Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-1

Chapter 16

Electric Charge and Electric Field

Questions
1. If you charge a pocket comb by rubbing it with a silk scarf, how can you
determine if the comb is positively or negatively charged?
2. Why does a shirt or blouse taken from a clothes dryer sometimes cling to
your body?
3. Explain why fog or rain droplets tend to form around ions or electrons in
the air.
4. Why does a plastic ruler that has been rubbed with a cloth have the ability
to pick up small pieces of paper? Why is this difficult to do on a humid
day?
5. A positively charged rod is brought close to a neutral piece of paper,
which it attracts. Draw a diagram showing the separation of charge in the
paper, and explain why attraction occurs.
6. Contrast the net charge on a conductor to the “free charges” in the
conductor.
7. Figures 16–7 and 16–8 show how a charged rod placed near an uncharged
metal object can attract (or repel) electrons. There are a great many
electrons in the metal, yet only some of them move as shown. Why not all
of them?
8. When an electroscope is charged, its two leaves repel each other and
remain at an angle. What balances the electric force of repulsion so that
the leaves don’t separate further?
9. The balloon in Fig. 16–48 was rubbed on a student’s hair. Explain why the
water drip curves instead of falling vertically.

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-2

10. The form of Coulomb’s law is very similar to that for Newton’s law of
universal gravitation. What are the differences between these two laws?
Compare also gravitational mass and electric charge.
11. When a charged ruler attracts small pieces of paper, sometimes a piece
jumps quickly away after touching the ruler. Explain.
12. We are not normally aware of the gravitational or electric force between
two ordinary objects. What is the reason in each case? Give an example
where we are aware of each one and why.
13. Explain why the test charges we use when measuring electric fields must
be small.
14. When determining an electric field, must we use a positive test charge, or
would a negative one do as well? Explain.
15. Draw the electric field lines surrounding two negative electric charges a
distance  apart.
16. Assume that the two opposite charges in Fig. 16–32a are 12.0 cm apart.
Consider the magnitude of the electric field 2.5 cm from the positive
charge. On which side of this charge–top, bottom, left, or right–is the
electric field the strongest? The weakest? Explain.
17. Consider the electric field at the three points indicated by the letters A, B,
and C in Fig. 16–49. First draw an arrow at each point indicating the
direction of the net force that a positive test charge would experience if
placed at that point, then list the letters in order of decreasing field
strength (strongest first). Explain.
18. Why can electric field lines never cross?
19. Show, using the three rules for field lines given in Section 16–8, that the
electric field lines starting or ending on a single point charge must be
symmetrically spaced around the charge.

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-3

20. Given two point charges, Q and 2Q, a distance  apart, is there a point
along the straight line that passes through them where E = 0 when their
signs are (a) opposite, (b) the same? If yes, state roughly where this point
will be.
21. Consider a small positive test charge located on an electric field line at
some point, such as point P in Fig. 16–32a. Is the direction of the velocity
and/or acceleration of the test charge along this line? Discuss.
*22. A point charge is surrounded by a spherical gaussian surface of radius r. If
the sphere is replaced by a cube of side r, will Φ E be larger, smaller, or the
same? Explain.

MisConceptual Questions

1. Q 1 = – 0.10 µC is located at the origin. Q 2 = +0.10 µC is located on the

positive x axis at x = 1.0 m. Which of the following is true of the force on
Q 1 due to Q 2 ?
(a) It is attractive and directed in the +x direction.
(b) It is attractive and directed in the –x direction.
(c) It is repulsive and directed in the +x direction.
(d) It is repulsive and directed in the –x direction.
2. Swap the positions of Q 1 and Q 2 of MisConceptual Question 1. Which of
the following is true of the force on Q 1 due to Q 2 ?
(a) It does not change.
(b) It changes from attractive to repulsive.
(c) It changes from repulsive to attractive.
(d) It changes from the +x direction to the –x direction.
(e) It changes from the –x direction to the +x direction.

