ae Vocab ida A, Look at the pictures and read the words. underworld } B. Write the words next to the correct meanings. 1. adj. very strong and powerful 2. v. to become fully grown and ready to pick and eat 3. v. totake or pull away something quickly 4. n. around fruit with thick skin and many large red seeds 5. n. the place where dead people go in myths or stories 6. n. avery large amount of something 7. v. to shrink, dry up, and die 8. v. to produce flowers C, Read and choose the correct words. 1. As time went by / with, she started to find joy in other things and felt happy again. 2. He moved to England and lived there in / for the rest of his life. 3. According from/to the survey, most students take the bus to school.& The Fight «. for Persepho Long ago, the Greek goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone lived above the clouds on Mount Olympus. Demeter was the goddess of harvest and agriculture on the Earth. When Demeter and Persephone visited the Earth, the weather was perfect for all living things. Flowers would bloom, and fruits would ripen. Trees stretched to the sky, and grain grew tall. There were no seasons. People ate well because there was always an abundance of food. However, one day, everything changed. One morning, Persephone was playing in a meadow. There, she found a pomegranate. The fruit was believed to be evil because its juice looked like blood. Without thinking, Persephone took a bite. Suddenly, a huge crack opened in the ground. Hades, the ruler of the underworld, appeared in a chariot, He snatched Persephone and pulled her down into the crack. The ground closed, and just like that, they disappeared. & i > ns < > Ee eea Demeter searched everywhere for her daughter without success. Then a young boy who saw Hades take Persephone told her what had happened. Demeter was sad. She missed her daughter and stopped visiting the Earth. The plants began to wither. As time went by, she became furious. The weather turned cold. Snow fell for the first time. Mighty Zeus, the king of the gods, was worried. He knew the cold would make the plants die. People would have no food, He spoke with Demeter and found out about Hades. Zeus became angry and went to speak with Hades. “Persephone ate a pomegranate,” said Hades with a sly grin. “You know that makes her part of the underworld now.” “Persephone will spend part of each year with you,” said Zeus. “But for the rest of the year, she'll stay with Demeter. The Earth needs them, Do we have an agreement?” “Yes,” answered Hades. Finally, Persephone was allowed to go home. Today, for most of the year, plants grow, and flowers bloom. But then the air turns cold, and ) Make Connections snow falls. According to the = myth, when Persephone leaves 6 Ascorena to he mysty New for the underworld, winter spout comes. When she returns to the a Earth, she brings spring, summer, and fall. i ESSENTIAL QUESTION 9gama Vocabulary A. Look at the pictures and read the words. en | ¢ OT) 73 B. Write the words next to the correct meanings. 1. _n. aperson or a team that is competing against another in a game or contest 2. < . to laugh at or criticize someone in aloud and unkind way 3. n. aperson who makes sure the players in a sports game are following the rules 4. < . to persuade someone to do something by talking to them kindly and gently 5. _n. a bundle of flowers tied together in an attractive way 6. v. to crash into something or someone 7. adj, not present at an expected place 8. adj. feeling sad and hopeless. C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. Mom yelled, "Wake up! It’s time to get out from / of bed!” 2. My friends and | like to hang up/ out at the shopping mall. 3. He stole the papers from/to the teacher's desk to see what was in the test. 5@ The referee blew his whistle, signaling Sadie’s second foul of the game. The game had only just started, but Sadie had already collided twice with another player’s wheelchair. The coach waved Sadie off the court. The disappointed crowd behind her jeered. Sadie bit her lip and tried not to ery in front of all those people. She was upset that her brother, Richie, was absent from her important game, and it showed in her playing. Richie was Sadie’s whole world. Sadie had loved to play basketball before her accident, and it was Richie who taught her to play again afterward. At first, she was so depressed she did not want to get out of bed. Richie was always there to coax her into getting out to play. He even borrowed a wheelchair for himself to help her practice. Sadie’s mother saw that she was sad. “Your brother still loves you,” she said. “He has new interests now, but he still cares about you.” But Sadie felt hurt. But lately, Richie preferred to hang out with his new high school friends. Sadie would watch from the house as he washed his new car. When he drove away, tears filled Sadie’s eyes.Sadie looked up and searched for her mother in the | crowd, She was surprised to see her mother smiling. Then out of the corner of her eye, Sadie saw a familiar figure ; running across the gym