Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
34
Primitive Data
• There are eight primitive data types in Java
• Four of them represent integers:
• byte, short, int, long
• Two of them represent floating point numbers:
• float, double
• One of them represents characters:
• char
• And one of them represents boolean values:
• boolean
35
Numeric Primitive Data
• The difference between the numeric primitive types is
their size and the values they can store:
Type Storage Min Value Max Value
byte 8 bits -128 127
short 16 bits -32,768 32,767
int 32 bits -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
long 64 bits < -9 x 1018 > 9 x 1018
float 32 bits +/- 3.4 x 1038 with 7 significant digits
double 64 bits +/- 1.7 x 10308 with 15 significant digits
36
Integers and floating point types
• By default
• JAVA assumes all integer literals are of type int
✔ Use int for general
calculations unless you
• To define a literal of type long expect very large values.
• L or l is appended to the end of the value ✔ Use long when dealing
with large numbers (e.g.,
• Example: long counted_Stars = 86827263927L; timestamps, IDs, big
counters).
• JAVA assumes floating point literals are of type double ✔ Use float when
memory is a concern and
precision is not critical
• If we need to treat a floating point as a float ✔ Use double for
• we append f or F to the end of the value financial, scientific, and
precise calculations.
• Example: float ratio = 0.2363F;
Characters
• A char variable stores a single character
• Character literals are delimited by single quotes:
'a' 'X' '7' '$' ',' '\n'
• Example declarations:
char topGrade = 'A';
char terminator = ';', separator = ' ';
• Note the difference between a primitive character
variable, which holds only one character, and a String
object, which can hold multiple characters
• “A” and ‘a’ are different values
38
Character Sets
• A character set is an ordered list of characters, with
each character corresponding to a unique number
• A char variable in Java can store any character from
the Unicode character set
• The Unicode character set uses sixteen bits per
character, allowing for 65,536 unique characters
• It is an international character set, containing symbols
and characters from many world languages
39
Boolean
• A boolean value represents a true or false condition
• The reserved words true and false are the only valid values for
a boolean type
boolean done = false;
• A boolean variable can also be used to represent any two states, such
as a light bulb being on or off
40
boolean flag = true;
boolean answer= false;
boolean tooHigh , tooSmall, tooRough ;
boolean done =false;
41
Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
42
Expressions
• An expression is a combination of one or more operators and operands
• Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results and make use of the
arithmetic operators:
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %
• If either or both operands are floating point
values, then the result is a floating point value
43
Division and Remainder
• If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers,
the result is an integer (the fractional part is discarded)
14 / 3 equals 4 int / int -> int
8 / 12 equals 0
• The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder after
dividing the first operand by the second
14 % 3 equals 2
8 % 12 equals 8
44
Quick Check
What are the results of the following expressions?
12 / 2
12.0 / 2.0
10 / 4
10 / 4.0
4 / 10
4.0 / 10
12 % 3
10 % 3
3 % 10
45
Quick Check
What are the results of the following expressions?
12 / 2 = 6
12.0 / 2.0 = 6.0
10 / 4 = 2
10 / 4.0 = 2.5
4 / 10 = 0
4.0 / 10 = 0.4
12 % 3 = 0
10 % 3 = 1
3 % 10 = 0
46
Operator Precedence
• Operators can be combined into larger expressions
result = total + count / max - offset;
• Operators have a well-defined precedence which
determines the order in which they are evaluated
• Multiplication, division, and remainder are evaluated
before ,addition, subtraction, and string concatenation
• Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right, but parentheses can be used
to force the evaluation order
47
Quick Check
In what order are the operators evaluated in the
following expressions?
a + b + c + d + e a + b * c - d / e
a / (b + c) - d % e
a / (b * (c + (d - e)))
48
Quick Check
In what order are the operators evaluated in the
following expressions?
a + b + c + d + e a + b * c - d / e
1 2 3 4 3 1 4 2
a / (b + c) - d % e
2 1 4 3
a / (b * (c + (d - e)))
4 3 2 1
49
Expression Trees
• The evaluation of a particular expression can be shown
using an expression tree
• The operators lower in the tree have higher precedence
for that expression
+
a + (b – c) / d
a /
- d
b c
50
Assignment Revisited
• The assignment operator has a lower precedence than
the arithmetic operators
First the expression on the right hand
side of the = operator is evaluated
answer = sum / 4 + MAX * lowest;
4 1 3 2
Then the result is stored in the
variable on the left hand side
51
Assignment Revisited
• The right and left hand sides of an assignment
statement can contain the same variable
First, one is added to the
original value of count
count = count + 1;
Then the result is stored back into count
(overwriting the original value)
52
Increment and Decrement
• The increment (++) and decrement (--) operators use only one operand
• The statement
count++;
is functionally equivalent to
count = count + 1;
53
Increment and Decrement
• The increment and decrement operators can be applied in postfix form:
count++
• or prefix form:
++count
• When used as part of a larger expression, the two forms can have
different effects
54
Postfix and prefix forms
• When used alone
• the prefix and postfix forms are equivalent
• It doesn’t matter if you write
• count++; or ++count;
• In a larger expression
• they can yield different results
• Total = count++;
• Total = ++count;
int i=100;
System.out.println("Celsius Temperature: " + ++i);
System.out.println("Celsius Temperature: " + i--);
System.out.println("Celsius Temperature: " + i);
56
int i=100;
System.out.println("Celsius Temperature: " + ++i);
System.out.println("Celsius Temperature: " + i--);
System.out.println("Celsius Temperature: " + i);
57
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Assignment Operators
• Often we perform an operation on a variable, and then store the
result back into that variable
• Java provides assignment operators to simplify that process
• For example, the statement
num += count;
is equivalent to
num = num + count;
59
Assignment Operators
• There are many assignment operators in Java, including the following:
Operator Example Equivalent To
+= x += y x = x + y
-= x -= y x = x - y
*= x *= y x = x * y
/= x /= y x = x / y
%= x %= y x = x % y
60
Assignment Operators
• The right hand side of an assignment operator can be a complex
expression
• The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first, then the result is
combined with the original variable
• Therefore
result /= (total-MIN) % num;
is equivalent to
result = result / ((total-MIN) % num);