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-4

3. Fred the lightning bug has a mass m and a charge +q. Jane, his lightning-
3
bug wife, has a mass of 4 m and a charge –2q. Because they have charges
of opposite sign, they are attracted to each other. Which is attracted more
to the other, and by how much?
(a) Fred, twice as much.
(b) Jane, twice as much.
(c) Fred, four times as much.
(d) Jane, four times as much.
(e) They are attracted to each other by the same amount.
4. Figure 16–50 shows electric field lines due to a point charge. What can
you say about the field at point 1 compared with the field at point 2?
(a) The field at point 2 is larger, because point 2 is on a field line.
(b) The field at point 1 is larger, because point 1 is not on a field line.
(c) The field at point 1 is zero, because point 1 is not on a field line.
(d) The field at point 1 is larger, because the field lines are closer
together in that region.
5. A negative point charge is in an electric field created by a positive point
charge. Which of the following is true?
(a) The field points toward the positive charge, and the force on the
negative charge is in the same direction as the field.
(b) The field points toward the positive charge, and the force on the
negative charge is in the opposite direction to the field.
(c) The field points away from the positive charge, and the force on
the negative charge is in the same direction as the field.
(d) The field points away from the positive charge, and the force on
the negative charge is in the opposite direction to the field.
6. As an object acquires a positive charge, its mass usually

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-5

(a) decreases.
(b) increases.
(c) stays the same.
(d) becomes negative.
7. Refer to Fig. 16–32d. If the two charged plates were moved until they are
half the distance shown without changing the charge on the plates, the
electric field near the center of the plates would
(a) remain almost exactly the same.
(b) increase by a factor of 2.
(c) increase, but not by a factor of 2.
(d) decrease by a factor of 2.
(e) decrease, but not by a factor of 2.
8. We wish to determine the electric field at a point near a positively charged
metal sphere (a good conductor). We do so by bringing a small positive
test charge, q 0 , to this point and measure the force F 0 on it. F 0 /q 0 will be

___________ the electric field E as it was at that point before the test
charge was present.
(a) greater than
(b) less than
(c) equal to
9. We are usually not aware of the electric force acting between two
everyday objects because
(a) the electric force is one of the weakest forces in nature.
(b) the electric force is due to microscopic-sized particles such as
electrons and protons.
(c) the electric force is invisible.
(d) most everyday objects have as many plus charges as minus
charges.

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-6

10. To be safe during a lightning storm, it is best to be

(a) in the middle of a grassy meadow.
(b) inside a metal car.
(c) next to a tall tree in a forest.
(d) inside a wooden building.
(e) on a metal observation tower.
11. Which are the worst places in MisConceptual Question 10?
12. Which vector best represents the direction of the electric field at the fourth
corner of the square due to the three charges shown in Fig. 16–51?
13. A small metal ball hangs from the ceiling by an insulating thread. The ball
is attracted to a positively charged rod held near the ball. The charge of the
ball must be
(a) positive.
(b) negative.
(c) neutral.
(d) positive or neutral.
(e) negative or neutral.

Problems

16-5 and 16-6 Coulomb’s Law

[1 mC = 10–3C, 1 µC = 10–6C, 1 nC = 10–9C.]

1. (I) What is the magnitude of the electric force of attraction between an

iron nucleus (q = +26e) and its innermost electron if the distance between
them is 1.5 × 10–12 m?
2. (I) How many electrons make up a charge of –48.0 µC?

