutting and chiseling. '"y Carpentry vice is made of steel and iron. One jaw of the vice is fixed with table and other one is| % movable with the help of screw handle. The jaws of the vice are lined with hard wood faces. ty (ii). Bench hook: - It is fixed on the bench top and is made of wood about 30x15x2.5 cm sizes, It is ty used to retain the job in position on the bench while performing the operations such as sawing, | _ ty planning, chiseling etc. - % (Ww). Bench stop: - Bench stop is also fixed on bench top and made of wood but smaller in sitethan| bench hook. Bench stop are used to retain the job when used to retain long planks for planning. 3 (). Bar clamp: - It is made of steel base Tee-section; with malleable iron fittings and steel screw. It] ag used for holding wide works such as frames for tight gripping before nailing and putting dowels. it | ag keeps the joint light when glued. 3. Cutting and Shaving Tools: - : Cutting and shaving are the main operation of the carpentry is which major part of the jobis| Performed. The tools use for them are as follows: - | Z | 1. Saws 2 Chisels 3. Planes % \ 7 y mY g ; rgCompass & turning saw Handsaw &Crosscut SawJa a Vv @ v *y ee “ ae CENTRAL WORKSHOP sie. ae Al aoa |ETRA ) | NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA ol =, Se : PATTERN MAKING SHOP a al fa on ” WORKSHOP MANUAL a lt a aT x » J 1 blad . is is rbon steel blade riveted & SAWS: - A saw is cutting tools used in carpentry shop; it is having 4 high ca y Ce he length of the toothed si@ screwed with a handle or hard wood. The size of the saw is specified by the lengt a » i ush saw and which cuts be and number of teeth per centimeter. The saw, which cuts by pushing, is P' . . = i I saw and bigger cut size @ pulling is pull saw. Generally timber pieces of small cut size are cut by pul 8 NS cut by push saw. Pull saws are generally used. ey y ’ Types of Saws: - a. "" 1. Rip saw: - It is used for cutting the stock along the grain. The cutting edge of this saw makes «= steeper angle (about 60), whereas that of cross cut saw makes ang angle of 45 with surface of stock» i Ripsaw is used for heavy work. ¢ “~~ 2. Handsaw of crosscut saw: - It is used to cut across the grains of the stock. The teeth are so set th." the saw kerfs will be wider than the blade thickness. It cuts in both the stokes-forward and backwar*) "B ‘ i : 2 3. Tenon saw: - It is used for cutting tenons and in fine cabinetwork. The blade of this saw is very thin and is stiffened with a thick back strip so that it does not bend during the Operation. Hence, this s sometimes called as backsaw. The teeth shape is similar to cross cut Saw. It may cut along and across the grain and timber. It is used for accurate cutting and bench work. " It is similar to tenon saw but its blade is. relatively small in length and width. I's wooden handle is open type to allow a free motion. It is used to cut small wood ; 4, Dovetail saw: 5. Compass saw: + It has a narrow tapering blade of 25( 0 mi , for cutting.” im long, which can enter confined space> 10 oeeervvParting Chisel Adze Dove-tail Chise!"CENTRAL WORKSHOP NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA PATTERN MAKING SHOP "WORKSHOP MANUAL GHISEL: - Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood accurately. Wood chisels are made in various blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. They are also made in different blade lengths. Most of the wood chisels are made into tang type, having a steel shank, which fits inside the handle.» » » % Metal jack Plane Wooden jack plane * vd v . » BA 2 — Smooth jeck plane 9 iS 2 . | " J > > . > Rebate jek palne » ) | - 8NATIONAL INSTIT a — PATTERN MAKING SHOP = WORKSHOP MANUAL lanning. Jack plane are : - Jack plane which is about 350mm long is used for general planning, Jack plane a | i tal jack plane. MOStly used for training purposes. They are of two types-wood jack plane and metal jack pi | fees - r smoothing the stock. Bei | _" Smooth plane: - smooth plane is about 200 to 250 mm jong is used fo "8 | sh ortit can follow even the slight depressions in the stock. | | | 3. Rebate plane: - 4 rebate plane is used for making a rebate. A