Lecture notes

By Dr. Keya Doshi

 Linear Differential equations with
constant coefficients

Definition

An ordinary Differential Equation of order n is of the form

dn y dn−1 y dy
Pn n + Pn−1 n−1 + ... + P1 + P0 y = X
dx dx dx

where P0 , P1 , ..., Pn are Constant coefficients and X is a function of x only or constant

is known as Linear differential Equation with constant coefficients.

For X = 0, equation is known as Homogeneous equation otherwise it is known

as non- homogeneous equation

ˆ The compact form of above equation is given by

f (D)y = X

where f (D) = Pn Dn + Pn−1 Dn−1 ... + P0 is polynomial (Differential Operator)

of degree n and equation f (D) = 0 is called characteristic equation or
Auxiliary equation

ˆ The general solution of Non homogeneous linear differential equation with

constant coefficient consist of Complementary function (C.F) and Par-
ticular integral (P.I)

ˆ Complimentary function is defined using roots of auxiliary equation f (D) =

1 1
0 and Particular integral is defined as y = f (D) X where f (D) is an integral
operator which is independent of arbitrary constants.

1
 Rules to find complementary Function

Case 1:Roots of Auxiliary Equation are real and distinct

Let m1 , m2 , ..., mn be n distinct roots of f (D) = 0, then Complementary Function is

given by

C.F. = y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x + ... + cn emn x

where c1 , c2 , ...cn are arbitrary constants

Concept
Given m1 , m2 , ..., mn be n distinct roots of f (D) = 0 ∴ [(D − m1 )(D − m2 )...(D −
mn )]y = 0 Consider

(D − m1 )y = 0
dy
∴ − m1 y = 0
dx
dy
∴ = m1 dx
y
∴ log(y) = m1 x + c (integrating)
∴ y = c1 em1 x
where c1 = ec

Similarly applying each operators one by one we have roots are of the form y = ci emi x
Hence
y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x + ... + cn emn x

Case 2:Roots of Auxiliary Equation are real and repeated

Let m1 , m2 , ..., mn be n distinct roots of f (D) = 0,where m1 and m2 are repeated

twice then Complementary Function is given by

C.F. = y = [c1 + c2 x]em1 x + c3 em3 x + ... + cn emn x

where c1 , c2 , ...cn are arbitrary constants.

2
Concept
Let m1 = m2 be repeated roots of A.E. and remaining roots are real and distinct
∴ [(D − m1 )2 (D − m3 )...(D − mn )]y = 0 Consider

(D − m1 )2 y =0
∴ (D − m1 )(D − m1 )y =0
dP
∴ − m1 P =0 (Let(D − m1 )y = P )
dx
∴P = c1 em1 x (ByCase(1))
∴ (D − m1 )y = c1 em1 x
dy
∴ − m1 y = c1 em1 x
dx
which is linear Dif f erential equation in x and y
Z
−m1 x
∴ y(e )= c1 em1 x e−m1 x dx + c2

∴ y = (c1 x + c2 )em1 x

Considering all the roots

y = (c1 x + c2 )em1 x + c3 em3 x + ... + cn emn x

Case 3:Roots of Auxiliary Equation are Complex conjugates

of each other

Let m1 , m2 , ..., mn be n distinct roots of f (D) = 0,where m1 = α+iβ and m2 = α−iβ

then Complementary Function is given by

C.F. = y = eαx [c1 cosβx + c2 sinβx] + c3 em3 x + ... + cn emn x

where c1 , c2 , ...cn are arbitrary constants.

