Data structure and

programming I
Topic 12: Structure

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OBJECTIVE

▪Understand and know how to create new data type that

consist of many other variables

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 Structure
▪ Allow programmers to create a new data type which consists of
other defined data types (int, float, character, string, …)

▪ It could consist of the other structure or itself as well!

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Create new data type with structure
❑ Structure
▪ Problem: Information of a student (surname, name, age, sex). Suppose that we have 100
students, which data structure can be used to store these data?

▪ Solution: Array for each attribute

const (N : integer)  100

var name[N], surname[N] : sequence of character
Var age[N] : integer
Var sex[N] : char

▪ Inconvenient: The information are scattered from each other in many arrays.
▪ We are difficult to identify all information of a student.

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Create new data type with structure
❑ Definition

▪ Structure a user-defined data type which allows us to combine data of different types
together. Structure helps to construct a complex data type which is more meaningful

▪ Each element/variable/data in the structure consists in the structure is called

▪ “field” or

▪ “attribute” or

▪ “member”

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Create new data type with structure
❑ Declaration

▪ Before we can create a variable of a type structure, we need to create the structure
type first.

▪ Syntax to create a structure type:

▪ After we define a structure type, we can
struct identifier declare variables of structure type
attr1: type
Must have the same name
attr2: type
…
Var varName: identifier
attrN: type
end struct 6
Create new data type with structure
❑ Example

▪ Suppose we create a structure for storing a student information

Syntax in C program:
struct student
surname, name: string
age: integer
sex: char
end struct
Var s: student

struct StudentInfo s; 7
Create new data type with structure
❑ How to access to element in the structure

▪ The elements of array are accessed by index while the elements of structure are accessed

by . (period)

▪ Syntax:

structureVariableName.attributeName

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 Create new data type with structure
❑ Example

▪ Suppose we create a structure for storing a student

struct student
surname, name: string
age: integer
sex: char
end struct

Var s: student
s.name  “Sok”
read(s.surname)
s.age  20
s.age  s.age * 2
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Create new data type with structure
❑ Example

▪ Suppose we create a structure for storing information of 100 students

struct student
surname, name: sequence of character
age: integer
sex: character
end struct

Var s[100]: student

For(i  0; i<100; i++) do
read(s[i].surname)
read(s[i].name)
read(s[i].sex)
read(s[i].age)
End for 10
Using structure in sub-program
❑ Example

▪ Create a subprogram to find the different age between two students

function diffAge(s1: student, s2: student): integer

begin function
if (s1.age > s2.age) then
return (s1.age – s2.age)
else
return (s2.age – s1.age)
end if
end function
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Structure in C programming
❑ Examples

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Example: Using structure

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 Structure in C programming
❑ Using typedef to rename name of data type

▪ Create a structure ▪ Create a structure and give it a short name

▪ Then to create a variable:

▪ Then to create a variable, we don’t need to
struct myStruct ms; use the keyword struct

myStruct ms;
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 Create new data type with structure
❑ Using typedef

S s1;

S s1;

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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An example to create
an Enumeration and
a Structure
in C programming

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An example to create Structure
(normal and nested structure)
and using it in C programming

HOW TO:
✓ Create a structure, and nested structure
✓ Rename structure using typedef
✓ Create variable of type structure and
Initialize data.
✓ Use and access data in a structure
✓ Access data in a nested structure

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An example to create Structure
(normal and nested structure)
and using it in C programming

HOW TO:
✓ Create a structure, and nested structure
✓ Initialize data to structure immediately
while creating
✓ Use and access data in a structure
✓ Access data in a nested structure

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Create new data type with structure
❑ Imbrication of structure / nested structure

▪ Suppose that in the structure type of student, we need to specify the date of birth for each student

▪ So we can declare type structure as the attribute of other structure

▪ Example:
How to use:
struct date
Var s: student
day, month, year: integer
end struct s.dob.year  1997

struct student
surname, name: string
dob: date
age: integer
end struct
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Q&A
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