GAS-GAD
Chapter 2
Jim Paolo T. Abalde
How do we learn Gender?
Portfolio Daniel Gallego 2
gENDER sOCIALIZATION
The process of learning how to behave in accordance with gender expectations
Starts at birth and then supplemented as we grow
Boys are given guns and swords to nurture aggressiveness, while girls are given dolls and
dollhouses to nurture caring and motherly traits
Can reflect ethnic, cultural, and religious values of a society
Socialization
The process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society
18th Century ENlightenment
JOHN LOCKE
Often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self
Defined the self through a continuity of consciousness
Tabula Rasa or blank slate
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
Early feminist and advocated women’s rights
Her life was given more attention than her work
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Criticized Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Argued that women are logical and should be educated, and that their purpose should not be
limited to pleasing men
18th Century ENlightenment
AUGUSTE COMTE
Contributed in the development of sociology as a recognized discipline
Social Sciences can work for the betterment of society
We can study society using the scientific methods used in natural sciences
Positivism - the idea that societies have scientific laws and principles, just like physics and
chemistr
HARRIET MARTINEAU
Addressed a wide range of social science issues, and an observer of social practices
Tried to educate people with the principles of economics
Wrote about the ways in which Black people were treated in American society
Campaigns against slavery
Translated Comte’s book to english
18th Century ENlightenment
KARL MARX
One of the founders of sociology
Marx's analysis of class struggle, the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, is a central
theme in his work.
Opposed capitalism and posited the idea of communism
HERBERT SPENCER
Rejected Comte’s and Marx’ ideas.
Favored a form of government that allowed market forces to control capitalism (laissez-faire
capitalism)
18th Century ENlightenment
GEORG SIMMEL
Contributed to the development of sociology and European intellectual life
Helped establish the field of sociology and influenced the development of structuralist
approaches to studying society
EMILE DURKHEIM
Helped establish sociology as an academic discipline
His work focused on how societies maintain order and coherence.
GEORGE MEAD
Focused on how the mind and self were developed as a result of social processes
Associated with the symbolic interactionist approach
Emphasized the micro-level analysis
18th Century ENlightenment
MAX WEBER
Expanded the concept of social class, introduced the ideas of status, power and authority, and
social action
Social Action - a collective effort to address issues in a community, support others, or
improve the local area.
Rationalization Thesis - the idea that society is increasingly governed by rules, which
replaces traditional authority and action
Verstehen - deep, empathic understanding of human behavior
SOCIALIZATION
The process of learning and internalizing the values, norms, and behaviors of a society.
Socialization occurs because of:
Social Agents - family, peers, schools, religious leaders, and the mass media
Cultural and ethnic backgrounds
Stages - Socialization usually occurs in two stages: primary socialization from birth to
adolescence, and secondary socialization throughout life.
SOCIALIZATION THROUGH LIFE COURSES
Anticipatory Socialization - the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future
roles
SOCIALIZATION THROUGH LIFE COURSES
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Some scientists believe that a child’s sense of self is formed at a young age
Family support and guidance are crucial to a child’s developing self-concept
ADOLESCENCE
Spend much of their time planning or being educated for the future roles they hope to occupy
There is emotional and social unrest
Comes into conflict with their parents or authority figures as they form their own identity
Socialization is mainly towards peers
ADULTHOOD
There is usually a degree of freedom of choice
In adulthood, people work towards their fulfillment, goals, and meaningful relationships
gENDER sOCIALIZATION
The process of learning how to behave in accordance with gender expectations
Starts at birth and then supplemented as we grow
Boys are given guns and swords to nurture aggressiveness, while girls are given dolls and
dollhouses to nurture caring and motherly traits
Can reflect ethnic, cultural, and religious values of a society
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. FAMILY
Socialization into gender roles begin in infancy
2. PEERS
Encourages in gender socialization through playing with the same-sex peers
Peers can be classmates or friends
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
3. SCHOOLS
School playgrounds can be locations for gender-linked play activities
Some textbooks still portray male and female characters with gender stereotypes
4. MASS MEDIA
Most television shows predominantly show male-dominated characters
Women’s magazines depict females with thin, sexy bodies and tips how to always look sexy and
beautiful, and even articles how to please men
Men’s magazines depicts cars, sports, how to be successful in life, and sometimes nude women
5. RELIGION
Ephesians 5: 22-24
Many religions are patriarchal
HOW SOCIALIZATION OCCUR?
NATURE vs. NURTURE
NATURE - refers to genes and heredity factors
NURTURE - refers to environmental factors that impacts who we are
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