LEARNING MODULES

for
Electronics Technology 102
in
Audio Amplifier and Project
Making Design

THADDEUS L. MUNCADA
Asst. Professor I
 ABOUT THE LEARNING
MODULES

Welcome to Electrical Technology 102 – Audio Amplifier and Project Making Design!

This module will equip you with the basic knowledge and skills in the field of
electronics technology.

Module 1 – Basic Hand Tools

LO 1. Prepare hand tools; and

LO 2. Use appropriate hand tools and test equipment.

Your success in this course on Audio Amplifier and Project Making Design is
shown in your ability to perform the performance standards found in each learning
outcome.

How Do You Use This Learning

Modules

This learning material has the following parts.

- Learning Outcomes
- Performance Standard
- Materials/Resources
- Pre-test
- What do You Need to Know?
- How Much You Have Learned?
- How Do You Apply what You Learned?
- How Well Did You Perform?
- How Do You Extend Your Learning
- Summary
- References

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 2

To get the most from these Module, you need to do the following:
1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance
Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end
of this Module.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer
against the Answer Key. Then, go through the Lesson and review especially
those items which you failed to get.
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information
Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information
that you need to know.
After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you
learned by means of the Self-check. Refer to the Answer Key for correction.
Do not hesitate to go back to the Information Sheet when you do not get all
test items correctly. This will ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job
Sheet directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real
life situation.
6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed.

Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for your
guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 3

 MODULE 1
Use Hand Tools

OVERVIEW

The most fundamental skill needed in electronic

works is the proper use of tools and equipment. To be good
elecrician, invest in good tools. Substandard tools will slow
down and prove extremely frustrating to use. Keep your
tools healthy and put a light film of oil on steel to prevent
rust.
When constructing electronic projects, measuring,
mounting, soldering and desoldering are prerequisite skills.
It also includes disassembling and assembling of electronic
circuits.
This module deals on use of appropriate tools and
test equipment based to task to be undertaken

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to do
the following:

LO 1. Prepare hand tools; and

LO 2. Use appropriate hand tools and test equipment.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 4

 LEARNING OUTCOME 1:

Prepare Hand Tools

-

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

▪ Appropriate hand tools are identified.

▪ Appropriate tools are selected according to task requirements

PRE-TEST

Determine how much you already know about preparing electronic

tools, equipment, supplies and materials

Direction: Match the different hand tools with their actual pictures. Write the letter
only on the answer sheet.
1. Desoldering tool 6. Paint brush
2. Soldering iron 7. Hacksaw
3. Soldering stand 8. Side-cutter
4. Long nose pliers 9. Wire splicer
5. Portable electric drill 10. Magnifying glass

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 5

 What Do You Need to Know?

Basic Hand Tools

Driving of Tools

1. Screwdrivers are hand tools specifically designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen
and remove screws. A screwdriver comprises a head or tip, which engages with a
screw, a mechanism to apply force by rotating the tip, and some way to position and
support the screwdriver, the tip of which is shaped in to fit a particular type of screw.

a. Slotted Screwdriver is used to drive or fasten negative slotted screws.

b. Phillips Screwdriver – used to drive or fasten positive slotted screws. A

screwdriver could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings.

c. Jeweler's Screwdriver Set – is a set of small screw drivers composed of

slotted and Phillips screwdrivers.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 6

Soldering Tools

1. Soldering Iron – is a device for applying heat to melt solder in attaching two metal
parts. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. For
electrical work, wires are usually soldered to printed circuit boards, other wires, or
small terminals. A low-power iron (20-30 Watts) is suitable for this work.

2. Soldering Tool Stand – is a place where the soldering iron is placed during usage.
This will keep the soldering iron away from flammable materials. The stand often
comes with a sponge used in cleaning the tip of the soldering iron.

3. Desoldering tool is used in removing soldered wires and components on printed

circuit boards for troubleshooting and repair purposes.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 7

Splicing Tools

1. Long Nose is used for holding, bending, and stretching the lead of electronic
component or connecting wires.

2. Side Cutter is a wire-cutting pliers, though they are not used to grab or turn
anything, but are used to cut wires.

3. Wire Stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire cutters. The
addition of a center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire.

Boring Tools

1. 12V Mini-Drill – is used to bore or drill holes in the printed circuit board (PCB) with
sizes from 1/32” – 1/16”.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 8

2. Portable Electric Drill is used for boring hole(s) in plastic or metal chassis with the
used of drill bits having sizes from 1/6” to approximately 1/4”.

3. Metal Files These are hand tools having a series of sharp, parallel ridges or teeth.
Most files have a narrow, pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.

