BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- MAIN

MOLINO I, CITY OF BACOOR, CAVITE

Biocoagulant Properties of Sandoricum koetjape

(Santol) Rind Crude Oil

A SCIENCE CONCEPT PAPER

Presented to:

THE HONORABLE JUDGES OF THE 2025 RESEARCH CONGRESS

Researcher:

Marion Roger B. Avila

Hanz Eireen S. Gregorio

Josh Albene S. Penuliar

Juvy Anne A. Pitlo

Erv Zantine D. Valiao

MRS. LILIBETH M. MAYOR

Research Adviser

TEODORO A. GLORIANI EdD

Principal IV

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Contents

Project Title………………………………………………………………………………………......3

Background of the Study………………………………………………………………………...….3

Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………...….4

Problems………………………………………………………………………………………………6

Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………………………………….….7

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation …………………………………………………………………9

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………9

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………………………...11

Review of Related Literature……………………………………………………………………...12

Conceptual Literature ……………………………………………………………………………..12

Related Studies……………………………………………………………………….......……......16

Research Method and Design

……………………………………………………………………..21

Experimental Design (Flowchart)

………………………………………………………………….25

References ………………………………………..…………………………………………………

27

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Project Title: Biocoagulant Properties of Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) Rind in Crude Oil

Background of the Study

Water is one of the most essential components among the environment resources, for all

organisms depend on it for living. Water, for us humans, is used for our body's biological

processes such as carrying oxygen throughout the body, preventing kidney damage, and

more (McIntosh, 2024). Additionally, the role of water for the environment is also important

as it supports the survival and growth of plants and aquatic animals (Commonwealth

Environmental Water Holder, 2024). Moreover, water is also crucial for regulating the

environment's natural processes such as water cycle, erosion, photosynthesis, and nutrient

cycling. However, according to energytracker.asia, water contamination is a serious problem

nowadays with 56% of the nation's major water bodies and 43% of its rivers are

contaminated. One of these problems include oil spill contamination, specifically, crude oil.

Crude oil has become a major issue in the Philippines which is very alarming as it may affect

various elements such as people that are residing in the Philippines and even immigrants

who might voice out their complaints on the bodies of water in the Philippines.

Over the past few years the quality and availability of water in the nation of the Philippines

became alarming and concerning. As 56% of the nation's major water bodies and 43% of its

rivers are contaminated. Although 91% of households have access to basic water services,

availability varies by location, with as few as 62% of households having access. Moreover,

just 52% of families have access to a water supply that is safely regulated. Between 2010

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and 2019, there were an estimated 50,000 cases of waterborne illnesses each year as a

result of contaminated drinking water. Out of its population of 115 million people, 60 million

people (52% of the population) lack access to safe water and 43 million people (37%) lack

access to a safe toilet. Despite its growing economy, the Philippines faces significant

challenges in terms of water and sanitation access. The country is rapidly urbanizing, and its

growing cities struggle to provide new residents with adequate water and sanitation services

Oil spills pose a major threat to the environment, affecting water bodies and harming

marine life. Traditional crude oil cleanup methods include chemical dispersants and synthetic

coagulants, which often have negative environmental impacts. With this, there is a great

interest in developing environmentally friendly and sustainable methods for oil spill cleanup.

Sandoricum koetjape, also known as Santol, is a tropical fruit tree whose rinds contain

bioactive compounds like tannins, saponins, and pectins, which have been researched for

their natural coagulation properties. These compounds have the possibility of enabling

biocoagulation, which is a process wherein natural agents facilitate the collection and settling

of contaminants, such as crude oil, from water. However, numerous plant-based coagulants

have been studied with respect to water purification, and very few studies focused on the

possible use of Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) rinds in crude oil biocoagulation.

This study seeks to evaluate the efficiency of Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) rinds as a

natural biocoagulant for crude oil. By analyzing its coagulation potential, the research aims

to determine whether S. koetjape (Santol) rinds can be a viable, eco-friendly alternative for

oil spill remediation. The results of this study could contribute to the development of

sustainable and cost-effective solutions for mitigating crude oil pollution in aquatic

environments.

