Faculty of Engineering &

Technology Subject Name: CN LAB

Subject Code: 203105216
[Link]: IT Year: 2022-23 Semester: 4

Annexure No:

PRACTICAL :- 1
AIM :- Experiments on Simulation Tools: (CISCO PACKET
TRACER).
(1.1) Star Topology :-

• Star topology is a network topology in which each network component is

physically connected to a central node such as a router, hub or switch.
• In a star topology, the central hub acts like a server and the connecting nodes act
like clients.
• A star topology is also known as a star network.

Procedure :-
Step 1: Take 1 switches 2960-24TT and Take 4 pc their name of 5 to 8.

Step 2: Connect pc’s main switch with copper straight-through wire.

Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc.

Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link].

Step 5: Send the packet to one PC whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whose IP [Link].

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(1.2) Ring Topology :-

• A ring topology is a network architecture in which devices are connected in a

ring structure and send information to each other based on their ring node's
neighbouring node via an RJ-45 cable or coaxial cable.
• As compared to the bus topology, a ring topology is highly efficient and can
handle heavier loads.
• Because packets may only travel in one direction, most Ring Topologies are referred
to as one-way unidirectional ring networks.

Procedure :-
Step 1: Take 4 switches 2960-24TT and Take 4 pc their name of 0 to 4.

Step 2: Connect pc’s individual switch with copper straight-through wire and every switch.
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Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc.
Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link].

Step 5: Send the packet to one PC whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whose IP [Link].

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(1.3) Bus Topology :-

• The bus topology is designed in such away that all the stations are connected
through a single cable known as a backbone cable and the configuration of a bus
topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies.
• When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over
the network. All the stations available in the network will receive the message
whether it has been addressed or not.
• The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the message
is broadcast to all the stations.
• The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access).

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Procedure :-
Step 1: Take Name the 4 switches as switches-PT and name the 3 PCs as 5 to 7.
Step 2: Assign each pc to its individual switch.

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Step 3: Connect all pc in a vertical manner with copper straight-through wire and every
switch Connect with copper cross-over wire.

Step 4: Assign IP Address to every pc.

Step 5: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], and [Link].

Step 6: Send the packet to one PC whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whose IP [Link].

(1.4) Hybrid Topology :-

• This topological technology is the combination of all the various types of topologies
we have studied above and it is used when the nodes are free to take any form.
• It means these can be individuals such as Ring or Star topology or can be a
combination of various types of topologies seen above and each individual
topology uses the protocol.

Procedure :
 For Bus Topology :-

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Step 1: Take Name the 4 switches as switches-PT and name the 3 PCs as 5 to 7.

Step 2: Assign each pc to its individual switch.

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Step 3: Connect all pc in a vertical manner with copper straight-through wire and every switch

Connect with copper cross-over wire.

Step 4: Assign IP Address to every pc are [Link], [Link], and [Link].

 For Ring Topology :-

Step 1: Take 4 switches 2960-24TT and Take 4 pc their name of 0 to 4.
Step 2: Connect pc’s individual switch with copper straight-through wire and every switch.

Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc.

Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], and [Link].
Step 5: Combine both topology with copper-crossover wire.

Step 6: Send the packet one topology’spc to another.

Step 7: Sender Pc whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whose IP [Link].

(1.5) Mesh Topology :-

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• Mesh topology is a type of networking in which all the computers
are interconnected to each other. In Mesh Topology, the connections
between devices take place randomly.
• In this topology setup, even if one of the connections goes down, it allows
other nodes to be distributed. This type of topology is very expensive and
does not have any hierarchy, interdependency, and uniform pattern between
nodes.

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• Also, there is a point-to-point connection between all nodes in the

mesh topology setup.

Procedure :-
Step 1: Take 5 switches 2960-24TT and Take 5 pc their name of 0 to 4.

Step 2: Connect pc’s individual switch with copper straight through wire and every
switch Connect with copper cross-over wire.
Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc.
Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link] and

[Link].
Step 5: Send the packet to one PC whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whoes IP

[Link].

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(1.6) Tree Topology :-

• A tree topology is a sort of structure in which each node is related to the others in a
hierarchy. In atopological hierarchy, there are at least three distinct levels. Sometimes

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it is also called hierarchical topology as in this topology, all elements are arranged
like the branches of a tree.
• Tree topologies are commonly used to arrangedata in databases and workstations
in corporate networks. In a tree topology, any two linked nodes can only have one
mutual connection, hence there can only be one link between them.

