Here's a histopathological overview of the conditions you listed.

Keep in mind that this is a

simplified description, and a definitive diagnosis always requires a pathologist's expert
evaluation of the actual slides. Also, variations within each condition can occur.
1. Lipoma:
●​ Microscopy: Mature adipocytes (fat cells) arranged in lobules, separated by thin fibrous
septa. Cells are uniform in size and appearance, with small, central nuclei and abundant
clear cytoplasm filled with lipid. No atypia or increased mitotic activity.
2. Cavernous Hemangioma:
●​ Microscopy: Large, dilated, blood-filled vascular spaces (caverns) lined by a single layer
of flattened endothelial cells. The spaces are separated by thin fibrous septa. May contain
thrombi in various stages of organization.
3. Prostatic Adenocarcinoma:
●​ Microscopy: Glands of varying sizes and shapes, often with cribriform (sieve-like)
patterns. Cells show nuclear atypia (variation in size and shape), increased
nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and prominent nucleoli. Loss of basal cell layer is a key
feature. Grading is based on the Gleason score, which assesses the degree of glandular
differentiation.
4. Fibroadenoma:
●​ Microscopy: Proliferation of both epithelial and stromal components. Epithelium forms
ducts and acini, while the stroma is loose and myxoid (often described as
"intracanalicular" or "pericanalicular" patterns). Epithelium is usually benign, but atypia
can occur (complex fibroadenoma).
5. Seminoma:
●​ Microscopy: Sheets of uniform, round tumor cells with clear cytoplasm ("fried egg"
appearance) and large, central nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Lymphocytes are often
present in the stroma ("lymphocytic infiltrate"). May see "seminoma with
syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells."
6. Anal Canal Carcinoma:
●​ Microscopy: Most commonly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but other types can occur.
SCC shows nests and sheets of malignant squamous cells with varying degrees of
differentiation, ranging from well-differentiated (keratinization, intercellular bridges) to
poorly differentiated (loss of these features).
7. Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma):
●​ Microscopy: Triphasic pattern: blastemal (small, undifferentiated cells), epithelial (tubules
or glomeruli), and stromal components. Blastemal component is the most characteristic.
Atypia and anaplasia can be present.
8. Liver Cirrhosis:
●​ Microscopy: Nodules of regenerating hepatocytes surrounded by fibrous septa (scar
tissue). Disruption of the normal liver architecture. May see "bridging fibrosis" (fibrous
bands connecting portal areas). Inflammatory infiltrates may be present.
9. Neurofibroma:
●​ Microscopy: Schwann cells and fibroblasts arranged in a haphazard, wavy pattern
("shredded carrot" appearance). Myxoid stroma is often present. May see scattered mast
cells.
10. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC):
●​ Microscopy: Nests and cords of basaloid cells with palisading nuclei at the periphery of
the nests. Tumor cells are connected to the epidermis. Surrounding stroma often shows a
myxoid change and may contain mucin.
11. Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma):
●​ Microscopy: Two distinct patterns: Antoni A (compact, spindle cells with palisading
nuclei) and Antoni B (loose, myxoid stroma). Verocay bodies (acellular, eosinophilic
structures) may be present in Antoni A areas.
12. Leiomyoma:
●​ Microscopy: Bundles of smooth muscle cells with elongated, cigar-shaped nuclei and
abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Cells are typically arranged in a whorled pattern. No
atypia or increased mitotic activity.
13. Appendicitis:
●​ Microscopy: Inflammation of the appendix wall. Neutrophils infiltrate the mucosa,
submucosa, and muscularis. Ulceration of the mucosa may be present. In severe cases,
transmural inflammation and perforation can occur.
14. Capillary Hemangioma:
●​ Microscopy: Numerous small capillaries lined by a single layer of endothelial cells.
Capillaries are closely packed together and separated by minimal stroma.
15. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):
●​ Microscopy: Proliferation of both glandular and stromal components of the prostate.
Glands are dilated and may show papillary infoldings. Stroma is composed of smooth
muscle and fibrous tissue.
16. Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast:
●​ Microscopy: Various patterns, including: in situ (confined to the ducts) and invasive
(extending beyond the ducts). Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most common type.
Cells show varying degrees of atypia, and may form tubules, cords, or sheets.
Desmoplasia (fibrous tissue proliferation) is often present in the stroma.
17. Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed Tumor):
●​ Microscopy: Mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Epithelial component
forms ducts and nests, while the mesenchymal component is composed of myxoid stroma
containing chondroid areas (cartilage-like).
18. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC):
●​ Microscopy: Most common type is clear cell RCC. Cells have clear cytoplasm due to the
accumulation of glycogen and lipids. Nuclei are usually round and may show varying
degrees of atypia. Vascularity is a prominent feature.
19. Tuberculosis (TB):
●​ Microscopy: Granulomas, which are collections of epithelioid macrophages surrounded
by lymphocytes. Caseous necrosis (central area of amorphous, eosinophilic material) is
often present within the granulomas. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) can be demonstrated with
special stains (e.g., Ziehl-Neelsen).
20. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC):
●​ Microscopy: Nests and sheets of malignant squamous cells with varying degrees of
differentiation. Well-differentiated SCC shows keratinization (formation of keratin pearls)
and intercellular bridges. Poorly differentiated SCC may lack these features.
Remember, these descriptions are simplified. Accurate diagnosis requires a pathologist's
examination of the slides and correlation with clinical information. This information should not be
used for self-diagnosis or treatment. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for
any health concerns.