Flat File is parallel in width and tapered in thickness; they are used for flat
surfaces and edges.

Half Round File is tapered in width and thickness, coming to a point, and is
narrower than a standard half round and used for filing inside of rings.

Round File - is also called rat-tail file which is gradually tapered and used for
many tasks that require a round tool, such as enlarging round holes or
cutting a scalloped edge.

triangular file

flat file

half-round file

round file

Cutting Tools

1. Utility Knife is a common tool used in cutting various trades and crafts for a variety
of purposes.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 9

2. Hacksaw is used for cutting metals. Some have pistol grips which keep the hacksaw
firm and easy to grip. The small hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a
handle that fits around a narrow, rigid blade.
handle

pistol grip

blade

Auxiliary Tools

1. Magnifying Glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of

an object. The lens is usually mounted on a frame with a handle. Roger Bacon is the
original inventor of the magnifying glass. A magnifying glass works by creating a
magnified virtual image of an object behind the lens. Some magnifying glasses are
foldable with built-in light.

2. Paint Brush – made of bristles set in handle, use for cleaning dirty parts of a circuit
or an object.

Electronic equipment
Aside from hand tools, equipment are also needed for more accurate and quality
output. In this connection, three of the most used equipment are presented here for
you to be familiar with their uses and the proper way of maintaining them.

a. Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is an equipment that combines three functions: as a

voltmeter that measures both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 10

resistance; and milliammeter that measures small amount of dc current. As safety
precautions in the maintenance of this instrument, the following should be observed:

 Always rest the function switch at 250V AC if an OFF position is not available
in the instrument.

 For current and voltage measurements, always set the function switch in the
correct setting which is a little higher than the expected current or voltage
present in the circuit.

 Place the instrument in a cool dry place, away from any magnetic devices, and
free from vibrations.

Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter Oscilloscope Signal generator

b. Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray

oscilloscope, or scope) is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal
voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical
potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some other
voltage (horizontal axis).

c. Signal generator. A signal generator is a device which produces simple wave forms.

Such devices contain an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating

a repetitive waveform. These are typically used in simple electronics repair and design
where they are used to stimulate a circuit under test.

Oscilloscope and signal generator should be given regular checkup for at least
once a week by connecting them in the power line. This will help prevent their
components from having moisture that might cause trouble in their circuits.

In any activity involving skills, it is a standard procedure that you must always
use the right tool or equipment properly that would fit in a particular task. In spite of
this reminder or caution, some students abuse the use of tools and still practice the
following common faults that must NOT be done.

Common Faults in Using Hand Tools

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 11

Pliers:
 Do not increase the handle length of pliers to gain more leverage. Use a larger
pair of pliers or bolt cutters if necessary.

 Do not substitute pliers for a wrench when turning bolts and nuts. Pliers cannot
grip these items properly and might cause a slip and create an accident.

 Never use pliers as a hammer on the handle. Such abuse is likely to result in
cracks or breaks.

 Cut hardened wires only with pliers designed for that purpose.

 Always cut the wires in right angle. Never rock from side to side or bend wire
back and forth against the cutting edges.

Screwdrivers:

 Never use screwdrivers as a pry bar, chisel, and punch stirrer or scraper.

 Never use screwdrivers with broken or worn-out handles. Screwdrivers of these

kinds should have tags to indicate that it is defective.

 Never use pliers on a screwdriver for extra leverage. Only use wrench or
screwdrivers specifically designed for purpose.

Utility Knives/ Blades:

 Do not use dull blades because they require more force, thus are more likely to
slip. Replace the blade when it starts to “tear” instead of cut.

 Never leave a knife unattended with the blade exposed.

 Don’t bend or apply side loads to blades by using them to open cans or loosen
tight cover of containers. Blades are brittle and can snap easily.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 12

 HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

A. Direction: On a separate piece of paper, classify the different kinds of hand tools
according to their specification in Consumer Electronics Servicing.

Hand Tools Classification

1. Desoldering Tool
2. Wire Splicer
3. Side Cutter
4. Long Nose Pliers
5. Mini Drill
6. Magnifying Glass
7. Soldering Stand
8. Screw Driver
9. Soldering Iron
10. Portable Electric Drill

B. Direction: Answer briefly the questions below.

1. Why is a low-power soldering iron suitable for electronic work?

2. What are the advantages of using a magnifying glass that is foldable with
built-in light?
3. Why is it best to use the right size of Phillips-type screwdriver?
4. Why is it best to use the right size of drill bit in boring holes?
5. Why do you think is it best for a soldering iron to have its soldering stand?