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-7

3. (I) What is the magnitude of the force a +25 µC charge exerts on a + 2.5
mC charge 16 cm away?
4. (I) What is the repulsive electrical force between two protons 4.0 × 10–15
m apart from each other in an atomic nucleus?
5. (II) When an object such as a plastic comb is charged by rubbing it with a
cloth, the net charge is typically a few microcoulombs. If that charge is 3.0
µC, by what percentage does the mass of a 9.0-g comb change during
charging?
6. (II) Two charged dust particles exert a force of 4.2 × 10–2 N on each other.
What will be the force if they are moved so they are only one-eighth as far
apart?
7. (II) Two small charged spheres are 6.52 cm apart. They are moved, and
the force each exerts on the other is found to have tripled. How far apart
are they now?
8. (II) A person scuffing her feet on a wool rug on a dry day accumulates a
net charge of –28 µC. How many excess electrons does she get, and by
how much does her mass increase?
9. (II) What is the total charge of all the electrons in a 12-kg bar of gold?
What is the net charge of the bar? (Gold has 79 electrons per atom and an
atomic mass of 197 u.)
10. (II) Compare the electric force holding the electron in orbit (r = 0.53 × 10–
10
m) around the proton nucleus of the hydrogen atom, with the
gravitational force between the same electron and proton. What is the ratio
of these two forces?
11. (II) Particles of charge +65, +48, and – 95µC are placed in a line (Fig. 16–
52). The center one is 0.35 m from each of the others. Calculate the net
force on each charge due to the other two.

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-8

12. (II) Three positive particles of equal charge, +17.0 µC, are located at the
corners of an equilateral triangle of side 15.0 cm (Fig. 16–53). Calculate
the magnitude and direction of the net force on each particle due to the
other two.
13. (II) A charge Q is transferred from an initially uncharged plastic ball to an
identical ball 24 cm away. The force of attraction is then 17 mN. How
many electrons were transferred from one ball to the other?
14. (II) A charge of 6.15 mC is placed at each corner of a square 0.100 m on a
side. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force on each charge.
15. (II) At each corner of a square of side  there are point charges of
magnitude Q, 2Q, 3Q, and 4Q (Fig. 16–54). Determine the magnitude and
direction of the force on the charge 2Q.
16. (II) A large electroscope is made with “leaves” that are 78-cm-long wires
with tiny 21-g spheres at the ends. When charged, nearly all the charge
resides on the spheres. If the wires each make a 26° angle with the vertical
(Fig. 16–55), what total charge Q must have been applied to the
electroscope? Ignore the mass of the wires.
17. (III) Two small nonconducting spheres have a total charge of 90.0 µC. (a)
When placed 28.0 cm apart, the force each exerts on the other is 12.0 N
and is repulsive. What is the charge on each? (b) What if the force were
attractive?
18. (III) Two charges, –Q and –3Q, are a distance  apart. These two charges
are free to move but do not because there is a third (fixed) charge nearby.
What must be the magnitude of the third charge and its placement in order
for the first two to be in equilibrium?

16-7 and 16-8 Electric Field, Field Lines

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-9

19. (I) Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric force on an
electron in a uniform electric field of strength 2460 N/C that points due
east.
20. (I) A proton is released in a uniform electric field, and it experiences an
electric force of 1.86 × 10–14 N toward the south. Find the magnitude and
direction of the electric field.
21. (I) Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field 21.7 cm
directly above an isolated 33.0 × 10–6 C charge.
22. (I) A downward electric force of 6.4 N is exerted on a –7.3 µC charge.
Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the position of this
charge.
23. (II) Determine the magnitude of the acceleration experienced by an
electron in an electric field of 756 N/C. How does the direction of the
acceleration depend on the direction of the field at that point?
24. (II) Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point
midway between a –8.0 µC and a +5.8 µC charge 6.0 cm apart. Assume
no other charges are nearby.
25. (II) Draw, approximately, the electric field lines about two point charges,
+Q and –3Q, which are a distance  apart.
26. (II) What is the electric field strength at a point in space where a proton
experiences an acceleration of 2.4 million “g’s”?
27. (II) An electron is released from rest in a uniform electric field and
accelerates to the north at a rate of 105 m/s2. Find the magnitude and
direction of the electric field.
28. (II) The electric field midway between two equal but opposite point
charges is 386 N/C, and the distance between the charges is 16.0 cm. What
is the magnitude of the charge on each?

