F•

---- )

•.,., STUDENT EXAMINATION SERIES

):(II
l rt IO ( hol"4' 11 • 2
ruJ rm ~ ui:t:n. , I ([l ' ) ) IO (- 1. 1) b) -.u.b<111h.1hon
f.XAM NOTE ~ SOLVED QUESTION PAPER
w""'
S t ,.... o . e•.a. ~ . SOLVED QUESTIO N PAPER- NOV9mber, 2019
- 2- 2
CH. DEVI LAL UNIVERSITY, SIRSA
l •O l - 0 " • ! . ~., B .A./8,Sc. 3rd YNr ISemesw.5) • MATHEMATICS
• 7 •7 l 2
.,, • ?) J 1,1 REAL ANALYSIS
~11"1
IA!u.. Mah • St. : 4(l- 9.A D
+

I COMl'tll.SORY QUESTION I
1. 1 .. 11.•1-1«r . 11. 2. J. •J1,ou..,.._ ..,IL •l - -
l•J lf/C•l • ;;
t er. I') and U(f. l'J.
Sol fk•re, ' /M . ;r
l lou Uu 11.41
. ] .,...
._ • 1 a, • JI 4( whidt
Soi d",d,rd it in.to Uvw ~ ·
l-<1P=l1, 2.3. i,.11,o,.- ol I,l,ngth ' l'. Thus 6,• 6, • i, • I.
1,- 11.21,1, - 12.4131....i,,--(Hl•,ch
.

.. ..,,. ,...,..
WhtnzE /,thcnt s ;r~l ls.!. s 1
~
1~rs, ~ ,. i1
I
.,
• .--
M • t ,J, o1J.nlUl • 1I
••• Similarly, ~• g.lbol/inll. ll • yI
M • L.._i,.ol/lnll.l l • ,
' I
*J • g
1"
Lb ol/ in ll. ♦I •
l

M, ,.. L
..,..o1, .. ,,..,. 9
l
'(""'-,.l. ••16 t• ~ ♦ 1'116)

. .. ". . ..
Now,
,,, l'l • ~1
y

,...........,.. ,-. s""

,

50<,0~
---- ,,.,.,,,. ,..
•• ..,,- # If (GO.LU.)
In

,,\ .
 C'1WFPP'W6/M-SVZCWW"!IIW~ll:Nl:iRm..Zifiai~rJl4!111Llll!IJAil'~

.( ) cos[i. + !!...] sin (!!...)

= tu(x,-1)- /(x,)]o, .= lim !!.. · · 2n 2 2
. n ➔ oo n ,_'. . ' ,lgfo..E._ . •
r• l
2n
< ~ I)f(x,-1)-f(x,)] cos !!... sin !!.. .cos !!... sin !!...
J(a)-f(b),.1 .
2 2. X !!_ = 2 2 X !!_ X 'J.n
,,. .sin ll, ... .. i n 1 ·- n ··a
= ~x[f(a)-f(b)] = E
. f(a)-:-f(b) . Iim -1h.'x X ·
. n ➔ oo a 2n
U(J,P)-L (f,P) < E :; +n ., :If)
Hence Jis integrable on [a, b].
2,sin~cds f!
2 2
z. f
(b) Prove that cos x dx =sin a, where ci is a f~ed nu~ber. .
0 . . . _. . ,.:c;:_ -J ·= sip .a. v ... .. · .•. . . . , . .
3. (a) If/is
b
int~gr_al>le on [a, bJ andg is the primitive
.
of/on ~[a, b), ~n
,,
prove -that
Sol. Here f(x) = cos x . .
f
,0,, .

