FSL paper DYSP SOLVED

PSI Wahid SKPA

1. Locard’s Principle of Exchange

• De nition: Dr. Edmond Locard’s Principle of Exchange

states that whenever two objects come into contact, there
is always a transfer of material between them. In criminal
investigations, it means that a criminal will always leave some
trace of evidence at the crime scene and will also take
something away from it.

2. Strangulation
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 • De nition: Strangulation is the act of compressing the
neck, either manually or with a ligature (e.g., rope or cord),
which restricts blood ow and oxygen, leading to
unconsciousness or death.

3. Hypothermia

• De nition: Hypothermia occurs when the body’s

temperature drops below 95°F (35°C), causing severe cold-
induced distress. It can lead to confusion, loss of
coordination, and organ failure if untreated.

4. VIVI

• De nition: VIVI stands for Volatile Substance Induced

Violence. It refers to violent behavior or actions caused by the
abuse of certain volatile substances such as glue, paint
thinners, or gasoline.

5. Skid Mark

• De nition: A skid mark is a mark left by tires on a road when

the vehicle’s wheels lock and slide, usually during emergency
braking. The length and pattern of the skid mark can indicate
the speed and braking force used before the vehicle
stopped.

6. Range of Fire
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 • De nition: The range of re refers to the distance within
which a rearm can shoot a projectile accurately. It can also
refer to the type of trajectory a bullet follows, based on the
caliber and barrel length of the rearm.

7. Hallucinogen

• De nition: A hallucinogen is a type of drug that alters

perception, mood, and cognition, causing the person to
see, hear, or feel things that are not real. Common examples
include LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, and mescaline.

8. Contact Range

• De nition: Contact range refers to the distance between a

rearm and a target when the gun is red in direct contact with
the target. It often results in gunpowder burns or soot
marks on the skin or clothing of the victim.

9. WIID (Weapon of Immediate Destruction)

• De nition: WIID refers to a weapon that causes immediate

destruction or harm, typically used for rapid killings in
violent crimes, such as rearms or bladed weapons.

10. Tyre Marks

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 • De nition: Tyre marks are patterns left on the road by the
tread of a vehicle’s tires. These marks are useful in
determining speed, vehicle type, and the movement of the
vehicle in a crime or accident investigation.

11. Questioned Documents

• De nition: Questioned documents refer to any written or

printed material that is suspected to have been forged or
altered. Forensic document examiners analyze these
documents to determine their authenticity.

12. Toxicology

• De nition: Toxicology is the study of the effects of

poisons, drugs, and other chemical substances on the
human body. In forensic science, it helps determine whether a
toxic substance played a role in a person’s death or injury.

These terms are crucial in forensic investigations and

criminal justice to identify, analyze, and interpret evidence
related to criminal activities.

02. What are the various class and characteristic of re arms?

How a red bullet or enrtridge can be linked with a particular
weapon?
Classes and Characteristics of Firearms

Firearms are classi ed based on their design and function.

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 1. Types of Firearms

A. Based on Barrel Type

• Smooth Bore Firearms: The inside of the barrel is smooth

(e.g., shotguns).
• Ri ed Bore Firearms: The barrel has spiral grooves (ri ing)
for better accuracy (e.g., pistols, ri es).

B. Based on Firing Mechanism

• Single-Shot Firearms: Fire only one bullet at a time and

need to be reloaded (e.g., bolt-action ri e).
• Repeating Firearms: Hold multiple bullets and can re one
after another (e.g., lever-action ri e).
• Semi-Automatic Firearms: Fire one bullet per trigger pull but
reload automatically (e.g., pistols).
• Automatic Firearms: Keep ring as long as the trigger is
pressed (e.g., machine guns).

C. Based on Size and Use

• Handguns: Small guns that can be held in one hand (e.g.,

pistols, revolvers).
• Long Guns: Bigger guns that require both hands and are
red from the shoulder (e.g., ri es, shotguns).
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 2. How a Bullet or Cartridge is Linked to a Weapon

When a gun is red, it leaves unique marks on the bullet and

cartridge case. These marks can help forensic experts match
the bullet to a speci c gun.