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-10

29. (II) Calculate the electric field at one corner of a square 1.22 m on a side if
the other three corners are occupied by 3.25 × 10–6 C charges.
30. (II) Calculate the electric field at the center of a square 42.5 cm on a side
if one corner is occupied by a –38.6 µC charge and the other three are
occupied by –27.0 µC charges.
31. (II) Determine the direction and magnitude of the electric field at the point
P in Fig. 16–56. The charges are separated by a distance 2a, and point P is
a distance x from the midpoint between the two charges. Express your
answer in terms of Q, x, a, and k.
32. (II) Two point charges, Q 1 = –32 µC and Q 2 = + 45 µC, are separated by a
distance of 12 cm. The electric field at the point P (see Fig. 16–57) is zero.
How far from Q 1 is P?

33. (II) Determine the electric field E at the origin 0 in Fig. 16–58 due to the
two charges at A and B.
34. (II) You are given two unknown point charges, Q 1 and Q 2 . At a point on
the line joining them, one-third of the way from Q 1 to Q 2 , the electric field
is zero (Fig. 16–59). What is the ratio Q 1 /Q 2 ?
35. (III) Use Coulomb’s law to determine the magnitude and direction of the
electric field at points A and B in Fig. 16–60 due to the two positive
charges (Q = 4.7 µC) shown. Are your results consistent with Fig. 16–
32b?
36. (III) An electron (mass m = 9.11 × 10–31 kg) is accelerated in the uniform

field E (E = 1.45 × 104 N/C) between two thin parallel charged plates.
The separation of the plates is 1.60 cm. The electron is accelerated from
rest near the negative plate and passes through a tiny hole in the positive
plate, Fig. 16–61. (a) With what speed does it leave the hole? (b) Show
that the gravitational force can be ignored.

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-11

*16-10 DNA

*37. (III) The two strands of the helix-shaped DNA molecule are held together
by electrostatic forces as shown in Fig. 16–39. Assume that the net
average charge (due to electron sharing) indicated on H and N atoms has
magnitude 0.2e and on the indicated C and O atoms is 0.4e. Assume also
that atoms on each molecule are separated by 1.0 × 10–10 m. Estimate the
net force between (a) a thymine and an adenine; and (b) a cytosine and a
guanine. For each bond (red dots) consider only the three atoms in a line
(two atoms on one molecule, one atom on the other). (c) Estimate the total
force for a DNA molecule containing 105 pairs of such molecules. Assume
half are A–T pairs and half are C–G pairs.

*16-12 Gauss’s Law

*38. (I) The total electric flux from a cubical box of side 28.0 cm is 1.85 × 103
N • m2/C. What charge is enclosed by the box?
*39. (II) In Fig. 16–62, two objects, O 1 and O 2 , have charges +1.0 µC and –2.0
µC, respectively, and a third object, O 3 , is electrically neutral. (a) What is
the electric flux through the surface A 1 that encloses all three objects? (b)
What is the electric flux through the surface A 2 that encloses the third
object only?
*40. (II) A cube of side 8.50 cm is placed in a uniform field E = 7.50 × 103 N/C
with edges parallel to the field lines. (a) What is the net flux through the
cube? (b) What is the flux through each of its six faces?
*41. (II) The electric field between two parallel square metal plates is 130 N/C.
The plates are 0.85 m on a side and are separated by 3.0 cm. What is the
charge on each plate (assume equal and opposite)? Neglect edge effects.

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-12

*42. (II) The field just outside a 3.50-cm-radius metal ball is 3.75 × 102 N/C
and points toward the ball. What charge resides on the ball?
*43. (III) A point charge Q rests at the center of an uncharged thin spherical
conducting shell. (See Fig. 16–34.) What is the electric field E as a
function of r (a) for r less than the inner radius of the shell, (b) inside the
shell, and (c) beyond the shell? (d) How does the shell affect the field due
to Q alone? How does the charge Q affect the shell?