61
not result = result / (total-MIN) % num;
Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
62
Data Conversion
• Sometimes it is convenient to convert data from one type to another
• For example, in a particular situation we may want to treat an integer as
a floating point value
• These conversions do not change the type of a variable or the value
that's stored in it – they only convert a value as part of a computation
63
Data conversion
• Widening conversions From To
• It is safe
• to convert from a byte type to a short byte short,int,long,
type
float,double
• Since byte is stored in 8 bits short int, long, float,
• whereas short in 16 bits double
int long, float, or
• There is no loss of information, double
long float or double
• and the numeric value is preserved
exactly float double
Data conversion (cont’d)
• Narrowing conversions From To
• Go from one type
• to a type that uses less space short byte
• As such, some of the information int byte, short
• may be compromised
long byte, short, int
• In general, they must be avoided
float byte, short, int,
long
double byte, short, int,
long, float
bsilfd
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Assignment Conversion
• Assignment conversion occurs when a value of one type is assigned to
a variable of another
• Example:
int dollars = 20;
double money = dollars;
• Only widening conversions can happen via assignment
• Note that the value or type of dollars did not change
67
Promotion
• Promotion happens automatically when operators in expressions
convert their operands
• Example:
int count = 12;
double sum = 490.27;
double result = sum / count;
• The value of count is converted to a floating point value to perform
the division calculation
68
Casting
• Casting is the most powerful, and dangerous, technique for
conversion
• Both widening and narrowing conversions can be accomplished by
explicitly casting a value
• To cast, the type is put in parentheses in front of the value being
converted
int total = 50;
float result = (float) total / 6;
• Without the cast, the fractional part of the answer would be lost
69
Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
70
Interactive Programs
• Programs generally need input on which to operate
• The Scanner class provides convenient methods for reading input
values of various types
• A Scanner object can be set up to read input from various sources,
including the user typing values on the keyboard
• Keyboard input is represented by the System.in object
71
Reading Input
• The following line creates a Scanner object that reads from the
keyboard:
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
• The new operator creates the Scanner object
• Once created, the Scanner object can be used to invoke various
input methods, such as:
answer = scan.nextLine();
72
Reading Input
• The Scanner class is part of the java.util class library, and must
be imported into a program to be used
• The nextLine method reads all of the input until the end of the line
is found
• See Echo.java
• The details of object creation and class libraries are discussed further
in Chapter 3
73
//********************************************************************
// Echo.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of the nextLine method of the Scanner class
// to read a string from the user.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Echo
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads a character string from the user and prints it.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
String message;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println ("Enter a line of text:");
message = scan.nextLine();
System.out.println ("You entered: \"" + message + "\"");
}
}
74
Sample Run
//********************************************************************
// Echo.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// Enter a line of text:
You want
// Demonstrates thefries with
use of the that?
nextLine method of the Scanner class
// to read a string from the user.
You entered: "You want fries with that?"
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Echo
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads a character string from the user and prints it.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
String message;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println ("Enter a line of text:");
message = scan.nextLine();
System.out.println ("You entered: \"" + message + "\"");
}
}
75
Input Tokens
• Unless specified otherwise, white space is used to separate the
elements (called tokens) of the input
• White space includes space characters, tabs, new line characters
• The next method of the Scanner class reads the next input token
and returns it as a string
• Methods such as nextInt and nextDouble read data of
particular types
• See GasMileage.java
76
//********************************************************************
// GasMileage.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of the Scanner class to read numeric data.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class GasMileage
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Calculates fuel efficiency based on values entered by the
// user.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int miles;
double gallons, mpg;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
continue
continue
System.out.print ("Enter the number of miles: ");
miles = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the gallons of fuel used: ");
gallons = scan.nextDouble();
mpg = miles / gallons;
System.out.println ("Miles Per Gallon: " + mpg);
}
}
Sample Run
Enter the number of miles: 328
Enter the gallons of fuel used: 11.2
Miles Per Gallon: 29.28571428571429
continue
System.out.print ("Enter the number of miles: ");
miles = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the gallons of fuel used: ");
gallons = scan.nextDouble();
mpg = miles / gallons;
System.out.println ("Miles Per Gallon: " + mpg);
}
}
Summary
The print and println methods represent two services provided by the System.out object.
A variable is a name for a memory location used to hold a value of a particular data type.
Accessing data leaves it intact in memory, but an assignment statement overwrites the old data.
We cannot assign a value of one type to a variable of an incompatible type.
Constants hold a particular value for the duration of their existence.
Java has two kinds of numeric values: integer and floating point. There are four integer data types
and two floating point data types.
Java uses the 16-bit Unicode character set to represent character data.
Expressions are combinations of operators and operands used to perform a calculation.
Java follows a well-defined set of precedence rules that governs the order in which operators will
be evaluated in an expression.
Narrowing conversions should be avoided because they can lose information.
The Scanner class provides methods for reading input of various types from various sources.
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