Concept
Let m1 andm2 be complex cojugates of each other and remaining roots are real and
distinct
Let m1 = α + iβ ; m2 = α − iβ

3
Hence

y = a1 em1 x + a2 em2 x + a3 em3 x + ... + an emn x

= a1 eα+iβ + a2 eα−iβ + a3 em3 x + ... + an emn x
= a1 eα eiβ + a2 eα e−iβ + a3 em3 x + ... + an emn x
 

= a1 {eα (cosβ + isinβ)} + a2 {eα (cosβ − isinβ)} + a3 em3 x + ... + an emn x

= eα {(a1 + a2 )cosβ + i(a1 − a2 )sinβ)} + a3 em3 x + ... + an emn x

Considering all the roots

eαx [c1 cosβx + c2 sinβx] + c3 em3 x + ... + cn emn x

Case 4:Roots of Auxiliary Equation are Complex and re-

peated

Let m1 , m2 , ..., mn be n distinct roots of f (D) = 0,where m1 = α+iβ and m2 = α−iβ

are repeated twic then Complementary Function is given by

C.F. = y = eαx [(c1 + c2 x)cosβx + (c3 + c4 x)sinβx] + c5 em5 x + ... + cn emn x

where c1 , c2 , ...cn are arbitrary constants.

4
 Rules to find Particular Integral

Particular integral is defined as

1
y= X
f (D)
1
where f (D) is an integral operator independent of arbitrary constants.
The general solution of Homogeneous linear Differential equation with constant co-
efficients (f (D)y = 0) is given by

G.S. = C.F.
and
The general solution of Non-homogeneous linear Differential equation with constant
coefficients (f (D)y = X) is given by

G.S. = C.F. + P.I.

Example: Homogeneous case

Solve

d2 y dy
1) 2
− 3 + 2y = 0
dx dx

d4 y d2 y dy
2) 4
− 5 2
+ 12 + 28y = 0
dx dx dx
Solution (1)
The Compact form of given equation is

(D2 − 3D + 2)y = 0

A.E.
f (D) = 0

5
 (D2 − 3D + 2) = 0

D = 1, D = 2

Roots are real and distinct for given homogeneous equation

G.S. = C.F. + P.I.

y = c1 ex + c2 e2x
Solution (1)
The Compact form of given equation is

(D4 − 5D2 + 12D + 28)y = 0

A.E.
f (D) = 0

(D4 − 5D2 + 12D + 28) = 0

since f (−2) = 0; D = −2 is one of the factor, by synthetic division

1 0 −5 12 28
−2 −2 4 2 − 28
1 −2 −1 14 0
1 −2 −1 14
−2 −2 8 − 14
1 −4 7 0
Hence,
(D4 − 5D2 + 12D + 28) = (D + 2)2 (D2 − 4D + 7) = 0

6
Now .
D2 − 4D + 7 = 0

√
−(−4) ± 16 − 28
=⇒ D =
2

√
4 ± 2i 3
=⇒ D =
2

√
=⇒ D = 2 ± 3i

Hence roots of A.E.f

√ (D)y = 0 are
D = −2, −2, 2 ± 3i
Two roots are real and repeatatives and two roots are complex conjugates of each
other for given homogeneous equation

∴ G.S. = C.F. + P.I.

√ √
∴ y = (c1 + c2 x)e−2x + e2x [c3 cos 3x + c4 sin 3x]

7
 Examples

Solve

d3 y dy
(1) 3
− 13 + 12y = 0
dx dx

d4 x
(2) 4
= m4 x
dt

d2 y dy
(3) 2
− 6 + 9y = 0
dx dx

d3 y d2 y dy
(4) 3
− 5 2
+ 8 − 4y = 0
dx dx dx

d2 y dy
(5) 2
+ 4 + 5y = 0
dx dx

Answers

(1) y = c1 e−4x + c2 ex + c3 e3x

(2) x = c1 e−mt + c2 emt + c3 cosmt + c4 sinmt

(3) y = [c1 + c2 x]e3x

(4) y = c1 ex + [c2 + c3 x]e2x

(5) y = e−2x [c1 cosx + c2 sinx]