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Objectives

This study aims to determine the Biocoagulant Properties of Sandoricum koetjape

(Santol) Rind in Crude Oil

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) rind as a

biocoagulant in terms of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD

c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

2. Identify if the amount of Sandoricum koetjape in the solution affect the

performance of the biocoagulant in properties of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD

c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

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3. Analyze if there will be a significant difference between the performance of

Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) rind as a biocoagulant and the commercialized

(e.g. Alum coagulant) in terms of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD

c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

Problems

This study generally aims to determine the the Biocoagulant Properties of Sandoricum

koetjape (Santol) Rind in Crude Oil.

1. Will Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) rind be an effective biocoagulant in terms

of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD

c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

2. Will the amount of Sandoricum koetjape in the solution affect the performance

of the biocoagulant in properties of:

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g. Turbidity

h. COD

i. pH level

j. Oil content

k. Time

l. Color quality

3. Will there be a significant difference between the performance of Sandoricum

koetjape (Santol) rind as a biocoagulant and the commercialized (e.g. Alum

coagulant) in terms of:

g. Turbidity

h. COD

i. pH level

j. Oil content

k. Time

l. Color quality

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses will be tested to accept or reject the proposed study on

the Biocoagulant Properties of Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) Rind in Crude Oil

1. Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) rind will not be an effective biocoagulant in

terms of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD
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c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

2. The amount of Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) in the solution will not affect the

performance of the biocoagulant in properties of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD

c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

3. There will be no significant difference between the performance of Sandoricum

koetjape (Santol) rind as a biocoaglant and the commercialized (e.g. Alum

coagulant) in terms of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD

c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

Scope & Limitations

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This study will focus on the potential capabilities of Sandoricum koetjape

(Santol) as a biocoagulant using its rind or skin. This study will be conducted

in Bacoor National High School- Molino - Main. The study's main objective is

to compare the efficacy of S. koetjape (Santol) rind with more conventional

coagulants like alum in terms of coagulating contaminants in water. The

independent variable that will be used for the purpose of the study will be

collected at local markets. The duration of time that it will take for the

gatherings of materials will be for 7 days. The research will focus exclusively

on the rind, not exploring other parts of the fruit or alternative biocoagulants.

As this research will be conducted, issues are supposed to be faced by this

study. Firstly, is the lack or deficiency of time, this study might face delay of

time as experiments are being conducted expected to be caused or resulted

by particular problems such as natural disasters, suspensions, or any specific

events that could cause a change within the experimentation time of the

research. Furthermore, the extraneous variables that may also cause a whole

or small difference in the experimentation and result of the experiment.

Extraneous variables included are possibly dirty surroundings or environment.

Despite these challenges, the study aims to provide useful insights into the

potential of S. koetjape (Santol) rind as a sustainable and cost-effective

coagulant within the limitations of the time and resources available.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to give benefits and advantages to various stakeholders.

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● Department of Science and Technology (DOST), this study will help

provide more data and information about Sandoricum koetjape (Santol)’s

coagulation properties. Through this study, the DOST will have more control

over wastewater treatment and shall receive more options for natural

coagulants.

● Marine Conservation Philippines, by finding alternative ways to conserve

and treat wastewater using sustainable resources such as the S. koetjape

(Santol) rind, the separation between oil and wastewater would help them to

conserve the oceanic and marine life.

● Department of Enviroment and Natural Resources (DENR), as they are

one of the individuals who protects and preserves natural resources.

Therefore, the biocoagulant that the researchers will create may help with the

issues regarding oil spills, specifically crude oils.

● Department of Agriculture (DOA) as it enhances knowledge of natural

alternatives for managing agricultural wastewater and promotes sustainable

farming practices, aligning with the DOA's goals of resource conservation and

ecosystem health. By utilizing this natural biocoagulant, the DOA can reduce

chemical dependency in agriculture and contribute to effective wastewater

management.

● Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) by helping their aim

of conservation and management of the aquatic resources of the Philippines.

With the biocoagulant that the researchers are going to make. The Bureau of

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) would have an eco-friendly option

for keeping ocean bodies clean from crude oil.