A. Barrel Marks on the Bullet

• Inside a gun barrel, there are grooves (ri ing) that leave
scratches (striations) on the bullet.
• These scratches are unique to each gun and help identify
which gun red the bullet.

B. Firing Pin and Breech Face Marks

• Firing Pin Marks: The ring pin strikes the back of the
cartridge, leaving a small dent.
• Breech Face Marks: The cartridge case hits the back of the
gun, leaving unique marks.
• These marks can be compared with test bullets red from a
suspect’s gun.

C. Extractor and Ejector Marks

• When the gun removes and ejects the cartridge, it leaves

scratches on it.
• These scratches are different for every gun and help in
identi cation.
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 D. Gunshot Residue (GSR) Test

• When a gun is red, tiny particles of gunpowder stick to the

shooter’s hands and clothes.
• A GSR test can con rm if a suspect recently red a gun.

E. Serial Number Tracing

• Every gun has a serial number that can be used to track its
owner and history.
• Even if the number is removed, forensic experts can recover
it.

Conclusion

• Guns are classi ed by barrel type, ring mechanism, and

size.
• A red bullet or cartridge case can be matched to a speci c
gun using barrel marks, ring pin impressions, breech
face marks, and gunpowder residue tests.
• These forensic techniques help in solving crimes by
identifying the weapon used.

Q3. Wite a short note on forensic science laboratory: what are

is various section?
Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
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A Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) is a place where
scientists study crime evidence. It helps police solve cases
by examining things like ngerprints, blood, weapons, and
documents.

Different Sections of FSL

1. Biology & Serology Section

• Studies blood, hair, saliva, and DNA to identify people.
• Helps in murder, assault, and rape cases.
2. Chemistry Section
• Checks poisons, drugs, explosives, and chemicals.
• Helps in drug crimes and poisoning cases.
3. Ballistics Section
• Studies guns, bullets, and cartridge cases.
• Finds out which gun red a bullet.
4. Toxicology Section
• Tests blood and body uids for poison or alcohol.
• Used in poisoning or drunk driving cases.
5. Fingerprint Section
• Finds and compares ngerprints from crime scenes.
• Helps in catching criminals.
6. Questioned Documents Section
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 • Studies fake signatures, forged documents, and fake
currency.
• Used in fraud and forgery cases.
7. Explosives Section
• Examines bombs, explosives, and re accidents.
• Used in blast and arson cases.
8. Cyber Forensics Section
• Investigates computer crimes, hacking, and digital
fraud.
• Used in cybercrime cases.

Conclusion

The Forensic Science Laboratory helps solve crimes by

studying evidence scienti cally. Each section has a different
job to make sure criminals are caught and justice is served.

No.04 What is photography? Discuss the use of photography in

police
📸 What is Photography?

Photography is the process of taking pictures using a camera.

It helps in capturing moments, recording events, and
collecting proof.

📷 Use of Photography in Police Work

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 Photography is very important in police investigations. It helps
in solving crimes, nding suspects, and showing evidence
in court.

1⃣ Crime Scene Photos

• Photos of bloodstains, weapons, and footprints help police

understand what happened.
• They keep a record of the crime scene before anything is
moved.

2⃣ Evidence Collection

• Photos capture small details like ngerprints, bullet holes,

and injuries.
• This makes sure the evidence is not lost or changed.

3⃣ Identifying People

• Police use mugshots to keep records of criminals.

• Photos help in missing person cases and suspect
identi cation.

4⃣ Accident Investigation 🚗

• Photos of skid marks, broken vehicles, and injuries help in

understanding how an accident happened.
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• Used in insurance claims and legal cases.

5⃣ Surveillance & Security 🕵

• CCTV cameras and hidden cameras capture crimes in

action.
• Helps in tracking criminals and preventing crimes.

6⃣ Court Evidence ⚖

• Photos are shown in court to prove facts.

• Helps judges and juries understand the crime scene better.

7⃣ Secret Investigations 🔍

• Undercover of cers use hidden cameras to catch criminals.