toward her. It was Richie! He was holding a bouquet of flowers. Richie handed her the flowers ] as if she were a queen. “But we're losing,” said Sadie. “Why are you giving me flowers?” she asked. “That's not important,” said Richie. “What I know is that you're a great player, and there is no way ’m ing to. ur big game! It’s great to have new friends, but I realized that you're my best friend.” Sadie smiled. She placed the bouquet on her lap and went back to the game. With her brother watching, Sadie stole the ball from an opponent Then she made the first of many amazing shots. Talk about how Richie showed that he cared about his little sister, Sadie. ESSENTIAL QI STIONaes Vocabulary (i i i A. Look at the pictures and read the words. B. Write the words next to the correct meanings. 1..adv. slowly aver a long period of time; bit by bit 2..adv. hurriedly, not willing to wait for someone or something 3. _v. to have something inside; to hold ! 4 5 ..a track that has been marked out for people to follow s = . a vehicle with four wheels used to carry heavy things that is usually pulled by horses td 3 along, narrow valley with steep sides * = . to move something heavy with a lot of effort i = to goin a specific direction or to a place. C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. Jack picked up the wooden blocks and put them on/in a row. 2. All the houses on this street were swept away / out by the flood 3. My parents can let / give you a ride to the airport tonight.i) Iwasa little girl when my family decided to leave the city. “There are places out west with wide open spaces,” said Daddy. “The Kaw family needs room to grow!” Daddy was mainly talking about my brother. By the time he turned fifteen, Johnny was extremely tall for his age. When he stretched out, his head stuck out the back door of the house, and his legs hung out the front. Mama loaded the wagon, and Daddy hooked up the horses. We headed west, but soon Johnny stopped us. “These horses are too slow!” said Johnny impatiently. He put one horse on each shoulder and started to pull the wagon himself. But Johnny had a terrible sense of direction. He pulled the wagon one way, then another. Soon he had dug a big gully, and later, rain filled it up. People now call the gully the Kaw River. 24Johnny pulled us all the way to Kansas. The people there wanted to grow crops, but there was a problem. “These mountains block the sun,” complained one man. Johnny went and cut off the mountains using a big tree. Then he hauled them west and put them in a row. Today they are called the Rocky Mountains. Everyone was happy with the flat land. We built a huge house and planted wheat. One summer, it was so dry that the wheat started to wither, Johnny had an idea. He poked holes in the clouds with a big stick. The rain came down in buckets, and the wheat was saved! One morning, a man came to see Johnny. “I want to go to California to find gold,” he said, “But I can’t find any good roads to follow.” Johnny made giant bags that contained wheat and dragged them back and forth to California for a week. The bags swept away trees, bushes, and rocks, Gradually, trails started to form. They became the Oregon Trail, the Santa Fe Trail, and the Chisholm Trail. People say that Kansas has lots of tornadoes. Next time we see one, Johnny plans to catch it and ride it like a wild horse. He has promised to give me a ride! Make Connections Talk about why the Kaw family moved to Kansas. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONes Vocabulary i ) A. Look at the pictures and read the words. (© 1. n. asituation when there is not enough of something that is needed 2. 1. special clothing that people wear to protect their body from weapons 3. nm. aparticular kind of solid, liquid, or gas ) 4, n, athin thread of a material that can be used to make cloth 5. v. to be undamaged or unharmed by something 6. n. the science that deals with the structure of different solids, liquids, or gases, and the changes they go through 7. n. material that is made by weaving or knitting wool, cotton, or silk —_-__ ! 8. adj. not able to catch fire | C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. My sister reads a lot of history books because she has an interest to /in history. 2. Myaunttook a job on/at anart gallery three years ago. 3. Laura wore a beautiful necklace made of /for gold to the party. 31 <>)fo 7a eee 2 9319 Invention ‘ * co or eh If you could invent a material for a superhero, what would it be like? 32 It would have to be light, strong, and able to resist damage. Stephanie Kwolek invented a material just like this. Becoming a Chemist When Stephanie Kwolek was a student, she had great interest in math and science. Her teachers saw her talent and encouraged her to study chemistry in college. Stephanie wanted to go to medical school after college, but she could not afford it. Instead, Stephanie took a job at a textile lab. She planned to save money from her job to pay for medical school. At the lab, Stephanie’s love of chemistry grew. She learned how to mix subs to create fabrics. She enjoyed her work so much that she chose not to go to medical school.