VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 590018
2023–2024

National Service Scheme (NSS)

Course Code: BNSK459
A NSS REPORT
on

WATER CONSERVATION

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the IV

Semester National Service Scheme – BNSK459 for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

SHRUTHIKA.U 1GV22EC049

YUGENDRAN.E 1GV22EC066

Carried out at
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.
Dr. T. THIMMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Under the guidance of Prof. Deepa B M, Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Dr. T. THIMMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Oorgaum Post, K.G.F.-563120
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to VTU-Belagavi and ISO 21001-2018 Certified)
NAAC Accredited with ‘A’ Grade
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 (Formerly Golden Valley Institute of Technology)
Oorgaum Post, K.G.F.-563120
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to VTU-Belagavi and ISO 21001-2018
Certified) NAAC Accredited with ‘A’ Grade

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the entitled “ National Service Scheme (NSS) with Course
Code: BNSK459”is a bonafied work carried out by SHRUTHIKA.U,
YUGENDRAN.E in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
during the academic year 2023-24.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for the assessment
have been incorporated in the report. The NSS report has been approved
as it satisfies the additional requirement for earning 4 years degree
programme prescribed for Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

………………………… .....……………………… ..……………………....

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
Deepa B M Dr. Vijaya Bharathi M Dr. Syed Ariff
Asst. Professor Prof., & HOD Principal
Dr.TTIT., KGF Dr.TTIT., KGF Dr.TTIT., KGF

Name of Examiners Signature with Date

`
1. 1.

2. 2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our gratitude we would like to express our sincere thanks to Institution Dr. T.
THIMMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, K.G.F for providing excellent
infrastructure for the partial completion of the National Service Scheme (NSS) for Award of
Degree.

We wish to express a wholehearted thanks to our Principal Dr. Syed Ariff for providing good
infrastructure for undertaking this NSS work.

We wish to express a hearty thanks to our Dean Administration Prof. Rukmani Diwakaran
for providing good academic infrastructure for undertaking this NSS work.

We would like to extend hearty thanks to our Dept. HOD Dr. Vijaya Bharathi M for his/her
valuable suggestions, guidance and support in the completion of NSS work.

We would like to extend hearty thanks to our coordinator Prof. Deepa B M Asst. Prof. for
timely support and guidance in the completion of NSS work.

We would like to thank all teaching and non-teaching staff who have directly or indirectly
supported for carrying out this NSS work successfully.

We extend our hearty thanks to our parents, friends for all the moral support provided during
the preparation for the NSS work.

Name of the student: USN

SHRUTHIKA.U 1GV22EC049
YUGENDRAN.E 1GV22EC066
National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the important renewable natural resource, no one can survive without it either
humans or animals. India has 18% of the world’s population and only 4% of the world’s water
resources, which are depleting rapidly. The aim of the study is to highlight the strategies and
solutions of water conservation in India. The demand for water is expected to grow from 42 billion
cubic meters (bcm) currently to around 220 bcm in 2025. Water is one of the most important inputs
essential for crops. Both its shortage and excess affects the growth and development of the plants,
yields and quality of produce. There are numerous methods to reduce such losses and to improve
soil moisture. These are mulching, cropping, planting of trees, utilization of fog or dew by
net- surfacing traps or polythene sheets, contour farming, transfer of water from surplus areas to
deficit areas by inter-linking water systems through canals, desalination technologies such as
distillation, electro-dialysis and reverse osmosis, use of efficient watering systems such as drip
irrigation and sprinklers will reduce the water consumption by plants. The secondary data are
the base of this study. The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to issues
of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits; this includes
each one of us. Water Conservation awareness was given to all students through chart
presentation, different techniques of Water Conservation was also discussed, it was found to be
effective.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF i

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

CONTENTS
DETAILS PAGE NO
CHAPTER-01
WATER CONSERVATION
1.1 Introduction 01
1.2 Principle of Water Conservation 02
1.3 Importance of Water 02
1.4 Aims and Strategy 03
1.5 Challenges of water conservation 04
1.6 Methods of water conservation 05
1.7 Sector specific approaches 06
1.8 Latest technologies 07
1.9 Challenges for water conservation 08
1.10 Future of water conservation 09
1.11 Methods to conserve water 10
1.12 Water conservation in India 12
1.13 Impact of water conservation in India 13
1.14 Benefits of saving water 14
CONCLUSION 16
17

LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Details Page
Fig1.1 Water Conservation 01
Fig1.2 Current Restrictions 04
Fig1.3 Water conservation chart 05
Fig1.4 Latest Technologies 08
Fig1.5 Ways to conserve water 09
Fig1.6 Future of water conservation 09
Fig1.7 Methods to conserve water 11
Fig1.8 Water conservation in India 12
Fig1.9 Impact of water conservation 13
Fig1.10 Save water 14
Fig1.11 Water conservation in college 15

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF ii

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-01

Water needs no introduction, the importance of this is known to one and all. However,
despite water being the basic human need, this precious resource is being wasted, polluted
and getting depleted. Every drop of water is precious but we continue to waste it like it is a
free natural commodity. 98% of water on this planet is salty and is not fit for human
consumption. Out of the 2% of fresh water reserves, 1% is locked up in form of ice in various
regions around the world. Hence, only 1% of total water reserves are available for our
domestic & industrial use.

Figure 1.1 : Water Conservation

Many cities in India and around the world are already facing sever water shortages due to
reduced rainfall, man-made climatic changes, reduction in ground water levels, population
explosion, industrialization and staggering amount of water wastages because of negligence
by users & dilapidated water supply systems. The importance of water in a country’s
economic growth should not be undermined. Water pollution, unavailability of drinking
water, inadequate sanitation, open dumping of wastes, loss of forest cover is some of the
problems faced by many parts of India. Heavy toll of infant mortality due to water borne
diseases, the daily struggle for procuring water, mismanagement of waste water, improper
sanitation are common features and are leading to serious consequences on human health and
the economy of the country.Water conservation refers to the careful and efficient management
of water resources to reduce unnecessary use, wastage, and depletion. It involves a range of
practices and technologies aimed at ensuring the availability of water for current and future
generations.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 01

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.2 PRICLIPLES OF WATER CONSERVATION

 Reduce Water Waste: Use water efficiently and fix leaks.
 Reuse and Recycle: Implement gray water reuse and rainwater harvesting.
 Improve Efficiency: Use water-saving technologies and smart management.
 Public Awareness: Educate and promote water-saving habits.
 Sustainable Practices: Balance water supply and demand; protect sources.
 Efficient Irrigation: Use drip irrigation and adjust watering based on needs.
 Native Plants: Use drought-tolerant plants to reduce watering.
 Water Pricing: Encourage conservation through incentives and regulations.
 Integrated Management: Coordinate efforts across sectors and stakeholders.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF WATER

1 Preserving freshwater resources: With only a small fraction of Earth's water being
freshwater, it essential to conserve and protect this limited resource to meet the needs
of current and future generations.

2 Mitigating water scarcity: Many regions around the world face water scarcity due to
overuse, pollution, and climate change. Conservation measures help alleviate stress on
water sources, ensuring they remain available for essential needs like drinking,
agriculture, and industry.

3 Protecting ecosystems: Water conservation helps maintain the ecological balance of

rivers, lakes, wetlands, and other aquatic habitats. By using water more efficiently, we
reduce the impact on these ecosystems and safeguard the biodiversity they support.

4 Reducing energy consumption: Treating and transporting water requires a

significant amount of energy. By conserving water, we also reduce the energy needed
for pumping, treating, and heating, thereby lowering carbon emissions and combating
climate change.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 02

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

5 Economic benefits: Water conservation can lead to cost savings for individuals,
businesses, and communities by reducing water bills, minimizing the need for
expensive infrastructure projects, and promoting sustainable water management
practices.

1.4 AIMS AND STRATEGIES

The aims of water conservation are to:
1. Preserve freshwater resources: Ensure the sustainable use and availability of clean
freshwater for current and future generations.

2. Protect ecosystems: Maintain the ecological balance of aquatic habitats and conserve
biodiversity by reducing water extraction and pollution.

3. Mitigate water scarcity: Alleviate water stress in regions facing shortages by minimizing
waste and maximizing efficiency in water use.

4. Promote sustainability: Foster responsible water management practices that balance human
needs with environmental preservation.

Strategies for water conservation include:

1. Public education: Raise awareness about the importance of water conservation through
educational campaigns and outreach efforts.

2. Policy and regulation: Implement laws, regulations, and incentives to promote water-saving
practices and technologies at local, national, and international levels.

3. Infrastructure upgrades: Invest in water-efficient technologies and infrastructure

improvements, such as leak detection and repair, water recycling, and rainwater harvesting
systems.

4. Efficient irrigation: Encourage the use of drip irrigation, soil moisture sensors, and other
efficient irrigation techniques in agriculture to reduce water waste.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 03

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

5. Water-saving practices: Promote simple actions like fixing leaks, using waterefficient
appliances, and practicing mindful water usage in households, businesses, and industries.