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Conceptual Framework

The diagram below illustrates the paradigm of the proposed study:

Figure 1: The Independent and Dependent Variable

Dependent Variables:
Amount of Sandoricum
A. Turbidity
koetjape (Santol) as
biocoagulant: B. COD
C. pH level
A. 0g D. Oil content
B. 10g E. Time
C. 15g F. Color quality
D. 20g

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

In this study, the Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) will go under investigation for its

biocoagulation properties and potential in crude oil treatment. The factors that may affect the

study are categorized and divided into two groups to be to potentially determine the major

relationships among the two variables. These factors include:

1. The independent variable (IV) in this study is the utilization of Sandoricum koetjape

(Santol) rinds as a biocoagulant in crude oil in water wastes, for it is the variable that is

manipulated or changed.

2. The dependent variable (DV) is the following parameters: turbidity, COD, pH level,

oil content, time, and lastly color quality. As the following biocoagulation analysis depends

on the properties of the material being used.

Review of Related Literature

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Conceptual Literature

Santol

Santol, also known as cotton fruit, is an ornamental evergreen tree that belongs to

the Mahogany family. It is also scientifically known as Sandoricum koetjape,

additionally, other common names of Santol include Kechapi, Lolly fruit, Wild

Mangosteen, Santor, Red Santol, and many more (Health Benefits Times, 2019).

Sandoricum koetjape is widely consumed in Southeast Asian countries for its distinct

taste and various health benefits (Poeaim, S. & Pedklang, N., 2024). It is also a

good source of iron, fiber, polysaccharide, and tannins with a concentration amount

of 0.42 mg per 100g, 26.28%, 25.24%, and 22.6 µg/mL, respectively (Penang

Tropical Fruitfarm, n.d; Wongsariya, K. & Kanchanadumkerng, P., 2021; Tabamo,

A.J., 2021). These properties are essential in making an effective coagulant for they

help in flocculation, neutralization, and sedimentation efficacy.

Coagulant

Coagulation is one of the major treatment processes for the treatment of

wastewater, wherein contaminants like dyes and suspended particles are removed.

This involves adding coagulants to water that destabilize particles and causes their

aggregation in the form of large flocs, which can further be removed by precipitation

and filtration (El-taweel et al., 2023). It is one of the essential treatment methods in

the textile industry because effluents contain harmful chemicals that affect both

aquatic life and human health. Several coagulants, both chemical and natural, are

used to treat wastewater. Chemical coagulants such as aluminum sulfate are the

most widely used due to their effectiveness, while the natural coagulants are

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increasingly being studied for their eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Optimal

pH, coagulant dosage, and pollutant concentration must be found to maximize the

efficiency of coagulation.

Crude Oil

According to Speight's study (2019), crude oil is a fossil energy resource that is

also defined as a hydrocarbon resource. It is classified into several types, including

opportunity crude oil, high-acid oil, family oil, and heavy oil. In most cases, crude oil

can be refined to produce useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oils,

lubricating oil, wax, and other forms of petrochemicals. Each of these oils resembles

regular crude oil but varies in terms of physical qualities and technique of recovery

pH Level

According to the study by Muhammad Irfan et al., which serves as a point of

comparison for the present research focusing on pH as a dependent variable, pH

plays a crucial role in coagulation–flocculation processes, affecting the removal of

contaminants like COD, TSS, and colour from wastewater. In their research, the

authors optimized parameters such as pH, coagulant dosage, and settling time to

achieve effective removal of pollutants. In the coagulation process, the pH

significantly influences the charge and structure of the coagulants, impacting their

ability to aggregate and remove suspended solids and organic matter. The study

revealed that adjusting pH to an optimal range could improve the removal efficiency,

with specific coagulants showing the best performance at a pH below 3. This finding

is useful for researchers investigating Santol rind (Sandoricum Koetjape) as a

biocoagulant, as pH variation may similarly influence the efficiency of the

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biocoagulant in treating polluted water. It can be optimized through careful pH

adjustment to ensure the coagulation–flocculation process takes place in the most

effective manner for maximum removal of pollutants.

Oil Content

Oil content in water refers to the quantity of oil pollutants found in a water sample.

Accurate measurement of oil content aids in the identification and quantification of

contaminants, enabling environmental agencies, water treatment facilities, and

businesses to establish successful remediation programs. The gravimetric method is

one of the most traditional and extensively used methods for determining oil content.