| A Strange Liquid In 1964, the United States was facing a gasoline shortage. Scientists / thought about the problem. They believed that tires made of a lighter 4 material could help. If cars and airplanes had lighter tires, they would use less fuel. Stephanie began to work to create this material. One day, Stephanie made an unusual mixture. It was thin, like water. Normally, such mixtures were thick, like syrup. She showed her liquid to a member of her team. He was in charge of spinning liquids into fibers, The man looked at it and laughed. He did not believe that such a thin liquid could become a fiber. But Stephanie kept asking him until he Qo to try. It worked! The strange liquid turned into a very strong fiber. i aS Stronger than Steel Stephanie tested the fiber and found that it was fireproof. It was stronger and lighter than steel, too! The material became known as ‘a Kevlar®. Today, Kevlar® is used all over the world, Many people with dangerous jobs wear clothes made of Kevlar® to stay safe. Police officers wear it as body armor. Firefighters wear it to resist heat. Kevlar® is also used in tires, bicycles, spacecraft, and skis. By developing Kevlar®, Stephanie found a way to make protective clothing and equipment that are both light and strong. She said that she had never expected to be an inventor, but she was delighted that her work had helped so many people. Make Connections What protilems did Firefighters wear Stephanie's invention solve? suits made from ESSENTIAL QUESTION Keviar®.mam Vocabulary | A. Look at the pictures and read the words. (© em B. Write the words a 1.7m. something that stops a disease and makes someone healthy again 2. v, to make an object appear larger tha 1. asoft gray, blue, or green substance that forms on old food or damp walls and objects i 4, y. to state a possible situation, then think about the results that the situation might have 5. v. to write, film, or store something so that it can be used later w 3 s 3 |. an extremely tiny creature that lives in dust |. atool that enlarges very small objects so that they can be seen clearly ™ = 8. adj. included as a part of something and not separated C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. Before we go behind / further, we need to decide on a name for the project. 2. These photographs show how the city has cha inged above / over time. 3. The different colors of the crystal showed up/out more clearly ina bright light. 39Compare these grains of sugar with the magnified sugar crystal. ®.... does this picture show? Is it a diamond? Is it a piece of glass? Take a step back. You are too close. This is a picture of sugar. It looks nothing like the sugar we see every day. It is an image taken with an electron r pe. This tool can magnify something up to two million times its real size and take pictures. These pictures are called photomicrographs. (The word micro means “small.”) The sugar photomicrograph shows a tiny piece of sugar up very close. The first electron microscope was built in 1932, but scientists had magnified and taken close-up images of things long before this, Alfred Donné first photographed images through a microscope in 1840. Around 1852, a German scientist went further and made a camera that took photomicrographs. In 1882, Wilson Bentley was the first to use a camera with a built-in microscope. He was able to takephotographs of snowflakes and showed that each one is unique. These events opened the way to develop the electron — Tettewed i if ntl hhotographs showe: at microscope we use today. sibnfiaker ars haved ls hexagons An electron microscope lets us see things we can’t see with our eyes. It can show skin cells and even dust mites. Look at the picture of human skin. It shows the amazing detail a powerful electron microscope can record. The more you magnify, the more details you see. Being able to see things up to two million times their real size helps scientists. They can see how diseases affect the body. They can then use what they learn to find cures. Scientists also use electron microscopes. to study how things change over time. For example, they can look at a piece of fruit to see how it spoils. First, the fruit looks fresh. After a few days, it becomes soft. With more time, mold covers it. Under the microscope, these changes show up sooner and in much more detail. Suppose you are going to the park with your friends. What do you want to see magnified? What will it look like? When you look ‘ at your world up close, you may i ) Make Connections z Say ‘ get a big surprise! How do electron microscopes help scientists? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONmam Vocabulary en A. Look at the pictures and read the words. (© B. Write the words next to the correct meanings. 