0% found this document useful (0 votes)

101 views103 pages

DPR (Amc) For Reference

The document is a Detailed Project Report for the rehabilitation of old sewer lines in Ahmedabad, specifically the drainage trunk main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road. It outlines the objectives, background, project area, and technical assessments related to the sewer lines, as well as the proposed trenchless rehabilitation methods to minimize disruption. The report is submitted by TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd under the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation 2.0 initiative.

Uploaded by

harshil1shah1

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

101 views103 pages

DPR (Amc) For Reference

Uploaded by

harshil1shah1

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation Ahmedabad Municipal

and Urban Transformation 2.0 Corporation

Detailed Project Report on

Name of work- Rehabilitation of old sewer lines:

Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from Shyam Shikhar

Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

Submitted by:

1
TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd.
(April 2023)
DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage
trunk main line from Shyam Shikhar
Ahmedabad Municipal
Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road
Corporation
via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to
Metro Bridge - Package 2

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ 1
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 6
1) Background .................................................................................................................. 6
2) Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation 2.0 (AMRUT 2.0) ....... 6
3) Components of AMRUT 2.0 SWAP-2 ......................................................................... 7
Table 1: Brief description of project ...................................................................... 8
4) Project Area .................................................................................................................. 9
Ahmedabad City .......................................................................................................... 9
Fig 1: Map of Gujarat and Ahmedabad city ........................................................ 9
5) Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation .......................................................................... 9
6) AMC administrative zones ........................................................................................ 10
7) AMC’s vision to achieve zero sewage flow to Storm Water Drains/Canals and River
Sabarmati. ........................................................................................................................... 10
8) Achieving Zero Sewage Flow to Drains by rehabilitating dysfunctional sewers. 11
9) Summary of Trunk Sewer rehabilitated by AMC in the past ............................... 11
10) Details of the sewer lines nominated for rehabilitation under this Package ...... 12
11) Diagnostic Condition Assessment of Sewer Lines Nominated for Rehabilitation12
12) Constraints and difficulties ...................................................................................... 13
Survey of sewer stretch from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road
via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge .............................................. 13
13) Status of sewer line after rehabilitation (Size) ....................................................... 13
Table 4:size of sewer line before and after rehabilitation ............................ 13
14) Hydraulic performance of the sewer before and after rehabilitation ................... 13
15) Technical Justification for the project .................................................................... 14
16) Structural Condition after rehabilitation................................................................ 15
17) Operational Condition after rehabilitation ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
18) Option analysis for various construction technology to meet the objective of
rehabilitation ....................................................................................................................... 15
19) Performance Comparison of liners .......................................................................... 15
Table 6:Performance comparison of trenchless liners ................................... 15
20) Cost Comparison of various Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Technology ........ 17
Table 7: Cost Comparison of trenchless rehabilitation techniques ............ 17
21) Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 17
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 18
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 18
1.2 Project Area ................................................................................................................ 18

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 1

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage
trunk main line from Shyam Shikhar
Ahmedabad Municipal
Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road
Corporation
via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to
Metro Bridge - Package 2

1.2.1 Ahmedabad city ................................................................................................................... 18

Fig 1.1: Map of Gujarat and Ahmedabad city................................................... 18
1.3 Sabarmati River ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 1.2: Sabarmati River with Bridges Linking Eastern and Western Sides
19
Figure 1.3: Sabarmati River- Interceptor Sewers to Trap Sewage Flowing into
the River ...................................................................................................................... 20
1.4 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation ........................................................................ 20
1.5 AMC administrative zones ........................................................................................ 20
Figure 1.4: AMC’s Seven Administrative Zones ................................................ 21
1.6 Climatic condition ..................................................................................................... 21
1.7 Topography ................................................................................................................ 22
1.8 Population of Ahmedabad city ................................................................................. 22
Table 10: Population of Ahmedabad City as per census year ...................... 22
1.8.1 Catchment Area of the sewer lines ........................................................ 23
The catchment area of the sewer line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar
Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge is area around Memco
Bridge, Shyam Shikhar Society, Bapunagar, area around Ajit Mill, Nagarvel Hanuman
area etc................................................................................................................................. 23
Overview of existing sewerage system .............................................................................. 23
1.9.1 Sewerage development .............................................................................. 23
Table 1.3: Overview of Sewerage Development in Ahmedabad City ........... 23
1.10 Sewage treatment facility ......................................................................................... 24
1.11 AMC’s vision to achieve zero sewage flow to Storm Water Drains/Canals and River
Sabarmati. ........................................................................................................................... 24
1.12 Trunk sewers rehabilitated by AMC since 2011..................................................... 25
Table 1.5: Trunk sewers rehabilitated by AMC since 2011 .......................... 25
1.13 Trunk sewer under rehabilitation by AMC (Ongoing) ............................................ 27
Table 1.6: Trunk sewer under rehabilitation by AMC .................................... 27
1.14 Summary of Trunk Sewer rehabilitated by AMC .................................................... 28
Table 1.7: Summary of trunk sewer rehabilitated by AMC ........................... 28
Schematic Layout of the sewer line proposed for rehabilitation from Shyam
Shikhar Cross Road to Bapu Nagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge ....................................................................................... 30
Schematic Layout of the sewer line proposed for rehabilitation from Shyam
Shikhar Cross Road to Bapu Nagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge ....................................................................................... 30

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 2

2 Diagnostic Assessment of sewer line nominated for Rehabilitation under this

Package ........................................................................................................................ 32
2.1 Objective of Investigation ......................................................................................... 32
2.2 Approach used for investigating the condition of sewer stretch .......................... 32
2.3 Grading System used for of pipe condition ............................................................ 33
2.4 Grading System used for pipe condition ................................................................ 33
2.4.1 Structural condition Investigation ................................................................................... 34
Fig 2.1: showing visual of structural defect measurement ........................................................... 35
2.4.2 Service Condition investigation ........................................................................................ 35
2.5 Structural Condition of Sewer line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar
Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge................................ 36
2.5.1. Near Ajit Mill 36
3.0 Structural condition of Machine holes ...................................................................... 38
Fig2.4: Photographs showing condition of the machine holes of the sewer lines
39
39
39
Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge ....................................................................................... 39
Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge ....................................................................................... 39
Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................................... 40
Table 2.4: Description of Service Condition Grades (As per WRc) ............... 40
Status of Sewer line stretch proposed for rehabilitation under this DPR for AMRUT 2.0
SWAP-2 (before and after rehabilitation) ................................................................... 41
3.1 Present status of sewer lines.................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 Length and Size of the sewer line under AMRUT 2.0 (SWAP -2) Package 2 .............. 41
3.1.2 Type of body of sewer pipes ............................................................................................... 41
3.1.3 Structural Condition before rehabilitation ..................................................................... 41
3.1.4 Reasons for Malfunctioning............................................................................................... 41
3.2 Status of sewer line after rehabilitation (Size) ....................................................... 42
3.2.1 Flow Velocity and Conveying Capacity of Sewers Before and After Rehabilitation: . 42
3.2.2 Hydraulic performance of the sewer before and after rehabilitation .......................... 45
3.2.3 The Technical Justification for the project ..................................................................... 45
3.2.4 Structural Condition after rehabilitation ........................................................................ 46
3.2.5 Operational Condition after rehabilitation ...................................................................... 46
3.2.6 Procurement Modality and Implementation Plan .......................................................... 46
3.3 Constraints and Difficulties................................................................................... 48
Survey of sewer stretch from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via.
Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge............................................................ 48

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 3

4.0 Selection of suitable construction Technologies................................................ 50

4.1 Open Cut Method ......................................................................................................... 50
4.1.1 Advantages of Open Cut Method ...................................................................................... 50
4.1.2 Disadvantages of Open Cut Method ................................................................................ 50
4.2 Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Method ........................................................................ 51
4.2.1 Advantages of Trenchless sewer rehabilitation .............................................................. 51
4.2.2 Disadvantages of Trenchless sewer rehabilitation......................................................... 51
Comparison of Open Cut Method and Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Method 52
Name of the sewer line 52
Open Cut Method 52
Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Method 52
Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross
Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge 52
Laying of new sewer line by digging the long trenches by open cut method is not feasible in this sewer
line due to the following reasons: 52
This sewer line traverses under the busy Lal Bahadur Shastri Road with heavy traffic. There are numbers
of flyovers on this road from Shyam Shikhar Society to Metro Bridge. Due to these flyovers, the width of
the slip roads on both sides of these flyovers are narrow and busy with traffic. 52
These slip roads have to be closed down if the sewer lines are laid with open cutting method. The closing
of these slip roads during laying of line by open cut method for longer period of time will cause major
inconveniences to the public. 52
While laying of new sewer line by this method, agency may encounter different kind of utilities while
digging long trenches like, water supply pipes, electrical cables, optical fibres etc. which requires shifting
of these utilities. Shifting of utilities is a time-consuming process and hence requires traffic diversion for a
longer period of time. 52
Structural liner can be installed in this sewer line by trenchless method which will not require digging of
road. Hence disruption of traffic for longer period of time can be avoided. 52
Installation of liner will require temporary diversion of traffic for short period of time. 52
While installation of liner in this sewer line, utilities if any, might be crossing in some machine hole and
hence can easily be shifted by the concerned department. 52
5.0 Trenchless sewer rehabilitation options with their performance characteristics54
5.1 Selection of Lining technology for Rehabilitation of sewer line nominated under this DPR
for AMRUT 2.0 (SWAP 2) .................................................................................................................. 54
5.2 Basic Requirements of the liners...................................................................................... 54
5.3 Structural Liner Options ..................................................................................................... 55
a) Cured In Place Pipe Liner (CIPP) .............................................................................. 55
Fabric Tube Materials ................................................................................................................. 55
Thermoset Resins ........................................................................................................................ 56
Resins Overview and Properties ............................................................................ 56
Typical neat physical properties ............................................................................................... 57
Table 5.3: Typical neat physical properties ..................................................... 57
Resin/Felt and Resin/Fiber Composite Properties ................................................................ 57
Emerging CIPP Technologies ..................................................................................................... 58
Performance Characteristics of CIPP Liner ...................................................................... 59
Table5.4: Performance characteristics ............................................................. 60
Limitations of CIPP Liner ................................................................................................... 69
b) GRP Pipe Liner ............................................................................................................ 69

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 4

Performance Characteristics of GRP Liner....................................................................... 70

Limitations of GRP Lining .................................................................................................. 70
c) Machine Wound Spiral Lining .................................................................................. 71
Figure 0.1: MWSL being used to Rehabilitate Circular RC Sewers ............. 72
Major materials for SPR method ..................................................................................................... 72
Table 5.6: Materials .................................................................................................. 72
Figure 0.2: SPRTM Winding Process ...................................................................... 73
Table 5.8: Section Properties of Typical SPRTM PE Profile .......................... 74
Table 5.9: Section Properties of Typical SPR TM EX Profile ............................ 75
Table 5.10: Section Properties of Typical SPR TM ST Profile.......................... 75
Performance characteristics of Machine Wound Spiral Liner ....................................... 76
Performance Comparison of liners .................................................................................... 77
Table 5.11: Comparison of lining techniques .................................................... 77
5.4 Cost Comparison of various Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Technologies ........ 78
Table 5.12: Cost Comparison of sewer rehabilitation technology ................ 78
5.5 Selection of Suitable Trenchless Technology for the Rehabilitation of sewer line
nominated under this DPR ................................................................................................ 79
6.0 Design of Liner ....................................................................................................... 80
APPENDIX 1:................................................................................................................. 85
APPENDIX 2: ............................................................................................................... 92
DETAILED DESIGN SHEET...................................................................................... 93
This page is intentionally left blank................................................................... 102

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 5

Executive Summary

1) Background
Gujarat is a state on the western coast of India and is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and
the ninth-largest state by population. Ahmedabad is the largest city in Gujarat and is one of the
fastest growing cities in India. It is located on the banks of the River Sabarmati in the northern
part of Gujarat.