It starts with collecting a water sample and extracting the oil using procedures like

solvent extraction, filtering, or membrane separation. The residual oil is weighed,

allowing the oil content to be calculated using the extracted oil's weight ratio to the

initial water sample. The impurities, dissolved particles, turbidity, or other factors can

reduce the accuracy of the oil content measurement. The presence of contaminants,

dissolved solids, turbidity, or other elements in the water sample can decrease the

accuracy of oil content measurements. These factors can interfere with the

correctness of the chosen analysis method, resulting in inaccurate measurements.

Turbidity

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended material,

usually invisible to the naked eye. It's a visual characteristic of water that is a key test

for water quality. In measuring turbidity, it indicates the clarity of the water and can be

affected by the presence of suspended matter like clay, silt, organic and inorganic

matter, algae, and other microscopic organisms. In assessing water quality, turbidity
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is measured by evaluating the amount of scattered light by the suspended material in

the water when light is shined. Higher turbidity is indicated by high intensity of

scattered light. Measuring turbidity is crucial for high turbidity in bodies of water, can

reduce its aesthetic quality, harm aquatic life by reducing the light penetrating from

the surface, and interfere with disinfection processes in drinking water treatment.

CoD

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measurement of the amount of oxygen that

can be utilized through processes in a specific solution. It is frequently utilized to

assess pollutants in water, wastewater, and aqueous hazardous waste. Some of the

most common reducing chemicals found in water are organic, nitrite, sulfide, and

ferrous salts. The COD test determines soluble COD in wastewater, which is critical

for accurately modeling biotransformation in wastewater treatment systems.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen equivalents used during

the chemical oxidation of organic compounds by a strong oxidant such as potassium

dichromate. It is frequently used as a substitute measurement for carbon

bioavailability. The COD test uses powerful oxidants to oxidize organic materials that

microorganisms may oxidize either partially or not at all. It involves refluxing a sample

for two hours in the presence of a predetermined amount of oxidant. The difference

between the initial and the residual oxidant concentrations can be used to determine

the organic matter concentration in terms of oxygen equivalents per sample. It is

known that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) produces results faster than the

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which requires days.

Color Quality

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In the work by Getahun et al. (2024), this study optimized coagulation processes

to remove color and turbidity from wet coffee processing wastewater using bio-

coagulants. The authors of the paper suggest the relevance of several operational

parameters, including dosage of coagulant, pH, agitation speed, and contact time, in

attaining high removal efficiencies for color. The optimized conditions, especially the

pH of 8.76, resulted in nearly 99.99% color removal, showing the bio-coagulant's

effectiveness in improving the color quality of wastewater. This is especially relevant

in considering Santol rind (Sandoricum koetjape) as a potential biocoagulant, as its

application could follow a similar approach in wastewater treatment. By adjusting pH

and coagulant dosage, Santol rind might achieve comparable color removal

efficiencies. Such results emphasize the prospects of using natural coagulants such

as Santol rind to highly enhance color quality in industrial wastewater, which has

been in tune with the growing trend of sustainability in water treatment methods.

Related Studies

Santol

As a matter of helping hand within the future study. Likewise, based on Jolantje

Laturpeirissa, Matheis Tanasale, Eirene Grace Fransina and Fenrikus Lekiohapy's study is

that

the peel of Sandoricum koejape was extracted using HCl at 90 °C for four hours in order to e

xtract the pectin. The rind of the santol fruit had a pectin level of 11.51%, as determined by t

he gravimetric method. Meanwhile, the titrimetric approach was employed to determine char

acterizations of the pectin. Equivalency, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content, moistur

e content, ash content, and degree of esterification were determined to be 1937.7 mg, 0.74

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%, 13.28%, 31.63%, 11.93%, and 10.37%, respectively. The pectin from santol rind was clas

sified as having a low methoxyl content and a low degree of esterification because it did not

satisfy IPPA standards.