4._n. aplace where a building or town was, is, orwill be located — 2. n. aperson who studies past human life and culture by examining ancient objects 3. _y. to say something in an official or public way 4. v. toremove something that is covering something 5. _n. abuilding above or below the ground where a dead body is placed inal or in good condi 6. v. tokeep something in its ori 7. n. agroup of countries or states that is controlled by one ruler 8. adj. representing something as it is in real life C. Read and choose the correct words. 4. Students from all under / over the country participated in the event. 2. There were at/on least 10,000 people at the baseball game yesterday. 3. The teeth they found offer clues about/ from what the animal ate.Ue In March 1974, some farmers were dri ing a well in China. As they worked, they uncovered an ancient Inside was a statue of a soldier. It was made from terra-cotta, a reddish-brown baked clay. The farmers shared what they found with the government. Archaeologists were sent to the site. They discovered thousands more clay soldiers. The farmers had found the tomb of one of China’s first great rulers. The First Emperor Ying Zheng became king of the powerful state of Qin when he was thirteen years old. By the age of twenty-one, he wanted more power. Using politics and military force, he brought the weaker states near Qin together. Years later, the states became one empire ruled by him. He then named himself Shi Huang Di, which means “First Emperor.” Shi Huang Di wanted the Qin Empire to be great. He built new roads and canals. He made new rules for money and a written language. This made the empire stronger. People from all over could travel, communicate, and do business there,| “Building the Qin Tomb Shi Huang Di also wanted an army to { protect him in death. So he had workers 5 build clay soldiers to guard his tomb. These realistic statues faced east, the direction his j enemies came from. Clay horses and chariots eo. also placed among the statues. EEE: / After the Emperor's Death After Shi Huang Di’s death in 209 B.C.E.*, people stopped building statues. But the completed statues are still there, although many are not yet uncovered. Archaeologists think there may be at least 8,000 statues in all. ( The statues offer clues about the world and ideas of the ruler 4 who had them built, Like many rulers in history, he was rich and powerful. He wanted to leave something behind after his death. The statues tell us what his soldiers looked like, and the clothing and armor they wore. They show the weapons they used, such as swords and axes. We can see how his army worked and moved around. They are a priceless record of the past. In 1987, the United Nations declared the tomb a World Heritage site. This means it has historic importance and should be preserved. Make Connections What does the Qin Tomb tell us about Shi Huang Di’s empire? ESSENTIAL QUESTION "B.C.E Before the Common/Christian Eragama Vocabulary A. Look at the pictures and read the words. (© treasure chest ‘Write the words next to the correct meanings. 1. v. to look like another person or thing 2. _n. alarge box often made of wood to store valuable items like gold and jewels 3. n. aperson in your family who lived a long time ago 4. n. aroomat the top of a house that is used for storage 5. adj. very different, strange, or unusual because it is usually from another part of the world 6..adj. existing in large numbers. 7. adj. willing to take risks and try new things 8. adj. extremely interested in something or someone C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. Mom spent the morning going around / through our closets packing away old clothes. 2. We saw hundreds of coins in /at the bottom of the fountain. 3. Her face reminds me of / to someone | met last week. 55cto) istic Fiction 56 “What are you looking for, Maya?“ my brother Alex asked as 1 opened the door to Aunt Emily‘s a “Anything that’s old,” I answered, “Everything here is old!” said Alex. It was Saturday afternoon. On Monday, | had to give a class presentation about an ancestor. I'd spent the morning going through boxes at Aunt Emily’s and hadn’t found anything interesting enough. I was getting worried because I didn’t have much time left, “Maya, come over here! I found something!” shouted Alex. Alex had opened a wooden trunk that contained numerous photographs and letters written to someone named Marilyn. She even had the same last name as we did: Jones. “Who's Marilyn?” asked Alex.a “I’m not sure,” I said. “But let’s find out. Maybe she’s a relative of ours.” At the bottom of the trunk, I found Marilyn’s diary. I sat down to read and was fascinated. She had such an adventurous life! She sailed around the world for two years and was the only woman on the ship. She described the exotic places she visited and the things she ate, like pig’s ears and fried locusts! I looked at Marilyn's photographs. She had a big smile, and it reminded me of someone. “She looks like Aunt Emily,” I said. “| think she resembles Dad,” said Alex. I read on and discovered that Marilyn got married and had a son. Years later, her son got married too, and Re and his wife had a baby. Marilyn had written the baby’s birthdate. The date was familiar, but 1 couldn't