INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

A baby wipes is a small moistened piece of plastic or cloth that often comes folded and
individually wrapped for convenience, wet wipes are used for cleaning purposes like personal
hygiene and household cleaning. The material is moistened with water or other liquids depend
on the applications. The finished wet wipes are folded and put in pocket size package. Pre-
moistened, disposable or reuseable cloth use for cleaning and caring for a baby skin.

SKIN:

In Ayurveda the word “TWACHA” or “CHARMA” is used for skin. Twacha is derived from
‘Twach-Savarne’ Dhatu meaning the covering of body. The development of skin follows the
fertilization of Shukra & Shonita. In foetal stage (garbha) different layers of the skin are
formed & this formation is caused by all the three doshas and particularly by Pitta. The
formation of skin layers is just similar to the formation of layers, on the upper or outer surface
of boiled milk. Just as the santanika formed in layers & gradually increase in thickness, all
the layers formed in the developmental stage of the embryo of foetus join together to become
the skin on the outer surface of the fully developed foetus. The six layers of the Twak are
formed from the Mamsa Dhatu or Rakta dhatu. After the Paka of Rakta by its Agni, it gets
dried up to form the skin, like the deposition of cream on the surface of boiling milk. There

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 1

 INTRODUCTION

are six factors which are considered responsible in the formation of Garbha. Twak is formed
& nourished by Matruja Bhava and in shaddhatvatmak bhava twak is considered as parthiv.

Skin irritation in the diapered region (commonly referred as diaper dermatitis) is one of the
most common skin disorders found in infancy, with the highest incidence at 9 -12 months of
as age. Overhydration and prolonged expose to urine and feaces are known to be the main
contribution to skin irritation in the diapered area. However, an infant’s diet, medications,
underlying skin condition, certain product ingredient, caretaker behavior, and practice such
infrequent diaper change or ineffective cleaning can also influence the occurrence of diaper
dermatitis. It has been reported that the diapering process can be stressfull event for an infant

They can have different mechanism, for example

 Dispensing Mechanism
 Material Mechanism
 Moisture Mechanism
 Texture Mechanism
 Innovation Mechanism

2. ANATOMY OF BABY WIPES

A disposable baby wipes consists of three main components the base sheet (the cloth that makes
the wipes) the formulation (the ingredients in the solution that make the wipe wet and help with

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 2

 INTRODUCTION

cleaning), and package, as shown in fig. The packaging (not discussed here) and the base sheet
are the most physically obvious component of a wipe. There are three type of base sheet with
difference in composition which translate into difference in thickness and soft to touch.

Disposable baby wipes have been used in the care and hygiene of diapered baby skin for
decades. Aside from portability and convenience, the most important product benefits are the
ability to clean thoroughly while being gentle to baby skin. Caregivers find them convenient
and effective for cleaning during diaper changes and quick cleanup on baby’s hands and face.

Since we introduced a disposable wipe in 1996, design and formulation improvements have
been incorporated to better meet the needs of babies, parents, and caregivers. Continuous
innovations in the sheet, or substrate, have produced a soft and flexible wipe that effectively
removes and absorbs soil. The substrate is wetted with a water-based cleaning and skin care
formulation called “lotion” herein that not only aids in emulsifying and removing soil, but also
helps maintain a natural skin surface pH.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 3

 INTRODUCTION

Baby Wipe Design

Baby wipes consist of a substrate and lotion. The current substrate is a non-woven sheet made
of regenerated cellulose and polypropylene/polyester Our fibres, which are blended to be soft
and flexible with a cloth-like feel. The regenerated cellulose component provides absorptive
and cleaning properties and the polypropylene/polyester adds softness and flexibility. A
hydroentangled blend of fibres with different shapes serves to increase loft and softness,
improve skin surface contact, and increase absorptive void space. The attributes above make
the substrate more effective in physically removing soil and absorbing fluid while protecting
the caregiver’s hands. The components of the substrate may be modified or rebalanced to
achieve the desired

Benefits and Uses of Wet Wipes

1. Personal Hygiene: Wet wipes are synonymous with personal hygiene. They provide a
quick and efficient way to clean hands when soap and water are not readily available. .

