UNIT-III

1
ADDRESSING MODES :

• The way of specifying data to be operated by an

instruction is known as addressing modes.
• This specifies that the given data is an immediate
data or an address.
• It also specifies whether the given operand is
register or register pair.
ADDRESSING MODES
1. Immediate addressing mode
2. Register mode
3. Displacement or direct mode
4. Register indirect addressing mode
5. Based addressing mode
6. Indexed addressing mode
7. Based-index addressing mode
8. Based indexed with displacement mode
 1.Immediate Addressing Mode
The addressing mode in which the data operand is a
part of the instruction itself is known as immediate
addressing mode.

• Example:

✓ MOV AX, 2000

✓ MOV CL, 0A
✓ ADD AL, 45
✓ AND AX, 0000
2. Register mode:
In this type of addressing mode both the operands are
registers.
Or
It means that the register is the source of an operand for
an instruction.

• Example:

✓ MOV CX, AX ; copies the contents of the 16-bit AX

register into the 16-bit CX register
✓ ADD BX, AX
3. Displacement or Direct Mode

In this type of addressing mode the effective

address is directly given in the instruction as
displacement.

• Example:

✓ MOV AX, [DISP]

✓ MOV AX, [0500]
4. Register Indirect Addressing Mode
This addressing mode allows data to be addressed at
any memory location through an offset address held in
any of the following registers: BP, BX, DI & SI.

• Example:

✓ MOV AX, [BX] ; Suppose the register BX contains 4895H,

then the contents 4895H are moved to AX
✓ ADD CX, [BX]
✓ ADD AL, [BX]
5. Based Addressing Mode
In this addressing mode, the offset address of the
operand is given by the sum of contents of the
BX/BP registers and 8-bit/16-bit displacement.

• Example:

✓ MOV DX,[BX+04]
✓ ADD CL, [BX+08]
6. Indexed Addressing Mode
In this addressing mode, the 16-bit offset address
is found by adding the contents of SI (Index
register) or DI (displacement) register and 8-
bit/16-bit displacements.

• Example:

✓ MOV BX, [SI+16]

✓ ADD AL, [DI+16]
 7. Based-Index Addressing Mode
• In this addressing mode, the offset address of the
operand is computed by summing the base register (BX
or BP) to the contents of an Index register (SI or DI).
• Offset= [BX or BP]+[SI or DI]
• BX is used as a base register for data segment, and BP
is used as a base register for stack segment.

• Example:
✓ ADD AX, [BX+SI]
✓ MOV CX,[BX+SI]
✓ MOV AX,[AX+DI]
 8. Based Indexed with Displacement Mode
• In this type of addressing mode the effective address is
the sum of index register, base register and displacement.
• Offset = [BX+BP] + [SI or DI] +8-bit or 16-bit
displacement.

• Example:

✓ MOV AX, [BX+SI+05] an example of 8-bit displacement.

✓ MOV AX, [BX+SI+1235H] an example of 16-bit
displacement.
✓ MOV AL, [SI+BP+2000]
INSTRUCTION SET OF 8086
An instruction is a binary pattern designed
inside a microprocessor to perform a specific
function.
The entire group of instructions that a
microprocessor supports is called Instruction
Set.
8086 has more than 20,000 instructions.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUCTION SET
1. Arithmetic Instructions and Logical Instruction
2. Data Transfer Instructions
3. Branch and Loop Instruction
4. M/C control Instruction
5. Flag Manipulation Instructions
6. Shift and Rotate Instruction
7. String Instructions
1. Arithmetic And Logical
Instructions
 ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS
 ADD Des, Src:
It adds a byte to byte or a word to word.
It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
Example:
ADD AL, 74H
ADD DX, AX
ADD AX, [BX]
 Arithmetic Instructions
ADC Des, Src:
 It adds the two operands with CF.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 Example:
 ADC AL, 74H
 ADC DX, AX
 ADC AX, [BX]
 Arithmetic Instructions
SUB Des, Src:
 It subtracts a byte from byte or a word from word.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 For subtraction, CF acts as borrow flag.
 Example:
 SUB AL, 74H
 SUB DX, AX
 SUB AX, [BX]
 Arithmetic Instructions
SBB Des, Src:
 It subtracts the two operands and also the
borrow from the result.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 E.g.:
 SBB AL, 74H
 SBB DX, AX
 SBB AX, [BX]
 Arithmetic Instructions
 MUL Src:
 It is an unsigned multiplication instruction.
 It multiplies two bytes to produce a word or two words to
produce a double word.
 AX = AL * Src
 DX : AX = AX * Src
 This instruction assumes one of the operand in AL or AX.
 Src can be a register or memory location. And Flags-OF, CF
 Unused bits of destination register is always filled with sign bit
 IMUL Src:
 It is a signed multiplication instruction.
 Arithmetic Instructions
 DIV Src:
 It is an unsigned division instruction.
 It divides word by byte or double word by word.
 The operand is stored in AX, divisor is Src and
the result is stored as:
 AH = remainder, AL = quotient (for word/byte)
 DX=remainder, AX=quotient (for D-word/word)