remember why. “Is Dad’s birthday on June fifth?” I asked Alex. “No,” said Alex. “Dad’s birthday is in March, but Aunt Emily’s birthday is June fifth.” Aunt Emily is my dad‘s aunt, but we don’t call her Great Aunt Emily. I started to get really excited. “I got it!” I said. “Marilyn is Aunt Emily’s grandmother! You didn’t find a trunk, Alex, you found a treasure chest!” » Make Connections We raced downstairs to What interesting facts tell Aunt Emily what we had did Maya learn about her discovered. She was surprised to ancestors? find out about the trunk. I was ESSENTIAL QUESTION excited, My presentation was going to be great! k= 57waa Vocabulary i A. Look at the pictures and read the words. @b 1.adv. atan earlier time; before something else happens 2. adj, sad because you are away from your home and family 3. nm. the qualities and beliefs that make a particular person or group different from others 4. n, aperson who comes from a different country 5. v. to happen or exist for the first time 6. ¥. tomean something; to be a sign of something 7 = . to come to a country to live there after leaving your own country 8. v. toallow someone to join an organization or attend a school C. Read and choose the correct words. 4. These pancakes were made for/ with flour, eggs, and milk. 2. Her aunt moved from/to the country to a small apartment in the city. 3. My older brother is mostly caring, but he is selfish at/on times. 63ee isin a My mother’s family immigrated to America from Ukraine. Although they have been here for many years, they have kept some of their old traditions. For example, Ukraine follows a different holiday calendar. In Ukraine, Christmas Eve is celebrated on January sixth. We celebrate the day with a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dinner. It has twelve courses! Mama cooks for days beforehand. She uses recipes that my Baba taught her. Baba means grandmother in Ukrainian. The kitchen smells like warm milk, cooked onions, wheat, and dried fruits. a] “Which course is your favorite, Mama?” I ask, “Tove them all, Ivan!” laughs Mama. “But I think I like kutia, the first course, the best.” Kutia is a pudding made with wheat, dried fruits, nuts, warm milk, honey, and poppy seeds. She explains what it signifies for the family. “It shows we'll work together to be successful in the year to come,” she says. “Everyone has to try some!” 648... tells me about another symbol, the didukh. It is believed to have originated in Ukraine and is one of the oldest Ukrainian Christmas customs. It is a symbol of a good harvest, especially for the year ahead. “We moved from a farm in Ukraine to a big American city,” says Mama. “The first year here, your Baba could not find wheat stalks for the didukh, So she used dried flowers instead,” she says, laughing. “Did you miss Ukraine when you first came here?” I ask. “Yes,” sighs Mama. “At first, some people did not accept us. However, we found friends who } made us feel welcome. Still, at times, we felt very homesick. It was hard to be foreigners in a new place.” Then she smiles. “But keeping our customs helped us feel at home. They connect us to our past. Ukraine will always be part of my identity.” PRT OD The front door bursts open. Ihear Baba singing. She has made a didukh. It is a big bundle of wheat stalks tied around the middle, with some dried flowers nthe center Make Connections “Baba!” I run to the door to © _ Talkabout how Ukrainian greet her. ~ traditions helped this family. ESSENTIAL QUESTION 4 65 <>)mama Vocabulary A. Look at the pictures and read the words. AUGUST sietiiy y hardly ¢ 1. adj. not big enough to hold people or things; too small and crowded 2.adv. almost not at all; rarely ——______ 3. y, to say of write words ina different language ————_—_—— 4. v. tohavea strong wish for something 5. v. toexperience pain, illness, or sadness 6. Vv. tomakea detailed record of something, in writing or on film ———————_ 7. n. aplace built to honor a famous person or event —————— 8. y. toentera place by force to take control of it C. Read and choose the correct words. 4. Moths are usually drawn in / to light because they think it is food. 2, The robber ran into the office to hide of / from the police. 3. He tried to sneak in /on his cell phone to the exam hall but was. caught. 7Nonfiction | Sygen see ye ‘ i Me came Woes . 263 Prinsengracht in Amsterdam by 4 a famous book. During World War II rent (1939-45), a young Jewish girl, Anne Frank, hid from the Nazis and wrote her diary here. Now the building is a museum and a memorial to her. In 1939, when Anne was ten, Germans invaded other European countries. They began to attack the Jews. The Frank family was in danger. In 1942, non-Jewish friends and neighbors helped them and a few other families. They hid them in the building where Anne's father had worked Visitors see the bookcase with the hidden entrance. They can hardly believe people lived behind it. Yet the Franks and their friends hid in this cramped space for almost two years. During this time, Anne's diary was her great support. She wrote it as if she were writing letters to a friend. Then, after hearing a radio program that asked people to document their war experiences, Anne changed the way she wrote.