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is responsible for developing and operating civic
infrastructure including utility infrastructure such as the city's water supply, sewerage,
drainage facilities and administration of the city. As part of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation
and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), AMC intends to augment and upgrade the city's critical
sewerage and drainage infrastructure in the coming years. Accordingly, Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation prepared a project proposal for Drainage Infrastructure Works with the Gujarat
Government and submitted it to the Central Government under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation
and Urban Transformation Project (AMRUT). Subsequently, AMC received clearance from the
Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India to proceed with the implementation of
the project.

2) Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation 2.0

(AMRUT 2.0)
Mission will co-opt women and youth for concurrent feedback about its progress. Women SHGs
will be involved in water demand and AMRUT 2.0 is a step towards Aatma Nirbhar Bharat with
the aim of making the cities 'water secure' and providing functional water tap connections to all
households. This will be achieved through the circular economy of water by affecting water
source conservation, rejuvenation of water bodies and wells, recycle/ reuse of treated used
water, and rainwater harvesting by involving communities at large. This Mission will be run as
a people's program i.e., Jan Aandolan. Mission also targets to provide 100% sewage/ septage
management in 500 AMRUT cities.

Mission will focus on empowering States/ UTs and cities for efficient implementation of projects
in the spirit of cooperative and competitive federalism by providing flexibility to the States/ UTs
to formulate, plan and implement the projects.

Ensuring community participation: management, water quality testing and water infrastructure
operations. A concerted effort will be made to train women to test water quality in all the cities.
This training program will be spearheaded by PHEDs or water and sewerage boards under the
overall guidance of the urban development department at the State level.

Mission has a reform agenda focused towards financial sustainability and water security of
ULBs. Meeting 20% of water demand through recycled water, reducing non-revenue water to
less than 20% and rejuvenation of water bodies are major water related reforms. Reforms on
property tax, user charges, and enhancing credit worthiness of ULBs and urban planning are
other important reforms.

Mission will encourage smart elements to be incorporated in every project. The Mission will
have a sub-Scheme on well rejuvenation.

Capacity building programs will be conducted for all stakeholders including contractors,
plumbers, plant operators, students, women and citizens. Technical institutions will be roped

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 6

in for assessment of Mission outcomes. Students will be engaged to survey projects and
outputs through the gig economy model. 8 AMRUT 2.0 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

Technology Sub-Mission will help in identifying the proven and potential global technologies in
the water sector. Entrepreneurships / start -ups involved in low-cost indigenous equipment
and processes will be encouraged.

The mission will be paperless and monitored on a robust technology-based monitoring &
evaluation platform.

3) Components of AMRUT 2.0 SWAP-2

Projects ULBs submit detailed City Water Balance Plans (CWBPs) and City Water Action Plans
(CWAPs) through an online portal covering proposed projects in the thrust areas. The projects
will be prioritised based on following outcomes with the focus on improving sustainability and
efficiency in the water sector:

i. Universal coverage of water supply;

ii. Sewerage, septage management and recycle/ reuse of treated used water; and

iii. Rejuvenation of water bodies (including urban wetlands) and creation of green spaces.
Detailed information on project formulation and funding is in Article 4, 6 and 7.

Hon'ble Prime Minister launched AMRUT 2.0 on 1 October, 2021. lt aims to develop water
secure cities in the spirit of “Aatma Nirbhar Bharat”. lt targets to provide reliable 2.68 crore
new water tap connections to all in about 4,800 statutory towns. Also, it proposes to get
universal household coverage of sewage/ septage services in 500 AMRUT cities through 2.64
crore new sewer connections. Rejuvenation of water bodies, green spaces and parks are other
components of this Mission. Outcome based funding is its major feature. Total indicative outlay
for AMRUT 2.0 is Rs. 2,99,000 crore which includes allocation for projects of ongoing AMRUT
Mission to the tune of Rs. 22,000 crore for two years from FY 2021-22 to FY 2022-23 and the
rest is for five years. Total indicative central share is Rs. 86,760 crore including Rs.10,000 crore
for AMRUT projects.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 7

This report is a detailed project report for the following sewer lines

1) Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge

The Detail Project report is prepared as part of the pre contract engineering work carried out for
rehabilitation of the below mentioned existing sewer lines nominated under AMRUT 2.0 SWAP -
2:

1) Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from

Name of work Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road
via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge

Subproject Components: Rehabilitation of Existing sewer lines on the Eastern side of

(mention all subproject Ahmedabad
components including
Networks, Treatment
Plants, and Disposal
Arrangements etc.)
Associated Facilities if any NA
(Refer ESS 1 for Associated
facilities)
Subproject Location (City / Eastern side of Ahmedabad
Town/ Village with ward
numbers):

Table 1: Brief description of project

1) The report covers, among other things, the present status of the existing sewer lines
nominated for rehabilitation under Package 2 “Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via.
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge”, assessment of their structural and hydraulic
conditions, the reasons for the malfunctioning of these sewer lines, diagnostic condition
assessment, option analysis and comparison of various technology to rehabilitate these
sewer lines and the measures proposed for making these sewer lines functional and to
keep them in good operational condition, the liners that are suitable for structural and
hydraulic enhancement of these lines.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 8

4) Project Area
Ahmedabad City
Gujarat is a state on the western coast of India and is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and
the ninth-largest state by population. Its capital is Gandhinagar which is the twin city of
Ahmedabad, located 30 km to the north.

Fig 1: Map of Gujarat and Ahmedabad city

Ahmedabad is the largest city in the state of Gujarat and is the seventh largest metropolis in
India. It is located on the banks of the river Sabarmati. The city has served as the political as
well as economical capital of the region since its establishment. The city has emerged as one of
the important economic and industrial hubs in India and is one of the hundred Indian cities
selected by the Government of India to develop it into a smart city.

Ahmedabad is located at 23.03°N and 72.58°E in north-central Gujarat. The average elevation
is 53 metres above the MSL. With the exception of River Sabarmati and few small hills, the
terrain of Ahmedabad city is flat. It covers an area of 505 km [Link] to the Bureau of
Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of
increasing vulnerability to earthquakes). The city is well connected by land, sea and air.

5) Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

Ahmedabad city is the 7th largest Metropolitan city of India and 2nd biggest trade centre of
Western India. Ahmedabad is the commercial capital and growth engine of Gujarat State. The
city’s population as per 2011 census was 5.5 million and has grown at an annual rate of 3
percent in the last three decades. The estimated population in 2020 is 7.3 million.

The city area has spatially expanded from 52sq km in 1950 to 191sqkm in 1991 over 43 wards.
In 2006, the Government of Gujarat extended the AMC boundary to encompass about 260sqkm

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 9

of adjoining urban agglomeration and thus increased the AMC administered area to 466sqkm.
With further expansion of the city, AMC geographical area was expanded to 505 [Link] in 2020
in a concentric growth pattern centred around Sabarmati River. The density of population is
around 14,450 people/[Link].

6) AMC administrative zones

Ahmedabad city is divided into two parts by the Sabarmati River i.e., Eastern and Western Part.
For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 7 administrative zones, namely Central,
East, West, North, South, South West and North West zones as shown in Figure 6.1 below.

Figure 2: AMC’s Seven Administrative Zones

7) AMC’s vision to achieve zero sewage flow to Storm Water

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 10

Sabarmati, not only an integrated approach involving efforts and co-operation of many private
and public sector agencies is required but also heavy investment on rehabilitation of
problematic sewers construction additional sewerage infrastructure facilities and upgradation
and augmentation of STPs will be needed.

8) Achieving Zero Sewage Flow to Drains by rehabilitating

dysfunctional sewers.
This will be achieved by implementing long term sewerage projects to provide 100 percent
sewerage connections to all citizens, refurbishment, expansion and construction of sewerage
treatment facilities, refurbishment and rehabilitation of all the dysfunctional and partially
functional trunk sewers and branch sewers to make them functional and desilting and long-
term maintenance of sewers through private participations etc. In the effort to achieve zero
sewage flows in drains, canals, lakes and river Sabarmati, AMC proposed to undertake the
following rehabilitation of dysfunctional trunk sewers and construction of new trunk sewers as
part of the AMRUT 2.0, SWAP -2 project funded by the Central Government.

9) Summary of Trunk Sewer rehabilitated by AMC in the past

AMC has been rehabilitating the old trunk sewer network progressively using trenchless sewer
rehabilitation technology and using thin walled flexible liner conduits such as Glass fibre
reinforced pipe(GRP), HDPE/PVC based machine wound spiral tube (MWSL) and cured in place
polyester pipe(CIPP).The Summary of trunk sewer rehabilitated by AMC is tabulated below:
Under the GRCP project, AMC has nominated to rehabilitate all the remaining intermittent
(un-rehabilitated) section of the trunk sewer so that the lifespan of the entire trunk sewer is
extended for minimum of 50 years, besides enhancing the hydraulic performance of the sewer.

S. No Trunk Sewers Diameter in mm Length

(m)
1 Length of sewer already rehabilitated by AMC 1050 to 1800 18396
2 Length of sewer under rehabilitation by AMC 450 to 1800 32962
3 Total length of sewer rehabilitated /under 450 to 1800 51358
rehabilitation
Table 2: summary of rehabilitated/ongoing sewer network in Ahmedabad

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 11

10) Details of the sewer lines nominated for rehabilitation under this
Package
The sewer line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via.
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge exists on the Eastern side and carry sewage primarily from
Upstream of Shyam Shikhar i.e., Memco Bridge, Bapu Nagar, area around Ajit Mill, Nagarvel
Hanuman etc.

The sewer lines were laid approximately more than 40 years ago using RCC NP2 pipes and have
outlived their expected life span. Once these sewer lines are rehabilitated, they will convey the
sewage generated in their catchments to the STP efficiently.

Length of sewer line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via.
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge stretch nominated for rehabilitation is 3724m.

Packaging of the work is done for the timely completion of the works and to increase the
participation in the Project at the time of bidding.

Details of package proposed for rehabilitation of the sewer lines is

tabulated below:

Approx. Approx.
Package Name of the work Dia. (mm) Dia. wise Length (m)
Length (m)
Package 2 Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main 1050 414 3724
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road
to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill 1200 1760
via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge 1400 1550
Total Length (m) 3724
Table 3: Details of Package 2

11) Diagnostic Condition Assessment of Sewer Lines Nominated for

Rehabilitation
Condition investigation of the sewer lines nominated for rehabilitation under AMRUT -2
SWAP-2 have been carried out wherever feasible. The assessment of the sewers was done to
diagnose the structural and hydraulic status of the sewers. Details of the assessments are
given below for reference:

Overall
[Link] Name of the Sewer line stretch Structural/serviceable
Defects Grades
Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from
1. Heavily silted up and
Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road surcharged
via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 12

12) Constraints and difficulties

Survey of sewer stretch from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge
Constraints and difficulties encountered during survey of 1050mm, 1200mm, and 1400mm
dia. sewer line from Shyam Shikhar CR to Ajit Mill CR to Metro Bridge are mentioned below:

 The sewer line traverses under the Lal Bahadur Shastri Road from Shyam Shikhar
Cross Road to Metro Bridge via. Bapu Nagar Cross Road, Garib Nagar Char Rasta, Ajit
Mill Cross Road, Nagarvel Hanuman Char Rasta and Metro Bridge.
 This road is hundred feet in width. This road is very busy where movement of traffic
is very high.
 Permission from traffic authorities through AMC needs to be taken prior to the start
of the rehabilitation work for temporary diversion of traffic.

13) Status of sewer line after rehabilitation (Size)

The size of the sewer line before and after proposed rehabilitation are given in the following
table

Sizes of the Sewer line stretch before and after proposed rehabilitation

Table 4:size of sewer line before and after rehabilitation

Size

S.N Before *After Rehabilitation (mm)

Name of the Sewer Rehabilit
o
ation
(mm)
Dia. CIPP GRP MWSL

1 Rehabilitation of Drainage 1050 999 983 983

trunk main line from Shyam
1200 1139 1123 1123
Shikhar Cross Road to
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit 1400 1332 1310 1310
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to
Metro Bridge

14) Hydraulic performance of the sewer before and after

rehabilitation
Sewer CAD modelling was used to calculate the existing flow capacity, velocity of flow etc.,
using the invert levels and the diameter of the sewer stretches nominated for rehabilitation.
Similarly, the model was used to calculate the flow capacity, velocity of flow etc., after
rehabilitation of the sewers. As the sewers are fully deteriorated and lost their structural
capacity, the sewers are recommended for rehabilitation by standalone structural lining process

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 13

(i.e. the liner is designed to carry all loadings, independent of host sewer body, as a standalone
flexible liner pipe).

