Short questions

Q. What is the difference between LCD and MONITOR?

The main difference between LCD and Monitor is that LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) is a type of display technology, while Monitor is a general term for a
screen used to display visual output from a computer or other device.

Key Differences:

1. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

A specific type of display technology that uses liquid crystals to produce

images.

Known for being thin, lightweight, and energy-efficient.

Can be found in various devices, including TVs, laptops, smartphones, and

computer monitors.

2. Monitor

A broader term referring to any screen used to display video output from a
computer.

Can use different display technologies, including LCD, LED, OLED, and CRT.

Comes in different sizes, resolutions, and refresh rates depending on the

usage.

In Summary:

 All LCDs are monitors, but not all monitors are LCDs.
 LCD is just one type of monitor technology. Other types include LED,
OLED, and CRT monitors.

Q. Enlist the types and modes of operating system.

Operating systems can be classified by their features and functions, or by

their user interface. Some types of operating systems include:

Batch operating system: A type of operating system

Multitasking operating system: A type of operating system that can run

multiple programs at the same time

Multiprocessing operating system: A type of operating system that can

run multiple processes at the same time
Real-time operating system: A type of operating system

Distributed operating system: A type of operating system that manages

resources across multiple computers

Network operating system: A type of operating system that runs on a

server and is used to manage network devices

Mobile operating system: A type of operating system designed for mobile

devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and smartwatches

Embedded operating system: A type of operating system designed for

specific tasks, such as running inside a microwave, dishwasher, or washing
machine

Q. Define process and process states.

A process is a program that is running on a CPU, and a process state is the

status of that program at a given time.

Process

A process is a set of instructions that a processor executes

A process has a unique identifier, priority, and resources

A process’s context includes its code, data, and registers

A process can be created using a system call like fork()

Process state

A process state indicates the current status of a process

A process can be in one of several states, such as ready, running, waiting, or

terminated

A process’s state changes over time as it goes through its life cycle

A process’s state is stored in the Process Control Block (PCB)

Q. Define deadlock and give suitable examples.

A deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to continue

because they are waiting for each other to release a resource. This can
happen in computer operating systems and relational databases.

Explanation
 Deadlocks can occur when programs request resources before or after they
start running.

They can also happen when programs are queued up and waiting for another
resource to be released.

Deadlocks can cause a system to “lock up” and prevent it from operating.
Deadlocks can significantly impact performance and lead to undesirable
consequences.

Examples

Two processes waiting for tape drives

If two processes, \(P_{0}\) and \(P_{1}\), each hold one tape drive and need
the other, a deadlock can occur.

Two transactions waiting for rows

If Transaction A acquires a shared lock on row 1 and Transaction B acquires a

shared lock on row 2, a deadlock can occur.

Q. Define volatile and non-volatile with example.

Volatile memory

Definition: Data storage that requires a continuous power supply to retain

information

Examples: Random-access memory (RAM) and cache memory

Function: Stores data and programs that the CPU needs in real-time

Non-volatile memory

Definition: Data storage that retains information even when a computer is

powered off

Examples: Hard disk drives (HDDs), ROM, NAND flash, and NOR flash

Function: Stores data and media that need to remain on the computer long-
term or permanently

Q. Define software and hardware with examples.

Hardware

 The physical parts of a computer that you can touch

  Includes the computer case, keyboard, monitor, hard drive, and
processor
 Other examples include printers, scanners, routers, and network cards

Software

 The programs and instructions that run on a computer

 Examples word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, games,
operating systems, and anti-virus applications
 Software is intangible and lets the user interact with the hardware

Q. Define process and process control block.

A process control block (PCB) is a data structure that stores information

about a process in an operating system. It’s also known as a process
descriptor or task control block (TCB).

Q. Define deadlock prevention and storage management.

Deadlock Prevention

Deadlock prevention is a technique used in operating systems to ensure that

deadlocks do not occur by eliminating one or more of the necessary
conditions for deadlock.

Storage Management

Storage management refers to how an operating system handles memory

and disk space allocation, ensuring efficient use of system resources.

What is PCB? Discuss any three attributes.

PCB can stand for Process Control Block or Printed Circuit Board.

Process Control Block

Process ID: A unique identifier for each process

Priority: The order in which the CPU executes processes

Program Counter: The next instruction the CPU will execute

PCB Attributes

Process State: The current state of the process

General-purpose Registers: The data used by the process during

execution
CPU Scheduling Information: The algorithms used by the CPU to schedule
processes

List of Opened Files: The files a process is currently using

List of I/O Devices: The devices a process needs to complete tasks

Accounting Information: The amount of time the CPU spends on a process

Q. Define segmentation.

Segmentation is the process of dividing something into smaller parts or

groups. It can refer to dividing a market, a word, or an image.

Market segmentation

 In business, segmentation is the process of dividing a target market

into groups of potential customers with similar needs and behaviors.
 This helps businesses create more effective marketing plans and tailor
their sales campaigns to specific groups.
 Market segmentation can help businesses identify their most profitable
customer groups.
 Market research is important for proper segmentation.