@ Anne wanted her diary to be a book after the war. With this in mind, she described her hopes and fears, as well as life in the hiding place. She told about the risks friends took to sneak in food, and that there was never enough. They always had to be quiet in case - someone heard them. Through it all, Anne lon, for the world outside. Life was hard, but Anne remained hopeful. “In spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart,” she wrote. In 1944, someone betrayed the families. They were arrested, and & the diary stopped. We know Anne was sent to a prison camp. She died just before the war ended in 1945. She was fifteen. Visitors walk into the room where Anne lived and see her diary. Her father, the family’s only survivor, found it after the war. He had it translated into many languages. The diary helps people understand what life was like during World War II and how the war made many people like Anne suffer. Then they say silently: Never again. ¥ Make Connections Talk about what Anne's diary tells us and why it is important. ESSENTIAL QUESTION! jumaana Vocabulary ne eee OT ENN SEEN ES ee | A. Look at the pictures and read the words. (© HD ae cow. B. Write the words next to the correct meanings. fee Vi 2 on. | 3 v. 4 |. a discussion between people in which they talk about their different opinions 6 on. ' Be. We 8. adj. to reduce the amount of something until very little is left —____ the parts of something that are left when the other parts are gone or used to change something from one form te another to use something something that happens as a result of an action ora condition a feature that makes something better or more useful doing something well without wasting time, money, or energy C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. Everyone in the neighborhood will take / catch part in the holiday celebration. 2. Jen is a good friend and will always be on/in my side. 3. The group argued to/ against testing that harms animals.80 ENERGY , a pesaTre @ There is a class debate about What Is Energy? energy next Thursday. I will take Mie saa cnhesedasieceg sky part, but first I need to plan and energy sources. We burn oil and coal to 5 ‘ make heat. Solar panels use sunlight to study. We don’t know which side Oey eric nc we will be on. Our teacher will Re a ear) only tell us the day before. This to electrical energy. We use this to warm, em aes means we have to prepare to speak for both sides. One group will talk about an energy source and the ac using it. This group will show how the source is good for the Earth The other group will argue against an energy source. They need to say why it is not good. They will also need to show the car 28 Of using each source. We might have to talk about gasoline as an energy source. If so, I would say that it is made from oil, a fossil fuel. These fuels were made from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They formed millionsof years ago. However, there is one problem with using fossil fuels. We are consuming them much faster than it takes for them to form. They are being depleted. One day, they will run out. Another drawback is that they pollute the air. Some people say we need to stop } using gasoline now. However, many cars and factories use this type of fuel. It would be expensive to change everything to another energy source. Another source we might need to debate about is wind energy. I will say that it is a renewable energy source. This is because wind will never run out. One large wind turbine can make enough energy to power a city, Another benefit is that it does not harm the environment. But wind energy is not as efficient as other sources. Less than half of the wind collected can be converted into electricity. It would also be costly to put wind turbines everywhere. We now use more energy than we did in the past. We need to think about what we use and how we use it. The debate « will be hard, but I will be ready! Make Connections How might our dependence on fossil fuels change in the future? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONsane Vocabulary ities othe A. Look at the pictures and read the words. B. Write the words next to the co! 1, v. to use your money to buy something in order to make more money 2. vv, togive the details of something in writing 3. _n. a business deal with someone, especially the act of buying ar selling 4. n. the system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought in a country 5. n. the money used in each country 6. v. tomakea decision 7. adj. worth a lot of money; very useful or helpful 8. adj. involving the whole world (C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. Dan did not want to trade his bike for / into a scooter. 2. During lunch, gave him my sandwich in exchange to/ for his salad. 3. Can you believe that this mavie is based on /in a true story? 