The model shows that the flow velocity is expected to be enhanced by as much as 25% (because
of enhanced manning’s coefficient of the liner material) which will significantly enhance the
self-cleansing ability of the sewers. This will indeed help the sewers to prevent siltation and
thereby significantly improve their flow performance. It shall be noted that the upstream and
downstream stretch of the sewer line are already rehabilitated or under rehabilitation by AMC
and only the non-rehabilitated intermediate sewer stretches of the trunk sewers will be
rehabilitated under this project.

Based on the daily per-capita flow consumption (LPCD) confirmed by AMC (which is
significantly more than the lpcd recommended in CPHEEO manual), the flow capacity of the
rehabilitated trunk sewers is considered adequate to convey the expected sewage generated
from the catchments to the STP.

15) Technical Justification for the project

It is evident during the diagnostic investigation of the sewer lines stretch that the machine
holes and sewer line is fully deteriorated and lost its structural ability to carry the live and dead
loads. The following are the findings:

● The sewer body, especially the crown, has corroded in several places due to hydrogen
sulphide gas induced corrosion. In certain places, the reinforcements of the sewer pipe
are exposed and corroded badly. If nothing is done, it is a matter of time the sewer body
will collapse.

● The sewer pipe joints do not have rubber rings and are opened up at several locations.
Thus, there is infiltration of ground water into the sewer and exfiltration of sewage into
the surrounding ground through the joints. There is also evident soil inflow through the
joints.

● As the inner surface of the sewer pipe has corroded and the joints are opened up, the
frictional resistance to the sewage flow (such as Manning frictional coefficient) would
have gone up significantly which would have considerably impeded the flow capacity of
the sewer.

● Furthermore, the increased flow resistance would have considerably reduced the self-
cleaning velocity and hence the self-cleaning ability of the sewer. Thus, the sewer is more
prone to frequent siltation which will in turn reduce the conveying capacity of the sewer.

● As the sewer alignment and the sewer body is currently almost intact, it is prudent to
enhance the structural and hydraulic capacity of the sewer by a trenchless structural
lining process as widely adopted by water authorities in overseas and India.

● As the sewer body has fully deteriorated and has lost its structural capacity, no more
structural contribution from the sewer body can be expected by the liner and hence the
liner pipe will be designed as a standalone structural liner pipe (tube) to withstand all the
loads. This will also enable the liner pipe to be designed as a standalone flexible
structural liner pipe (to carry all the loads without any contribution from the deteriorated
host pipe). The liner will be designed in accordance with ASTM F1216 (Type 2 liner for
fully deteriorated pipe).

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 14

16) Structural Condition after rehabilitation

Once the sewer lines are rehabilitated using standalone structural lining system, the
structural capacity of the rehabilitated sewers are more than adequate to carry any
overburden live and dead load. These sewer lines would be not only water tight but
also have a renewed life span of another 50 years (both structurally and hydraulically).

17) Option analysis for various construction technology to meet the

objective of rehabilitation
There are two methods by which the existing deteriorated and defective sewer line can be made
good and rejuvenated and they are basically: -

● Replacement of the defective existing sewer line by laying new precast (RCC, GRP,
HDPE etc) pipes by Open Cut Method or Trenchless Method

● Renovating the defective existing sewer line by enhancing its structural and
hydraulic capacity by an online installation of a Structural liner using Trenchless
Installation Process.

● A detailed comparison of all the technology is done in section 5. In view of the

comparison between Open Cut Method and Trenchless sewer rehabilitation and as
elaborated in the section 4 on site constraints difficulties, it is evident that any
insitu (open trench) construction methodology such as for reconstructing the
existing sewer line using RC pipes, will not be economical but also extremely
difficult to perform the construction which will entails diversion of several utilities
underneath the road, handling of heavy traffic and managing the social and
environmental inconvenience to the public, motorists in particular.
Thus, it is prudent to utilise the existing sewer conduit by enhancing its structural and
hydraulic capacity by trenchless rehabilitation process. Thus we consider the trenchless
rehabilitation of the sewer using liners such as CIPP, GRP and MWSL is a far better option both
economically and environmentally and we therefore recommend adopting trenchless
rehabilitation process to rejuvenate the existing sewer line and to extend its life span by 50
years.

18) Performance Comparison of liners

The trenchless lining processes, namely Cured in Place Pipe (CIPP), Machine Wounded Spiral
Liner (MWSL), Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic liner (GRP) have been widely used for rehabilitating
of larger diameter sewers in Indian cities. Delhi Jal Board, Greater Mumbai Municipal
Corporation and other major water authorities in India have used all of them for rehabilitating
the sewers

The Performance comparison matrix of all the three liners are summarized below:
Table 6:Performance comparison of trenchless liners

Requirement CIPP Liner MSWL Liner GRP Liner

Ability resists chemical and biological Yes Yes Yes (with resin
attack rich layer)
Ability to enhance hydraulic Yes Yes Yes

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 15

performance
Ability to enhance structural capacity Yes Yes Yes
Ability to be watertight for life Yes Yes Yes
Ability to enhance life span to 50 Yes Yes Yes
years
Ability to function as standalone liner Yes, for circular Yes, with Yes, with
for non-circular shape conduits grouting grouting
Applicability for sewers of diameter Yes Yes No
150 to 900mm
Applicability for sewers of diameter Yes Yes Yes
900 to 2000mm
Applicability for sewers of dia. 2000 Yes Max Yes Yes
to 2800mm 2743.2mm
(ASTM)
Applicability for sewers of No Yes Yes
dia.2800mm and above
Availability of local expertise Yes Yes Yes

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 16

19) Cost Comparison of various Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation

Technology
Table 7: Cost Comparison of trenchless rehabilitation techniques

Name of the Sewer Lines CIPP GRP MWSL

Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk

main line from Shyam Shikhar
Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Rs 36,48,46,700 Rs 43,23,38,400 Rs 40,24,14,000
Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge

Note: the cost mentioned above is exclusive of GST

20) Conclusion
AMC has extensively used the MWSL lining process for rehabilitating a substantial length of
trunk sewers. Although, AMC has extensive application knowledge of all the major liners
techniques.
MWSL lining have many beneficial characteristics. It comes with low weight at high mechanical
strength, resistance against chemicals and corrosion, UV radiation and temperature stability,
environmental friendliness, waterproof etc. MWSL is a highly durable material with very long
lifetime expectancy.
Depending upon design considerations, liner is often installed through a machine hole or other
existing access point. MWSL can effectively reduce infiltration and leaks in pipeline systems, an
inherent advantage of MWSL liners is their ability to conform to almost any shape of pipe,
making them suitable for relining non-circular cross-sections as well.
The finalisation of trenchless technology for the lining suitable for the rehabilitation of the
sewer line under this Package 2 is done as per the condition assessment of the sewer line
including the factors like size of sewer, space, constraints and difficulties, cost and trenchless
technology used for rehabilitation in upstream and downstream section of this sewer line in the
past.
We therefore recommend AMC to adopt the use of Machine Wound Spiral Liner (MWSL)
Structural lining method to rehabilitate these sewer lines under this package.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 17

Introduction

1.1 Background
Gujarat is a state on the western coast of India and is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and
the ninth-largest state by population. Ahmedabad is the largest city in Gujarat and is one of the
fastest growing cities in India. It is located on the banks of the river Sabarmati in the northern
part of Gujarat.

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is responsible for developing and operating civic
infrastructure including utility infrastructure such as the city’s water supply, sewerage,
drainage facilities and administration of the city. As part of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation
and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), AMC intends to augment and upgrade the city’s critical
sewerage and drainage infrastructure in the coming years. Accordingly, Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation prepared a project proposal for Drainage Infrastructure Works with the Gujarat
Government and submitted it to the Central Government under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation
and Urban Transformation Project (AMRUT). Subsequently, AMC received clearance from the
Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India to proceed with the implementation of
the project.

1.2 Project Area

1.2.1 Ahmedabad city

Gujarat is a state on the western coast of India and is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and
the ninth-largest state by population. Its capital is Gandhinagar which is the twin city of
Ahmadabad, located 30 km to the north.

Fig 1.1: Map of Gujarat and Ahmedabad city

Ahmedabad is the largest city in the state of Gujarat and is the seventh largest metropolis in
India. It is located on the banks of the River Sabarmati. The city served as political as well as
economical capital of the region since its establishment. The city has emerged as one of the

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 18

important economic and industrial hubs in India and is one of the hundred Indian cities
selected by the Government of India to develop it into a smart city.

Ahmedabad is located at 23.03°N and 72.58°E in north-central Gujarat. The average elevation
is 53 meters above the MSL. With an exception to River Sabarmati and few small hills the
terrain of Ahmedabad city is flat. It covers an area of 505 km [Link] to the Bureau of
Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of
increasing vulnerability to earthquakes). The city is well connected by land, sea and air.

1.3 Sabarmati River

Ahmedabad is divided into two physically distinct eastern and western regions by Sabarmati
River which flows from north to south, the eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which
includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed
bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship.

The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and
the city is in a sandy and dry area. However, with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front
Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada River have been diverted to the
Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's
water problems. Ahmedabad city divided in 7 hydraulic drainage zones.

Two separate drainage systems are provided in eastern and western side of city. In addition to
the Sabarmati River, the city has Kharicut canal and Gota- Godhavicanal-based storm water
disposal system. West Zone, South West Zone and Parts of North West Zone, Central Zone,
South Zone, East Zone, North Zone releases their storm water in Sabarmati River. North West
Zone also releases their majority Strom water in Gota-Godhavi Canal. Parts of north Zone,
South Zone, East Zone release their storm water in Kharicut canal with 24 sumps.

Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within
the city's limits and at Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of
Maninagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, in 1451.
To stop the sewage flowing into the river and to keep the river free of sewage contamination, two
interceptor sewers, 15km long on the eastern bank and 12.3km long on the western bank of the
river were constructed under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project. The sewage
intercepted and trapped by the interceptor sewers is conveyed to the nearby STPs for treatment.

Figure 1.2: Sabarmati River with Bridges Linking Eastern and Western Sides

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 19

Figure 1.3: Sabarmati River- Interceptor Sewers to Trap Sewage Flowing into the River

1.4 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation was established in July 1950 under the Bombay
Provincial Corporation Act, 1949 and is responsible for the civic infrastructure and
administration of the city of Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad city is the 7 th largest Metropolitan city of
India and 2nd biggest trade centre of Western India. Ahmedabad is the commercial capital and
growth engine of Gujarat [Link] city’s population as per 2011 census was 5.5million and
has grown at an annual rate of 3 percent in the last three decades. The estimated population in
2020 is 7.3 million.

The city area has spatially expanded from 52sq km in 1950 to 191sqkm in 1991 over 43 wards.
In 2006, the Government of Gujarat extended the AMC boundary to encompass about 260sqkm
of adjoining urban agglomeration and thus increased the AMC administered area to 466sqkm.
With further expansion of the city, AMC geographical area was expanded to 505 [Link] in 2020
in a concentric growth pattern centred around Sabarmati River. The density of population is
around 14,450 people/[Link].

1.5 AMC administrative zones

Ahmedabad city is divided into two parts by Sabarmati River i.e., Eastern and Western Part.
For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 7 administrative zones, namely Central,
East, West, North, South, South West and North West zones as shown in Figure 1.4.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 20

Figure 1.4: AMC’s Seven Administrative Zones

1.6 Climatic condition

Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and
winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from
March to June; the average summer maximum is 43 °C and the average minimum is 24 °C.
From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C and the average
minimum is 13 °C. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The
southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average
annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres, but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers
to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as
far west as usual.

Table 1.1: Climate data for Ahmedabad (1981–2010)

Climate data for Ahmedabad (1981–2010)

Yea
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
r

Daily mean 20. 22. 27. 31. 34. 33. 29. 28. 29. 28. 24. 21. 27.
°C 2 5 6 7 3 1 7 5 2 5 8 4 6

Av Hum
49 43 37 41 47 62 77 81 71 53 48 50 55
(%)

Source 1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 21

Table 1.2: Rainfall Data

Rainfall data for Ahmedabad (2011–2021)

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Avg.