General Problems
44. How close must two electrons be if the magnitude of the electric force
between them is equal to the weight of either at the Earth’s surface?
45. Given that the human body is mostly made of water, estimate the total
amount of positive charge in a 75-kg person.
46. A 3.0-g copper penny has a net positive charge of 32 µC. What fraction of
its electrons has it lost?
47. Measurements indicate that there is an electric field surrounding the Earth.
Its magnitude is about 150 N/C at the Earth’s surface and points inward
toward the Earth’s center. What is the magnitude of the electric charge on
the Earth? Is it positive or negative? [Hint: The electric field outside a
uniformly charged sphere is the same as if all the charge were
concentrated at its center.]
48. (a) The electric field near the Earth’s surface has magnitude of about 150
N/C. What is the acceleration experienced by an electron near the surface
of the Earth? (b) What about a proton? (c) Calculate the ratio of each
acceleration to g = 9.8 m/s2.
49. A water droplet of radius 0.018 mm remains stationary in the air. If the
downward-directed electric field of the Earth is 150 N/C, how many
excess electron charges must the water droplet have?

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-13

50. Estimate the net force between the CO group and the HN group shown in
Fig. 16–63. The C and O have charges ± 0.40e, and the H and N have
charges ± 0.20e, where e = 1.6 × 10–19 C. [Hint: Do not include the
“internal” forces between C and O, or between H and N.]
51. In a simple model of the hydrogen atom, the electron revolves in a circular
orbit around the proton with a speed of 2.2 × 106 m/s. Determine the
radius of the electron’s orbit. [Hint: See Chapter 5 on circular motion.]
52. Two small charged spheres hang from cords of equal length  as shown in
Fig. 16–64 and make small angles θ 1 and θ 2 with the vertical. (a) If Q 1 =
Q, Q 2 = 2Q, and m 1 = m 2 = m, determine the ratio θ 1 /θ 2 . (b) Estimate the
distance between the spheres.
53. A positive point charge Q 1 = 2.5 × 10–5 C is fixed at the origin of
coordinates, and a negative point charge Q 2 = –5.0 × 10–6 C is fixed to the
x axis at x = +2.4 m. Find the location of the place(s) along the x axis
where the electric field due to these two charges is zero.
54. Dry air will break down and generate a spark if the electric field exceeds
about 3 × 106 N/C. How much charge could be packed onto a green pea
(diameter 0.75 cm) before the pea spontaneously discharges? [Hint:
Eqs.16–4 work outside a sphere if r is measured from its center.]
55. Two point charges, Q 1 = –6.7 µC and Q 2 = 1.8 µC, are located between
two oppositely charged parallel plates, as shown in Fig. 16–65. The two
charges are separated by a distance of x = 0.47 m. Assume that the electric
field produced by the charged plates is uniform and equal to E = 53,000
N/C. Calculate the net electrostatic force on Q 1 and give its direction.
56. Packing material made of pieces of foamed polystyrene can easily become
charged and stick to each other. Given that the density of this material is
about 35 kg/m3, estimate how much charge might be on a 2.0-cm-diameter

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-14

foamed polystyrene sphere, assuming the electric force between two

spheres stuck together is equal to the weight of one sphere.
57. A point charge (m = 1.0 gram) at the end of an insulating cord of length 55
cm is observed to be in equilibrium in a uniform horizontal electric field
of 9500 N/C, when the pendulum’s position is as shown in Fig. 16–66,
with the charge 12 cm above the lowest (vertical) position. If the field
points to the right in Fig. 16–66, determine the magnitude and sign of the
point charge.
58. Two small, identical conducting spheres A and B are a distance R apart;
each carries the same charge Q. (a) What is the force sphere B exerts on
sphere A? (b) An identical sphere with zero charge, sphere C, makes
contact with sphere B and is then moved very far away. What is the net
force now acting on sphere A? (c) Sphere C is brought back and now
makes contact with sphere A and is then moved far away. What is the
force on sphere A in this third case?
59. For an experiment, a colleague of yours says he smeared toner particles
uniformly over the surface of a sphere 1.0 m in diameter and then
measured an electric field of 5000 N/C near its surface. (a) How many
toner particles (Example 16–6) would have to be on the surface to produce
these results? (b) What is the total mass of the toner particles?
60. A proton (m = 1.67 × 10–27 kg) is suspended at rest in a uniform electric

field E . Take into account gravity at the Earth’s surface, and determine

E.
61. A point charge of mass 0.185 kg, and net charge +0.340 µC, hangs at rest
at the end of an insulating cord above a large sheet of charge. The
horizontal sheet of fixed uniform charge creates a uniform vertical electric
field in the vicinity of the point charge. The tension in the cord is