2. Baby Care: These gentle wipes are ideal for diaper changes, wiping messy hands and
faces, and cleaning baby's sensitive areas.

3. Makeup Removal: They provide a convenient way to remove cosmetics at the end of
the day or for quick touch-ups on the go. Makeup wipes are often infused with gentle
cleansers and moisturisers to leave your skin feeling refreshed.

4. Skincare: Some specialty wipes are designed to cleanse and nourish the skin, offering
benefits like exfoliation, hydration, and anti-aging properties.

5. Outdoor Adventures: Whether you're camping, hiking, or simply enjoying a picnic in

the park, wet wipes are a must-have for outdoor enthusiasts. They can serve as
impromptu shower replacements, help clean cooking utensils.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 4

 LITERATURE REVIEW

2. Literature Review

1. John M Boyce American Journal of Infection Control 49 (1), 104-114, 2021

Despite a plethora of wipes available for use in health care facilities, there is a paucity of articles
describing wipe composition, potential interactions between wipes and disinfectants, the
manner in which wipes are used, and their relative efficacy. The purpose of this article is to
provide an in-depth review of wipes used for disinfection of hard surfaces in health care
settings.

2. Emma Mactaggart, David Orchard, Mei Mui Tam Australasian Journal of

Dermatology 62 (4), 470-477, 2021

Baby wipes are a commonly used cleansing method for infants. A literature review has been
performed to assess if using baby wipes is beneficial or harmful compared to water and cloth
in terms of nappy rash. This includes a detailed analysis of baby wipe ingredients, as many skin
irritants as well as allergens are identified. Baby wipes are deemed as superior to water and
cloth in the majority of the literature. However, no definitive conclusion can be drawn as many
studies are also industry funded. The most notable allergens identified are fragrances, such as
linalool, cocamidopropyl betaine (surfactant), formaldehyde-releasing preservatives and other
preservatives, including methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone.

3. Rim Cheriaa, Jaouachi Boubaker Journal of Industrial Textiles 51 (2_suppl),

2124S-2147S, 2022.

A wet wipe is a commercial product made of a fibrous substrate impregnated with a lotion that
often comes folded and individually wrapped for convenience. The present work relates to wet
wipes' composition to clean the baby's body. Wet wipes were produced from two spunlace
nonwoven fabrics consisting of polyester/viscose and a wetting solution. Objective
performance evaluation was carried out to determine the efficiency of the wipes for
manufacturing and end uses. The lotion formula comprising surfactants, a solubilizer,
preservative compounds, perfumes, and mainly purified water is selected to deliver the
intended benefits of a baby wet wipe.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 5

 LITERATURE REVIEW

4. Tamara Petrović, Jelena Poljarević, Stefan Nikolić, Jelena Stoiković-Filipović.

Liiliana F

International Journal of Dermatology, 2024 The skin of newborns is classified as sensitive,

with a higher risk of skin barrier disruption and irritation of a diapered area. Despite
dermatologist recommendations to use only water and a cloth for cleaning, most of the
population still relies on the comforts of modern parenting, which includes intensive daily
usage of baby wet wipes. Novel baby formulations are designed following the concept of infant
skin health, containing a gentle cleanser, suitable emollient, and buffer system enabling a
slightly acidic pH value and they are free of ethyl alcohol. Thus, it is important to understand
the chemical background of such a complex liquid formulation.

5. Md Monir Hossain, Jennifer M Jones, Swatee Dey, Gregory J Carr, Marty O

Visscher

Food and Chemical Toxicology 84, 106-114, 2015 Exposure to topically applied substances
occurs routinely in premature and hospitalized infant care. Safety determinations are most
accurate when exposures are based on appropriately designed studies to capture variations in
practice patterns and population heterogeneity. Current safety assessments may not reflect
actual practice resulting in overly conservative or understated default assumptions for
toxicological determinations. We quantified the amount of baby wipes lotion transferred to
premature and term neonatal skin as grams/kg body weight/day.