Consider a partition P =10 =Xo, xi' ... , x,, = al of [O, a] which divides it Iiltb''ri "equal sub- /dx =g(b)_-:g(a). _ . . .. ,
intervals each of length 8, =h =! so that \\Pl\ ➔ o··as n ➔ oo.
n
Sol: Giventhatg is primitive off on [a, b] __
=
O Xo x, n . ·= r ~
=~n x2 =~---·" n .:...:..:-
'T n =a
- xr = n~ ⇒ . . . g'(x) ·= f(x) ·1A·e[a; b] : \'
· ConsidenrJia~ ititjn
Also, x, = ,!n and !Cs)=
r
cos I; r .
/ ·-· ··-' :,·. -~- .•. ~-- 'i • : - P = (~1==~0,·Xl'·~--, x·n·'=.b·J of[a, b].
Now, Ja J(x) dx = lirn
n ➔ cn ~
~ J(I; r ) 0r Applying Lagrange's. mean valudheormz~o ~~tiy_e for each sub-interval [x~_1, x,J,
where 1 :5 r :5 n, we have - •~ -
0 r•l .
g(x,)- g(x,_ 1 ) · · ·
Taking ~r = x, = r-!, we have ,, <:-' X,...:1 :== ,g.'(t,_,.~• -
n

f
a

Jcos x dx = lirn cos ~ -E. · wh~re -~' ~ (x, ::-,1,,x,) . . . . .· . •· . . .·.· . ·

.;/ ', ': ·,_-c g(~/~ic?\'>'=·g'(~,) (x> x,~i~'=f(l;,)(i,~:x,-,1) , [ <· g'(x) =f(x)]
0 n ➔ a, r :J n n
⇒ i:f(E_,,)(X, -X,~1) i)g(x,)-g(x,_ 1 ))
= lim ! I:cosi r=l . r=l
n-HI) n r::: 1 n

a
lim ;a [ cos-+cos-+
-- "➔"' 2a -·; +cos na ] ⇒ fJ(l;,)8, =. g(b,)-$(a),
r=l .
Using cos a + cos n n n ... (1)
(<x+P)+ ... + cos(cx+NP) •. :,.,;.'-. where 8,=(x,-_x,_ 1)
cos ( fir st a~gle; !<1st angle) sin (n •,dif(..of angles.) ,\; Also,
.
L(f,P) :5 t1<~,)o, :5 W;f,P)
r =l : •
2 . .a.we have [By (1)]
sin ( diff. of angles) · :, · ⇒
L(f, P) :5 g(b)-g(a~ :5 U(f, P)
2 . ; ·., :ii'

u E. + !!!!
,S: f dx :5 g(b)- _g(~~ :c;· fa f dx ... (2).

- ·- I •

Jcosxdx = l' (n)cos .11--11. sin!!!!. Butfis integrable, therefore , -' .

·-
Ii . .
"~~ 2 211
f f dx = JJ dx
0 . -;;
... (3)
sin ..!!..
2n I b fdx
g \.'
.·:::,. b.
; -~a ,