Avg.
707 670 1073 897 570 575 1050 414 864 975 719 840
(mm)

Avg.
28 26 42 35 22 23 41 16 34 38 28 33
(Inch)

Days 66 62 74 54 35 65 76 58 61 87 38 60

Source 2: AMC Brief Rainfall report 2021

1.7 Topography
Ahmedabad lies at 23.03°N 72.58°E in western India at 53 metres above sea level on
the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. Ahmedabad’s terrain on
both the sides of Sabarmati River is undulating and comprises several interlocking
minor hillocks. The general topography is presented in the following figure.

1.8 Population of Ahmedabad city

Ahmedabad population in 1901 was 1.86 lakhs and it has grown at an average annual rate of
3.5% to 55.7 lakhs in 2011. The estimated population of Ahmedabad in 2021 is 71.35 lakhs.
The table below shows the census year population from 1901 to 2011. Based on the census
data the project population in AMC area in 2039 is 113 Lakhs.

Table 10: Population of Ahmedabad City as per census year

Percentage increase
Total Population of
Census Year Area in Sq. km. in population from
Ahmedabad City
previous census
1901 14.93 1,85,889 + 25.25
1911 23.08 2,16,777 + 16.62
1921 23.96 2,74,007 + 26.40
1932 25.29 3,82,768 + 39.69
1941 52.47 5,91,267 + 54.47
1951 52.47 8,37,163 + 41.59
1961 92.98 11,49,918 + 37.36
1971 92.98 15,85,544 + 37.88
1981 98.15 20,59,725 + 29.91
1991 190.84 28,76,710 + 39.66
2001 190.84 35,15,361 + 22.20
2011 466.00 55,68,695 + 58.41
Note: Average annual rate of growth is 3.5%

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 22

1.8.1 Catchment Area of the sewer lines

The catchment area of the sewer line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross
Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge is area around Memco Bridge,
Shyam Shikhar Society, Bapunagar, area around Ajit Mill, Nagarvel Hanuman area etc.

Overview of existing sewerage system

1.9.1 Sewerage development

Early sewerage system in Ahmedabad date back to as early as 1890s, when an underground
sewer line and temporary pumping stations were constructed in Khadia ward outside Astodiya
gate. Jamalupr SPS was the first SPS to commission in 1907. Since then, extension of Sewerage
network to the old city was undertaken in phased manner and by 1931 the entire old city area
was connected to sewerage network.

The pumping station was shifted to outskirts of Jamalpur gate. Installation of sewer line in the
areas to the North and the East of the old city and a New Sub-urban pumping station was
commissioned in 1939. Sewage was taken to the Pirana Sewage farm (established in 1894) from
Jamalpur and the New Sub-Urban pumping station.

Earlier developments and population growth took place in the Eastern area of the city while the
Western area was developed and populated relatively at later date. The sewerage network within
the city limit in the eastern area was substantially completed in [Link] sewerage network
was extended subsequently by laying new sewers as and when the AMC boundary got extended
in the eastern and western areas. The sewer network was extended from 1200 km in 2001 to
3302 km in 2020.

In addition, a 15 km interceptor sewer of Dia 1200mm to 2000 mm and a 25 MLD pumping

station was built on the eastern bank of Sabarmati River to trap sewage flowing into the
incoming lateral storm water drains, presumably from the unsewered areas along the lateral
drains, and to convey the sewage to a nearby STP for treatment. Similarly, another 12.3 km of
interceptor sewer of Dia. 1200 mm to 1800 mm was built on the western bank of the river to
trap sewage from the incoming lateral storm water drains and to gravitate the sewage to a
nearby sewage treatment plant for treatment. The construction interceptor sewers and sewage
pumping station was completed by 2012.

There are six (6) Sewerage (drainage) zones. The city has 98 percent water supply network
coverage with adequate bulk treatment infrastructure capacity. The current per capita water
supply is estimated to be 150-160lcpd, which is slightly more than national benchmark level of
150 lpcd as per CPHEEO manual. Approximately 90% area is covered with sewer network
Ahmedabad City has 3302 km sewer network with 1.27 million house connections, 64 no. of
Sewage pumping stations and 18 no. of Sewage Treatment Plants with a total treatment
capacity of 1248 MLD.

Table 1.3: Overview of Sewerage Development in Ahmedabad City

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 23

S. Sewerage Development Unit 2001 2020

1 Area severed Sqkm 235 505

2 Population served Million 3.5 7.3

3 Sewage Treatment Plants in use Nos 2 18

4 Treatment capacity MLD 250 925

5 Sewage Pumping Stations Nos 36 66

6 Sewerage Network Km 1200 3302

7 Interceptor Sewers to trap sewage form km 0 27.3

drains

1.10 Sewage treatment facility

The sewer line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via.
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge exists on the eastern side and carry the sewage from their
command area i.e. from Memco Bridge, Bapunagar, area around Ajit Mill, Hanuman Nagarvel
etc. and convey the sewage to the downstream side which ultimately goes to Pirana STP for its
treatment.

1.11 AMC’s vision to achieve zero sewage flow to Storm Water

Drains/Canals and River Sabarmati.
AMC’s vision is to rehabilitate all the malfunctioning sewers and to achieve zero sewage flows in
drains, canals, lakes and the river Sabarmati. Zero sewage flows in drains, canals and lakes is
a long-term vision. To achieve zero sewage flows in storm water drains, canals, lakes and river
Sabarmati, not only an integrated approach involving efforts and co-operation of many private
and public sector agencies is required but also heavy investment on rehabilitation of
problematic sewers construction additional sewerage infrastructure facilities and upgradation
and augmentation of STPs will be needed.

2 Achieving zero sewage flow to drains by rehabilitating dysfunctional sewers.

This will be achieved by implementing long term sewerage projects to provide 100 percent
sewerage connections to all citizens, refurbishment, expansion and construction of sewerage
treatment facilities, refurbishment and rehabilitation of all the dysfunctional and partially
functional trunk sewers and branch sewers to make them functional and desilting and long-
term maintenance of sewers through private participations etc. In the effort to achieve zero
sewage flows in drains, canals, lakes and river Sabarmati, AMC propose to undertake the
following rehabilitation of dysfunctional sewers as part of the AMC project funded by the
AMRUT 2.0 SWAP-2 under this DPR for Package 2.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 24

Approx. Approx.
Package Name of the work Dia. (mm) Dia. wise Length (m)
Length (m)
Package 2 Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk 1050 414 3724
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. 1200 1760
Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to
Metro Bridge 1400 1550
Total Length (m) 3724
Table 1.4: measurement details of the sewer stretch

3 Rehabilitation of dysfunctional old trunk sewer network by AMC in the past

As a consequence of the design and construction deficiencies, the sewer network deteriorated
quite fast and became partially functional or total defunct. AMC has its 106 MLD, 60 MLD, 126
MLD, 35 MLD and 48 MLD sewage treatment plant in Pirana & Vasna in the Eastern and Western
area of Sabarmati respectively. However, the dysfunctional sewer network could not effectively
route the sewage to the STPs.

In 2011, AMC obtained the service of sewer rehabilitation consultant (TTI Consulting Engineers)
to investigate the problems in the dysfunctional sewer and the propose measures to rehabilitate
and make the sewers functional again. The consultant carried out a Diagnostic condition
assessment of the dysfunctional trunk sewer nominated by AMC and developed bid documents to
enable AMC to rehabilitate the sewers using trenchless lining technology. Since then, AMC has
been rehabilitating the old trunk sewer network progressively using trenchless sewer
rehabilitation technology using flexible and jointless liner tube such as glass fibre reinforced
pipe, HDPE/PVC based spiral wound technology and cured in place polyester pipe. Till date,
AMC has rehabilitated 18.4km of trunk sewers and another 33km of trunk sewers are being in
the inner-city areas of Eastern and Western areas. Thus, the total length rehabilitated and under
rehabilitation is 51.4km which is approximately 40% of the total old trunk sewer network of
129.1 km in the inner-city areas. (Please see the table below).

1.12 Trunk sewers rehabilitated by AMC since 2011

Table 1.5: Trunk sewers rehabilitated by AMC since 2011
[Link] Diameter Length Rehabilitatio
Name of work
. (mm) (m) n technology
1 Rehabilitation of Jamalpur (Dia. 1054mm 300-1050 2888 CIPP
& length 452.8m) Shahibaug (Dia.
300mm & length 594.8m), Shahpur (Dia.
300mm & length 1191.2m) and khadiya
(Dia. 900mm & Length 650 m).
2 Rehabilitation of 1400mm Dia Sewer line 1400 1245 CIPP
from Progressive Mercantile Bank To
DariyapurDarwaja.
3 Rehabilitation of Existing 900 mm Dia 900 2040 CIPP
RCC Drainage Trunk Main line from
Bapunagar Cross Road to Memco Circle in
North Zone AMC.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 25

[Link] Diameter Length Rehabilitatio

Name of work
. (mm) (m) n technology
4 Rehabilitation of Sewer lines from New- 1800-2200 933 GRP
suburban SPS to Jamalpur.
5 Rehabilitation of 1400mm Dia. sewer line 1400 2577 GRP
from Vasna Bus Stand to Paldi Cross
road.

6 Rehabilitation of 1400mm Dia. Sewer line 1400 2490 GRP

from Nehru Nagar Circle to Vijay Cross
Road in AMC area.
7 Rehabilitation of Exiting 1600mm Dia. 1600 800 GRP
RCC Drainage Trunk main Line from
Vyayamshala to Balvantrai Hall on
Kankaria Lake in South Zone, AMC.
8 Rehabilitation of Sewer line from Muslim 1200-1800 1122 GRP
Society to 60 MLD STP and sewer Line
from Khetalapa Tea Shop to Khodiyar
Nagar Cross Road, In South Zone AMC.
9 Rehabilitation of from Bhairavnath BRTS 1600 645 GRP
bus stand to Mira drainage pumping
station in Maninagar ward in south zone
of AMC area.
10 Rehabilitation of sewerage line from 1200 1800 GRP
Bapunagar Cross Road to Ajit mill (North
Zone, AMC).
11 Rehabilitation of Existing Drainage Line of 1600 900 GRP
1600mm Dia. from Hirabhai Tower to
JawaharChowk Patel Society in South
Zone of AMC Area.
12 Rehabilitation work of main sewer line 1600 956 CIPP
from Anjali cross road to APMC market.
Total length (m) 18396

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 26

1.13 Trunk sewer under rehabilitation by AMC (Ongoing)

Table 1.6: Trunk sewer under rehabilitation by AMC
[Link] Name of Work Diameter Length Rehabilitation
. (mm) (M) technology
1 Rehabilitation of main trunk drainage line in 450-900 3500 CIPP
Khadiya ward of Central Zone of AMC Area".
2 Rehabilitation of main trunk drainage line in 600-900 2000 CIPP
Dariyapur ward of Central Zone of AMC Area".
3 Rehabilitation of (1) Rehabilitation work of Old 1400-1800 5390 GRP & MWSL
1800,1600,1400 mm Dia drainage line from
Jamalpur cross road to Sarangpur via AstoDia
(2) Rehabilitation of remaining 1800mm Dia
Sewer Line from Danilimda Cross Road to
River and (3) Rehabilitation work of 1800 mm
Dia. Sewer trunk main line from Vinobabhave
cross road to Vinzol SPS in AMC area by
GRP/CIPP/MWSL Structural Lining Method.
4 Rehabilitation of (1) remaining line of 1400-1800 5012 GRP & MWSL
Dia.1400mm Dia. sewer line from Rokadiya
Hanuman Temple Ajit Mill Cross Road to
Guruji bridge through Hakeshwar Circle AMC
area by GRP/CIPP/MWSL Structural lining
method and (2) Rehabilitation of 1800 mm
Dia. sewer line from Behrmpura SPS to NSPS
via. MeldimataMandir in South Zone of AMC
area by GRP/CIPP/MWSL Structural lining
method”.
5 Name of work: "Rehabilitation of different Dia 600-1800 5680 MWSL
sewer lines from West Zone, SWZ and NWZ (1)
Rehabilitation of 1400mm Dia Sewer Line from
JaydeeptowertoJivraj Mehta hospital to Vasna
bus Stand, AMC area (2) Rehabilitation of
1800mm Dia Sewer Line from Shyamal Cross
Road to APMC Market, AMC area (3)
Rehabilitation of 1600mm Dia Sewer Line from
Balol Nagar Cross Road to EWS
HariomHousing AMC area (4) Rehabilitation of
600mm Dia sewer line from GST Railway
Crossing to Balolnagar Railway Parallel road
in NavaVadajAMC area.
6 “Rehabilitation of old drainage line of 1200 1200 1280 GRP
mm Dia. from Akhbar Nagar Underbridge to
Pallav Cross Road at Shastrinagar on 132 ft.
Ring Road West Zone Area''.
7 Desilting work & Rehabilitation of 900 mm to 900-1400 8300 GRP
1400 mm Dia sewer Line parallel to Ring Road
from Dehgam circle to OdhavPanjarapole char
Rasta of AMC area by GRP Structural Lining
Method at necessary location.
8 "Rehabilitation of sewer line (1) Rehabilitation 900 1600 CIPP

