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1 A student investigates the cooling of water in different sized beakers.
He uses the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1.
Beaker A and beaker B have graduations as shown in Fig. 1.1.
thermometer
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300 cm3 beaker B
beaker A 100 cm3 200 cm3
50 cm3 100 cm3
bench
30
20
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10
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Record room temperature θR shown on the thermometer in Fig. 1.1.
θR = .................................................... °C [1]
(ii) Describe one technique to use so that the temperature reading is as accurate as possible
in this experiment.
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) The student pours an estimated volume of 75 cm3 of hot water into beaker A. He uses the
scale on the beaker as a guide.
He puts the thermometer into the water in beaker A and records, in Table 1.1, the temperature
θ at time t = 0.
He records, in Table 1.1, the temperature of the water in beaker A every 30 s.
The student repeats the procedure for beaker B.
His readings are shown in Table 1.1.
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Suggest one possible source of inaccuracy in the procedure, even if it is carried out carefully.
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Table 1.1
beaker A beaker B
t/s θ / °C θ / °C
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0 82.5 80.0
30 80.0 75.0
60 78.0 72.0
90 76.5 69.5
120 75.0 67.0
150 74.0 65.0
180 73.0 63.5
(c) Write a conclusion describing the effect of changing the size of the beaker on the rate of
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cooling of the hot water.
Justify your answer by reference to values from the results.
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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(d) Students in other schools do the same experiment using identical apparatus.
State one variable that they need to control in order to obtain readings as close as possible to
the readings in Table 1.1.
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(e) Calculate the average cooling rate x for beaker B.
Use the readings for beaker B in Table 1.1 and the equation
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θ0 – θ180
x= T
where T = 180 s and θ0 and θ180 are the temperatures of the water in beaker B at t = 0 and
t = 180 s.
Include the unit for the cooling rate.
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x = ......................................................... [2]
(f) (i) Another student thinks that more thermal energy is lost from the surface of the water in
beaker B than from the sides of beaker B.
Suggest an additional experiment that she can do with beaker B to test her idea.
...........................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Suggest how the cooling rate of the water in beaker B in this additional experiment
compares with the value of x in (e) if her idea is correct.
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..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 11]
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