6. Community involvement: Engage communities, businesses, and stakeholders in

collaborative efforts to develop and implement water conservation initiatives tailored to local
needs and conditions

1.5 CHALLENGES OF WATER CONSERVATON

 Population Growth: Increasing demand for water.
 Climate Change: Droughts and altered weather patterns.
 Aging Infrastructure: Leaky, inefficient water systems.
 Lack of Awareness: Limited public understanding of conservation.
 Water Pollution: Contamination reducing freshwater availability.
 Agricultural Demands: High water use and inefficient irrigation.
 Policy Issues: Weak or inconsistent regulations.
 Economic Constraints: High costs for conservation technologies.

Figure 1.2 current restrictions

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 04

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.6 METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION

 Efficient Irrigation: Technologies like smart irrigation use sensors and data to
optimize water delivery to crops, preventing overwatering. Drip irrigation
minimizes water loss by delivering water directly to the plant’s roots.

 Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops or

catchment areas for use in gardens, cleaning, or even drinking (after filtration)
reduces reliance on freshwater sources.

 Water-Saving Appliances: Installing low-flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets

can significantly reduce water use in homes and businesses.

 Leak Detection and Repair: Regular maintenance to find and fix leaks in water
systems, pipes, and appliances reduces unnecessary water waste.

 Gray Water Systems: Reusing water from sinks, showers, and laundry for
landscaping or flushing toilets reduces the demand for freshwater.

Figure 1.3.1 : Water Conservation Chart

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 05

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.7 SECTOR-SPECIFIC APPORACHES

 Agriculture: As the largest consumer of water globally, improving irrigation
techniques, using drought-resistant crops, and adopting practices like crop
rotation and soil moisture monitoring can significantly reduce water
consumption.

 Urban Areas: Cities can implement water conservation measures through

regulations, incentives for water-saving appliances, and public awareness
campaigns.

 Industry: Many industries can recycle process water or adopt water-efficient

technologies to lower their water footprint.

Role of Public Policy

 Regulations: Governments play a key role in water conservation by
implementing policies that encourage sustainable water use, regulate water
extraction, and prevent pollution.

 Pricing: Water pricing models that reflect the true cost of water extraction and
encourage conservation can motivate both households and industries to use
water more efficiently.

 Incentives: Offering financial incentives for installing water-saving devices,

such as rebates for rainwater harvesting systems, encourages people to conserve
water.

Figure 1.3.2 : Water Conservation Chart

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 06

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.8 LATEST TECHNOLOGIES

 Smart Irrigation Systems: These systems utilize sensors and weather data to
optimize watering schedules based on soil moisture levels and weather conditions,
reducing water waste in landscaping and agriculture.

 Low-Flow Fixtures: Advanced low-flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets are

designed to minimize water usage without compromising performance, helping to
conserve water in residential and commercial buildings.

 Water Leak Detection Systems: IoT-based leak detection systems use sensors to
monitor water usage in real-time and detect leaks or abnormal consumption
patterns, enabling prompt identification and repair of leaks to prevent water waste.

 Desalination Technologies: Advancements in desalination technology, such as

reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, have made seawater and brackish water
desalination more energy-efficient and cost-effective, expanding access to
freshwater in water-stressed regions.

 Atmospheric Water Generators: These devices extract moisture from the air
and condense it into drinkable water, offering a decentralized and renewable
source of freshwater in areas with limited access to clean water as shown in Fig
1.4.1

 Precision Agriculture: Precision agriculture technologies, including soil

moisture sensors, drone imaging, and data analytics, enable farmers to optimize
irrigation practices, minimize water usage, and maximize crop yields by precisely
tailoring water application to plant needs as shown in Fig 1.4.2

 Virtual Water Management Platforms: Cloud-based water management

platforms integrate data from sensors, meters, and IoT devices to provide real-
time insights into water usage, optimize water distribution networks, and identify
opportunities for water conservation and efficiency improvements as shown in
Fig 1.4.3

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 07

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

Fig 1.4.3: Latest Technologies 3

1.9 CHALLENGES TO CONSERVE WATER

 Infrastructural Issues: Many water distribution systems are old and

inefficient, leading to significant losses through leaks and evaporation.

 Lack of Awareness: Public understanding of water conservation’s importance

is often limited, especially in regions where water appears abundant.