Procedure :-
Step 1: Take 3 switches 2960-24TT and Take 6 pc their name of 0 to 5.
Step 2: Connect pc’s individual switch with copper straight through wire and every switch

Connect with copper cross-over wire.

Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc.
Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link],

[Link] and [Link].

Step 5: Send the packet to one PC whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whose IP

[Link].

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(1.7) Creating web server in CISCO Packet Tracer :-

• In theory, whenever computers share resources with client machines they

are considered servers.
• A server stores, sends, and receives data. In essence, it "serves" something else
and exists to provide services. A computer, software program, or even a storage device
may act as a server, and it may provide one service or several.

• An individual system can provide resources and use them from another system at
the sametime.

Procedure :-
Step 1: Take one switches 2960-24TT, one Servername is server PT and Take 2 pc their name

Of 1 and 2.
Step 2: Connect pc’s individual switch with copper straight through wire and switch and

Server Connect with copper cross-over wire.

Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc and Server.
Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], and [Link].

Step 5: Open and Search on web-browser of one PC whose IP is [Link].

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Practical : - 3
Aim:- To study the behaviour of generic devices used for networking
in Cisco Packet Tracer.

 End Devices :-

(3.1) PC-PT PC

Clients are computer devices which access and uses the network as well as
shares network resources. They are also users of the network, as they can send and
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receive requests from the server. Computers are becoming increasingly
important in practically every profession, making our daily work more doable.

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(3.2) Laptop-PT Laptop

A laptop computer is a portable computer, which is small in size and light

in weight, which you can carry very easily from one place to another.
The advantage of using a laptop computer is that you can work from
anywhere, any time.

(3.3) TV-PT TV

Television (TV), the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from
a source to a receiver. By extending the senses of vision and hearing beyond
the limits of physical distance, television has had a considerable influence on
society.

(3.4) Server-PT Server

The server is the software that handles a specific task. However, the
powerful hardware that supports this software is also called a server.

(3.5) SMARTPHONE-PT Smartphone

A smartphone is a handheld electronic device that provides a connection to

a cellular network and the internet. The world's first smartphone was created
by IBM in 1994, nicknamed Simon.

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(3.6) Tablet PC-PT Tablet

A tablet, tablet computer, or tablet PC is a mobile computing device designed

to be held in one or two hands. Tablets let you do many of the same things
as a traditional computer. They can browse the Internet, connect to social
network
apps, and display HD videos.

(3.7) Analog-Phone-PT

The original telephone technology, which converts air vibrations into

an analogous electrical frequency. Unless a key telephone system, digital
PBX or voice over IP (VoIP) is used, most homes and small offices still use
analogue phones, and the local loop is mostly analogue.

(3.8) Air Conditioner IOT

An air conditioner is a system that is used to cool down a space by

removing heat from the space and moving it to some outside area. The cool
air can then be moved throughout a building through ventilation.

(3.9) Bluetooth Speaker IOT

Bluetooth speakers are the application of Bluetooth technology to

traditional digital and multimedia speakers, allowing users to avoid
annoying wires and listen to music in various ways. Since the advent of
Bluetooth speakers, with the development of smart terminals, they have
attracted widespread attention from users such as mobile phones and tablets.

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(3.10) Light IOT

An electric light, lamp, or lightbulb is an electrical component that produces light.

It is the most common form of artificial lighting. The electrical connection to
the socket maybe made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps
or a bayonet cap.

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(3.11) Portable Music Player IOT

A portable media player (PMP) (also including the related digital audio
player (DAP)) is a portable consumer electronics device capable of storing
and playing digital media such as audio, images, and video files. The data is
typically stored on a compact disc (CD), Digital Video Disc (DVD), Blu-ray
Disc (BD), flash memory, Microdrive or hard drive.
Connection :-

(3.12) Copper Straight-Through

A straight through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in

local area networks to connect a computer to a network hub such as a
router. This type of cable is also sometimes called a patch cable and is an
alternative to
wireless connections where one or more computers access a router through
a wireless signal

(3.13) Copper Cross-Over

A crossover Ethernet cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to

connect computing devices together directly. Unlike straight through cable,
the RJ45 crossover cable uses two different wiring standards: one end uses
the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B wiring
standard.

Network Devices :-

(3.14) Routers
Router is a network hardware device that allows to make
communication in between the internet and all devices which are linked
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to the internet in your house and office. Router has responsible to
receives, analyse, and forward the all data packets from the modem
and transfer it to the destination point.

(3.15) Switches

In a network,a switch is a hardware device that filters and forwards

network packets from one networking device (switch, router, computer,
server, etc.) to another. It is widely used in local area networks (LANs)
to send each

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incoming message frame by looking at the physical device address, known as the
Media Access Control address (MAC address).