#;/(AM/NATION SERIES
\( , ·
 ~~~rl11'ffifffi-*==r=------~..-..:t£il!ll'J.l!i'I.IIIP~~-:::::=:=. - · -
:t1'111"/'fflW~;B f f i i f ~ i i N ' 1

: . J"' dx, (a > 0) converges if and only if ri > 1 anci

) · Dividing the numeratoi and denomfu~tor by cos 2 f, we get
at the improper mtegra 1 x" - - -
5. (a) Sh ow th
diverges for n ~ 1.
a • . _
. f lt/2 ;i.rt\xsec 2 1·
F'(a) = -2 Jo 2 x x dx
fdxx" = lim
t 1]I - sec
Soi,
"'I~x" r
t~ t--+oo
[ -n+
_x__
-n+l a
I if n ,;:. 1
.
. tan x = t so that 1 sec2 .x dx =. dt ⇒ .sec 2 x.dx = 2dt
2 + 2 cos a tan 2
a a

tl-n •al-n] . - ;:,. ,.,

Put 2 :z 2 2
lim - - " - - - , 1fn,;:.l . 7t
1 __,,,, [ 1-n 1-n Now when x =0, t =0 and when x =·
2; t ='l.
-.i.=.:_(which is finite) if n > 1 . t sin a dt · sin a dt J,1
= 1-n -
_ • if n < 1
( )
F'a = - i
4 -------;;----- - -4
ri(l+t 2 )+2tcosa - ·
2
ot 2 +l+cos 2 a+2tcos~-cos a
\ 00
Also when n = 1, we have . rt
4 ·· sincxdt ' : = -4 sincx[tan-1(t+_coscx)]I
"' t
~ 'Jo •(f+cos·a)2+sin 2 a sina smcx 0
f1-ax f .!.ax = 1im fl.dx
~ x" JX t--+oo a X
= -+~-t(1:;o;a)--tan- (co~a)J
1
-
1
= tlim
➔ «>
[log x] = lim [log t ;_ log a]
a t ➔ co 2
= log oo - log a = co. 1 1
= -4[tan- [ . ~c: ta]-tan- (co-ta.)]

J7converges if and only if n > 1 and diverges for n ~ 1.

- 2 sm cos
Hence,
2 2
ti

•log (1 + cos a sin x) 4a. 2

1t _-
2
~ •

)
. -+an- cotf)-tan-• (tan(%-•))]
2
(

s. (b) Show that:

Sol. Let
Jo sin x . dx = - -4 -- for all a.
F(u) = Jrc log (1 + ~os a. sin x) dx
o smx
E (-1t, 7t. •
a -+n;' {t,p(H)}-tan-• (tan(I-• ))]
1 -., -
· ·. = _4 (1-%-~+cx) =-~-% -2a =
Here f (x, a)= log (1 + cos a sin x) and g(x) = -.-
smx . __ . F'(a) = ·-2a
· We know that _
Now int~grating w.r.t. 'a'.,, "'!'Ye get • tant ~f integration.
. - · F(cx) = -o.2f1,, ~herec _1s acons
"If F(a.) = bI f (x, a) g(x) dx, where f(x, a.), a · _- ma
f(x, a.) are continuous . -< X <b')..,<a~½
- 1 1_- . 2
00
'.
F(2:) _-=· ·_ _n
2 - . ,4
+c
nd . . a ·. .
g(x)isboundedandintegrableon [a, b], thenF'(a.) existsandF'(a.) = Jaa. f(x, a) g(
x)dX . b
a:
Also,
;,(7t·):;~
F
_-o·
2 -:-,.,,
[By.given F(a.)]
onP,i,1..J"

A
da
F(a) _ F'( )
- a =
J" &xa (f(x, a)) g(x) .dx
0 ⇒

=
·
r 0
-sin a sin x
1
~-shtxdx =
r· -sin a d
Jo-l+coso.sinx x Thus F(a) = -a
2+4
·
7t2 -- ~
4
4
2
for all ex e (-1t, ~).-
2 ·

-- .

= -2 r1
0
12
sin a dx
a.(2 sin~
· 2
cos~)·
2
+ cos

~ MATHEM>,,r1cs {SEM. Sr~1 ·

~-
- - - -'--:=--· . ,. 'I SOLVED QU,E$TION--p i~NOVEMBER ~019 (C.D.L.U.) ' \
AP _, . ,, : .
. . ·
87
 f
7. (b) Prove that a subspace Yo a co
mplete metric space Xis complete if and. onli if it is
. .
th y · I d · Y
. ,. , ,r; .
·
1 B, (b)Prove that a metric space is .
• ·t . t
I1m1 pom •
. ·
sequent1aIJy co . :. ,, ,
-. •. . · mp~ct iff every infinite ·subset has a
closed.
.
·
b x·
of We shall prove at 1s c ose 1.e., contams all its Sol. Let the metric space (X, d) be seque t· ; , · ' '. : -
Sol. Suppose Y 1s complete su space · . · ·. ri 1a11ycompact d l ·
Let ( a11 ) be any sequence of distinct'p'.0 . , t f' , an_ et A be any infinite subset of X.