 Climate Variability: Inconsistent rainfall patterns and extreme weather make

it difficult to manage water resources effectively.

 Water Pollution: Pollution from agriculture, industry, and urban areas

reduces the availability of clean, usable water, increasing the need for
conservation.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 08

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

Figure 1.5 : ways to conserve water

1.10 FUTURE OF WATER CONSERVATION

 Innovative Technologies: New solutions like desalination (turning seawater

into freshwater), cloud seeding (inducing rain), and advanced water recycling
systems will become more important as water scarcity increases.

 Integrated Water Resource Management: A comprehensive approach that

involves managing water holistically—taking into account human, agricultural,
and environmental needs—can lead to more sustainable use.

 Community Engagement: Water conservation efforts are more effective when

communities are involved in decision-making and are educated on sustainable
practices.

Figure 1.6 : Future of water conservation

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 09

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.10 METHODS TO CONSERVE WATER

1. Rainwater Harvesting
 Description: Collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops or other
surfaces for future use.
 Benefits: Reduces dependency on groundwater and municipal water
systems, and provides a free source of water for gardening, flushing, or
irrigation.

2. Drip Irrigation

 Description: A precise irrigation method where water is delivered directly

to the roots of plants through a network of tubes and emitters.
 Benefits: Reduces dependency on groundwater and municipal water
systems, and provides a free source of water for gardening, flushing, or
irrigation.
 Minimizes water waste through evaporation and runoff, ideal for areas with
limited water supply.

3. Mulching

 Description: Applying a layer of organic material (like straw, leaves,

or compost) over soil.

 Benefits: Reduces evaporation, suppresses weeds, and improves soil

moisture retention.

4. Smart Irrigation Systems

 Description: Uses IoT sensors to monitor soil moisture levels and weather
conditions, adjusting water delivery automatically.

 Benefits: Optimizes water usage based on actual plant needs, preventing

over- or under-watering.

5. Xeriscaping

 Description: Landscaping with drought-resistant plants that require little to

no irrigation.

 Benefits: Reduces water consumption for lawns and gardens, particularly in

arid regions.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 10

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

6. Greywater Recycling
 Description: Reusing water from sinks, showers, and laundry for non-
potable purposes like irrigation or flushing toilets.
 Benefits: Reduces the demand for freshwater, minimizing household water
waste.

7. Leak Detection and Repair

 Description: Regularly inspecting and fixing leaks in plumbing systems.
 Benefits: Prevents water waste and ensures efficient water usage at home or
in industries.

8. Low-Flow Fixtures
 Description: Installing water-efficient faucets, showerheads, and toilets that
reduce water flow rates.
 Benefits: Reduces water consumption in homes and businesses without
compromising performance.

Figure 1.7 : Methods to conserve water

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 11

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.12 WATER CONSERVATION IN INDIA

Water conservation in India is critical due to the growing population, changing climate, and
increasing demand for water. The country faces severe water scarcity in many regions,
especially during dry seasons. Traditional water harvesting systems, such as Baolis and
kundis in Rajasthan and Gujarat, have been revived to help communities store rainwater.
Government initiatives like the Jal Jeevan Mission and Atal Bhujal Yojana aim to provide
sustainable water access and manage groundwater resources more effectively.

Rainwater harvesting is mandatory in many cities, such as Chennai and Bengaluru, to

recharge groundwater levels and reduce dependency on municipal water supply. In
agriculture, technologies like drip irrigation and practices like the System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) help reduce water usage, especially in states like Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu. Watershed management projects, including the construction of check dams and
percolation ponds, are used to recharge groundwater in arid regions, while efforts to
promote crop diversification encourage farmers to move away from water-intensive crops.
Urban areas are adopting smart water meters and recycling wastewater to reduce

consumption.

Figure 1.8 : Water conservation in India

Community participation, such as through Pani Panchayats in Maharashtra and NGO efforts like
Tarun Bharat Sangh in Rajasthan, has played a vital role in mobilizing local water conservation
efforts.
However, challenges such as groundwater depletion, erratic rainfall due to climate change, and

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 12

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

rapid urbanization continue to stress water resources. The need for sustainable water management is
more pressing than ever to ensure that India can meet its future water demands.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 13

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

In addition to these efforts, afforestation and tree plantation drives under programs like the
Green India Mission help improve soil moisture retention and reduce water runoff,
contributing to long-term water conservation. Greywater recycling is also gaining
momentum, particularly in urban areas, where treated wastewater is reused for non-potable
purposes like landscaping and flushing. The rise of public awareness campaigns has been
instrumental in educating people about the importance of water conservation, driving
behavioural change at both individual and community levels. Innovative technologies, such
as smart irrigation systems that use IoT sensors, are becoming more widespread in
agriculture to optimize water usage. Despite these advancements, consistent policy
implementation, infrastructure development, and community engagement remain essential to
ensure water security for future generations in India.