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-15

measured to be 5.18 N. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the

electric field due to the sheet of charge (Fig. 16–67).
62. An electron with speed v 0 = 5.32 × 106 m/s is traveling parallel to an
electric field of magnitude E = 9.45 × 103 N/C. (a) How far will the
electron travel before it stops? (b) How much time will elapse before it
returns to its starting point?
63. Given the two charges shown in Fig. 16–68, at what position(s) x is the
electric field zero?
64. What is the total charge of all the electrons in a 25-kg bar of aluminum?
(Aluminum has 13 electrons per atom and an atomic mass of 27 u.)
65. Two point charges, +Q and –Q of mass m, are placed on the ends of a
massless rod of length , which is fixed to a table by a pin through its
center. If the apparatus is then subjected to a uniform electric field E
parallel to the table and perpendicular to the rod, find the net torque on the
system of rod plus charges.
66. Determine the direction and magnitude of the electric field at point P, Fig.
16–69. The two charges are separated by a distance of 2a. Point P is on the
perpendicular bisector of the line joining the charges, a distance x from the
midpoint between them. Express your answers in terms of Q , x, a, and k.
67. A mole of carbon contains 7.22 × 1024 electrons. Two electrically neutral
carbon spheres, each containing 1 mole of carbon, are separated by 15.0
cm (center to center). What fraction of electrons would have to be
transferred from one sphere to the other for the electric force and the
gravitational force between the spheres to be equal?

Search and Learn

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-16

1. Referring to Section 16–4 and Figs. 16–11 and 16–12, what happens to the
separation of the leaves of an electroscope when the charging object is
removed from an electroscope (a) charged by induction and (b) charged
by conduction? (c) Is it possible to tell whether the electroscope in Fig.
16–12a has been charged by induction or by conduction? If so, which way
was it charged? (d) Draw electric field lines (Section 16–8) for the
electroscopes in Figs. 16–11a and 16–11b, omitting the fields around the
charging rod. How do the fields differ?
2. Four equal positive point charges, each of charge 6.4 µC, are at the
corners of a square of side 9.2 cm. What charge should be placed at the
center of the square so that all charges are at equilibrium? Is this a stable
or an unstable equilibrium (Section 9–4) in the plane?
3. Suppose electrons enter a uniform electric field midway between two
plates at an angle θ 0 to the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 16–70. The path is
symmetrical, so they leave at the same angle θ 0 and just barely miss the
top plate. What is θ 0 ? Ignore fringing of the field.
4. What experimental observations mentioned in the text rule out the
possibility that the numerator in Coulomb’s law contains the sum (Q 1 +
Q 2 ) rather than the product Q 1 Q 2 ?
5. Near the surface of the Earth, there is a downward electric field of 150
N/C and a downward gravitational field of 9.8 N/kg. A charged 1.0-kg
mass is observed to fall with acceleration 8.0 m/s2. What are the
magnitude and sign of its charge?
6. Identical negative charges (Q = –e) are located at two of the three vertices
of an equilateral triangle. The length of a side of the triangle is . What is
the magnitude of the net electric field at the third vertex? If a third
identical negative charge was located at the third vertex, then what would

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 Electric Charge and Electric Field Ch-16-17

be the net electrostatic force on it due to the other two charges? Use
symmetry and explain how you used it.
7. Suppose that electrical attraction, rather than gravity, were responsible for
holding the Moon in orbit around the Earth. If equal and opposite charges
Q were placed on the Earth and the Moon, what should be the value of Q
to maintain the present orbit? Use data given on the inside front cover of
this book. Treat the Earth and Moon as point particles.

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