HYDROCARBONS 1.

Place a small amount of the test

compound in a heat-resistant
- ALKANE – BP & MP increase = Molecular weight increase container.
- 1-4 C (gas), 5-17 C (liquid), 18+ (white waxy solid) 2. Ignite the compound with a flame.
- nonpolar = unreactive/ strong sigma bonds
• Positive Result: Burning with a flame and
- density = 0.6 – 0.8 g/mL (water: 1 g/mL) possibly producing a sooty flame (for
hydrocarbons). This indicates that the compound
- Oxidation: O2 to give CO2 is flammable. The type of flame (sooty or clean)
can provide information about the compound’s
- ALKENE & ALKYNE – MP < alkane w/ the same no. C nature (e.g., alkanes tend to burn with a clean
flame, while alkenes or alkynes might produce a
- 2-4 C (gas), 5-17 C (liquid), 18+ (solid) sooty flame due to incomplete combustion).
- AROMATIC
• Negative Result: No burning or difficulty in
1. Bayer's Test (Detection of Alkenes) igniting the compound (no soot). This indicates
that the compound is not flammable or has a
Purpose: This test detects the presence of double bonds different chemical nature.
(alkenes) in a compound.

• What you do:

1. Add Bayer's reagent (which is a dilute ALCOHOL, PHENOL, & THIOL

solution of potassium permanganate,
KMnO₄) to the test compound. ALCOHOL – alkyl derivatives of water

2. Let the reaction occur. - Hydroxyl derivatives of alkanes

• Positive Result: Color change from purple to PHENOL – Aromatic ring w/ OH, Ar = aryl group
colorless or a brown precipitate forms. This
indicates that an alkene (with a double bond) is - Low melting solids/ oil liquid at room temp.
present and has reacted with the reagent. - MP: 41 degrees Celsius
- Phenyl & alcohol
• Negative Result: No color change (the purple - Methyl & hydroxy derivatives
color of the reagent remains). This indicates that
THIOL – lintense & disagreeable ofor
no double bonds are present in the compound or
it is an aromatic compound. - Little association by hydrogen bonding = very
low polarity of SH
2. Bromine with CCl₄ Test (Detection of Alkenes and
- Lower BP & less soluble in water
Alkynes)
- More acidic than alcohols
Purpose: This test is used to identify compounds with
double or triple bonds (alkenes and alkynes) by observing
the reaction with bromine. 1. Lucas Test (Type of Alcohol)

• What you do: • Tertiary Alcohols: Cloudy solution forms quickly

(within seconds) because the reaction is fast.
1. Add bromine water (Br₂ in CCl₄) to the
test compound.
• Secondary Alcohols: Cloudy solution forms
2. Shake the mixture. slowly (in a few minutes) because the reaction is
slower.
• Positive Result: Color change from orange or
brown to colorless. This indicates that the • Primary Alcohols: No cloudiness forms, even
compound has double or triple bonds (alkenes or after a long time, because primary alcohols react
alkynes) that have reacted with the bromine. very slowly or not at all.

2. Sodium Detection of Active Hydrogen

• Negative Result: The color remains orange or
brown. This means there are no double or triple
bonds in the compound.
• Positive Result: Bubbling or fizzing occurs. This
indicates that active hydrogens (from water,
3. Ignition Test (Flammability Test) alcohols, or acids) are reacting with sodium,
producing hydrogen gas bubbles.
Purpose: This test assesses whether a compound is
flammable and gives an idea of its general nature (e.g., • Negative Result: No bubbling occurs. This
whether it’s an alkane, alkene, or another type of organic means there are no active hydrogens reacting with
compound). the sodium.

• What you do: 3. Esterification (Making an Ester)

 • Positive Result: Fruity smell develops after • Halogenated Waste: Bromine test contents.
warming the mixture. This indicates that an ester
(ethyl acetate) has formed. • Sink Disposal: Neutralized liquids and
phenolphthalein mixtures.
• Negative Result: If you still smell strong vinegar
(acetic acid), it means the ester hasn’t formed Feel free to ask if you need more details on any of these
properly. You may need to add dilute NaOH to tests!
neutralize the acetic acid and help detect the
ester.

4. Chromic Acid Test (Oxidation of Alcohols)

• Primary Alcohols: Color changes from orange

to blue or green. This indicates that the alcohol
has been oxidized to an aldehyde or carboxylic
acid.

• Secondary Alcohols: Color changes from

orange to blue or green. This shows that the
alcohol has been oxidized to a ketone.

• Tertiary Alcohols: No color change (stays

orange). Tertiary alcohols do not oxidize under
these conditions.

5. Iodoform Test (Presence of Methyl Group)

• Ethanol and Isopropyl Alcohol: Yellow solid

(iodoform) forms. This indicates a positive test
because these alcohols have the right structure to
form iodoform.

• Methanol: No yellow solid forms. This indicates

a negative test because methanol doesn’t have
the right structure to form iodoform.

For Phenols:

1. Esterification (Phenol Reaction)

o Positive Result: Fruity smell develops

after warming. This indicates that an
ester has been formed.

2. Ferric Chloride Test (Phenol Reaction)

o Positive Result: Color change to

purple, blue, green, or red. This
indicates the presence of phenols in
the solution.

3. Bromine Water Test (Phenol Reaction)

o Positive Result: Yellow color

disappears. This indicates that the
phenol reacted with bromine, showing
that it can undergo bromination.

4. Phenolphthalein Color Change (Acid-Base

Indicator)

o In Acid (HCl): Phenolphthalein stays

colorless.

o In Base (NaOH): Phenolphthalein

turns pink. This indicates a basic
environment.

Disposal Summary:

• Nonhalogenated Waste: Ester and Ferric

Chloride test contents.