87What makes money valuable? A dollar bill is only a piece of paper. You cannot eat or wear it. So why do people want it? It is because money is hard to get. Bartering Imagine you are a goat herder in China in 1200 B.C.E.* You visit a market with your goat. The market sells items such as cows and tools. You need a broom, but you do not want to trade your goat for a broom. A goat is too valuable! Instead, you might trade goat milk for the broom. But what if the broom seller does not want goat milk? Early Currency There is no need to worry. Earlier, you sold some milk in exchange for ten cowrie shells. You give two shells to the broom seller. Cowrie shells were the first in China. They madeiteasier pum to buy and sell things. They —— SS "BCE: Before the CommoniChristian Erawere also lighter and easier to carry than a goat. You start to save these shells to invest in another goat. Later, you can drink or sell that goat milk, too. . New Currency } People started using metal coins in China around 1000 B.C.E. Soon, currency became a global idea. In 700 B.C.E., gold and silver coins were popular in Europe and the Middle East. These coins were usually round. After being weighed on a scale to determine their value, they were stamped with different designs that stated their value. i a) Paper Money Carrying a bag of coins was heavy. The weight of < MEELZ coins and a metal shortage are two reasons China began to produce paper money in the 10th century. Se aPD The earliest European paper money appeared in $50 100 50> = Sweden in the 1600s. Italy followed about 90 years ~ * ay later. At first, the value of paper money was based Se on the amount of gold or silver a person had in the bank. Today, the numbers printed on paper money tell its value. @irodern Money In today’s economy, many people use credit cards to purchase items electronically. Numbers on a computer screen show the value of the transaction. Many people prefer to use cards than paper money. We have come a long way from cowrie shells! ‘. Make Connections Why did using currency replace bartering? ESSENTIAL QUESTION} — Vocabulary Re a ' A. Look at the pictures and read the words. (© 2D B. Write the words next to the correct meanings. \ 1. adj. feeling as if you are not part of a group 2..adj. liking to talk a lot 3. n. anumber which shows a part or parts of a whole thing 4, na friendly person who likes being with and talking to other people 5. n. away of thinking about and understanding something 6. 7, achange from one state or condition to another 7. v, tobe born with traits that are similar to those of your parents or grandparents 8. n. the features of a person's character that make them different from others C. Read and choose the correct words. 1. Itwas hard for/to my sister to accept the changes after we moved house. 2. Iwas nervous, but | put up /on a brave face during my presentation. 3. My brother asked me for /as help with his science project. 956 My name is Michael Lee. I'm American, but my parents came to the US. from Korea. This summer, we moved from Chicago to a small city in Wisconsin. Mom and Dad are doctors, and they got new jobs at a hospital here. My parents wanted to move, but the transition from a big city to a small one was hard for me. Dad said life in small cities is easier, and people are friendlier. I'd just have to give it time. & I was nervous about moving from elementary school to middle 96 school in a new place. Everyone would know each other, and I’d feel excluded. Mom noticed that I was anxious the first day of school, “Mikey, don’t worry,” she said. Mom still calls me MEY when I'm upset. “You have inherited your father’s personality. You're an extrovert like him. You'll make friends, I'm sure.”© At school, I kept repeating my parents’ words to myself. I needed to believe them! I put on a brave face and smiled at everyone. Jake, a boy in my math class, smiled back and said hello. From then on, we became good friends. He isn’t talkative like me, but he’s a math genius. Math is not my best subject, and I needed to work on it. I want to be a doctor like my parents and grandparents, so I need good grades. I decided to ask Jake for help. That weekend, Jake and I had a study session. Jake used slices of pizza to explain fractions, and he was a superb teacher. I finally understood why eight-sixteenths was the same as one half. On Monday, I answered the hardest question correctly. Our teacher was stunned. I even surprised myself! GS Next month is winter vacation. We're going to visit my grandparents in Korea, and I'll get to practice my Korean! But before we leave, Jake and I are going to the Math Museum downtown. It won’t be just us, though. All our friends from school are coming! I have never been out with such a big group of people! Moving changed my perspective on life. Dad was right about people being friendlier in smaller cities, and Mom was right that my personality would help me make friends, I guess I’ve found my place! Make Connections How did Michael feel before and after going to middle school in a small city in Wisconsin? ESSENTIAL QUESTION