(3.16) IS-2000 Switch

Cisco Industrial Ethernet 2000 Series switches are fixed platforms

that deliver Layer 2 switching with proven Cisco IOS Software. With
their extensive certifications and wide range of power supply voltage
input and operation temperatures, these switches are suitable for almost
all industrial applications.

(3.17) Bridge-PT Bridge

Bridge in networking divides a LAN into multiple segments.

Bridge basically works in a bus topology. As mentioned in below
example, In bus topology the time PC 1 wants to send data to PC 8, it
broadcast the data to all the connected devices in a network and like this,
it creates lots of traffic.

(3.18) 3560-24PS Multilayer Switch

A multilayer switch is a network device that has the ability to operate

at higher layers of the OSI reference model, unlike the Data Link
Layer (DLL) traditionally used by switches. A multilayer switch can
perform the functions of a switch as well as that of a router at incredibly
fast speeds.

 Hubs :-

(3.19) Hub-PT Hub

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Hubs are networking devices operating at a physical layer of the OSI

model that are used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are
generally used to connect computers in aLAN. A hub has many ports in it.
A computer which intends to be connected to the network is plugged in to
one of these ports.

(3.20) Repeater-PT Hub

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A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate

the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too
weak or corrupted to extend the length to which the signal can be
transmitted over the same network. An important point to be noted
about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal.

(3.21) Coaxial Splitter-PT Coaxial Splitter

Coax splitters are used in video transmissions systems to take a single

video feed and branch it off to multiple places. Coaxial cable splitters
typically come in 2, 3, 4 and 6 way configurations. Ideally, a coaxial
cable splitter maintains the proper impedance environment on both the
input and output ports. For video coax systems, this impedance is typically
75 ohms.

 Wireless Devices :-

(3.22) LAP-Pt Light Weight Access Point

In this Cisco Unified Wireless Network architecture, access points

are "lightweight," meaning that they cannot act independently of a
controller. The wireless LAN controller manages the access point
configurations and firmware.

(3.23) Home Router-PT-AC Wireless Router

Wireless routers are commonly found in homes they’re the

hardware devices that Internet service providers use to connect you to
their cable or xDSL Internet network. A wireless router, also called a
Wi-Fi router, combines the networking functions of a wireless access

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point and a router. A router connects local networks to other local
networks or to the Internet.

(3.24) Cell-Tower Cell Tower

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Cell towers, also known as cell sites, are where electric

communications equipment and antennae are mounted, allowing the
surrounding area to use wireless communication devices like telephones
and radios. Cell towers are usually built by a tower company or a wireless
carrier when they expand their network coverage or capacity, providing a
better reception signal in that area.

 Security Device :-

(3.25) 5506-X ASA

Stop more threats with the threat-focused 5500-X NGFW Beat

sophisticated cyber-attacks with a superior security appliance. We offer the
industry’s first threat-focused next generation firewall (NGFW), the ASA
5500-X Series.

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PRACTICAL :- 5
AIM:- Virtual LAN.

Procedure :-
Step 1: Take 1 switches 2960-24TT and Take 4 pc their name of 5 to 8.

Step 2: Connect pc’s main switch with copper straight-through wire.

Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc.

Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link], [Link], [Link] and [Link].

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Step 5: After giving IP click on PC0 and open command prompt option of desktop in it.

Step 6: After the command prompt opens, type ping.

Step 7: Then type ping [Link] which is the IP address of pc0.

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Step 8: click on switches 2960-24TT and open CLI option.

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Step 9: After the CLI opens, type enable to enable the switches then type conf t on the next line

To configure the switches.

Step 10: Then type vlan 1 and name v 1 on the next line to indicate that the Default VLAN 1

May not have its name changed.

Step 11: Then type vlan 2 and name v 2 on the next line.

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Step 12: Then type interface fa 0/1 and switchport access vlan 1 in the next line, after type

interface fa 0/2 and switchport access vlan 1 in the next line to interconnect PC0 and

PC1 to vlan 1.

Step 13: Then type interface fa 0/3 and switchport access vlan 2 in the next line, after
type interface fa 0/4 and switchport access vlan 2 in the next line to interconnect
PC0 and

PC1 to vlan 2.

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Step 14: After writing the code in the CLI click on PC0 and open command prompt option of

Desktop in it. After the command prompt opens, type ping.

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Step 15: Then type ping [Link] which is the IP address of pc1.
Step 16: So it will receive the response of the given message from PC1. But if we put pc2 IP

Address [Link] then it doesn't respond.( Because it is interconnect with vlan 2.)