limit points. - · . . .· . . . ins o A. · ,
• u· •t · t of y so there is sequence .( an. >of pomts of Y, such that an ➔ a Smee X 1s sequentially compact, this se · . . . ·
Let a E X 1s a m1 pom , . . . " . limit is 'a' quence has a convergent subsequence {a ) whose
⇒ a E y [Since the spacey is complete. Also limit a is unique]
Now /a;,;J ~ /a,J~ A and ' (an· ) ➔~-
·•.1.,
. . n
Hence Y is closed.
:, a is a limit point of A. '
Conversely, let y be a c!osed subset of a complete metric space (X, d). We have to prove that
Hence' X has'. BWP .; .
Y is complete.
Let ( a" ).be a Cauchy sequence in Y and so ( a") is a Cauchy sequence in X; ,., !i Conversely: Let X has BWP. Let (an) .b~ any sequ~nce of points of x.
Since Xis complete, ( a" ) converges to some a E X; · :d Let A be the range of the sequence ( an ) . . · · : · ·
Let A be the set of range of ( a"). If A is finite, then there is at least one point, say a" 0 ~hj~' oc~µrs infiruteiy many times 4:1
If A is finite, then a is that term of ( a" ) which is infinitely repeated and thereforeJice Y. the sequence ( an ). It follows that ( anCJ" anCJ" ... ) is a subsequence of (an), which converges to
t
If A is infinite, then '.a' being limit point of ( a,,) is a limit point of.its range,A . ) ~EX .
Since Ac Y, so 'a' is a limit point of Y. But Y is closed. If A is infinite, then by hypothesis, A.has at least one.limit point say a..
⇒ a E Y and so the Cauchy's sequence ( a,, ) is convergent to a E Y. Then it is easy .to extract from (a,,), a subsequence which converges to 'a'.
Hence Y is complete. Hence Xis sequentially compact.
9. (a) Every compact metricspac:e is comp1ete.
Sol. · Let (X, d) be a compact metric space. Then Xis sequentially compact. .
8. (a) Let (X, d) and (Y, er') be metric spaces and f be a function ·of'X into: Y. -Tlieii,f:is Let ( an ) be a Cau<tty sequence in X. Then (an) has a convergent subsequence ( ant) (say)
continuous if and onlyifr 1 (G) is open inXwhenever G is opeifln Y. converging to some a E X. We shaUprove that (an) ➔ a. . ·
Sol. Let Jbe continuous on (X, d) and let G be ·any open subset of Y. • ,.. . ,,- , '· , Let c: > 0 be given. . ·
To prove that J 1 (G) is open in X: · · Since ( a,, ) is a Cauchy sequence, there exists "o E N, such that
ur 1
(G) = q,, it is clearly open.
· d(a a ) < _! for all m, n 2?: "o
... (1)
So, let J 1 (G) * q,, it is clearly open. m' " 2 .
a E J1 (G) ⇒ f (a) E G · · · · th ·sts k E N such that
L:t . Again ( aIJk. ) ➔ a therefore ere ex1
I
o
Smee G is open, there exists an open sphere S(f (a), i:) such that ...(2)
S(J(a), i:) c;;; G
d(a a) < ! forallk2?:k0
... (1) 2 nf'
Also, asfiscontinuousat'a' th · ; · h b (1) and (2), we have
. , ere ex1Sts an open sphere S (a, 8) such that Choose k 1 ~ k0·such that nki 2?: no- T en Y
f (S (a, o)) c;;; S (f (a), E) ... (2)
From (1) and (2), we get . n ) < ! for all n 2?: nk1
d (an,, k1 2
f(S (a, o)) c;;; (G)
⇒ S(a, o) c;:;;
1 1 (G) and