Q. Write down the definition of computer.

An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form,
according to instructions given to it in a variable program.

There are many types of computers, including desktop, laptop,

workstation, mainframe, server, tablet, and hybrid computer.

Q. Write down the characteristics of laser printer.

Key Features of Laser Printers. The key features of laser printers are
their speed, resolution (fineness of print), printer language, and paper
handling.

Q. Define email and it’s uses.

Email, or electronic mail, is a way to send messages between people using

the internet.

Personal uses

Communication: Send and receive messages with friends and family

File sharing: Share documents, images, and other files

Professional uses

Business communication: Send and receive official correspondence,

resumes, and product updates

Record keeping: Keep a digital record of conversations and shared

information

Notifications: Receive alerts, updates, and reminders

Collaboration: Share information and coordinate with colleagues

Q. Define work control panel in computer.

A panel in a computer is a section of a graphical user interface (GUI) that

displays information or performs a specific function. Panels can be used to
present information in a window, pop-up, or dialog box.

Examples of panels in computers

Control panel: A central location for managing a computer’s settings and

features. Control panels can be used to add or remove software, update
settings, and manage user accounts.

Toolbar: A graphical control element that is often part of a widget toolkit.

Dialog box: A graphical control element that is often part of a widget toolkit.

Q. What are digital computers?

Digital computers are devices that process information in binary code to

solve problems.

Q. Explain suspend and resume.

“Suspend” means to temporarily stop or pause an activity, while “resume”

means to start that activity again after it has been suspended”

Q. State four necessary conditions for a deadlock.

The four necessary conditions for a deadlock are:

Mutual exclusion: A process holds a resource and prevents other processes

from using it

Hold and wait: A process is using a resource and requests another resource
that is already being used
No preemption: A process can only voluntarily release a resource it is
holding

Circular wait: A process is waiting for a resource that is being held by

another process, which is waiting for a resource held by another process.

Q. Point out virtual storage basic concepts.

Virtual storage refers to the concept of presenting multiple physical

storage devices as a single, unified storage system by abstracting
the underlying hardware, allowing for easier management and data
access across different devices without directly interacting with the
physical storage infrastructure

Q. Define file system architecture.

File system architecture is the organization of files on a disk or other storage

device.

File system types

 NTFS
 FAT
 APFS
 Ext4

Q. Define the working of ALU.

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic

and logic operations on binary numbers. It’s a fundamental component of a
computer’s central processing unit (CPU).

How it works

 The ALU receives instructions from the control unit (CU)

 The ALU performs the specified operations on binary numbers
 The ALU produces a result that can be used in further computations

Q. What do you know about Vice recognition.

Voice recognition is a technology that can identify a person’s voice and

perform actions based on their speech. It uses software or hardware to
analyze a person’s voice biometrics, such as pitch, frequency, and accent.

Q. What is trackball?
A trackball is a computer device that controls a cursor by rolling a ball with
your finger. It’s similar to an upside-down mouse.

Q. What is address bus in computer system?

An address bus is a component of a computer’s CPU that sends the location

of data to other parts of the computer. It's responsible for identifying the
location of data in memory or input/output devices.

Q. What is joystick.

A joystick is a hand-held device that controls the movement of a digital

object on a computer screen. It’s a hardware input device that sends data
and control signals to the computer.

Q. What is importance of computer in the filed of education?

 From sources across the web

 Access to information
 Communication
 Creativity
 Computer-based training
 Improving student performance
 Research
 Skill Development
 Collaboration and communication
 Improve teaching productivity
 Modernizing education
 Interactive learning
 Multimedia learning
 Computer education makes communication easy
 Storage of information
 Equipping students with essential skills
 Personalized learning
 Preparation for the future

Q. What is internal and external fragmentation?

In computer science, “internal fragmentation” refers to wasted space

within an allocated memory block when a process is given a larger chunk of
memory than it needs, while “external fragmentation” occurs when free
memory is scattered in small, non-contiguous blocks, making it difficult to
allocate large contiguous blocks of memory even if there is enough total free
space available
Q. What is virtual memory?

Virtual memory is a technique that allows a computer to run programs when

it’s running out of RAM by temporarily storing data on a hard disk or solid
state drive.

Long questions:

Explain four necessary conditions for deadlock.

The four necessary conditions for deadlock are:

Mutual exclusion: A process holds a resource and prevents other processes

from using it

Hold and wait: A process is using a resource and requests another resource
that is already being used

No preemption: A process can only voluntarily release the resource it is

holding

Circular wait: A process is waiting for a resource that is being held by

another process

Write a note on computer hardware and software.

Computer Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main components: hardware and

software.

1. Computer Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that can be seen

and touched. These include:

Input Devices – Devices like a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and microphone

that allow users to input data.

Processing Unit – The Central Processing Unit (CPU) processes instructions

and carries out tasks.