Crude Oil

As stated by Christian O. Asadu et al., which is the comparison study for the current

research with crude oil as the independent variable, crude oil contamination in water poses

a significant environmental challenge because of its complex hydrocarbon composition and

persistence in aquatic ecosystems. The study focuses on the utilization of an esterified

mango seed shell composite as an indigenous adsorbent for crude oil removal, emphasizing

the influence of oil-to-water ratio, pH, and temperature on the efficiency of adsorption.

Material characterization techniques such as SEM, XRF, and XRD were used to examine

the surface morphology and chemical composition of the composite, showing a high affinity

for crude oil sorption. The composite showed maximum adsorption efficiency of 90.69% at a

low pH of 5, following the Temkin isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of

50.80 mg/g. Such results show that esterified MSS could be an eco-friendly and cost-

effective solution for the remediation of crude oil in water, offering insights into the

optimization of adsorption-based treatment methods for oil-polluted water.

pH Level

According to the study made by M. Priyatharishini & N.M. Mokhtar, the usage of chemical

coagulant as wastewater treatment has been a huge concern due to its production of large

volumes of sludge, high production cost, and effects on the health. The study explains the

effects of pH on the coagulant process by using the peels of Jackfruit (artocarpus

heterophyllus) as coagulant. In a jar test experiment, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric

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acid were used to change the wastewater's pH. The wastewater's turbidity was assessed

following treatment in order to calculate the reduction percentage. Zeta potential and FTIR

were used to characterize the coagulant extracts. It was found that at pH 2, the jackfruit peel

extract functions as a coagulant most effectively. Jackfruit peel coagulant is said to be an

environmentally beneficial alternative treatment that can be utilized as the wastewater's

primary treatment.

Oil Content

Based on the study of Hamad and Chakraborty (2024), testing the oil content of

mustard seeds is important because it helps assess the amount of oil in the seed as well as

its nutritional and economic values, quality control, and supporting agricultural

advancements. The methods used in the study were milling (mechanical pressing) and

solvent extraction. The researchers can correlate this study in testing the oil content left after

the biocoagulating process. By determining the oil content left in the mixture, the researchers

can evaluate whether S. koetjape (Santol) rinds can be an effective coagulant against crude

oil.

Turbidity

Similarly, with the study that is in requirement of supporting facts against turbidity as a

parameter for the promised research that beholds from the future study, based off on the

study of turbidity on wastewater using biocoagulant, based on tannin and protein by Rudy

Syah Putra, Resti Yunia Amri and Mutiara Ayu is that one of

the popular techniques in the water treatment process is flocculation and coagulation. Chemi

cal coagulants were employed in this investigation, i.e. PAC served as a reference for both c

hemical and biocoagulants (including avocado, chickpea, and moringa seeds; moringa serve
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d as a reference for biocoagulants). This study sought to determine how doses of biocoagula

nts affected their performance as measured by a reduction in turbidity, total dissolved solids

(TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). The existence of functional groups—such as -OH, -

COOH, and -NH

functioning as active groups in the coagulation process was verified by FTIR measurement.

The coagulation process was tested using synthetic turbid water with a pH of 7–10 and a bro

ad range of coagulant dosages (0.01–0.03 g/200 mL. Chemical coagulants, such as ferric

sulfate and alum, are commonly employed in turbidity treatment procedures. The present

study used alum (aluminum potassium sulphate) and powdered neem (Azadirachta indica)

leaves as a biocoagulant in an effort to minimize turbidity in a sustainable way. The sample

from Hussain Sagar Lake in Telangana, India, underwent laboratory analysis and the

turbidity were analyzed. Jar Test Apparatus has established the ideal amount of neem leaf

powder and alum to boost treatment effectiveness. The biocoagulant dosage ranged

between 0.1 and 1 grams per liter. When mixed with lower dosages of alum, the bio

coagulant has been shown to be effective in lowering turbidity by up to 94.8%. According to

Ramavandi (2014), turbidity removal efficiency was determined by an eco-friendly coagulant

extracted from Plantago ovata, with results showing that there was high efficiency in

removing turbidity from river water that had turbidity. The coagulant's performance was

optimized at a pH less than 8, which ensured a removal rate of more than 95.6% for turbidity

concentrations ranging from 50–300 NTU. Similarly, in our study focused on Santol rind

(Sandoricum koetjape) as a biocoagulant, turbidity is also a key dependent variable. Just as

Ramavandi demonstrated the importance of adjusting pH and coagulant dosage to optimize

turbidity removal, it is expected that Santol rind can achieve comparable or even superior

turbidity removal performance under optimized conditions. By adjusting pH, coagulant

dosage, and other parameters, Santol rind may significantly improve the quality of water by
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reducing turbidity, contributing to more sustainable water treatment practices. This

comparison underlines the potential of natural coagulants like Santol rind in achieving high

turbidity removal, similar to other plant-based coagulants.