1
Therefore,] (G) is open. .
Conversely, suppose that th . . Now, ·
in X. We are to prove that/ i: :~erse image under 'f' of very open set in y be an-open set
Let a e X tinuous. . .
For any E > 0, consider the o e ,.
By assumption, / 1 (S (f (a), E~ i: sphere S (f(a), e)
Smee a E /1 (S (f (a) E)) th open.
' , ere exists a
⇒ C rl
f(S (a, o)) s(fan open spheres (a, 8) c;;; (S (f(a), e)) Hence (X d) is corilp1ete. . . I rnetric space (R, d) is connected.
This shows that J1s co tin . - ( ), E)
,,, '
· • 9 . , I" e in a usua
S , , n uousatx- · (b) Prove that the real ID d
mce a was an arbitrarily ch -a ,
Sol, Let if p~~sible . (R d) is disconnecdte ~bsets A and.B of R such that
and hence J is continuous Osen point, it follow,s that 'f' is continuous at every point of X : , · tyclose s d AB=<!>
. Then theree~st npn-ernp R = Av~ an n . [ ·: An B = ~1
~
ENT ExiwtNATION SERIES Let x ~ A.and y e B. The~ x_~ Y . "ei,,oi-'PA-~-'ER--~-N-o-~-,.,-B-:-:ER-2:-:0~1:-:9:--:(:::C:-;.D~.-;L.-;U-;.)"'9ii:.
·1
------c,...,i SOLVED QtJ
I •ffi-,c ;,nae -r: [tffl WWI
1 Since, the limit, does not exist as a f ..
. . .
. ..
. . mite nu~ber , . J-x- dx . .
From (2) and (3), we get
1 + x2 15 diver~e
f dx ~ g(b)-g(a) ~ J f
b rit and hence
b 0
dx
Ja n ~ dx is diverg ent
f l+X
,$]

J: f dx = g(b)-g( a). -<$J

n/2

3. (b) Evaluate
)

J.Ji+ x dx by using mean value theorem.

4
.
J
4. (b) Show that:· o sin x .log(sin x)dx i ·
. . . . . . s con~ergent with the value log (;}
0
7t/2
Sol. Here f(x) = Ji+ x 4
is a continu ous functio n on (0, 11
Sol. Let ,I,,=. J
.
sin Xlog (sin x) dx
By the first mean value theorem of integra l caiculu
s,

h=
0

l[t+x' dx a ✓l+c' (1-0) = ✓i+c' l·· f(c)~",C~ a); a,;'.sb]

Here, /(x) = sin x log (sin x)

where Oscsl
Clearly, 0 is the only point of infinite discont inuity
off in [ 0, ·H
-,,./2 '1t/2 . . ·.
0 $ C$ l ⇒ 0 $
As
⇒ l s l + c4 S 2
C4 $ 1
Jf(x)dx = e~~. f sinxlog(sinx)dx
⇒ ·l s -J1+c s..fi. 4 0

I
Hence, l s J-J1 + dx s ..fi.
x
4

ISECTION - II I
4. (a) Examine the convergence of the improper
integra l j 1 ·: ~2 -dx.
Sol. To examin e the converg .
th ence, we must select - -ao . . . . . -'·. ..
a conven ient numbe r a= O (say) .and·ex
··. ' J ; •
anune
oe convergence of two imprope r integra ls
, . . .
Jf dx
_.,
and 1
0
f dx :
,

0 ..
Then
J-1
x 2dx
_., +.x J~dx+ J-x-d
_., 1 x
x
+
o l x2 +

Now,
h-½
0 +X
dx = lim J-x-
t ➔ ., 0 1 + X2
dx
.

t
= lim! .J~d x
,➔., ~ o 1+ x2 . .
·: lim (1-COS &) log sin½ = 0)1
1 [ -&_..o·
= lim [.!.1og
t ➔ ., 2 (1 + x2 )·]
.
' . 0

= ~~ L½ log (; +t2 ) 1= ~
84 I STU,,ENt EXAMINATION ·SERJES , ·
 d (x, a) _< o , ==> d*.(J(x), f (a)) < E;
1 1
144 .
61_ where x E ,?{ and .
= .!..1+- •l+-16 ·1 =
4. 9 .. /(xr EX,
. .
. . 61 t. (e) Define sequer:i~~lly c_omp,a~t,meb'ic space.
L(f, P) = 144
. A metric space (X, d) 1s said to be sequentiall com act if
every sequence of points of the
3
Sol. space contains a converg ent subseque nce. . y P
and U(J, P) = IM,8, = M1<li + M262 + M303