• Used in cases like drug traf cking, smuggling, and illegal
activities.

✅ Conclusion

Photography is a powerful tool for police. It helps in solving

crimes, collecting evidence, and proving facts in court.
Without photos, many crimes would be harder to solve!

Q. Explain different types of physical evidence i use and value

in investigation.
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🔍 Different Types of Physical Evidence: Use &
Value in Investigation

Physical evidence is any object found at a crime scene that

can help in solving a case. It provides proof and helps in
identifying suspects, victims, and the sequence of events.

🛑 Types of Physical Evidence & Their Importance

1⃣ 🔬 Biological Evidence

• Examples: Blood, saliva, semen, hair, skin cells.

• Use: Helps in DNA analysis to identify suspects or victims.
• Value: Can link a person directly to a crime scene.

2⃣ 🖐 Fingerprint Evidence

• Examples: Latent, patent, and plastic ngerprints.

• Use: Helps in matching prints with police records.
• Value: Unique to each person, making it a strong proof of
identity.

3⃣ 🔫 Firearms & Ballistics Evidence

• Examples: Bullets, cartridge cases, gunshot residue.

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• Use: Links a weapon to a crime and identi es the shooter.
• Value: Can con rm if a speci c gun was used in a crime.

4⃣ 📃 Document Evidence

• Examples: Fake signatures, counterfeit money, handwritten

notes.
• Use: Helps in fraud, forgery, and ransom cases.
• Value: Proves if a document is real or fake.

5⃣ 🚗 Tire & Shoe Prints

• Examples: Footprints, tire marks, tool marks.

• Use: Helps in tracking movement of people or vehicles.
• Value: Can show suspect’s direction or escape route.

6⃣ 💊 Toxicology & Chemical Evidence

• Examples: Poisons, alcohol, drugs, chemical substances.

• Use: Determines cause of death or intoxication.
• Value: Helps in poisoning, overdose, or drug-related
cases.
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 7⃣ 🕶 Trace Evidence

• Examples: Fibers, glass, paint, soil.

• Use: Links a suspect to a place or object.
• Value: Can con rm contact between a suspect and victim.

8⃣ 🎥 Digital & Electronic Evidence

• Examples: CCTV footage, mobile data, emails.

• Use: Helps in cybercrimes, tracking suspects, and proving
actions.
• Value: Provides real-time proof of crime.

✅ Conclusion

Physical evidence is key in solving crimes. It helps police

identify suspects, prove facts, and provide strong evidence
in court. Every small piece of evidence can be a major clue in
an investigation!

OG. Discuss ngerprints their types and methods and to lift

ngerprints from scene of crime.
🔍 Fingerprints: Types & Methods of Collection at
a Crime Scene
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Fingerprints are unique patterns found on the ngers, palms,
and soles of a person. They are one of the strongest pieces
of evidence in crime investigations because no two people
have the same ngerprints.

📌 Types of Fingerprints Found at a Crime Scene

1⃣ Latent Fingerprints (Invisible)

• Not visible to the naked eye.

• Formed by sweat and oil from the skin.
• Example: Fingerprints left on glass, paper, or metal.

2⃣ Patent Fingerprints (Visible)

• Made when ngers touch a wet or colored substance like

blood, ink, or paint.
• Easily visible without special techniques.
• Example: Bloody ngerprints on a wall.

3⃣ Plastic Fingerprints (3D Impressions)

• Formed when ngers press into soft surfaces like wax, clay,
or wet paint.
• Example: Fingerprints on soap or fresh cement.
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🛑 Methods to Collect Fingerprints from a Crime
Scene

🔹 1. Powder Method 🖤

• Used for: Latent ngerprints on smooth surfaces like glass,

plastic, or metal.
• How? Fingerprint powder (black, white, or uorescent) is
dusted over the area, and prints are lifted using tape.

🔹 2. Chemical Methods 🧪

• Iodine Fuming: Used for ngerprints on paper. Turns prints

brown.
• Ninhydrin: Reacts with amino acids in sweat to make prints
purple (used for paper and cloth).
• Silver Nitrate: Used for old ngerprints on paper; prints turn
black under UV light.

