1.
What is history
History study past building knowledge and understanding of historical events and tendency.
2. Why study history
For me, history help us define our identity who we are where we come from and we connected.
3. What is historiography
When you study historiography, you do not study, the events of the past directly but the changing
interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians. (Explain)
historiography are crucial for understanding the country identity and its struggling against colonization
and oppression. (Example)
The Historiography of World War II: The interpretation of World War II has evolved significantly over
time, influenced by Cold War political, rise of new historical perspectives and the discovery of new
evidence.
4. What is historian
Historian is a person who studies and writes about past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians
methodical narratives and research of past events as relating to the human race as well as the study of
all history in time.
(Explain)
Change over time help us understand our heritage, society, learn from past mistake, and predict the
future.
(Example)
- Yuval Noah Harari (born 1976): A contemporary Israeli historian and author, Harari is known for his
works like "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" and "Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow,"
which explore the history of humanity from a global perspective.
5. Historical sources classification
1st source- A source prepared by an individual who was participant in or a direct witness to the event
that described.
(Example)
1. A photograph of convocation ceremony of 1984.
2. Minutes of a school board meeting in 1980, taken by secretary of the board. 3. An
essay written during world war 2 by students.
2nd source- A document prepared by an individual who want a direct witness to an event but obtained
description of the event from someone else.
(Example)
1. A magazine article summarizing Aristotle views on education. 2. A book
describing schooling in England during 1700s.
3. A textbook on educational research.
(Explain)
Historians analyze these sources critically, looking for patterns, biases, and perspectives to understand
the complexities of the past.
6. External critism of the sources
It is practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics.
External criticism is a crucial first step in historical research, ensuring that historians work with authentic
and reliable sources. It allows them to establish a foundation for further analysis and interpretation of
historical events.
(Example)
A letter allegedly written by Abraham Lincoln to his son, Robert, dated August 1864, during the
American Civil War.
7. Internal criticism of the source
also known as higher criticism, is the second crucial step in historical research after external criticism. It
focuses on the content and meaning of a source, assessing its reliability and credibility for historical
interpretation.
(Example)
A diary entry from a French peasant woman, Marie Dubois, dated July 14, 1789, describing the storming
of the Bastille in Paris.
8. Philippines historiography- Challenges to Philippine Historiography
One of the primary challenges facing Philippine historiography is the scarcity of primary sources from
the pre-colonial period. Ancient Filipinos relied on writing systems like baybayin and inscribed
documents on materials like bamboo, bark, and leaves, which have not survived the test of time. The
arrival of Spanish colonizers further complicated the picture, as they actively destroyed pre-colonial
manuscripts and documents to eradicate "pagan beliefs." This has left historians with a fragmented and
often incomplete understanding of the pre-colonial period.
(Example)
The "Code of Kalantiaw"
One compelling example of Philippine historiography involves the "Code of Kalantiaw," a document
purportedly a set of pre-colonial laws from the 15th century. This example highlights the importance of
critical analysis and the challenges historians face in navigating historical sources.