CoD

According to the study by Muhammad Irfan et al., which serves as a point of comparison

for the present research focusing on COD as a dependent variable, chemical oxygen

demand (COD) is a critical parameter in wastewater treatment that measures the amount of

oxygen required to oxidize organic and inorganic matter in water. High COD levels indicate

significant organic pollution, which can deplete dissolved oxygen and harm aquatic

ecosystems. In coagulation–flocculation processes, COD reduction is influenced by factors

such as coagulant type, dosage, pH, and settling time. Effective coagulation enhances the

removal of organic pollutants, leading to a substantial decrease in COD levels. In the

comparative study, the most effective results were achieved using a combination of cationic

and anionic polyacrylamide with ferric chloride and aluminum chloride at a pH below 3,

resulting in a 76% reduction in COD. This highlights the importance of optimizing coagulation

conditions to maximize organic pollutant removal in wastewater treatment applications.

Color Quality

According to Husen et al., using color quality as one of the parameters highly shows the

effectivity of the coagulant. The method used in testing was the jar test method. From

brownish-red, the wastewater subdued in color. The optimum value was found for the

highest removal of color-97.75%, turbidity-96.86%, and COD-90.33% with the pH values of

7.0, at a dosage of 2.5 g/L and a stirring time of 40 min, respectively. The researchers can

apply this study to their research by comparing the color of the crude oil mixture if it subdued
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in color after the biocoagulation process. This helps in analyzing whether or not S. koetjape

(Santol) rind will be and effective coagulant

Research Method and Design

Procedure

The experimental procedure will be divided into six phases. The first phase involves the

gathering of S. koetjape (Santol) and crude oil, which will be purchased. The second phase

includes the powderization of S. koetjape (Santol) rind. The third step will involve the

application of crude oil to wastewater. The fourth step will be the application of the

powderized S. koetjape (Santol) to wastewater contaminated with crude oil. The fifth

procedure is the testing of water samples where different concentrations of S. koetjape

(Santol) rind powder will be used. The final procedure would be the gathering and analysis of

data.

Gathering of Materials

The experiment will focus on the S. koetjape (Santol) rind and crude oil. To confirm the

purity of the sample, the S. koetjape (Santol) rind will be purchased at local wet markets in

Bacoor, Cavite. Meanwhile, the crude oil will be acquired from nearby oil refineries. The

other materials and equipment to be used, such as beakers, stirring rods, funnels, will be

provided by the DOST and the researchers.

Preparing of Samples

The preparation of S. koetjape (Santol) rind as a biocoagulant involves key mechanical

and chemical steps. First, the raw rinds are washed to remove dirt and contaminants. Next,

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they are dried either under sunlight for 3-5 days or in an oven at 50°C for 6-8 hours,

ensuring no overheating. Once dried, the rinds are ground into powder, then sieved to

achieve a fine, uniform particle size. For chemical preparation, oil extraction is performed

using Soxhlet or ethanol extraction to remove fats that could interfere with coagulation. After

oil extraction, salt (NaCl or KCl) extraction is done to extract proteins, enhancing coagulation

activity. The mixture is filtered, and the supernatant is concentrated by evaporation or

freeze-drying. Ethanol extraction can also combine oil and protein extraction in one process,

resulting in a liquid biocoagulant with improved coagulation efficiency.

Application of Crude Oil to water

In this phase, the researchers, with the partnership of DOST will apply Crude oil to

different container with the use of the jar test. As Khader, Mohammed, and Mirghaffari

(2018) conducted in their research, 1 liter of water will be added to the jars combined with

different amounts of Crude oil content per jar (p. 2). For example, jar 1 will contain 10mL of

Crude oil, jar 2 will contain 20mL, jar 3 will contain 30mL, and so on. After that, the mixtures

shall be mixed continuously for one to five minutes at 50-150 rpm.