 IDIV Src:
 It is a signed division instruction.
 Arithmetic Instructions
 CBW (Convert Byte to Word):
 This instruction converts byte in AL to word in AX.
 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AL
throughout AH.

 CWD (Convert Word to Double Word):

 This instruction converts word in AX to double word in
DX : AX.
 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AX
throughout DX.
 Arithmetic Instructions
INC Src:
 It increments the byte or word by one.
 The operand can be a register or memory
location.
 E.g.: INC AX
 INC [SI]
 Arithmetic Instructions
DEC Src:
 It decrements the byte or word by one.
 The operand can be a register or memory
location.
 E.g.: DEC AX
DEC [SI]
 Arithmetic Instructions
 CMP Des, Src:
 It compares two specified bytes or words.
 The Src and Des can be a constant, register or memory
location.
 Both operands cannot be a memory location at the same
time.
 The comparison is done simply by internally subtracting
the source from destination.
 The value of source and destination does not change, but
the flags CF, ZF, SF are modified to indicate the result.
 Arithmetic Instructions
NEG Src:
It creates 2’s complement of a given
number.
That means, it changes the sign of a
number.
 Arithmetic Instructions
 DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition)
 It is used to make sure that the result of adding two BCD
numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number.
 It only works on AL register.

 For Subtraction : DAS (Decimal Adjust after

Subtraction)
 Arithmetic Instructions
 AAA (ASCII Adjust after Addition):
 This Instruction Can be used to convert the contents of the AL
register to unpacked BCD result
 i.e. If lower nibble of AL>9 then
1. AL=AL+6 2. AH=AH+1
3. AL=AL AND 0FH
 This instruction does not have any operand.
 Other ASCII Instructions:
 AAS (ASCII Adjust after Subtraction)
 AAM (ASCII Adjust after Multiplication)
 AAD (ASCII Adjust Before Division)
 Logical Instructions
 NOT Src:
 It complements each bit of Src to produce 1’s
complement of the specified operand.
 The operand can be a register or memory location.
 Example:
✓ NOT AX
 Logical Instructions
 AND Des, Src:
 It performs AND operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.
Bit Manipulation Instructions
 OR Des, Src:
 It performs OR operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 XOR Des, Src:
 It performs XOR operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 TEST Des, Src:
 It performs AND operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, and src/Des can be
register or memory location.
 It is Non-Destructive And means Dest is not modified
only flags are affected.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.
2. Data Transfer Instructions
 Data Transfer Instructions
 MOV Des, Src:
• It is used to copy the content of Src to Des
• Src operand can be register, memory location or
immediate operand.
• Des can be register or memory operand.
• Both Src and Des cannot be memory location at the
same time.
• Example:
✓ MOV CX, 037A H
✓ MOV AL, BL
✓ MOV BX, [0301 H]
 Data Transfer Instructions
 PUSH Operand:
 It pushes the operand into top of stack.
✓ Example: PUSH BX

 POP Des:
 It pops the operand from top of stack to Des.
 Des can be a general purpose register, segment register (except
CS) or memory location.
✓ Example: POP AX
 Data Transfer Instructions
 XCHG Des, Src:
 This instruction exchanges Src with Des.
 It cannot exchange two memory locations directly.
 Example:
✓ XCHG DX, AX
Data Transfer Instructions
 IN Accumulator, Port Address:
 It transfers the operand from specified port to accumulator register.