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 27

of 900 mm Dia drainage line from C.N.G Pump

to Memco Cross Road to Railway Crossing
with CIPP lining method in North Zone of AMC
area. (2) rehabilitation of 900 mm Dia.
drainage line from Soniya Ceramic to D- Mart
Cross road with CIPP lining method in north
zone in AMC area”.
9 Name of work - Rehabilitation of old sewer line 900 200 CIPP
900 mm 200 mm approx length from
Siddhivinayak Temple to below overbridge on
Khokhra circle to Hatkeshwar circle road of
Khokhra ward South Zone AMC.
Total length (m) 32962

1.14 Summary of Trunk Sewer rehabilitated by AMC

AMC has been rehabilitating the old trunk sewer network progressively using trenchless sewer
rehabilitation technology using flexible and jointless liner tube such as glass fibre reinforced
pipe (GRP), HDPE/PVC based spiral wound technology (MWSL) and cured in place polyester
pipe (CIPP). The Summary of trunk sewer rehabilitated by AMC is tabulated below:
Table 1.7: Summary of trunk sewer rehabilitated by AMC

S. No Trunk Sewers Diameter in mm Length

in m
1 Length of sewer already rehabilitated by AMC 1050 to 1800 18396
2 Length of sewer under rehabilitation by AMC 450 to 1800 32962
3 Total length of sewer rehabilitated /under 450 to 1800 51358
rehabilitation

4 Performance of the sewer lines rehabilitated by AMC

AMC has rehabilitated 18.40km of trunk sewers, mostly using CIPP & GRP liner, on the
Eastern and the Western side of the river. According to AMC the rehabilitated sewers are
performing well till date and that there have been no incidence of overflow or stagnation of
sewage or collapse of sewer or settlement of the ground above, in particular the road
surface. According to AMC, there have been also no complaints from the public regarding
smell, overflow or stagnant sewage etc. pertaining to the rehabilitated sewers

Furthermore, we understand from AMC that after the rehabilitation, the following were
observed.

● The performance of the sewers has improved significantly; the siltation is almost nil due
to enhanced self-cleansing ability of the rehabilitated sewer.
● The hydraulic performance of the rehabilitated has substantially improved and the
siltation is relatively less. This was due to the improved frictional coefficient of the
rehabilitated sewers due to the better manning coefficient offered by the liner material.
For PVC/Polymeric based liner, the manning coefficient “n” is about 0.012 while the “n”
value for the old sewer is about 0.015. Thus, up to about 25% increase in the flow
velocity is possible in the lined sewer, which is a significant hydraulic enhancement of
the sewer.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 28

● The infiltration of ground water and the surrounding soil (causing ground subsidence)
and exfiltration of sewage causing sewage contamination of subsurface ground water
are reduced to almost to zero in the rehabilitated sewer stretches.
● No ground settlement along the rehabilitated sewers, most of them are underneath the
major roads, has occurred till date.
● Enabled AMC to well maintain the rehabilitated sewer as the cleansing of the lined
sewer can be done mechanically using high pressure jetting and suction machines.
Thus, AMC was able to eliminate the need to use the hazardous manual cleansing in
the sewers,
● The current bottleneck and constraints in the trunk sewers are the un-rehabilitated
upstream and downstream sections of the sewers. These stretches are now nominated
for rehabilitation under the AMRUT 2.0 Scheme.

● It is prudent for AMC to have an O&M Contract up to 5 or 10 years to have preventive

maintenance of the rehabilitated sewer. This is to ensure the rehabilitated sewers are
kept in good operational condition at all times.
5 Details of package proposed for rehabilitation of the sewer lines is tabulated below;

Table 1.8: Package under this DPR (AMRUT 2.0) SWAP-2

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 29

Schematic Layout of the sewer line proposed for rehabilitation from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to
Bapu Nagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge

Schematic Layout of the sewer line proposed for rehabilitation from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to
Bapu Nagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge
DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

2 Diagnostic Assessment of sewer line nominated for

Rehabilitation under this Package
Diagnostic Condition assessment of this sewer line stretch nominated for rehabilitation
under Package 2 is done wherever feasible. However, during rehabilitation stage, a
comprehensive condition assessment will be done, when the sewer is fully desilted and
thoroughly cleaned by the Contractor, using CCTV imagery and sonar profiling to
validate the structural and service condition status of the sewers.

2.1 Objective of Investigation

The objective of work is to investigate the shape, size and structural condition of an in-
service sewers without persons entering into the sewers, using robotic CCTV Imagery
technique, combined with sonar profiling of the shape of the sewers. The complete
diagnostic inspection procedure is designed to ascertain the status of the sewers on
the following aspects:

 Ascertaining Shape of the machine holes/sewers by site investigation and

previous data available with AMC.
 Size of the sewer (mostly the diameter) using Sonar Profiler.
 Diagnostic assessment on the condition of the sewers using CCTV imagery
techniques and assignment of structural and service defect codes as per WRc,
Manual of Sewer Condition Classification (MSCC, 2013).
 Structural and Service conditions of the sewers by grading techniques as
stipulated in the WRc Sewer Rehabilitation Manual (SRM 2001).

2.2 Approach used for investigating the condition of sewer stretch

A Combined remotely operated CCTV imagery and Sonar profiling equipment (DSI-
FL300-600) as manufactured by DSI Robotics is used for diagnostic condition
assessment of the sewer line nominated under this package for rehabilitation.
The CCTV imagery equipment comprises a Sony super FAD Ex view sensor, Auto
exposure control using automatic iris and automatic shutter, Resolution of 530TVL,
10x Optical (4.2 mm to 42mm), 12x Digital zoom, Auto and manual focus, 360-degree
continuous Pan Range with tilt features. It also has one touch automatic centering,
Integrated white high intensity LED lights output up to 900 lumens of light, Light
intensity controllable via the Operator control unit, Stainless steel (AISI304) and
Anodized aluminum, IP68 Environmental protection casing, Maximum operating depth
up to 15m, 2.25MHz Sonar frequency device Fluid compensated profiling type
transduce, Sonar range Resolution of 1/250 of FSR, Microprocessor based design for
maximum reliability, Integrated noise & RF filters and digital design for noise free high
quality picture.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 32

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

Robotic controlled CCTV Imagery and Sonar Robotic controlled CCTV Imagery and Sonar
profiling equipment for sewers smaller and profiling equipment on a float for larger dia
larger diameter sewer sewers.

CCTV and Sonar Profiling equipment is mounted on the floating device so that it can
float and traverse with the flow of sewer. The sewer pipeline inspection equipment can
simultaneously perform online inspections of in- service large diameter sewer pipelines
and provide high quality video as well as sonar data.

2.3 Grading System used for of pipe condition

Multiple analytical approaches exist to describe the structural condition of sewer systems. The
aim is to convert engineering assessments of often complex defect patterns into computational
score to determine the status of the sewer. The score will also help to identify the most
appropriate rehabilitation type to enhance structural and hydraulic performance of the sewer
and its life span.

A Combined exercise was done with AMC officials and TTI Staff for investigating the condition of
sewer stretch, The cover frame of machine holes falling in the alignment of the sewer stretch
were open one by one to ascertain the condition which focused on identifying the severe defects
in the machine hole such as loss of mortar, hydrogen induced corrosion, spalling, deteriorated
condition of footrests, missing bricks, infiltration, exfiltration, chockages etc. the exercise was
also executed for ascertaining the diameter of the sewer stretch, shape of machine hole, invert
depths and level of silt etc.

2.4 Grading System used for pipe condition

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 33

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

also help to identify the most appropriate rehabilitation type to enhance structural and
hydraulic performance of the sewer and its life span.
The process involves assigning weighted scores to various defects and severity ratings
on the basis of their influence on the structural integrity and serviceability of the
sewer. Thereafter, the mean and the peak scores for sewers are calculated and
compared against pre-established thresholds to arrive at a Pipe Grade Number which
provides an objective indication of the pipe condition and the remaining useful life
(RUL).
The scoring analysis has been designed to provide;
An assessment on the overall state of the asset for reporting and costing for
budgeting requirements.
A trigger to indicate possible problem areas for further intensive study.
An indication of any changes in sewer management that may be required, such as
the development of a rehabilitation program or a new comprehensive maintenance
program.

The condition of the sewer has been investigated from both structural and service
Condition perspective.

2.4.1 Structural condition Investigation

Structural Condition Codes identify those defects that:
Are likely to reduce Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of pipe.
May cause catastrophic failure
May require structural rehabilitation to maintain expected performance standards.

As per WRc, the structural pipe condition grade is obtained using peak scores
depicting the magnitude of the worst defects in the pipe. However, for purpose of
completeness the Total & Mean scores have also been calculated which provide a more
average condition of the pipe

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 34

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

Table 2.1: Description of Structural Condition Grades (As per WRc)

Computed Structural
Peak Score Suggestions
Condition Grade

Less than 10 1 Acceptable structural condition

10 – 39 2 Minimal collapse risk in short term but

potential for further deterioration.

40 – 79 3 Collapse likely in near future but further

deterioration likely

80 - 164 4 Collapse likely in for foreseeable future

>164 5 Collapsed or collapse imminent

Typical most severe single or multiple defects Typical distribution of multiple defects

Fig 2.1: showing visual of structural defect measurement

2.4.2 Service Condition investigation

Service condition codes identify those defects that:
Defects that affect the operational performance of the sewer system (like debris, roots,
etc). Defects that indicate the maintenance level required by the pipeline to maintain
its operational status. As before, the most frequently used Service Defect Codes have
been mentioned in Appendix C. As per WRc, the service condition grade of the
respective sewer pipe length is obtained depending upon whether the Peak score or the
Mean score falls within a set of threshold values.
Table 2.2: Description of Service Condition Grades (As per WRc)
Service
Peak Score Suggestions
Condition Grade
Less than 1 1 Excellent Condition
1 - 1.9 2 Very Good Condition
2 - 4.9 3 Condition requires some repairs/ maintenance

5 - 9.9 4 Poor Condition

10+ 5 Failed OR Failure Imminent

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 35

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

2.5 Structural Condition of Sewer line from Shyam Shikhar Cross

Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge
This sewer line starts from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road and traverses under the Lal
Bahadur Shastri Road and crosses Bapunagar Circle, Garib Nagar Char Rasta,
Rehmat Nagar, Rakhial Road, Gujrat Bottling Char Rasta and Nagarvel Hanuman Char
Rasta. This sewer line stretch finally ends at the Metro Bridge.
The diameter of the sewer line changes from 1050mm to 1200mm to [Link]
length of this sewer line proposed for rehabilitation is 3.724 Km
The movement of traffic on this road is very high as this is one of the busiest roads
with commercial activities on both side of the road. Traffic needs to be diverted during
rehabilitation work of this line with extra safety precautions.
This line was laid more than forty years ago with NP2 RCC pipes. This sewer line has
outlived its designed life. This sewer line is fully choked and silted up and remain in
surcharged condition. Most of the manholes of this sewer line is buried and those
visible are heavily silted up.
This sewer line carry sewage primarily from the upstream area of Shyam Shikhar
Society i.e. from Memco Bridge, Bapunagar Circle, Garib Nagar, Rehmat Nagar,
Rakhial Road, Nagarvel Hanuman, Amraiwadi area etc.
General condition of the Machine Holes of this sewer line which are rectangular in
shape is poor. These Machine Holes have been constructed with brick work. Mortars in
the brick masonry is eaten away due to presence of gases in the sewer. Plaster inside
the Machine Holes is missing making the brick work prone to gaseous effect. Machine
Holes which are visible are heavily silted up. Footrests in the Machine Holes are either
missing or heavily corroded and weak due to gaseous effect
The condition assessment of sewer pipe was carried out in the direction of flow at the
following one (01) location:
 Near Ajit Mill

2.5.1. Near Ajit Mill

The following points were observed during condition assessment of the sewer line.