8
 Non-homogeneous equation

In this case ,Particular integral is defined as

1
y= X
f (D)
1
where f (D) is an integral operator is that function of x when acted upon by the
differential operator f (D) gives X and it is independent of arbitrary constants.
Thus by this definition  
1
f (D) X =X
f (D)
hence satisfies the equation f (D)y = X
Thus particular integral is symbollically given by
1
P.I. = y = X
f (D)
Thus considering both cases
The general solution of Homogeneous linear Differential equation with constant co-
efficients (f (D)y = 0) is given by

G.S. = C.F.
and
The general solution of Non-homogeneous linear Differential equation with constant
coefficients (f (D)y = X) is given by

G.S. = C.F. + P.I.

Methods to find Particular Integral

1
There are three methods to find Particular Intergral P.I. = y = f (D)
X
1) General Method
2) Shortcut Methods
3) Methods of variation of parameters

9
 Method 1: General Method

ˆ This methods are useful when shortcut methods are not applicable to find par-
ticular Integral

1
ˆ (I) X
(D − m)
1
By definition, P.I. = y = (D−m)
X is the solution of equation (D − m)y = X

ˆ Now (D − m)y = X is linear D.E. whose I.F is given by I.F = e−mx and G.S.
is given by

Z
y(I.F ) = Xe−mx dx + c1
 Z 
mx mx −mx
∴ y = (c1 e ) + e Xe dx

ˆ Since first term contains arbitrary constant it is the C.F. and second term
which is independent of arbitrary constant must be P.I.

Hence Z
1
P.I. = y = X = emx Xe−mx dx
D−m
Similarly Z
1
P.I. = y = X = e−mx Xemx dx
D+m
For m = 0 Z
1
P.I. = y = X= Xdx
D
Also  
1 1 1
P.I. = y = 2 X = X
D D D
Z Z 
1
P.I. = y = 2 X = Xdx dx
D

10
 1
(II) X
(D − m1 )(D − m2 )
By above formula

 
1 1 1
X= X
(D − m1 )(D − m2 ) (D − m1 ) (D − m2 )
 Z 
1 m2 x −m2 x
= e Xe dx
(D − m1 )
Z  Z 
m1 x −m1 x m2 x −m2 x
=e e e Xe dx dx

1
OR we can factorize using partial fraction and apply the formula
(D − m1 )(D − m2 )
simultaneously.

Example: Direct Method

Solve

d2 y dy x
1) 2
+ 3 + 2y = ee
dx dx

Solution
The Compact form of given equation is

f (D)y = X

x
(D2 + 3D + 2)y = ee

Now for Complimentary function(C.F.)

A.E.
f (D) = 0

D2 + 3D + 2 = 0

11
 D = −1, D = −2

Roots of auxillary equation are real and distinct

C.F. = yc = c1 e−2x + c2 e−x

Now for Particular integral (P.I.)
1 1
P.I. = yp = X= 2 X
f (D) D + 3D + 2
1 x

= ee
(D + 2)(D + 1)
 
1 1 ex


= e
(D + 2) (D + 1)
 Z 
1 −x x ex
= e e e dx
(D + 2)

Put ex = t =⇒ ex dx = dt
Substituting in above integral we have
Now for Particular integral (P.I.)

 Z 
1 1 −x x ex
P.I. = yp = X= e e e dx
f (D) (D + 2)
 Z 
1 −x t
= e e dt
(D + 2)
1  −x ex 
= e e
(D + 2)
Z
−2x x
=e e2x e−x ee dx
Z
−2x x
=e ex ee dx
x
P.I. = yp = e−2x ee
Hence
x
G.S. = C.F. + P.I. = c1 e−2x + c2 e−x + e−2x ee

12
Method 2: Shortcut Methods
Case I:f (x) = eax
If f (x) = eax , a is any constant then
1 ax 1 ax
e = e ; provided f (a) 6= 0
f (D) f (a)