r= I

1 .1
4.1 + 9'1 =
1 · 1 _ 49
1 + 4 + 9· - 36
G~~riefN~i]
= 1·1 +
z. (a) Prove that ev~ry bounded mon~tonic function is iln integrable function.
[a, b]
U(f,P) =
49 Sol. Let Jbe a monotor ucally non-decr easing botmded function on
36 :. ,J-(a) '. .
~J;(x) ~f{b).forall-X,E [t?, b] .
61 . . . ' 49
L (J, P) = and U (f, P) = · If f(a) = f(b), then f is a ~onstant function and it is integrable.
Hence 36 f(a) < f(b)
144 So let
1 sin!. Le~ E > 0 be given ary4,.f '.:'· {a.=.~o,
• .
,Xp....F. .
,<= b) be a,ny partition of[~, b] such that
,x,:_ 1,x,;::~
J f/ dx.
.
1. (b) Test the convergence of . :,· ..llfl!;t 1(b)..: f(a)°
o.
Since/ is rrionoto nkally_in"t:~easihg, , -, - · · .. · -
1 sinl
Sol. Let I= f ,rt dx . • -= >· m/ ~ J(x~" 1); M, =f(x;); (r = l, 2, .·.., n)
. 1
sm-
0
Now, U(f, P)-L(f, P) = · I(Mr - ·m,)'(x, -x,-
r=I •.
1)

Here f (x) = __x, does not keep the same sign'i:n ilie n1Jfghbourhood
J; . · ·.:,.~_,. · .!0l · = '1)f(x,) -.J(x~_ 1)]6,, where 8,= (x,-x,-1)
of 'O' and '0' is the point of infinite discontin uity of Jin [0, 1] r=.l
I I r/l I 5. ✓x
sin l sin 1 =g(x) (say) But
E

Now, 1/(x)I =
I ,;{ = .. 6r < f(b)- f(a)
1 1
.. . ~ i)t(x,)- f(xr-1)1
But
Jg dx = J.}; dx is convergent at x·= 0 ·
0 X . .
U(f, P).-L(J, P) < J(b)- f(a)r=l
0
l
e· · ~J/(b)-:- J(a)l = e
.. JI f I dx is convergent at 0. ~f(b)-J(a)]
0

Ii . L"
U(f,P),..,. W P) . < &.
1 sinl . · ·
. boUilded function on [a, b], then
Hence the given integral J ..J/ dx converges absolutel y at o. A. en~e,_Ji~ integrab le,_on [a,~]-
gain tff 1s monotor uc non-mcre a~mg_ all e [a, b]. for x
f(a) ~ f(x)'2:.f(b)
0
. . ,
1. (c) Show thatthe open interval (a, b) ~ R is an open set. .. b] such that
~ff(a) -:::.f(b); then'the re$.µlt jslob.v.idtis~y tnJ._e.
Sol. Let x e (a, b) be arbitrary, then we can find r > 0 such that f(a)_;;J(~ ) , · - , x,, ,.., Xn = b) be a partition of [a,
(x - r, x + r) s (a, b)
o, let . - · . ·,,.:, : x
let
S; (x) ~ (a, b) c::, 0 be given and·P =
{a·=.X.hi:Xl! ..., ,-l _ ( -x ).
. . , ~ and Or - Xr r-l
Thus (a, b) is a neighbourhood (nbd)
1. (cl) Define continuous func. . of all of its pomts and so is an open set. ll°PII < f(a)- f(b) .
metric spaces
Sol. Let (X, d) and (Y, d*) be
tion
metr·
ID
two . . · . · . Thell
·M EJ(xr·- (r,,; l, 21 ..., n) -.
fis said to be continuous at a po;tpace s_anq letf:·X ➔ Ybe a mapping
of X11;1jRJ: . Since !is monoton ically detre~~ip g; 1
),
mr .=.f(x,), r .
a e X if, for eyery e > 0, there exists o > 0 such th at
~ No ~ M-111,) 0, I
· T E~INATiO "! SER.JES w, U (f, P) - L (f, P) = t;) ·' . _ 81
r=l - ,,,t - ><;- • '"ER 2019 (C.D,L.LJ,)
.- ... --- •' ." j,,..PER-NOVEMB
"'1~.,.11EMAncs (SEM. STHi Soi ~cj:QutsnoN
------- ---- - 9
⇒ either x < y or x > y
Let x < y. Since x, y e Rand R is interval, .
[x,y] cR: AvB .
we get
STUOENlEXA
Let
Then clearly x ~ z ~ y
z ; sup {An [x, y])
EXAM NO TE ~ SOLV :INATION SERIES
Conseqi:iently, z E R. SO LVE D QUESTION PA D QUEST
But A is closed in R, so it has l.u.b say z < •;