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 13

 LEARNING OUTCOME 2:

Use Appropriate Hand Tools and Test Equipment

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

▪ Tools are used according to task undertaken.

▪ All safety procedures in using tools are observed at all times.
▪ Malfunctions unplanned or unusual events are reported to the instructor.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write letters only.

1. Which equipment does NOT belong to the group?

a. Screw driver c. Diagonal cutter
b. Long nose pliers d. Side cutting

2. What is the reason why threads become stripped?

a. screws are over tighten c. screws are molded
b. screws are heated d. Screws are painted

3. What equipment is/are used for safety?

a. VOM c. OHS
b. PPE d. All of those mentioned

4. Which is NOT part of the group?

a. Soldering iron c. Soldering tool stand
b. Desoldering tool d. Wire stripper

5. Which hand tool is used solely for cutting metals?

a. Utility knife c. Magnifying glass
b. Saw d. Paint brush

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 14

 What Do You Need to Know?

USING TOOLS BASED ON THEIR FUNCTIONS AND OPERATION

Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment (PPE) that are appropriate for the task and which conforms
with your local safety regulations and policies.

Your skill in using tools and equipment will make your work less difficult and ensure
that tasks are performed properly and safely.

 Hand Tools
 screwdrivers, needle-nose pliers

 Diagnostic Tools
 Analog or digital Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter, power supply

Safety check
 Do not use flammable cleaners or water on electrical equipment.
 Make sure designated walkways are kept clear of any obstructions.
 Always wear protective clothing and use the appropriate safety equipment.
 Make sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety
procedures when carrying out the following tasks.

Proper Use of Hand Tools

 Use the proper type and size of screwdriver by matching it to the screw.
 Phillips and Flat Head are the most common types.
 Do not over tighten screws because the threads may become stripped.

In many types of work, hand tools are used every day. They make work easier
and allow people to be more efficient. However, majority of students often fail to see
the hazards these tools can introduce. In "Hand Tool Safety" shows workers how
accidents can be significantly reduced by reviewing the various hazards that are
associated with specific types of tools.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 15

 HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter only of your answer in the
answer sheet.

A B
1. Cut the insulation without cutting the a. 12 V Mini-drill
wire b. Desoldering tool
2. Drill holes in the printed circuit board
3. Tighten, loosen or remove screws c. Hacksaw
4. Remove soldered wires d. Long nose
5. Hold, bend, stretch the lead of
e. Magnifying glass
electronic component or connecting
wires f. Oscilloscope
6. Cut metals g. Paint brush
7. Clean dirty parts of an object
h. Screwdriver
8. Produce a magnified image of an
object i. Signal generator
9. A piece of electronic test equipment j. Wire stripper
that allows signal voltages to be
viewed, usually as a two-dimensional
graph of one or more electrical
potential differences (vertical axis)
plotted as a function of time or of
some other voltage (horizontal axis).
10. A signal generator is a device which
produces simple wave forms.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 16

 HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Activity 1

Using Soldering Iron

Instruction:
1. Do the following Operation Sheets:

a. Procedure in using a soldering iron

b. Disassembly and assembly of the circuit

Procedure in using a soldering iron

1. Preparing the soldering iron

a. Place the soldering iron on the stand before plugging it.
b. Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to attain its operating temperature of
about 4000C.
c. Wipe the tip of the soldering iron on the wet damp sponge
d. Melt a little solder (soldering lead – 60/40) on the tip of the iron.
e. Wipe again the tip of the soldering iron on the wet damp sponge.

2. Soldering technique
a. Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle.
b. Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be soldered.
c. Apply a small amount of solder onto the joint.
d. Remove the solder, then the soldering iron, while keeping the joint in still
position.
e. Inspect the joint closely. It should look shiny and with a volcano shape.

What to do?
Make a video recording applying the procedure listed above forming an
object described below.
- Provide at least 1 meter copper wire #16 or #14.
- Cut the wire 1 cm length making 12 pieces.
- Make 3 squares by joining the ends of 4 wires by soldering.
- Join the 3 squares in such a way that the center form an equilateral
triangle.
Send the video output through on-line platform used.
Send the soldered figure through the university link.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 17

 Activity 2

Disassembly and assembly of the circuit

Desoldering

At some stage, you will probably need to desolder a joint to remove or reposition
a wire or component. The easiest and most common way is the use of desoldering
pump. Shown below is the proper way of removing electronic components from the
circuit using a desoldering tool.

Removing components in PCB using a desoldering pump (solder sucker)

1. Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks.
2. Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint.
3. Wait a second or two for the solder to melt.
4. Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck the molten
solder into the tool.
5. Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible.
6. The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing the nozzle.