If f (a) = 0
1 ax 1
e = x. 0 eax ; provided f 0 (a) 6= 0
f (D) f (a)
In general
1 ax 1
e = xn (n) eax ; provided f (n) (a) 6= 0
f (D) f (a)
Case I: Proof
Given

f (x) = eax
=⇒ D(eax ) = aeax
D2 (eax ) = a2 eax
Hence Dn (eax ) = an eax
i.e.f (D)(eax ) = f (a)(eax )
1
Operating f (D)
on both sides
1 1
[f (D)(eax )] = [f (a)(eax )]
f (D) f (D)
 
ax 1 ax
e = f (a) (e )
f (D)
dividing by f (a)
1 ax 1 ax
e = e ; providedf (a) 6= 0
f (D) f (a)
If f (a) = 0 then (D − a) must be a factor of f (D)

13
Let f (D) = (D − a)φ(D) where φ(a) 6= 0, Then
1 ax 1
e = eax
f (D) (D − a)φ(D)
1 eax
=
(D − a) φ(D)
1 1
= eax
φ(a) (D − a)
Z
1 ax
= e e−ax eax dx
φ(a)
1 ax
= x. e
φ(a)
1 ax 1
e = x. 0 eax
f (D) f (a)
0
provided f (a) 6= 0

Case II:f (x) = sin(ax + b)orcos(ax + b)

If f (x) = sin(ax + b)orcos(ax + b) then
1 1
2
[sin(ax + b)] = 2
(sin(ax + b)); provided f (−a2 ) 6= 0
f (D ) f (−a )

OR
1 1
2
[cos(ax + b)] = (cos(ax + b)); provided f (−a2 ) 6= 0
f (D ) f (−a2 )
If f (−a2 ) = 0
1 1
2
[sin(ax + b)] = x 0 [sin(ax + b)]
f (D ) f (−a2 )
 
1 1
[cos(ax + b)] = x 0 [cos(ax + b)]
f (D2 ) f (−a2 )
provided f 0 (−a2 ) 6= 0
In general If f (n) (−a2 ) = 0
1 n 1
[sin(ax + b)] = x [sin(ax + b)]
f (D2 ) f (n) (−a2 )
 
1 n 1
[cos(ax + b)] = x (n) [cos(ax + b)]
f (D2 ) f (−a2 )

14
provided f (n) (−a2 ) 6= 0
Case II: Proof
Given

f (x) = sin(ax + b)
=⇒ D[sin(ax + b)] = acos(ax + b)
=⇒ D2 [sin(ax + b)] = −a2 sin(ax + b)
Hencef (D2 )[sin(ax + b)] = f (−a2 )[sin(ax + b)]
1
Operating f (D2 )
on both sides
1  1 
2
f (D2 )[sin(ax + b)] = f (−a2 )[sin(ax + b)]
f (D ) f (D2 )
 
2 1
[sin(ax + b)] = f (−a ) [sin(ax + b)]
f (D2 )
dividing by f (−a2 )
1 1
2
[sin(ax + b)] = 2
[sin(ax + b)]; provided f (−a2 ) 6= 0
f (D ) f (−a )

If f (−a2 ) = 0 then
1 1
2
[sin(ax + b)] = I.P. of 2
[ei(ax+b) ]
f (D ) f (D )
1
= x I.P. of 0 [ei(ax+b) ]
f (−a2 )
1 1
∴ 2
[sin(ax + b)] = x 0 [sin(ax + b)]
f (D ) f (−a2 )
provided f 0 (−a2 ) 6= 0

In general If f (n) (−a2 ) = 0

1 1
2
[sin(ax + b)] = xn (n) [sin(ax + b)]
f (D ) f (−a2 )

provided f (n) (−a2 ) 6= 0

Examples

15
Solve
3
(D − 1)3 y = ex + 2x − + sinx
2
Solution
3
Given (D − 1)3 y = ex + 2x − + sinx
2
A.E. f (D) = 0 =⇒ (D − 1)3 = 0
D = 1(Repeated thrice)