1.13 IMPACT OF WATER CONSERVATION

Water conservation has significant environmental, social, and economic impacts.

Environmentally, it helps preserve ecosystems by maintaining healthy rivers, lakes, and
wetlands, which sustain biodiversity and aquatic life. Techniques like rainwater harvesting
and groundwater recharge also prevent the over-extraction of groundwater, ensuring long-
term sustainability. Economically, water conservation leads to cost savings for households,
businesses, and farmers by reducing water bills and lowering the need for energy-intensive
water pumping and treatment processes. In agriculture, methods like drip irrigation and
rainwater harvesting improve crop yields and reduce the risk of crop failure, especially in
drought-prone areas, enhancing food security. Socially, water conservation ensures
equitable water distribution, reduces the risk of conflicts over water resources, and enhances
the resilience of communities to climate change-related challenges such as droughts and
water scarcity. Ultimately, water conservation strengthens ecosystems, economies, and
communities by promoting more sustainable and efficient water use.

Figure 1.9 : Impact of water conservation

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 14

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

1.15 BENEFITS OF SAVING WATER

Conserving water reduces wear and tear on major resources such as water and wastewater
treatment plants and the distribution systems that deliver water to the public. Using less
water can also enable us to become more flexible during times when there is a water shortage

 If you save water it can save your money bills.

 Reduction in interior water use cuts waste water flows, especially overflowing of
gutters which contaminates the environment.
 Environment benefits include eco system and habitat protection.
 Water conservation helps in improving the quality of your drinking water.
 Saves money.
 Protects drinking water resources.
 Minimizes water pollution and health risks.
 Reduces the need for costly water supply and new wastewater treatment facilities.
 Maintains the health of aquatic environments.
 Saves energy used to pump, heat, and treat water.
 It builds safe and beautiful communities.
 It protects our ecosystem and wildlife.
 Saving water helps to protect our nation’s water supplies.

Figure 1.10 : Save water

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 15

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

Figure 1.11 : Water conservation in college

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 16

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the imperative of water conservation demands collective action, innovative solutions,
and unwavering commitment. As we face the daunting challenges of a water-scarce world, we must
recognize that water is life, hope, and our future. By embracing water conservation, we protect
ecosystems and biodiversity, support economic growth and development, ensure public health and
well-being, and foster resilience in the face of climate change. The time for action is now. We call
upon governments, businesses, communities, and individuals to prioritize water conservation, invest
in water-saving technologies, promote water literacy, and support water-efficient infrastructure
development. Together, we can reduce water waste and scarcity, enhance water quality and
security, ensure equitable access to clean water, and build a sustainable water future. The power to
shape our water future lies in our hands; let us unite to conserve, innovate, and thrive for a water-
secure world, today and tomorrow.

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 17

National Service Scheme (NSS) 2023-2024

REFERENCE
[1].https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQG6lIWWNsxVV1TtkVi WyxC
hbQ aks1gzA&usqp=CAU
[2].https://articles1mg.gumlet.io/articles/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/rsz_shutterstock_17377040
0.jp g?compress=true&quality=8&w=640&dpr=2.6
[3]. https://paidepo.com/cdn/shop/articles/Organic_Farming.png?v=1642694022

[4].https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTMXdQD3_uDVVSK1DBofJwaB
geP bHtMZRMo0F042AJmCed2Qn_OqlcORgf50Tl3p4LYw&usqp=CAU
[5]. https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:979/0*vpr4tr7ANSdkdl7m.jpg

[6].https://www.collidu.com/media/catalog/product/img/4/7/47348916930f7ef17aa606bc4b8a72
517 a0f13f756af42868891f8dae85e641/organic-farming-slide3.png
[7].https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwwIuxc5WMSvpzlTa1GxR2plXq
nQPpELkx6awVEM7obttfHdFpM0U-01s9lbA3Cx2xBEQ&usqp=CAU

[8].https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRq7yfqsjwFjMKyT9m4NEgL0BqL
b_p6t4nXnw&usqp=CAU

[9] Water conservation – Wikipedia

[10] Water Conservation - American Water Works Association (awwa.org)

4th Sem Dept of ECE, Dr.TTIT, KGF 18