rebate is a recess along the edge of g | Plece of wood, which is Benerally used, for positioning glass in frame and doors. A plough plane is used to Cut grooves, which are used to fix panels in a door. DRILLING AND BORING TooLs ING AND BORING TooLs | 1, Auger bit: - This is used to produce long and accurate holes in wood. 2. Gimlet: - This is a hand tool used for, boring holes with hand pressure. | 3. Carpenters brac Hand drill: - small holes. A straight shank drill is used with this tool. It gs conveniently used than brace. The drill bit is clamped in the chuck, Miscellaneous Tools: - 1. Screwdriver: - The screwdriver ofa carpenters dierent from other ¢ “oMMon ty Fig. it has a thick blade and long handles to apply greater ee Pes, as shown in Sure ive j © to drive in of Temove wood screws. | eeMallet ‘Screw Driver Wood-rasp file ‘Claw Hammer Pincer. 15CENTRAL WORKSHOP - NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGy, KURUKSHETRA PATTERN MAKING SHOP WORKSHOP MANUAL cae | Pot be used for the Purpose, as it may damage the chisel handle further, for better contro, iti berte to apply a series of light taps with the mallet rather than a heavy single blow. a | | Purpose. This fi Wood-rasp file: ~ It is a finishing tool used to make the wood surface smooth, remove sharp ed-1. » finishing fillets and other interior surface. Sharp cutting teeth are provided on its Surface for e is exclusively used in woodwork. ‘ 4. cl Slaw hammer: - it has striking flat face at one end the claw at the other, as shown in fig. The f. face used to drive nails into wood and for other striking 8 Purpose and the claw for extracting nails out JF Wood. ® 5. Pincer: - It is made of steel with a hinged joint and is used for pulling out small nails from wood y j y y J I > > oy > > > ee Se 2 —— ’ y 16 é 'bea Kan Bark | CENTRAL WORKSHOP at ee eT SETRA 1 JONALINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA is ——SATTERN MAKING SHOP me le ie) hs Mae Tl es nnrrere WORKSHOP MANUAL c fe eae eee Fs c ) © | s08 practice me | y @ | | To prepare a wheel handle as shown in figure from the given reaper of size 140 x 45 * 25. , a wood | | scriber, hand t oS | " | Tool required: - Steel rule room jack plane, try square, marking gauBe, enon saw, * DY | rasp file 250mm etc, | Experimental Steps: ~ \ checked for dimensions: 1. The given reaper in necked for straightness | s ‘s > one side is planed with jackplane and < | The adjacent side is also planned a the two surfaces are.checked for straig) 5 Marking gauge and compass are set and lines are ma oth the ends are cut with ntness with a try square. rket as per part drawing, saw of chisel and then Pl laned to correct 6. The excess material on b size. 7, Radius on both end are formed with wooden rasp cut file,T- Joint 74 TPO” t rpm” per rtCENTRAL WORKSHOP “NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA aa "PATTERN MAKING | SHOP eeewe "| ~~ WORKSHOP MANUAL nas | T-JOINT y( AIM: To make a cross T joint } Materials Required: teak wood (25 x 140x 45) Tools AND EQUIPMENT USED: Jy. Steel rule , } 2. Try square 3. Marking gauge 4. Rip saw J 5. Tenon saw 6. Mortise chisel 7. Jack plane 8. Wood rasp file OPERATIONS TO BE 1. Planning 2. Marking 3. Sawing 4, Chiseling 5. Finishing Material used: - kail wood PROCEDURE: 1, The wooden piece are made into two halves and are checked for dimensions. 2. One side of piece is planned with jack planned for straightness. 3. An adjacent side is planned and checked for squareness with a try square. 4. Marking gauge is set and lines are marked to make the thickness and width according to given C C » ) ) ) ) ) ) 4"figure. 5. The excess material is planned to correct size. 6. Using tenon saw, the portion to be removed are but cut in both tl 7. The excess material in X is chiseled with mortise chisel. 8. The excess material in Y in chiseled to suit X. 9. The end of both the pieces chiseled to exact lengths. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Repair should be free from moisture. 2. Marking is done without parallax error. 3. Care should be taken while chiseling. 4. Matching of x and Y piece should be tight. RESULT: The T joint is made successfully,