∴ C.F. = yc = (c1 x2 + c2 x + c3 )ex

Now
1 3
P.I. = 3
[ex + 2x − + sinx]
(D − 1) 2
1 1 1 3 1
= 3
(ex ) + 3
(2x ) − 3
( )+ (sinx)
(D − 1) (D − 1) (D − 1) 2 (D − 1)3
1 1 1 3
= 3
(ex ) + 3
(ex log2) − 3
( e0x )
(D − 1) (D − 1) (D − 1) 2
1
+ (sinx)
(D − 1)3
= (P.I.)1 + (P.I.)2 + (P.I.)3 + (P.I.)4

1
(P.I.)1 = (ex )
(D − 1)3
1
=x 2
(ex )
3(D − 1)
1
= x2 (ex )
6(D − 1)
1
= x3 (ex )
6
3
x
(P.I.)1 = (ex )
3!

16
 1
(P.I.)2 = (2x )
(D − 1)3
1
= (ex log 2)
(D − 1)3
1
= 3
e(x log 2)
(D − 1)
1
= e(x log 2)
(log 2 − 1)3
1
(P.I.)2 = 2x
(log 2 − 1)3

1 3
(P.I.)3 = 3
( e0x )
(D − 1) 2
3 1
= 3
(e0x )
2 (D − 1)
3 1
= (e0x )
2 (0 − 1)3
3
=−
2
3
(P.I.)3 = −
2

17
 1
(P.I.)4 = (sin x)
(D − 1)3
1
= (sin x)
D − 1 − 3D2 + 3D
3

1
= (sin x)
D .D − 1 − 3D2 + 3D
2

1
= (sin x)
−1.D − 1 − 3(−1) + 3D
1
= (sin x)
2D + 2
2 − 2D
= (sin x)
4 − 4D2
1
= [2sin x − 2D(sin x)]
8
1
(P.I.)4 = [sin x − cos x]
4

Hence

P.I. = (P.I.)1 + (P.I.)2 + (P.I.)3 + (P.I.)4

x3 1 3 1
P.I. = (ex ) + 2x
− + [sin x − cos x]
3! (log 2 − 1)3 2 4
∴ G.S. = C.F + P.I.

x3 x 1 3 1
G.S. = (c1 x2 + c2 x + c3 )ex + (e ) + 2x
− + [sin x − cos x]
3! (log 2 − 1)3 2 4
Case III:f (x) = xm orPm (x) a polynomial in x

ˆ If f (x) = xm orPm (x) then

1
[xm orPm (x)] = [1 + φ(D)]−1 xm orPm (x)
f (D)

ˆ where [1 + φ(D)] is obtained by considering lowest power of D common in

denominator

ˆ Then expand [1 + φ(D)]−1 using binomial expansion in ascending Powers of D

18
 ˆ P.I. is obtained by applying Powers of D one by one on X.
Case IV:f (x) = eax .V where V is a f unction in x
If f (x) = eax .V then
1 1
[eax .V ] = eax V
f (D) f (D + a)
Case IV: Proof
Given

f (x) = eax U
=⇒ D[eax U ] = eax DU + aeax U
= eax (D + a)U
D2 [eax U ] = eax D2 U + 2aeax U + a2 eax U
= eax (D + a)2 U
Generalizing
Dn [eax U ] = eax (D + a)n U
=⇒ f (D)[eax .U ] = eax f (D + a)U.....(1)
1
Let f (D + a)U = V =⇒ U = V
f (D + a)
1
substituting in (1) and applying f (D) on both sides, we have

1 1
[eax .V ] = eax V
f (D) f (D + a)
Case V:f (x) = xm .V where V is sin(ax)orcos(ax)
If f (x) = xm sin(ax) then
1 1
[xm sin(ax)] = imaginary part of [xm .eiax ]
f (D) f (D)
1
= imaginary part of eiax [xm ]
f (D + ia)
If f (x) = xm cos(ax) then
1 1
[xm cos(ax)] = Real part of [xm .eiax ]
f (D) f (D)
1
= Real part of eiax [xm ]
f (D + ia)