Storage Devices – Hard drives, SSDs, USB drives, and memory (RAM) store
data temporarily or permanently.

Output Devices – Devices like monitors, printers, and speakers display or

present processed data.
Peripheral Devices – Additional components like webcams, external hard
drives, and graphic cards enhance functionality.

2. Computer Software

Software consists of programs and instructions that allow the hardware to

perform specific tasks. It is divided into:

System Software – This includes the operating system (e.g., Windows,

macOS, Linux) that manages hardware resources and system functions.

Application Software – These are programs designed for specific tasks,

such as Microsoft Word, web browsers, and video editing software.

Utility Software – These help maintain and optimize system performance,

such as antivirus programs and disk cleanup tools.

Both hardware and software work together to make a computer functional.

Without hardware, software has no platform to operate, and without
software, hardware is useless.

Differentiate between contiguous and non-contiguous

storage allocation in memory management.
Contiguous storage allocation

Memory access: Memory access is efficient and straightforward

Execution speed: Faster execution speed

Fragmentation: Prone to internal and external fragmentation

Overhead: Lower overhead due to simpler data structures

Management: Easier to manage

Non-contiguous storage allocation

Memory access: Slower execution speed

Fragmentation: Helps reduce fragmentation

Overhead: Can have higher overhead due to additional data structures

Management: More complex to manage

Write the uses of computer in education.

Uses of Computers in Education
Computers play a vital role in modern education by enhancing learning,
improving efficiency, and providing access to vast resources. Some key uses
include:

1. E-Learning and Online Education – Computers enable online

courses, virtual classrooms, and digital learning platforms like
Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy.
2. Research and Information Access – Students and teachers can use
the internet to access educational resources, research papers, and
digital libraries.
3. Interactive Learning – Educational software, multimedia
presentations, and simulations make learning more engaging and
interactive.
4. Computer-Based Examinations – Many institutions use computers for
online tests, quizzes, and competitive exams.
5. Educational Software – Programs like Microsoft Office, MATLAB, and
AutoCAD help students in various fields of study.
6. Programming and Coding – Computers allow students to learn
coding, software development, and artificial intelligence.
7. Administrative Purposes – Schools and colleges use computers for
managing student records, timetables, and communication.
8. Collaboration and Communication – Online platforms like Google
Classroom, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams facilitate group projects and
remote learning.
9. Multimedia and Creativity – Students can create digital art,
animations, and video projects using specialized software.
10. Virtual Laboratories – Science and engineering students can
conduct experiments through computer simulations.

Describe in detail data communication process.

Data communication is the process of transferring information (data)
between two or more devices through a transmission medium, like a wire or
wireless signal, where the sender encodes the data into a format suitable for
transmission, sends it across the chosen medium, and the receiver decodes
the data to interpret the original information, all while adhering to
established protocols to ensure accuracy and reliable delivery; essentially
involving a sender, a transmission medium, a receiver, and protocols to
manage the data exchange.

Key components of the data communication process:

Sender:

The device initiating the data transmission, which converts the original data
(like text, images, or audio) into a digital signal suitable for transmission.

Data Encoding:

The process of converting the data into a format that can be transmitted,
often involving binary codes like ASCII or Unicode.

Transmission Medium:

The physical channel through which the data travels, including wired options
like copper cables, fiber optic cables, or wireless mediums like radio waves,
microwaves, or infrared.

Signal Generation:

Once encoded, the data is transformed into electrical or electromagnetic

signals appropriate for the chosen transmission medium.

Transmission:

The sending of the signal across the transmission medium to the receiver.

Signal Reception:

The receiver device picks up the transmitted signal from the medium.

Data Decoding:

The process of converting the received signal back into the original data
format, reversing the encoding process.

Receiver:

The device that receives the transmitted data and interprets it, potentially
performing error detection and correction if needed.

Types of data communication:

Serial Communication: Data is transmitted one bit at a time, commonly

used in point-to-point connections.

Parallel Communication: Multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously,

often used for high-speed data transfer.

Broadcast Communication: Data is sent to multiple receivers at once.

Unicast Communication: Data is sent to a single designated receiver.

What is system unit ? Explain the functions of the central
processing unit (CPU).
The system unit Is the main part of a computer that contains the central
processing unit (CPU) and other essential components. The CPU is the brain
of the computer, performing calculations and processing data.

System unit

The main box-like structure of a computer

Contains the CPU, motherboard, RAM, and storage drives

Protects the computer’s sensitive electronic parts

Central processing unit (CPU)

 The primary functional component of a computer

 Responsible for regulating the computer’s internal functions
 Interprets, processes, and executes instructions
 Performs arithmetic, logic, and other operations
 Runs the machine’s operating system and apps

CPU functions

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs mathematical, logical, and

decision operations

Control unit (CU): Reads and interprets input, sends data to the ALU and
memory unit, and translates things into binary.

Types of CPU
 Single core
 Dual core
 Quad core
 Hexa core
 Octa core
 Deca-core CPU