6. Nicole Gerber, Shweta lyer, Didier Murillo Parra, Lori Legano, Michael Tunik
Pediatric emergency care 36 (7), e397-e398, 2020

Abusive suffocation with foreign bodies is an uncommon form of child abuse. We present the
case of a 2-month-old infant with colic who was forcibly suffocated with a baby wipe by a
female babysitter. He presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress, and the
foreign body was removed in the operating room by otorhinolaryngology. He was found to
have intraoral lacerations and a left diaphyseal humeral fracture. To our knowledge, there is
only 1 other collection of case reports of abusive suffocation with baby wipes

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 6

 AIM & OBJECTIVES

3. Aim & Objectives

Aim: Ayurvedic baby wipes: A Natural Approach to Infant Care

Objectives:

1. clean and hygienically wipes baby skin

2. Provide gentle and soothing care for delicate skin.

3. Effectively remove dirt, feces and urine

4. Provide long-lasting comfort and protection

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 7

 METHOD & MATERIALS

4. Method & Materials

Ingredients Classification and Function

1. Water

The water used in baby wipes should range from highly purified to reverse osmosis quality.
The treatment process removes most of the salt content (CaCO3 and MgCO3, contributing to
overall hardness) and other residual minerals that can serve as nutrients for microorganisms.
Most water systems also employ ozone and ultraviolet light processing to sterilize the water
before use. In addition, extensive filtration removes total dissolved solids and microbes.

2. Surfactants

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 8

 METHOD & MATERIALS

Surfactants are the molecules within the formulation that provide cleaning action. Surfactants
contain hydrophilic moieties attached to hydrophobic end chains. It is the hydrophobic end
chains that bind to oily residue on the skin surface and help remove it. For baby wipes, it is
important to use a surfactant that can adequately remove.

Polysorbate 20

IUPAC Name: Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitian monolaurate

Molar Mass: 1,227.54 gm/mol

Chemical Formula: C58H114O26

Density: 1.1gm/cm 3

Boiling point: 695.8

Uses: It used as washing agent.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 9

 METHOD & MATERIALS

Preservatives:

1. Orange Oil

Synonym: sweet orange oil, oil of orange peel

Biological source: Orange Oil is the volatile oil obtained by expression from the fresh peel of
the ripe fruit of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) belonging to family (Rutaceae) Chemical
Constituents: Limonene, citronellal, citral

Geographical Source: -

It is indigenous to India but cultivated commercially in South Spain(Seville), Caribbean

Islands, U.S.A, Morocco & Sicily. In India, it is grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab,
Kashmir.

Uses: 1. Skin soothing and calming

2. Diaper rash prevention and treatment

3. Wound healing and minor cut care nene, citronellal, citral.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 10

 METHOD & MATERIALS

2. Aloe Vera

Synonyms – aloe

Biological source: Aloes is obtained from the dried juice of the leaves of • Aloe barbadensis
Miller, known as Curacao aloes,

Geographical Source: Indigenous to East and South Africa, West Indies and tropical
countries.

Family - liliaceae

Uses - Hydrating and moisturizing delicate skin.

Anti-inflammatory properties reduce redness

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 11

 METHOD & MATERIALS

3. Rose Oil

Biological Source:

Rose oil is extracted from the flowers of Rosa damascene.

Family: Rosaceae

Chemical constituents:

Rose oil contains citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool, phenyl ethyl alcohol, pinene, limonene
and p-cymene.

Used in the preparation of soaps, body lotions, face cream etc. used as moisturizer.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 12

 METHOD & MATERIALS

4. Neem Oil

Synonyms - Azadirachta indica

Biological Source: Neem consists of the fresh or dried leaves and seed oil of Azadirachta
indica. •

Family - meliaceae

Chemical Constituents: The most important active constituent is azadirachtin and the others
are nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol .

Geographical source: India, Myanmar, Tropical countries

Uses -1. Antimicrobial properties: reduces bacterial and fungal growth 2. Anti-inflammatory
properties: soothes irritated skin.

Evaluation Test

1. Baby wipes undergo a variety of tests to ensure their safety and effectiveness,
including: irritation using a 9-point scale.

2. In vitro eye irritation testing: The wipe is tested to ensure it is not irritating to the eyes.

3. On-skin wiping tests: The wipe is tested on adult skin models to ensure it is compatible
with skin.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 13

 METHOD & MATERIALS

4. In-use studies: The wipe is tested in babies to ensure it is compatible with skin.

5. Antibacterial tests: The wipe is tested against pathogenic germs like Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Coli, and Candida albican.