🔹 3. Superglue (Cyanoacrylate) Fuming 🔥

• Used for: Latent ngerprints on non-porous surfaces like

glass, metal, and plastic.
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 • How? The object is placed in a chamber with heated
superglue, which makes prints white and permanent.

🔹 4. Alternate Light Sources (ALS) & UV Light 🔦

• Used for: Detecting hidden prints on multi-colored

backgrounds.
• How? Special light or UV rays make ngerprints glow.

🔹 5. Digital & Laser Scanning 💻

• Used for: Preserving ngerprints in digital form for forensic

analysis.
• How? High-resolution scanners capture ngerprint details
electronically.

✅ Conclusion

Fingerprints are valuable evidence in solving crimes.

Investigators use different methods to nd and collect
ngerprints, depending on the surface and condition of the
print. No two ngerprints are the same, making them a
powerful tool for identifying criminals!
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 O/No,07. Why should an 1/O give more importance to scienti c
evidence than oral evidence?

🔍 Why Should an Investigating Of cer (I/O) Give

More Importance to Scienti c Evidence Than Oral
Evidence?

An Investigating Of cer (I/O) must rely more on scienti c

evidence because it is accurate, reliable, and cannot be
in uenced like oral evidence. Oral evidence (witness
statements) can sometimes be false, misleading, or
in uenced by emotions, while scienti c evidence is based on
facts and cannot lie.

📌 Reasons Why Scienti c Evidence is More

Important

1⃣ 🔬 Scienti c Evidence is Objective

• It is based on facts, tests, and analysis.

• Cannot be manipulated or changed like witness statements.

2⃣ 🧠 Witnesses Can Forget or Lie

• Human memory is not perfect, and people may forget

details.
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• Some witnesses may lie due to fear, pressure, or personal
reasons.

3⃣ 🛑 No In uence or Bias

• Witnesses can be in uenced by police, lawyers, or

criminals.
• Scienti c evidence remains the same no matter who
examines it.

4⃣ 🔍 Stronger Proof in Court

• Courts trust DNA, ngerprints, and forensic reports more

than oral statements.
• Scienti c evidence helps in convicting criminals even if
there are no eyewitnesses.

5⃣ 🕵 Helps in Reconstructing the Crime Scene

• Bloodstains, bullet marks, and CCTV footage help

understand what really happened.
• Gives a clear timeline of events.
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6⃣ 📃 Permanent Record

• Witness testimony can change over time, but forensic

reports remain the same forever.
• Can be re-examined anytime for further investigation.

7⃣ ⚖ Supports & Veri es Witness Statements

• If a witness is telling the truth, scienti c evidence will con rm

it.
• If a witness is lying, scienti c evidence will expose the truth.

✅ Conclusion

An I/O should give more importance to scienti c evidence

because it is factual, unbiased, and cannot be changed.
While oral evidence is helpful, it can be in uenced, forgotten,
or false. Scienti c evidence strengthens a case and ensures
justice!

No.08. Discuss the collection and packing of bloodstained

clothes?
Collection and Packing of Bloodstained Clothes

1⃣ Find the Bloodstained Clothes: Look for clothes with

visible bloodstains.
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2⃣ Wear Gloves: Always wear gloves to prevent touching the
evidence.

3⃣ Collect the Clothes: Handle the clothes carefully without

disturbing the bloodstains.

4⃣ Pack the Clothes:

• Use paper bags or envelopes (not plastic).

• Pack each piece of clothing separately.
• Write important details like date, place, and your name on the
label.

5⃣ Keep the Clothes Safe: Don’t fold the clothes in a way that
damages the stains. Keep them dry and avoid heat.

6⃣ Take Photos and Write Down Details: Take pictures of the

clothes and write down how you collected them.

7⃣ Store and Transport Carefully: Make sure the clothes are

safe and secure when moving them to the lab or station.

✅ Conclusion: Proper collection and packing protect the

evidence and help solve the case.