 The sewer line was heavily silted up and choked and in surcharged condition.
 The condition assessment team inspected the sewer line proposed for
rehabilitation. We carried out detailed investigation of the sewer line and
found that sewer line is RCC pipe which is in deteriorated condition.
 Most of the manholes on this line are buried.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 36

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

 The machine holes which are visible were in deteriorated conditions. It was
noticed that bricks were missing at various points along with plaster.
 Footrests were found to be missing at various points while those are there
were in rust condition.
 Further the size of the sewer line, depth of the sewer line was measured
along with size of the machine holes.

Photograph showing line condition of Shyam Photograph showing line condition of Shyam
Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road
via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Bridge

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 37

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

3.0 Structural condition of Machine holes

As per the recent circular issued by CPHEEO and AMC, now the term “Machine holes” will be
replaced with “Machine holes”

During our condition assessment of the sewer line nominated for rehabilitation under this
Package 2, we found that machine holes
constructed on this sewer line is generally
rectangular in shape. These machine holes have
been made with brick masonry work. Most of the
machine holes of this line are buried. All the
visible machine holes were found to be severely
corroded due to hydrogen sulphide induced
corrosion. Most of the machine holes are found to
have Footrests missing while those having
Footrests, they were highly corroded due to
presence of corrosive gases. Cement mortar of the
brick work masonry on the inner surface of the
machine holes have been lost in patches.

The sewer discharges have low pH levels, which

cause concrete materials to deteriorate. If
rehabilitation work of these machine holes were not undertaken immediately, the cement
mortar in the brick masonry, especially the joints
will continue to deteriorate and cause the brick
wall to lose structural capacity to support lateral
soil pressure. The sub soil water around the
machine holes may have been leaking into it,
allowing soil fines from the surrounding ground to
enter the machine holes, causing soil voids and
surface settlement adjacent to the machine holes.

Some of the machine holes are found to have

utilities like water lines, optical fibre cables etc.
passing through them making these machines
holes structurally weak.

During rehabilitation work of the sewer lines covered under this Package 2, executing agency
may encounter different kind of utilities like water lines, optical fibre cables etc. passing
through some of the Machine Holes making these machines holes structurally weak. These
utilities, if any, would be known completely during complete condition assessment of the line
when the sewer is fully desilted and buried machines holes are traced and opened up by the
Contractor.

If utilities found passing through Machine Holes, the request for diversion of these utilities
from the Machine Holes of the sewer line will be sent by the executing agency to the AMC which

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 38

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

will subsequently write to the concerned department for shifting these utilities and the
concerned department will finally shift these utilities at their own cost.

Hence it is proposed to structurally rehabilitate all the Machine Holes along with the
rehabilitation of the sewer line nominated under this Package 2.

Fig2.4: Photographs showing condition of the machine holes of the sewer lines

Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar
Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge Hanuman to Metro Bridge

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 39

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge Package 2

Conclusion and Recommendation

After detailed assessment of the above sewer lines, it was observed that the sewer lines
are fully silted up and in surcharged condition.
Table 2.4: Description of Service Condition Grades (As per WRc)
Overall
[Link] Name of the Sewer line stretch Structural/serviceable
Defects Grades
Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from
1. Heavily silted up and
Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road surcharged
via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge

These sewer lines are silted up, choked and are in deteriorated conditions. Unless the
structural capacity of the body of these sewer lines are enhanced, it is a matter of time
that these sewer lines will collapse completely. They need immediate rehabilitation
measure to restore their structural integrity so that they can function smoothly and carry
discharges to the STP uninterruptedly.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 40

Status of Sewer line stretch proposed for rehabilitation under this

DPR for AMRUT 2.0 SWAP-2 (before and after rehabilitation)

3.1 Present status of sewer lines

The present status of the sewer lines nominated for rehabilitation under this DPR for AMRUT
2.0 SWAP -2 based on investigative, field inspections and diagnostic condition assessment
carried out by TTI Engineers are given below:

3.1.1 Length and Size of the sewer line under AMRUT 2.0 (SWAP -2) Package 2
Total length of sewer lines nominated for rehabilitation under the above package is 3724 m as
shown in the table below:

Table 3.1: Details of Package 2

3.1.2 Type of body of sewer pipes

These sewer lines were laid approximately more than 40 years back and the type body is RCC
circular NP2 pipe.

3.1.3 Structural Condition before rehabilitation

For the assessment of the structural condition of the sewer lines and machine holes, machine
Approx. Approx.
Package Name of the work Dia. (mm) Dia. wise Length (m)
Length (m)
Package 2 Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk 1050 414 3724
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. 1200 1760
Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to
Metro Bridge 1400 1550
Total Length (m) 3724
hole covers were opened and condition of the machine holes was analysed and recorded. With
the help of sewer line stretch investigation, TTI made this detailed report for package 2.

During the investigation, these sewer line stretch were found to have defects such as buried
machine holes, heavily chocked with debris and dry silt, presence of toxic gases, deteriorated
condition of the foot rests, spalling, corrosion, missing mortar coating and brick, encrustation,
corrosion of inner surface and intrusion of big roots.

From the structural condition point of view, we conclude that these sewer lines are badly
deteriorated and in poor condition and have lost their structural capacity to retain their body.
Unless the structural capacity of the body of these sewer lines are enhanced, it is a matter of
time these sewer line will collapse completely

3.1.4 Reasons for Malfunctioning

The sewer lines were laid more than 40 years back have not only outlived their intended
economic life span but also degraded and exhausted their functionality. During the recent

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 41

inspection of the sewer lines stretch, it was evident that these are suffering from a multitude of
construction (inherent) and service-related problems as tabulated below:

 Toxic gases present in sewer lines.

 Inherent structural weakness in the sewer lines.
 Lack of its ability to achieve self-cleansing velocity to carry the silt away and to prevent
Siltation at the bottom of the Sewer line. Extensive siltation was noticed in the entire
length of sewer lines.
 Indiscriminate discharge of solid waste and rubbish into this sewer lines.
 Ground water inflow through cracks and infiltration which causes the surrounding soil
to erode
 Indiscriminate dumping of debris, material by the public.
 Missing Bricks and erosion of cement plaster.
 Encrustations, fouling and spalling of concrete.

3.2 Status of sewer line after rehabilitation (Size)

The size of the sewer lines before and after proposed rehabilitation are given in the following
table

Size
S.N Before *After Rehabilitation (mm)
Name of the Sewer
o Rehabilita
tion (mm)
Dia. CIPP GRP MWSL

1 Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk 1050 999 983 983

main line from Shyam Shikhar
1200 1139 1123 1123
Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross
Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel 1400 1332 1310 1310
Hanuman to Metro Bridge

Table 3.2: Diameter of sewer line before and after rehabilitation

● Based on the designed thickness of the liner.

3.2.1 Flow Velocity and Conveying Capacity of Sewers Before and

After Rehabilitation:

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 42

Based on the survey data procured from Topographical Survey and the condition assessment of
the following sewer stretch nominated for rehabilitation, SewCAD model was used to determine
the current conveyance capacity and the flow velocity of the sewers.

 Survey of Drainage trunk main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar
Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge
The critical data used in the model include the invert levels, diameter of the sewer, and
manning’s coefficient “n” of 0.015 for old sewers with Machine holes and “n” of 0.012 for sewers
lined with polymeric based liner with Machine holes.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 43

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from
Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

Summary of Before and After Rehabilitation Flow and Velocity of Sewer

Manning’s “n” Value =0.015 Manning’s “n” Value =0.012 for Polymeric liner material
for old RC sewer

Before Rehabilitation After Rehabilitation

Location of the Sewer Dia in mm Maximum Flow Flow Maximum Flow Maximum Flow Capacity Flow Velocity in M/s after
in MLD Velocity in Capacity in MLD in MLD Rehabilitation.
(Running at M/s without CSA With 12% CSA reduction (At 0.8D)
0.8D depth) (At 0.8D) Reduction (maximum permitted)
Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main 1.15
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to 89 0.91 112 98 26%of flow velocity
1050
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. enhancement (better self-
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge cleansing ability)

1200 112 1.31

102 1.04 128 25%of flow velocity
enhancement (better self-
cleansing ability)
1400 119 1.21 149 131 1.53
26%of flow velocity
enhancement (better self-
cleansing ability)

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 44

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross
Ahmedabad Municipal
Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit
Corporation
Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge - Package 2

3.2.2 Hydraulic performance of the sewer before and after rehabilitation

Sewer CAD modelling was used to calculate the existing flow capacity, velocity of flow etc.,
using the actual invert levels and the diameter of the sewer stretches nominated for
rehabilitation. Similarly, the model was used to calculate the flow capacity, velocity of flow etc.,
after rehabilitation of the sewers. As the sewers are fully deteriorated and lost their structural
capacity, the sewers are recommended for rehabilitation by standalone structural lining process
(i.e., the liner is designed to carry all loadings, independent of host sewer body, as a standalone
flexible liner pipe).

The model shows that the flow velocity is expected to be enhanced by as much as 25% (because
of enhanced manning’s coefficient of the liner material) which will significantly enhance the
self-cleansing ability of the sewers. This will indeed help the sewers to prevent siltation and
thereby significantly improve their flow performance. It shall be noted that the upstream and
downstream stretches of these trunk sewers are already rehabilitated or under rehabilitation by
AMC and only the non-rehabilitated intermediate sewer stretches of the trunk sewers will be
rehabilitated under this project.

Based on the daily percapita flow consumption (LPCD) confirmed by AMC (which is significantly
more than the lpcd recommended in CPHEEO manual), the flow capacity of the rehabilitated
trunk sewers is considered adequate to convey the expected sewage generated from the
catchments to the STP.

3.2.3 The Technical Justification for the project

It is evident during the diagnostic investigation of the sewer line stretch that the machine hole
and sewer line is fully deteriorated and lost its structural ability to carry the live and dead
loads. The following are the findings:

 The sewer body, especially the crown, has corroded in several places due to hydrogen
sulphide gas induced corrosion. In certain places, the reinforcements of the sewer pipe
are exposed and corroded badly. If nothing is done, it is a matter of time the sewer body
will collapse.
 The sewer pipe joints do not have rubber rings and are opened up at several locations.
Thus, there is infiltration of ground water into the sewer and exfiltration of sewage into
the surrounding ground through the joints. There is also evident soil inflow through the
joints.
 As the inner surface of the sewer pipe has corroded and the joints are opened up, the
frictional resistance to the sewage flow (such as Manning frictional coefficient) would have
gone up significantly which would have considerably impeded the flow capacity of the
sewer.
 Furthermore, the increased flow resistance would have considerably reduced the self-
cleaning velocity and hence the self-cleaning ability of the sewer. Thus, the sewer is more
prone to frequent siltation which will in turn reduce the conveying capacity of the sewer.
 As the sewer alignment and the sewer body is currently almost intact, it is prudent to
enhance the structural and hydraulic capacity of the sewer by a trenchless structural
lining process as widely adopted by water authorities in overseas and India.
 As the sewer body has fully deteriorated and has lost its structural capacity, no more
structural contribution from the sewer body can be expected by the liner and hence the

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 45

liner pipe will be designed as a standalone structural liner pipe (tube) to withstand all the
loads. This will also enable the liner pipe to be designed as a standalone flexible
structural liner pipe (to carry all the loads without any contribution from the deteriorated
host pipe). The liner will be designed in accordance with ASTM F1216 (Type 2 liner for
fully deteriorated pipe).