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(5.1) VIRTUAL LAN USINGE RANGE :

Procedure :-

Step 1: Take 1 switches 2960-24TT and Take 4 pc their name of 5 to 8.

Step 2: Connect pc’s main switch with copper straight-through wire.

Step 3: Assign IP Address to every pc.

Step 4: Assigned IP are [Link] to [Link]

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Step 5: After giving IP click on PC0 and open command prompt option of desktop in it.

Step 6: After the command prompt opens, type ping.

Step 7: Then type pin [Link] which is the IP address of pc0.

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Step 8: click on switches 2960-24TT and open CLI option.

Step 9: After the CLI opens, type enable to enable the switches then type conf t on the next line

To configure the switches.

Step 10: Then type vlan 1 and name v 1 on the next line to indicate that the Default VLAN 1

May not have its name changed.

Step 11: Then type vlan 2,vlan 3,vlan 4 and name v2,name v3,name v4 on the next line.

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Step 12: Then type interface range fa 0/1-3 and switchport access vlan 1 in the next line to
interconnect PC0 to PC2 to vlan 1.

Step 13: Then type interface range fa 0/4-6 and switchport access vlan 2 on the next line to
interconnect PC3 to PC5 with vlan 2.

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Step 14: Then type interface range fa 0/7-9 and switchport access vlan 3 on the next line to
interconnect PC6 to PC8 with vlan 3.

Step 15: Then type interface range fa 0/10- 12 and switchport access vlan 4 on the next line to
interconnect PC9 to PC11 with vlan 4.

Step 16: Then exit the configuration and type show vlan.
Step 17: After writing the code in the CLI click on PC0 and open command prompt option of

Desktop in it. After the command prompt opens, type ping.

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Step 18: Then type ping [Link] which is the IP address of pc1.
Step 19: So it will receive the response of the given message from PC1. But if we put pc3 IP

Address [Link] then it doesn't respond.( Because it is interconnect with vlan 2.)

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PRACTICAL: 04

AIM: Data Link Layer (Error Correction).

CODE:
#include<stdio.h>

void main() { int data[10];

int dataatrec[10],c,c1,c2,c3,i;

printf("Enter 4 bits of data one by one\n");

scanf("%d",&data[0]);

scanf("%d",&data[1]);

scanf("%d",&data[2]);
scanf("%d",&data[4]);

data[6]=data[0]^data[2]^data[4];

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data[5]=data[0]^data[1]^data[4];
data[3]=data[0]^data[1]^data[2];

printf("\nEncoded data is\n");

for(i=0;i<7;i++)
printf("%d",data[i]);
printf("\n\nEnter received data bits

one by one\n"); for(i=0;i<7;i++)

scanf("%d",&dataatrec[i]);

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c1=dataatrec[6]^dataatrec[4]^dataatrec[2]^dataatrec[0];
c2=dataatrec[5]^dataatrec[4]^dataatrec[1]^dataatrec[0];
c3=dataatrec[3]^dataatrec[2]^dataatrec[1]^dataatrec[0]; c=c3*4+c2*2+c1

if(c==0) {
printf("\nNo error while transmission of data\n");

} else
{
printf("\nError on position %d",c);

printf("\nData sent : ");

for(i=0;i<7;i++)
printf("%d",data[i]);

printf("\nData received : ");

for(i=0;i<7;i++)
printf("%d",dataatrec[i]);
printf("\nCorrect message is\n");

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if(dataatrec[7-c]==0)
dataatrec[7-c]=1; else

dataatrec[7-c]=0;
for (i=0;i<7;i++) { printf("%d",dataatrec[i]);

}
}

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OUTPUT:

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PRACTICAL :- 6
AIM :- Wireless LAN.[If we want to connect small area with wireless Lan then

we use this]

 Awireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices
using wireless communication to form a local area network (LAN) within a limited
area

such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building.

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Steps- 1 Take devices like [pc,laptop, printer, switch, router,tablet,smartphone].

Step-2 Connect PCO with switch (FastEthernet fa0 - FastEthernet fao/1).

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Step-3 switch with router (FastEthernet fao/2 - GigabitEthernet 0/1) and switch with Access

point (FastEthernet fa0/3 - port 0).

Step-4 Open router go to config and select GigabitEthernet 0/1. In that click on
"ON" checkbox button. And give the IP address of router.

Step-5 Now select one by one all the devices and give there IP address and set default

gateway as same as router IP address.