y and z E .A. Moreo ver; the defini tion •
.~t'z shows ·
ION PAPER
E ~ y.
that z + E E B for each e > 0 for which z +
⇒ Every neighbourhood of z contains at least one point of · .· . . CH. DEVI LAL UN l:~~ ~ve mb er, 201
B other Ul\J~ z. B.A./8.Sc. 3rd Year (S
9
So, z is a limit point-of B.
. · , SIRSA
emester-5).. •_MATH
⇒
. · · ··
But Bis closed , therefore z E B z E. An B. EMATICS
This is a contradiction, since A n B = $ · '
Hence, (R, d) is a connected space. GRO.UP AND RINGS
[PAPER-II]
Time: Three hours]
. .. [Max. Marks: B.Sc. : 40· B.A . 26
I••. Note: Attempt any five questions in all, selectin
compuls~ry. . . .
· g one que5lzon . . , ..
from each section. Questi on No. 1 is

I COMP~SOR¥ QUESTION · , '

1. (a)
Sol w hIf (G, .)1 is a group and a, bare.any eleme nts of G, then order s of ~band
· - b
. e ave a- (ab) a= (a- 1 ~)'(ba} •= e (ba) aares ame.
= b.a .
⇒ Orde rs of a~1 (ab) a and ba are same.
...(1)
Since ab and a are two eleme nts.of G.c
·
:. Orde r of a-1 (ab)a and ab are sarri~- ... (2)
From (1) and (2), we have
o(ab) = o(b!l)- .
S 1. (b) Defin e even and odd permu .
tation. Write even and odd permutation
ol. A perm utatio n is said.to be an even s.
pemm!ation if it can be e~res sed as,a produ
ct of even
numb er of transp ositio ns.
If the numb er of transp o~itio ns is odc.f; ·
thf°'-'\t .!s, ~µep.,~ oM ~~n,nuwtion.
S 1 · (c) Show that the polynomial,?- .
- 6 is irreducit>le oyer the.f\~ld Q o( ratjon
al numbers.
ol. Here f(x) == :l--6 .
= -6 + 6.x 1.:l-
Obvio usly f (x} is a polyn omial with
+
integral co-efficient. The prime numb er
p == 3 divide s
each co-efficient of J(x) excep t 't he co::eff
icient of :l-. ' '
a
Also 32 J-6 i.e., pi is not diviso r .o f:~e:c
Henc e by;Eisens'ieiHs 'rrreducibility cri:teri
onstan He_rm;,;:,-·,, _;-· · ' ·· .
6n f (x) is m:educible over Q, the field of

s.,.;~~n_e)ninilti\:!~''"d,~il/ ' , , ;t '. ' ,...

ration al

p
1. Pnnutive i iiyhi& aif-Le t R'lie_
a UFD-Anon-zero polyn~nual
. - ·- ~· .
· R[x} · - r, ':ct ' b. '.· .' '. ,J(~) ==, ao-:i:,a_ixJ ai
!t';t::.. ~+:a,.,< _!r\ ' . , .
'ti 'olft10inialif g.~,c!- .0~1ts co-eff
1 c'.. , ~-~~ . ,\0 ''~a p~ ,..V~1R-,. ' ioents lS a unit.
~ Sol. e)_ ~Give-o ne exam ple.of a-ring C' - ~ diviso ~
' l'(!M'_NA,TION S/=RIFS
. The ring 4, _
wi1'i ~e :th
( {O, 1, 2, 3, 5}, +6' xJis a ringWl zero - di .
v1Sors. .
M-'THEMAncs{SEM~ sm) s~ ~ iJ.'iii>~aER~2019 (~D.L U~) I 93
 Since every open sphere is an op
sos() .
~ECTION - III I h
open sp ere centred on
.
x such that ,
5,1 (x), k S, (a)
. en set
, a IS an open set. Therefore,
.
there exists an

6. (a} Let (X, d} be a metric space and let d* (x,y) = min

(1, d (x,y)} show that d* is a metric
⇒ S,1 (x) k A
forX.
Sol. We have d* (x, y) = min {l, d (x, y)I, where d (x, y) is a metric for X. ⇒ xis an interior point of. A ⇒ x e A° [-: S, (a) k A]
(i) Clearly d* (x, y) > 0 Combining (1) and (2), we get ... (2)
[ ·: if 1 = min (1, d (x, y)l, then 1 > 0 and if d (x, y) = min {l, d (x, y)} then d (x, y) ~ o as S, (a) k A 0