19
Examples
Solve
(D2 − 4D + 3)y = x3 e2x + 3x2 − 1

Solution
Given (D2 − 4D + 3)y = x3 e2x + 3x2 − 1
A.E. f (D) = 0 =⇒ (D2 − 4D + 3) = 0
D = 1, 3

∴ C.F. = yc = c1 ex + c2 e3x
Now
1
P.I. = [x3 e2x + 3x2 − 1]
(D2
− 4D + 3)
1 1
= 2
(x3 e2x ) + 2
(3x2 − 1)
(D − 4D + 3) (D − 4D + 3)
= (P.I.)1 + (P.I.)2

20
Now
1
(P.I.)1 = (x3 e2x )
(D2 − 4D + 3)
1
= e2x 2
(x3 )
(D + 2) − 4(D + 2) + 3
1
= e2x 2 (x3 )
D + 4D + 4 − 4D − 8 + 3
1
= e2x 2 (x3 )
D −1
e2x
= [1 − D2 ]−1 (x3 )
−1
e2x
= [1 + D2 + D4 + ...](x3 )
−1
e2x
= [1 + D2 ](x3 )
−1
e2x 3
= [x + D2 (x3 )]
−1
= −e2x [x3 + 6x]
(P.I.)1 = −e2x [x3 + 6x]

21
 1
(P.I.)2 = (3x2 − 1)
(D2 − 4D + 3)
1 D2 4D
= (1 + − )(3x2 − 1)
3 3 3
 −1
1 1 2
= 1 + (D − 4D) (3x2 − 1)
3 3
1 1 1
= [1 − (D2 − 4D) + (D2 − 4D)2 − ...](3x2 − 1)
3 3 9
1 1 2 1
= [1 − (D − 4D) + (16D2 )](3x2 − 1)
3 3 9
1 4 13 2
= [1 + D + (D )](3x2 − 1)
3 3 3
1 2
= [3x + 8x + 25]
3
1 2
(P.I.)2 = [3x + 8x + 25]
3

Hence

P.I. = (P.I.)1 + (P.I.)2

1
P.I. = −e2x [x3 + 6x] + [3x2 + 8x + 25]
3

∴ G.S. = C.F + P.I.

1
G.S. = c1 ex + c2 e3x + −e2x [x3 + 6x] + [3x2 + 8x + 25]
3
Examples
Solve
(D2 + 1)y = x2 sin2x
Solution
Given (D2 + 1)y = x2 sin2x
A.E. f (D) = 0 =⇒ (D2 + 1) = 0
D = ±i

∴ C.F. = yc = c1 cosx + c2 sinx

22
Now
1
P.I. = [x2 sin2x]
(D2 + 1)
 
1 2 i2x
= ImaginaryP artof [x e ]
(D2 + 1)
 
i2x 1 2
= [Link] e [x ]
(D + 2i)2 + 1)
 
i2x 1 2
= [Link] e [x ]
(D2 + 4iD − 4 + 1)
 
i2x 1 2
= [Link] e [x ]
(D2 + 4iD − 3)
( )
1
= [Link] ei2x  D2 +4iD
[x2 ]
(−3) 1 + −3
( −1 )
ei2x D2 + 4iD

= [Link] 1+ [x2 ]
(−3) −3
( −1 )
ei2x D2 + 4iD

= [Link] 1− [x2 ]
(−3) 3
 i2x 
D2 + 4iD D4 + 8iD3 − 16D2
 
e 2
= [Link] 1+ + + ... [x ]
(−3) 3 9
 i2x 
D2 + 4iD −16D2
 
e 2
= [Link] 1+ + [x ]
(−3) 3 9
 i2x   
e 4 13 2 2
= [Link] 1 + iD − D [x ]
(−3) 3 9
 i2x  
e 2 8 26
= [Link] x + ix −
(−3) 3 9
  