Step-6 Now select one by one all the devices and remove the Ethernet port and set WPN300N

At the Ethernet place. See the following image and do same for all devices.

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Step-7 Open Access point, select port 1 "ON" the port status and give SSID name, select WPA2-
PSK and create password.

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Step-8 Select one by one PC, laptop and smartphone.

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Step-9 Then go to Desktop and select PC wireless and put the password and SSID in that to

Connect PC to access point.

Step- 10 Open one by one laptop, PC, smartphone, tablet, printer.

Step- 11 Then select port 1 "ON" the port status and give SSID name then select WPA2-PSK

And create password.

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Step- 12 Now perform the practical bypassing packet from PC0 to smartphone.

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PRACTICAL :- 7

AIM :- Internetworking with routers:

(1) Experiment on same subnet.

(2) Perform Experiment across the subnet and observe functioning of Router

Via selecting suitable pair of Source and destination.

 Internetworking is combined of 2 words, inter and networking which implies an

association between totally different nodes or segments. This connection area unit
is

established through intercessor devices akin to routers or gateway.

Procedure :-

Step 1: Take 1 switches 2950-24TT and Take 4 pc their name of 0 to 4.

Step 2: Connect pc’s main switch with copper straight-through wire.

Step 3: Take 2 routers of model 2811.

Step 4: Assign IP Address to every pc.

Step 5: Assigned IP of pc0, pc1, pc2 and pc3 are [Link], [Link], [Link] and

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[Link] respectively.

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Step 6: Assign Subnet mask as [Link].

Step 7: The Subnet mask will be same for all pc and routers.

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Step 8: To provide serial connections to the router we will turn off the device and place the

Port Serial WAN Interface Card (WIC−1T) on the first port and device. See the following
image and do same for both routers.

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Step 9: Now select one by one both the devices and give there IP address router 1 and router 2
Are [Link] and [Link] respectively.
Step 10: set default gateway as same as router IP address.

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Step 11: Click on serial0/3/0 in Router 1 and set the IP address to [Link].

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Step 12: Then Click on serial0/3/0 in Router 2 and set the IP address to [Link] And
Assign mask as [Link] for both Routers. Subnet

Step 13: Connect router to router with serial DTE wire.

Step 14: For sending packet from one network to another network goto Router 1 config and
set route for packet.

Step 15: For sending packet from one network to another network goto Router 2 config and
set route for packet.

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Step 16: Send the packet to one PC whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whose IP

[Link].

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PRACTICAL :- 8 AIM

:- Implementation of SUBNETTING.

 Subnetting is the process of assigning a subnet address to every machine that is present
on a particular physical network. No alteration is possible in the default part of the
IP address without an encroachment on the address space of another
administrative

domain.

Procedure :-

Step 1: Take 1 switches 2950-24TT and Take 4 pc their name of 0 to 4.

Step 2: Connect pc’s main switch with copper straight-through wire.

Step 3: Take 2 routers of model 2811.

Step 4: Assign IP Address to every pc.

Step 5: Assigned IP of pc0, pc1, pc2 and pc3 are [Link], [Link], [Link] and

[Link] respectively.

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Step 6: Assign Subnet mask as [Link].

Step 7: The Subnet mask will be same for all pc and routers.

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Step 8: To provide serial connections to the router we will turn off the device and place the

Port Serial WAN Interface Card (WIC−1T) on the first port and device. See the following
image and do same for both routers.

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Step 9: Now select one by one both the devices and give there IP address router 1 and router 2
Are [Link] and [Link] respectively.

Step 10: set default gateway as same as router IP address.

Step 11: Click on serial0/3/0 in Router 1 and set the IP address to [Link].
Step 12: Then Click on serial0/3/0 in Router 2 and set the IP address to [Link].

Step 13: Connect router to router with serial DTE wire.

Step 14: For sending packet from one network to another network goto Router 1 config and

Set route for packet.

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Step 15: For sending packet from one network to another network goto Router 2 config and
set route for packet.

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Step 16: Send the packet to one PC whose IP is [Link] to Another Pc whose IP

[Link].

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PRACTICAL 2
Aim: To understand the features of WireShark as a packet capture

tool and understand encapsulation of information. Also study

effect of few network commands.

Purpose: The main objective of proposed experiment is to give exposure

of wireshark tool to students so they can learn to monitor transmission
packets

being send in Wi-Fi and LAN environments.

Setup for wireshark software

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Monitor TCP Packets in a Wi-Fi Connection and record your

Observations

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Monitor UDP Packets in a Wi-Fi Connection and record your

Observations

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