 Example:

✓ IN AX, 0028 H

 OUT Port Address, Accumulator:

 It transfers the operand from accumulator to specified port.

 Example:

✓ OUT 0028 H, AX
Data Transfer Instructions

LEA Register, Src:

It loads a 16-bit register with the offset
address of the data specified by the Src.
Example:
✓ LEA BX, [DI]
 This instruction loads the contents of DI (offset)
into the BX register.
 Data Transfer Instructions

 LDS Des, Src:

 It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to destination
register and DS.
 The word is placed in the destination register and the
segment is placed in DS.
 This instruction Copies the word at the lower memory
address to the Des reg and the word at the higher address to
the segment reg i.e. DS.
 Example:
✓ LDS BX, [0301 H]
 Data Transfer Instructions
 LES Des, Src:
It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and ES.
The Word is placed in the destination register
and the segment is placed in ES.
This instruction is very similar to LDS except
that it initializes ES instead of DS.
Example:
✓ LES BX, [0301 H]
 Data Transfer Instructions
 LAHF:
It copies the lower byte of flag register to AH.
 SAHF:
It copies the contents of AH to lower byte of flag
register.
 PUSHF:
Pushes flag register to top of stack.
 POPF:
Pops the stack top to flag register.
 3. Branch/Program Execution Transfer
Instructions
 These instructions cause change in the sequence of
the execution of instruction.
 This change can be a conditional or sometimes
unconditional.
 The conditions are represented by flags.
 Branch Instructions
 CALL Des:
This instruction is used to call a subroutine or
function or procedure.
The address of next instruction after CALL is
saved onto stack.
 RET:
It returns the control from procedure to calling
program.
Every CALL instruction should have a RET.
Branch Instructions
 JMP Des:
This instruction is used for unconditional jump
from one place to another.

 Jxx Des (Conditional Jump):

All the conditional jumps follow some
conditional statements or any instruction that
affects the flag.
 Mnemonic Meaning Jump Condition

JA Jump if Above CF = 0 and ZF = 0

JAE Jump if Above or Equal CF = 0

JB Jump if Below CF = 1

JBE Jump if Below or Equal CF = 1 or ZF = 1

Conditional Jump JC Jump if Carry CF = 1

Table JE Jump if Equal ZF = 1

JNC Jump if Not Carry CF = 0

JNE Jump if Not Equal ZF = 0

JNZ Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0

JPE Jump if Parity Even PF = 1

JPO Jump if Parity Odd PF = 0

JZ Jump if Zero ZF = 1
Loop Instructions

 Loop Des:
This is a looping instruction.
The number of times looping is required is
placed in the CX register.
With each iteration, the contents of CX are
decremented.
ZF is checked whether to loop again or not.
 Program Execution Transfer Instructions

 INTO (Interrupt on overflow):

 This instruction generates type 4 interrupt (i.e.

interrupt for overflow) and causes the 8086 to do an
indirect far call a procedure which is written by the
user to handle the overflow condition.
 IRET
 To return the execution to the interrupted program
4. Machine Control
Instructions
Machine Control Instructions
HLT (Halt) :- It causes the processor to enter in to
the halt state. It can be stop by INTR,NMI or
RESET pin
NOP (No Opration) :- It causes the processor to
enter in to the wait state for 3 Clock cycles.
WAIT :- It causes the processor to enter in to the
ideal state. Can be stop by TEST, INTR OR NMI
pin
LOCK :- This instruction prevents other processors
to take the control of shared resources. For e.g
LOCK IN AL,80H
5. Flag Manipulation
Instructions
Flag Manipulation Instructions

 STC:
It sets the carry flag to 1.