Biocoagulation of Crude Oil from Water

The researchers will prepare crude oil-contaminated wastewater samples and use

different concentrations of powdered S. koetjape (Santol) rind as a biocoagulant. The

concentrations will range between 10 mg/L and 50 mg/L, increasing at 10-mg/L intervals.

After that, the samples will be continuously mixed for one to five minutes. The water samples

will then be sent to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for analysis to

determine turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, oil content, time, and color quality.

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This phase is critical for ensuring the accuracy of the results when determining the

biocoagulant's effectiveness in removing crude oil from wastewater.

Testing of Water Samples

The procedures that will be conducted will be based on the DOST procedure pricing list.

The researchers, with the help of DOST, will accurately measure the pH level of the water

samples using a pH meter. The pH meter will be calibrated with standard buffer solutions

having defined pH values. Following calibration, the glass electrode will be put in each water

sample, one sample at a time, and the pH meter will show the corresponding pH reading.

The researchers will then record the pH levels of the water samples. The data gathered will

provide a better understanding of the acidity and alkalinity of the water samples.

A proven wastewater analysis equipment, a six-spindle jar test apparatus, will be used

to measure the turbidity of the samples. Synthetic turbid water samples will be prepared at

high (90–120 NTU) and low (20–35 NTU) levels of turbidity. The samples will be mixed at 45

rpm for 30 seconds before adding a range of coagulant. Then, the jar test will begin at 125

rpm for 1 minute to begin rapid mixing, followed by 40 rpm for 45 minutes, indicating slow

mixing and floc formation. Turbidity will be measured before and after the jar test using a

turbidimeter. These procedures will be done in controlled room temperatures ranging from

25°C to 35°C.

Chemical oxygen demand will be determined through oxidizing organic matter that is

found in the water sample. The organic substances that have been absorbed in an acidic

medium containing potassium dichromate will then be measured. The scope of oxidation will

be based on the amount of dichromate consumed during the process. This was

accomplished through titration. However, recent methods utilize UV-visible spectroscopy to

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measure the reduction of dichromate to trivalent chromium at 440 nm, enabling a more

accurate and efficient COD determination.

To test oil content in crude oil wastewater, coagulant solutions of Poly Aluminum

Chloride (PAC) and Alum are prepared by dissolving them in distilled water. A 1-liter

wastewater sample is analyzed for initial turbidity and oil content. Coagulant is added,

followed by mixing in a jar test device at 100 rpm for 10-20 minutes and sedimentation at 20

rpm for 30-45 minutes. The clear supernatant is then sampled and analyzed. Removal

efficiency is calculated based on initial and final concentrations. Varying coagulant doses

help determine the optimal dose, with PAC achieving up to 96% oil and 99% turbidity

removal. Safety measures, including PPE and proper waste disposal, are essential for the

procedure. This standardized method ensures effective evaluation of coagulation efficiency.

The sample is prepared to determine the color quality of crude oil in wastewater by

filtering out suspended solids through a 0.45 µm membrane. Using a UV-Vis

spectrophotometer, absorbance within the visible range (400–700 nm) of the sample is

determined, which has been calibrated using distilled water and standard solutions for

accurate measurement. Absorbance data is further analyzed with the help of statistical

methods such as Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) to determine the intensity of

color and predict treatment results. The quality evaluation can be done by comparison with

standards like the Platinum-Cobalt (Pt-Co) scale. Color removal efficiency is determined by

calculating the difference between initial and final absorbance values, thereby indicating the

effectiveness of the treatment. This method uses rapid spectrophotometric analysis coupled

with advanced statistical tools for accurate assessment of wastewater quality.

Experimental Design

Gathering of Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) rind

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Preparation of Samples

Application of Crude Oil to Water

Biocoagulation of Crude Oil from Water

Testing of Water Samples in terms of:

a. Turbidity

b. COD

c. pH level

d. Oil content

e. Time

f. Color quality

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