3.2.4 Structural Condition after rehabilitation

Once the sewer line is rehabilitated using standalone structural lining system, the structural
capacity of the rehabilitated sewer is more than adequate to carry any overburden live and dead
load. The sewer line would be not only watertight but also have a renewed life span of another
50 years. (Both structurally and hydraulically).

3.2.5 Operational Condition after rehabilitation

The nominated sewer line would have a trouble-free flowing condition for the next 50 years
provided periodic high-pressure jet cleansing maintenance is carried out to remove the silt to
make the sewer line function efficiently.

3.2.6 Procurement Modality and Implementation Plan

The salient features of the proposed procurement modality and the rationale are as follows:

The sewer rehabilitation contracts will be on the basis of BOQ item rate-based on Indian
Society for Trenchless Technology (IndSTT).

The rehabilitation works involve expensive (and time consuming) initial investigation, such as
the determination of the actual size and shape of sewers, diagnostic assessment of the sewer,
topographical survey and geotechnical investigation etc. Thus, the potential bidders will have to
incur a considerable expense individually to procure the required engineering information to do
the design, the structural liner design in particular, to price the bid appropriately.

CPWD qualification criteria will be adopted

The flow capacity of the sewer is very critical and hence the cross-sectional area reduction of
the sewer shall be kept to a minimum. Hence the designing of the liner thickness is critical.

The bidders can conveniently introduce his own design parameters such as soil modulus (the
liner thickness is sensitive to the soil modulus), flexural modulus of the liner, ovality of the pipe
etc. which can vary from bidder to bidder. This can make the bid evaluation difficult and result
in bidders contesting the bid evaluation result.

It is therefore contractually desirable to specify the appropriate and safe design parameters in
the technical schedules to be included in the bid.

Moreover, the minimum liner thickness (based on Engineer’s comprehensive structural design
of the liner for various trunk sewers) will be specified along with the maximum permissible
cross section area reduction (in terms of percentage CSA reduction) in the bid documents for
the bidders to comply. Specifying the critical parameters, the liner thickness in particular, will
result in all the bidders pricing the works uniformly.

In an Engineer designed contract, a more accurate and representative BOQ could be prepared
which will not only mitigate the contractor seeking claims or variation but will also enable the
bidders to price the bid accurately and more competitively.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 46

Considerable field investigation and survey work has been done as per the TOR. This enables to
prepare comprehensive and well detailed Contract drawings which will indeed result in more
competitive bidding as the contractor can price the BOQ accurately.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 47

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk
main line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to
Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via.
Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge -
Package 2

3.3 Constraints and Difficulties

During our topographical survey and condition Investigation of the nominated sewer stretch for
rehabilitation under AMRUT 2.0 SWAP 2 Package 2, we came across various hindrances and
constraints which needed to be taken under consideration while finalising options for
rehabilitation. These constraints and difficulties have also been highlighted to give a better
understanding to the intending bidders about the challenges to be faced during execution. This
information will also form an integral part of contract drawing to be issued to bidders along
with the Standard Procurement Documents (SPD).

Survey of sewer stretch from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to

Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro
Bridge
Constraints and difficulties encountered during survey of 1050mm, 1200mm, and 1400mm
dia. sewer line from Shyam Shikhar CR to Ajit Mill CR to Metro Bridge are mentioned below:

 The sewer line traverses under the Lal Bahadur Shastri Road from Shyam Shikhar
Cross Road to Metro Bridge via. Bapu Nagar Cross Road, Garib Nagar Char Rasta, Ajit
Mill Cross Road, Nagervel Hanuman Char Rasta and Metro Bridge.
 This road is hundred feet in width. This road is very busy where movement of traffic
is very high.
 Permission from traffic authorities through AMC needs to be taken prior to the start
of the rehabilitation work for temporary diversion of traffic.

Photograph showing sewer line which

traverses under the Lal Bahadur Shastri
Road with high traffic near Ajit Mill Cross
Road

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 48

Photograph showing sewer line which

traverses under the Lal Bahadur Shastri
Road with high traffic density near Ajit Mill
Cross Road

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 49

4.0 Selection of suitable construction Technologies

There are methods by which the existing deteriorated and defective sewer line can be made
good and rejuvenated and they are basically

1. Replacement of the defective existing sewer line by laying new precast (RCC, GRP, HDPE
etc) pipes by Open Cut Method.
2. Renovating the defective existing sewer line by enhancing its structural and hydraulic
capacity by an onsite installation of a Structural liner using Trenchless Sewer
Rehabilitation Method

4.1 Open Cut Method

Open cut, as the name implies, is a traditional method of laying a requires a trench by opening
up the surface of the ground to the required depth to lay the pipeline. It is a used widely for
laying of sewers and laterals and also for repairing or replacement of main and lateral sewer
lines.

In open cut method, a trench has to be excavated for lying of each piece of pipe. This method
can be used for laying of a new pipeline or rehabilitation of an existing pipeline.

Once the work is complete, the dugout area is backfilled and the surface restored to the original
condition as far as possible. However, when the pipeline project is under a road or pavement,
open cut method can become a problem because the road will have to be cut open to gain
access. This requires closing the road to traffic and pedestrians till the work is complete which
can be extremely disruptive.

4.1.1 Advantages of Open Cut Method

Open trench method offer cheaper option for laying shallow pipelines in non-paved areas and in
virgin ground compared to trenchless methods. However, the method will not be cheap if the
pipeline is to be laid in a built-up city and along or under roads and highways where extensive
traffic diversion, utility diversion or shifting, costly reinstalment of road surface and other
indirect social and environmental cost

However, for an existing pipeline that has collapsed or sunken and lost its gradient , open cut
method is the only way to repair or replace the damaged section of the pipeline.

4.1.2 Disadvantages of Open Cut Method

 More excavation required compared to trenchless methods.
 Excavated material has to be safely disposed at an appropriate location, requiring many
dumping trips, increasing the cost of the project.
 Carbon footprint is greater due to the use of heavy machinery and dump truck trips
compared to trenchless methods.
 Restoration of paved road, sidewalks, landscaped lawns etc. can increase the overall
cost
 The social inconvenience costs associated with open cut method is very high which
include vehicle traffic disruption, business and trade loss, site and pedestrian safety,
pollution – dust, noise and vibration, etc.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 50

4.2 Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Method

Pipeline rehabilitation and renovation is a process of improving the performance and extending
the life of existing utility pipelines. The process thus would enable the asset owners to increase
the economic value of an existing utility pipeline. The rehabilitation and renovation process to
enhance the structural, hydraulic and environmental performance of an existing utility pipeline
of larger diameter includes the following three principal: -

i. Cured in place Pipe (CIPP)

ii. Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP)

iii. Machine Wound Spiral Liner (MWSL) made of PVC or HDPE

Trenchless technology utilizes methods that do not require open excavation to replace or repair
pipes and has become a method of choice when it comes to rehabilitating sewer pipelines.

Presently, trenchless methods of sewer rehabilitation such as Cure In Place Pipe (CIPP), Glass
Reinforced Plastic (GRP), Machine Wound Spiral Liner (MWSL) etc are very much popular in
India and abroad due to ease of material availability, fast speed and environment friendly.

4.2.1 Advantages of Trenchless sewer rehabilitation

i) Less disruptive: Trenchless technology does not cause any landscape destruction.
Structural liner can be installed in the sewer with minimal to no disruption to properties
and roads etc. While the traditional method of open cut requires lengthy trenches running
through properties or damaging roads/pavement.

ii) Requires Less Time: With trenchless repair, less time is spent digging which means repairs
can be made quicker.

iii) Environmentally Friendly: An underground sewerage system is a web of water, sewage

and gas line etc. Trenchless pipe repair allows technicians to complete the job in a
streamlined approach with no risk of hitting another line and releasing chemicals or raw
sewage into the environment.

iv) Cost-Effective: Sewer line repairs and replacements are usually the most expensive
problems utilities board/corporations face. With trenchless methods, less labor is required
which reduces the total cost of sewer and pipe repairs. In addition, landscaping and outdoor
features aren’t damaged, further reducing the total cost of repairs.

v) Long-Lasting Repairs: Repairing sewers using trenchless techniques is just as effective as

traditional methods. The use of cured-in-place liners and seamless PVC piping are long-
lasting solutions. PVC doesn’t suffer from rust or corrosion and can easily last up to 100
years. Trenchless repairs meet all plumbing industry standards.
vi) Better Function: In addition to lasting longer and needing fewer future repairs, trenchless
repairs often improve the function of a sewer system. Pipe liners can increase flow capacity
and new piping installed using trenchless methods can be larger than previous pipes, which
also adds more flow capacity

4.2.2 Disadvantages of Trenchless sewer rehabilitation

It requires a provider with significant expertise: This repair option for your sewer line
requires skilled professionals using the proper equipment for the work required.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 51

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line from Shyam
Shikhar Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

Comparison of Open Cut Method and Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Method

Name of the sewer line Open Cut Method Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Method

Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main line Laying of new sewer line by digging the long trenches Structural liner can be installed in this sewer
from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to by open cut method is not feasible in this sewer line line by trenchless method which will not
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. due to the following reasons: require digging of road. Hence disruption of
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge traffic for longer period of time can be
This sewer line traverses under the busy Lal Bahadur
avoided.
Shastri Road with heavy traffic. There are numbers of
flyovers on this road from Shyam Shikhar Society to Installation of liner will require temporary
Metro Bridge. Due to these flyovers, the width of the diversion of traffic for short period of time.
slip roads on both sides of these flyovers are narrow
While installation of liner in this sewer line,
and busy with traffic.
utilities if any, might be crossing in some
These slip roads have to be closed down if the sewer machine hole and hence can easily be shifted
lines are laid with open cutting method. The closing of by the concerned department.
these slip roads during laying of line by open cut
method for longer period of time will cause major
inconveniences to the public.
While laying of new sewer line by this method, agency
may encounter different kind of utilities while digging
long trenches like, water supply pipes, electrical
cables, optical fibres etc. which requires shifting of
these utilities. Shifting of utilities is a time-consuming
process and hence requires traffic diversion for a
longer period of time.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 52

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel Corporation
Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

Apart from the above comparison between the open cut method and trenchless method of
rehabilitation of sewer line, it is worth to note the following points:
● Further it is known fact that now a days, most of the utilities are generally laid under the
ground so that these utilities do not occupy the space on the road and impair the beauty of
the surroundings. Hence utilities like water supply pipes, electrical cables, optical fibres etc.
are generally laid under the ground. Therefore, these utilities may be damaged and disrupted
during the laying of pipe by open cut method. In trenchless method of rehabilitation of sewer
line, utilities may be crossing in some of the Machine Holes of the sewer line and can easily
be diverted by the concerned department.
● In open cut method, pollution will be generated due to excavation of the long trenches for
laying of new pipes by open cut method along with disruption and congestion of traffic that
will be there for longer period of time.
● Rehabilitation of sewer stretch under this Package 2 by liners like CIPP, GRP and MWSL will
ensure structural strength for a greater number of years as compared to laying of line by
RCC pipes which has a life of 30years as per CPHEEO.

Hence, it is recommended that Trenchless sewer rehabilitation method such as CIPP, GRP and
MWSL may be adopted to meet the objective of rehabilitation of this old sewer line.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 53

5.0 Trenchless sewer rehabilitation options with their performance

characteristics
There are many options available for the sewer line stretch nominated for rehabilitation. Their
implementation costs can vary significantly from technology to technology. As such AMC’s
understanding of the problems in the mal-functioning of trunk sewers and its close interaction
with the rehabilitation expert in the decision-making process as to the type of rehabilitation
system to be adopted to rehabilitate the trunk sewers line are crucial. To do this effectively,
AMC shall have accurate information on the condition and status of the trunk sewer lines, in
particular their structural, hydraulic and service conditions.

Such information and advance knowledge on the performance deficiency of the sewerage
system will enable the AMC to understand and appreciate the magnitude of the problems in the
existing trunk sewer lines

5.1 Selection of Lining technology for Rehabilitation of sewer line

nominated under this DPR for AMRUT 2.0 (SWAP 2)

5.2 Basic Requirements of the liners

The liners shall be capable of meeting the following basic requirements as mentioned in the
various ASTM codes, WRc manuals etc.