(cos2x + isin2x) 2 8 26
= [Link] x + ix −
(−3) 3 9
  
1 2 8 26 2 8 2 26
= [Link] x cos2x + ixcos2x − cos2x + x isin2x + i xsin2x − isin2x
(−3) 3 9 3 9
  
1 2 8 26 8 2 26
= [Link] (x cos2x − xsin2x − cos2x) + i( xcos2x + x sin2x − sin2x)
(−3) 3 9 3 9
 
1 8 26
P.I. = xcos2x + x2 sin2x − sin2x
(−3) 3 9

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Exercise
Solve
d2 y
(1) + y = sin x sin 2x
dx2

x
(2) [(D − 1)2 (D2 + 1)2 ]y = sin2 ( )
2

d2 y
(3) + a2 y = tan ax
dx2

d4 y d2 y
(4) 4
+ 2 2
+ y = x2 cosx
dx dx

d4 y
(5) + y = 2 sinhxsinx
dx4

d3 y d2 y dy
(6) 3
− 6 2 + 11 − 6y = ex x + sinx + cosx
dx dx dx

(7) (D5 − D)y = 12ex + 85mx + 2x

(8) (D2 − 1)y = (1 + e−x )2

(9) (D2 − 4D + 4)y = 8x2 .e2x sin2x

(10) (D2 − 40D + 8)y = 12e−2x sinxsin3x

(11) (D3 − D2 − D + 1)y = coshx sinx

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(12) (D2 + 2D + 5)2 y = xe−x cos2x

(13) (D2 + 3D + 2)y = sinex

(14) (D2 − 1)y = xsinx + (1 + x2 )ex

(15) (D3 + 8)y = x4 + 2x + 1

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Answers

(1) y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + 14 x sin x + 1

16
cos 3x

(2) y = (c1 x + c2 )ex + (c3 x + c4 )cos x + (c5 x + c6 )sin x + 21 − 1

32
x2 sin x

1
(3) y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax − a2
cos ax log[sec ax + tan ax]

x3 sinx x4 −9x2
(4) y = (c1 x + c2 )cosx + (c3 x + c4 )sinx + 12
− 48
cosx

−x
x
h i h i
√ √
(5) y = e 2 c1 cos √x2 + c2 sin √x2 + e 2 c3 cos √x2 + c4 sin √x2 − 32 sinxsinhx

 
ex x2
(6) y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 e3x + 2 3
+ 32 x − 1
10
cosx + 1
10
sinx

2 2x
(7) y = c1 + c2 ex + c3 e−x + c4 cosx + c5 sinx + 3xex − 35m x2 + (log2)5 −log2

h i
x −x −x (1+ex )2 x
(8) y = c1 e + (c2 − 2)e +e 2
+ log1 + e −2

(9) y = e2x [c1 + c2 x + 3sin2x − 2x2 sin2x − 4xcos2x]

(10) y = e−2x (c1 cos2x + c2 sin2x) + 23 xe−2x sin2x + 12 e−2x cos4x

ex e−x
(11) y = (c1 x + c2 )ex + c3 e−x + 10
[cosx − 2sinx] − 50
[3cosx − 4sinx]

e−x
(12) y = e−x [(c1 x + c2 )cos2x + (C3 x + c4 )sin2x] − 32
[(x3 − x2 )cos2x − 23 x3 sin2x]

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(13) y = c1 e−2x + c2 e−x − e−2x sinex

ex
(14) y = c1 ex + c2 e−x − 12 (xsinx + cosx) + 12
(2x3 − 3x2 + 9x)

√ √
(15) y = c1 e−2x + ex [c2 cos 3x + c3 sin 3x] + 81 (x4 − x + 1)

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