d is a metric for Xl ⇒ A 0 is a·nbd ofa.
(ii) d* (x, y) = 0 ~ min {1, d(x, y)} = 0 · O
Hence A is an open set.
~ d(x,y) = 0 (-: ho) It remains to-prove:that Ao is the largest open set contained in A.
~ X = y (<· dis a metric)
By definition,
O
A k A. So A O is an open set contained in A.
(iii) By definition
Let B be another open set contained in A and x e B b. e arb..l trary.
d* (x, y) = min (1, d (x, y)} ... (1) . . . . .
Now; since H1s ,open; ~erefore,B is a nbd of x. ·
d* (x, y) = 1 or d* (x, y) = d (x, y)
But Bk A, so'Ai? also ambd,ofx.
If d* (x, y) = 1, then by (1), d(x, y) <'. l
⇒ d(y, x) <'. 1
.⇒ Xis an interior point of A .

Now, d (y, x) > 1 ⇒ d* (y, x) =1 ⇒ ., XE A0

Hence, d* (x, y) = d* (y, x) ⇒ B kA 0 [·: XE BJ

Hence A is the largest open set contained in A.

O
If d* (x, y) = d (x, y) then by (1)
d (x, y) < 1 ⇒ d (y; x) < 1 7. (a) Prove that in any metric space (A'; dJ, every derived set is a dosed set.
Now, d(y,x) < 1 ⇒ d*(y,x)=d(y,x)=d(x,y)=d*(x,y) o{
Sol. Let A be a s:ubset a -metric,spac~ (X, i) and let d (A) be its derived set. We shall prove that
Hence, d* (x, y) = d• (y, x) . d(A}is closed, 0 , - , , . ·

(iv) We shall prove that Let x be any limit point ofd (A). Now, we have to prove that x e,d (A)
. .. d* (x, y) s d• (x, z) + d* (y, z) ... (2). For all r > q_, w~ have
By definition of d* (x y) it is I th d* ( . S7 (x) n d(A)-{x/;c$ . [ ·: xis limit point of d (A)]
RHS of ( ) . . th' ' _c ear. at
2 is umty, e result IS proved.
x, y) $ 1 so that if any of the terms on the
. a e S(x)nd(A)suchthata;cx
Let
But if d* (x, z) < 1 and d• (z, y) < 1, then a e s:(x) and a e d(A)
⇒ S (a)
d* (x, z) = d(x, z) , = r _ d.(a, x) > O, then we claim that
Let 1
d* (z, y) = d(z, y)
S71 (a) ~ S/x) .
d• (x, z) + d* (z, y) = d (x, z) + d (z, y) > d (x, y) . . .
· y e·S (a) => d(a,y)<r1
Let
⇒ • <'. min {1, d(x, y)} = d* (x, y) .
Now, d(y,x) $ d;,a)+d(a,x)
r
d (x, y) < d• ( ) • S,(x)
Thus all the f . - x, z + d (z, y) . < r 1 +d(a,x)
' our axioms of metri . . . .
6 - (b) The interior set of as b care satisfied, therefore d* is a metric for X. . ·= r
Sol. Let A be a subset of ~ set ofa metric space is the largest open set contained in.A, y e S/x)
. a metric space (X d) If A h . . . . : .. .
open. In thIS case A contains ' · as no interior point, then A O = ~ which 15 S (a)~ S,(x)
If A = $:
O
no other open set.
⇒
s:(x) nA-{a/~ST(x)nA-{a)
Let [·: a e d(A)]
. . . a E Ao But 5 (a) nA-{a)*4>
⇒ a is an mterior point of A
We shall prove that A° is nei hb .. . . s:(x) n A-la)*'
there exists an O
.
g ourhood (nbd) Of s·
pen sphere, ce t
. ·
a. mce a 1s an interior point of A, there
fore X E d(A)

We claim that S, (a)~ A° n red on 'a', such that S (a) c A ⇒ d (A) contains all its limit points.-
Let · r - •
Bence, d (A) is closed.
x e S,(a) ... (1)

~
r11r EXAMINAnoN SERIES

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MATHEMATICS (SEM. 5TH) Sot;~ QII · ·
SJ&,-