After removing most of the solder from the joint(s), you may be able to remove
the wire or component lead straight away (allow a few seconds for it to cool). If the
joint does not come apart easily apply your soldering iron to melt the remaining traces
of solder at the same time as pulling the joint apart, taking care to avoid burning
yourself.

Be careful in desoldering to be sure that no component is damaged during the process.

What to do?
- Make a video recording applying the procedure in disassembling and
disassembling listed above.
- Send the video of your performance through on-line platform used.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 18

 HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM?

Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.

Remember it is your learning at stake!

Activity 1: Procedure in using a soldering iron

Direction: Prepare an actual laboratory activity regarding soldering techniques.

Suggested Activity:
Construct a figure or image using #18 solid copper wire applying proper
soldering techniques.

Procedure in using a soldering iron

Item
Soldering Tool 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Score
No.
A Proper use of tool – 50%
B Quality of work – 40%
C Speed – 10%
Grade

Activity 2: Disassembly and Assembly of the Circuit

Direction: The teacher will guide the students in removing or desoldering the
components of the blinker circuit on PCB applying proper desoldering techniques.

Disassembly and assembly of the circuit

Item
Soldering Tool 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Score
No.
A Proper use of tool – 50%
B Quality of work – 40%
C Speed – 10%
Grade

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 19

 SUMMARY

Alternating current - an electric current that is continually varying in value and

reversing its direction of flow at regular interval.

Anode - a positive electrode of semiconductor device

Capacitance - a property that exists whenever two conductors are separated by

insulating material, permitting the storage of electricity

Capacitor - a component designed intentionally to have a definite amount of

capacitance.

Circuit - an arrangement of one or more complete paths of electron flow.

Conductor - a wire, cable, or other body or medium that is suitable for carrying electric
current.

Current - the rate of transfer of electricity from one point to another.

Desoldering - a process of unsoldering unwanted parts or components in the circuit

with the support of soldering tool

Dielectric material - a material that serves as insulator because it has poor electric
conductivity.
Direct current - an electric current that flows in one direction.

Discrete components - separated or individual components.

Electronics - a branch of science and technology that deals with the controlled flow
of electrons.

Flammable - tending to burn quickly

Hazards - risks; dangers

Malfunction - not in normal functionality

Ohmmeter - an instrument that measures the amount of resistance in certain

component or circuits

Resistance - the opposition that a component or material offers to the flow current

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 20

Resistor – a component designed intentionally to have a definite amount of resistance

Soldering - a process of joining two metals caused by heat

Soldering technique - a right process in which the solder (lead) is being applied in a
connection or in the printed circuit board

Splicing – connecting two lengths of conductor

Technician - a person skilled in mechanical or industrial techniques or in a particular

technical field

Tool kit - a small bag or box equipped with hand tools

Troubleshooting - identifying and repairing faults in equipment

Voltage - the electrical pressure that existed between two points and capable of
producing a flow of current when a close circuit is connected between the points.

Voltmeter - an instrument that measures the amount of electromotive force in a

component or circuit.

REFERENCES

Tan, Michael Q, Gantalao, Fred T., Lasala, Rommel M., Simple Electronics, Andes
Mountain Printers, 2004.

Enriquez, Marcelo T., Electronics Technology IV, souvenir Publications, Inc., 2003.

Grob. Bernard, Basic Electronics, 4th Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Company, USA,
1982.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 21

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

ET 102 – Audio Amplifier and Project Making Design

Name: ________________________________ Course/Year/Section: ____________

ANSWER SHEET

Pre-Test No. 1

Answers:

1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
4. __________
5. __________
6. __________
7. __________
8. __________
9. __________
10. __________

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 22

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

ET 102 – Audio Amplifier and Project Making Design

Name: ________________________________ Course/Year/Section: ____________

ANSWER SHEET

Post Test No. 1

Answers:

Test I

1. __________ 6. __________
2. __________ 7. __________
3. __________ 8. __________
4. __________ 9. __________
5. __________ 10. __________

Test II.

1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 23

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

ET 102 – Audio Amplifier and Project Making Design

Name: ________________________________ Course/Year/Section: ____________

ANSWER SHEET

Pre-Test No. 2

Answers:

1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
4. __________
5. __________

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 24

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

ET 102 – Audio Amplifier and Project Making Design

Name: ________________________________ Course/Year/Section: ____________

ANSWER SHEET

Post Test No. 2

Answers:

1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
4. __________
5. __________
6. __________
7. __________
8. __________
9. __________
10. __________

AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 25

 Feedback

How are you doing with this module?

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AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND PROJECT MAKING DESIGN 26