6. Microbiological testing: To ensure that wipes do not contain harmful microbes or high
levels of microbes after manufacturing, and that they can control the growth of microbes
during use

7. Safety testing: To evaluate the safety of the individual ingredients and the whole product,
including the potential for irritant or allergic dermal reactions

8. Eye irritation testing: To confirm the wipe's compatibility with the eyes

9. Human patch tests: To confirm the wipe's compatibility with the skin

fig . Microbiological test

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 14

 CONCLUSION

5. Conclusion:

Ensuring effective removal of residues from urine and feces, maintaining gentle contact
with skin, using products that are free from potential irritants and contaminants and that can
support the acid mantle of the skin can help promote skin health. In recent years, significant
advances have been made to the development of baby wipes, including removal of ingredients
with irritation or allergenicity potential. This rigorous approach to safety assurance, tailored to
the specific product type and conditions of use, provides confidence that our baby wipes are
safe under intended and reasonably foreseeable product use conditions and help maintain
natural skin surface pH, an indicator of skin maturation and health in babies.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 15

 REFERENCES

6. References

1. Gregorio J, Rodriguez K. Diaper dermatitis in infant skin: causes and mitigation. Neonatal
Intensive Care. 2017;30:38‐40.

2. Comaru T, Miura E. Postural support improves distress and pain du Comaru T, Miura E.
Postural support improves distress and pain during diaper change in preterm infants. J
Perinatol. 2009;29:504‐507.

3. Andersen FA. Annual review of cosmetic ingredient safety assessments: 2007–2010. Int J
Toxicol. 2011;30(5_suppl):73S‐127S.

4. Grand View Research. Baby Wipes Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Product
(Dry Wipes, Wet Wipes), Report by Distribution Channel (Hypermarkets & Supermarkets,
E-Commerce), by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2020-2027. Report no: GVR-4-68038-
838-1, 2020, August.

5. Sternberg C. The Global Market for Baby Care: Where is it Currently and where is it Going,
2019, [Link] (accessed 1 March 2020),

6. Cabrera A and Garcia R. The environmental & economic costs of single-use menstrual
products, baby nappies & wet wipes, Investigating the impact of these single-use items across
Europe, By zero waste Europe. Report, 2019, November. 5. Kaplan S, Pulan S and Ulusoy S.

7. Adam, R. (2008). Skin care of the diaper area. Pediatric Dermatology, 25, 427–433.
doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00725.

8. Adam, R., Schnetz, B., Mathey, P., Pericoi, M., & de Prost, Y. (2009). Clinical demonstration
of skin mildness and suitability for sensitive infant skin of a new baby wipe. Pediatric
Dermatology, 26, 506–513. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00804.

9. Atherton, D. (2004). A review if the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of irritant

diaper dermatitis. Current Medical Research and Opinions, 20, 645–649.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 16

 REFERENCES

10. Visscher MO, Chatterjee R, Munson KA, Pickens WL, Hoath SB. Changes in diapered and
nondiapered infant skin over the first month of life. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000; 17: 45-51.

11. Ehretsmann C, Schaefer P, Adam R. Cutaneous tolerance of baby wipes by infants with atopic
dermatitis, and comparison of the mildness of baby wipe and water in infant skin. J Eur Acad
Dermatology Venereol. 2001; 15(Supplement 1): 16-21.

12. Priestley GC, MeVittie E, Aldridge RD. Changes in skin pH after the use of baby wipes.
Pediatr Dermatol. 1996; 13: 14-17

13. Vongsa R, Rodriguez K, Koenig D, Cunningham C. Benefits of using an appropriately

formulated wipe to clean diapered skin of preterm infants. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019; 6: 1–6.

14. Berg RW. Etiology and pathophysiology of diaper dermatitis. Adv Dermatol 1988; 3: 75–98

15. Visscher MO, Hoath SB. Diaper dermatitis. In: H Maibach, ed. Handbook of irritant
dermatitis. Berlin: Springer, 2006: 37–51.

P. R. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP) 17