 CLC:
It clears the carry flag to 0.

 CMC:
It complements the carry flag.
Flag Manipulation Instructions
 STD:
It sets the direction flag to 1.
If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher
memory address to lower memory address.

 CLD:
It clears the direction flag to 0.
If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from
lower memory address to higher memory
address.
Flag Manipulation Instructions

 STI:
It sets the Interrupt flag to 1.

 CLI:
It clears the Interrupt flag to 0.
6. Shift And Rotate
Instructions
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 SHL/SAL Des, Count:
It shift bits of byte or word left, by count.
It puts zero(s) in LSBs.
MSB is shifted into carry flag.
If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.
And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 SHR/SAR Des, Count:
It shift bits of byte or word right, by count.
It puts zero(s)(for SHL) and Sign bit (for SAL) in
MSBs.
LSB is shifted into carry flag.
If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then
the immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more
than 1, then the count is put in CL register. And
recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 ROL Des, Count:
It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
LSB is transferred to MSB and also to CF.
If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.
And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
Shift And Rotate Instructions
 ROR Des, Count:
It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
MSB is transferred to LSB and also to CF.
If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1,
then the immediate number 1 can be written in
Count.
However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.
And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 RCL Des, Count:
It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
LSB to MSB then MSB is transferred to CF and
CF to LSB.
If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then
the immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.
And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 RCR Des, Count:
It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
MSB to LSB then LSB is transferred to CF and CF
to MSB.
If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then
the immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
However, if the number of bits to be shifted is
more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.
And recent bit to the CF (Carry flag)
7. String Manipulation
Instructions
String Manipulation Instructions

 String in assembly language is just a sequentially

stored bytes or words.
 There are very strong set of string instructions in
8086.
 By using these string instructions, the size of the
program is considerably reduced.
 String Manipulation Instructions
❑ String : Sequence of bytes or words

❑ 8086 instruction set includes instruction for string movement, comparison,

scan, load and store.

❑ REP instruction prefix : used to repeat execution of string instructions

❑ String instructions end with S or SB or SW. S represents string, SB

string byte and SW string word.

❑ Offset or effective address of the source operand is stored in SI register and

that of the destination operand is stored in DI register.

❑ Depending on the status of DF, SI and DI registers are automatically updated.

❑ DF = 0 SI and DI are incremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

❑ DF = 1 SI and DI are decremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

String Manipulation Instructions

 MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW:

 It causes moving of byte or word from one string to another.
 In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment
referred by DS:SI and destination string is in Extra Segment
referred by ES:DI.
 Example:
✓ movs str1,str2
✓ Movsb
✓ Movsw
String Manipulation Instructions

 LODS / LODSB / LODSW:

 It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one string to
another.
 In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment
referred by DS:SI transferred to Accumulator.
 Example:
✓ lods string
✓ lodsb
✓ lodsw
String Manipulation Instructions
 STOS / STOSB / STOSW:
It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one
string to another.
In this instruction, the string is in Extra Segment
referred by ES:DI transferred to Accumulator.
Example:
✓ stos string
✓ stosb
✓ stosw
String Manipulation Instructions

 CMPS Des, Src:

It compares the string bytes or words.

 SCAS String:
It scans a string.
It compares the String with byte in AL or with
word in AX.
String Manipulation Instructions

 REP (Repeat):
 This is an instruction prefix.
 It causes the repetition of the instruction until CX becomes
zero.
 Example:
✓ REP MOVSB
 It copies byte by byte contents.

 REP repeats the operation MOVSB until CX becomes zero.

8086 Microprocessor

String Manipulation Instructions

REP

REPZ/ REPE While CX  0 and ZF = 1, repeat execution of

string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS (CX)  (CX) – 1
until ZF = 0)

REPNZ/ REPNE
While CX  0 and ZF = 0, repeat execution of
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS string instruction and
until ZF = 1) (CX)  (CX) - 1