● The liner must have sufficient strength to support all external loadings including
externally and internally applied hydraulic loadings
● The liner must seal the sewer line to prevent infiltration from a high groundwater table.
● The liner shall provide excellent ability to resist hydrogen sulphide gas induced
corrosion in sewer line.
● Lining system must be of proven technology for rehabilitation of sewers of comparable
similar size and materials.
● The internal surface of the liner shall be smooth with Colebrook-White roughness of not
more than 1.5mm throughout its life span.
● The inner surface of the liner shall be free of defects (wrinkling etc.)
● The joints shall be leak free and water tight and able to resist opening due to external or
internal forces.
● The liner thickness shall be such that the cross-sectional area reduction is within the
allowable limit of 12.5%.
● An annulus left between the outside of the lining and the existing pipeline shall be filled
with suitable grout.
● The lining system needs to be capable of being installed within the geometry of the
existing sewer line (i.e., bends and access restrictions).
● The lining system can be installed as quickly as possible to put back the sewer line into
service early.

The various trenchless sewer rehabilitation methods suitable to meet the above requirement
under this package are mentioned below:

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 54

Trenchless a) Cure In Place Pipe (CIPP)

Sewer
Rehabilition b) Glass Reinforced Pipe (GRP)
Methods
c) Machine Wound Spiral Liner (MWSL)

5.3 Structural Liner Options

a) Cured In Place Pipe Liner (CIPP)

The CIPP process involves inserting a resin
impregnated fabric (felt or fiber) liner tube by an
inversion process into the sections nominated for
structural strengthening. heating the water filled liner,
the liner is cured to become a self-supporting pipe
within the host pipe.

The method creates minimal annular space and no

grouting is performed. Thus, transmigration of ground
water through the annulus gap, though is insignificant
during initial stage, attention shall be paid to provide
and effective end seal at the Machine hole to prevent
ground water flow into the Machine holes.

The tube is manufactured in a factory-controlled

Sewer rehabilitation by CIPP in Delhi
quality environment. The impregnation is usually done
in purpose built shed (usually for man entry size
sewers) near the inversion site and requires good skill of trained workers. The impregnated tube
shall then be inserted into the sewer by inversion process as quickly as possible and before any
onsite setting of resin takes place. The water filled inverted liner is then heated up carefully by
hot water circulation. The process shall be carefully controlled, especially the rate of raising the
temperature and the cooking period of the liner. The whole installation process requires fairly
good trained staff. The CIPP process is widely used worldwide for rehabilitating non-man entry
size sewers. In recent years, the process has been also used to renovate or rehabilitate
structurally deteriorated man entry sewers. DJB had used this technology in 2003 to 2012 to
rehabilitate sewer of diameters ranging from 800mmm to 1900mm and is currently using it to
rehabilitate peripherals sewers of diameters ranging from 450mm to 1100mm, the application
has been very successfully done.

The liners were designed as standalone structural liners to carry all ground, traffic, and water
loadings. The maximum diameter of CIPP liner successfully installed overseas is 2.75m. The
CIPP process results in a seamless, joint-less "pipe-within-a-pipe" with a smooth, continuous
inner surface.

Fabric Tube Materials

The flexible fabric tube is one of several key elements of the CIPP process. The materials used to
construct tubes must possess chemical resistance, flexibility, an ability to stretch and conform

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 55

to irregular piping, and be durable to withstand the rigors of underground construction.

Currently, the most commonly used fabric tube material in North America is composed of
thermoplastic polyester fibers needled into a dense felt.

However, fabric tubes made of combinations of needled polyester and polypropylene fibers and
needled polyester with various fiber reinforcements are also available. Depending on fiber
orientation, liners constructed of fiberglass tubes can easily produce a flexural modulus that
would exceed 7000Mpa (1,000,000psi) and flexural strength values over 100Mpa (15,000psi). At
the time this criterion was placed in the referenced ASTM specifications the targeted material(s)
were needled polyester felt and coated polyester felt. Many coatings may actually enhance the
properties of a tube. Table below includes typical values for plain polyester felt and coated
polyester felt.

Table 5.2.: Typical tensile properties for polyester felt and plastic coated felt.
Material % Elongation at failure Ultimate Tensile Strength
Felt 85-95 5.5-7Mpa (800-1000psi)
Plastic Coated Felt 70-75 8 - 10 Mpa (1200-1500psi)
Thermoset Resins
Resins Overview and Properties
The thermosetting resins used for CIPP are the most important component to the short- and
long-term performance of the product. First, there is a distinction between initial or short-
term properties and the long-term performance that dictates the life span of a product. Short-
term properties include parameters such as flexural, tensile, and compressive properties. Long-
term properties include parameters such as chemical resistance, creep, and strain corrosion.
Most all these parameters are important for the qualification,
design, and performance of CIPP.

There are three main groups of thermo set resins used for CIPP
and they consist of

ii) Polyester,

iii) Vinyl ester and

iv) Epoxy resins.

Within each of these three categories exist hundreds of combinations of products with their
own characteristics that distinguish their performance. A number of pap ers have been
published that generally review the short- and long-term performance of these three
classifications of thermoset resins.

In general epoxy and vinyl ester resins are higher performance products compared to polyester
resins. They have higher strength, elongation, elevated thermal and chemical resistance
compared to polyesters. However, not all pipe rehabilitation applications require the elevated
performance of a vinyl ester or epoxy resin.

The vast majority of standard gravity flow sewer pipe rehabilitated has been accomplished with
polyester resins. However, since there are so many types of products within each category
typical properties provided are given as a range of values that could be expected. Table below
provides some typical properties of neat resins formulated for CIPP that have ‘not’ been
combined with any fabrics or specialty fillers.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 56

Typical neat physical properties

Table 5.3: Typical neat physical properties
Test Property Epoxy Resin Vinyl Ester Isophthalic
Polyester
Flexural 3500-3800 Mpa 3500-4000 Mpa 3500-4000 Mpa
Modulus1 (500,000-550,000psi) (500,000 -570,000psi) (500,000 -
570,000psi)
Flexural Strength 100-170 Mpa 100-170 Mpa 70-125 Mpa
(15,000-25,000psi) (15,000-25,000psi) (10,000-18,000psi)
Maximum Strain 4-7% 4-7% 3-5%
Tensile Strength 55-70 Mpa 55-70 Mpa 35-55 Mpa
(8,000-10,000Psi) (8,000-10,000Psi) (5,000-8,000)
Tensile Modulus2 3400-3700 3400-3850 3400-3850
(490,000-540,000psi) (490,000-540,000psi) (490,000-540,000psi
Tensile 4-7% 4-7% 2-5%
Elongation
All the values are indicative only

v) Flexural properties determined by ASTM D790

vi) Tensile properties determined by ASTM D638

Resin/Felt and Resin/Fiber Composite Properties

When the aforementioned thermoset resins are combined with the flexible fabric of a tube,
material properties can be dramatically changed, as previously overviewed in the fabric tube
materials section. The following discussion will focus primarily on the effects of needled
polyester felt tubes on the material properties of a thermoset composite.

There are several reasons for the observed effect on physical properties. First, the randomly
oriented needled fibers of a felt tube are not oriented in a manner that can become load
bearing. Therefore, modulus or stiffness and strength values are often reduced 30-50%
compared to the neat resin properties. However, it is not as simple as it appears, since fiber
types, sizes, orientation, and felt density can also affect material properties. In addition, felts
made of combinations of polyester, polypropylene, and/or polyethylene fibers have varying
performance due to the level of resin adhesion to the fiber(s). Polyester fibers tend to slightly
solvate when exposed to styrene-based resins (i.e. polyester and vinyl ester) and bond extremely
well.

Tubes made with a combination of polyester felt and fiberglass fibers or entirely with fiberglass
can produce extremely high physical properties. By so doing, the designer can produce CIPP
with a reduced wall thickness, but still perform extremely well for either external hydrostatic
pressure or internal pressure applications. The resin component of the resin/felt or
resin/fiberglass composite can also be modified with fillers to affect the processing parameters
and the mechanical properties of the composite.

The viscosity of thermoset resins developed for CIPP are modified with specialty fillers called
thixotropic. Thixotropic fillers are added at small levels (i.e. 1-3%) to increase the viscosity of
the resins so that they stay in the tube fabric during processing and installation and do not
drain out of the tube and into the host pipe, ground, lateral connections, etc. Thixotropic
typically do not affect physical properties since they are added at such low quantities.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 57

Other mineral fillers such as aluminum rehydrate (ATH) are also added to resin to enhance the
overall material properties. Newer formulations with calcium carbonate and calcium
carbonate/ATH combinations have been developed and have recently been introduced to the
market. ATH and other fillers are added to significantly increase the modulus (i.e. stiffness) of
the overall composite without diminishing the resins’ process ability, or decreasing the strength
or the chemical resistance of the CIPP

Increasing the modulus of the composite can provide some cost advantages when designing
CIPP In addition to design advantages, resins with fillers have an increased thermal
conductivity and therefore heat up more uniformly through the entire thickness of the tube
which is especially helpful when working in cold climates. Fillers reduce resin and tube
shrinkage during curing and cool down, which provides a tighter fit to the host pipe after the
CIPP is installed. As consistent with typical neat physical properties as in the table above, these
properties are generated from experimental panels made in laboratory conditions and should
not be misconstrued to be typical of all installed CIPP.

Emerging CIPP Technologies

Composite CIPP: In recent years the tube is reinforced with

carbon fiber (high stiffness) and/or glass fibre (corrosion
resistance) with a protective polypropylene coating (PP) on the
inner surface of the installed liner (increased surface smoothness
and additional corrosion protection). The system is used for
sewers of diameter from 600 to [Link] improved flexural
strength makes it an excellent material choice for non-circular
cross-sections that contain straight sides like egg shapes or flat
bottom arch pipe.

The structural portion of the liner is made of several layers of Advantex TM (ECR Glass) glass
fibre reinforcement. Only the fibres that are resistant to the corrosive environment in sewers
are used. An inner film (styrene tight) serves as an aid to installation and is removed
immediately following the curing process.

An external styrene tight film is outside the structural complex, followed by an opaque film that
protects against UV exposure and damage during installation.

Two types of resins, a polyester resin or a vinyl ester resin are used. Main features of the liner
include high tensile strength both radial and axial directions due the glass fiber reinforcement
and capable of handling winching forces, considerably less shrinkage and is about 1/10th of an
ordinary polyester felt reinforced liner, resulting in much smaller annular gap of less than
0.5%.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 58

Performance Characteristics of CIPP Liner

[Link] stiffness FRP outer [Link] [Link] Resin

layer [Link] Liner +Epoxy
[Link] filled felt [Link] Liner+ Epoxy
[Link] stiffness FRP inner [Link] membrane
layer
[Link] coating

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 59

Table5.4: Performance characteristics

Example CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe

Technology Insitu form. Insitu form Saertex multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
Structural Integrity Traditional CIPP restores structural integrity Like traditional CIPP, the composite Like traditional CIPP, the
of the sewer pipe. The product has been in CIPP restores the structural integrity Reinforced CIPP restores the
service for about 35 years and independent of the sewer pipe. The product has structural integrity of the sewer
test results confirm that the CIPP is a been in service since 2005 and pipe. The independent test
structural product with a 50 year life span. It independent testing confirms that confirms that the CIPP
is a seamless and jointless stand alone the CIPP structural liner has a life structural liner has a life span
structural pipe that can be cast within the span of 50+ years. The use of of 50+ years. The use of
deteriorated pipe so that it acts as a single composite structural reinforcing structural reinforcing materials,
pipe from a Machine hole to other Machine materials, reducing the pipe wall reduces the pipe wall thickness
hole thickness by about half. by about half

Structural Materials The Tube is made of one or more layers of It is a fibre-reinforced version of The structural portion of the
absorbent non-woven needle felt polyester traditional CIPP technology for liner is made of several layers of
fabric made of polyester fibres. The resin rehabilitation of medium diameter, AdvantexTM (ECR Glass) glass
system used is corrosion resistant polyester, 600 to 2,400 mm gravity sewer pipe fibre reinforcement. Only the
vinyl ester or epoxy system including all Using the same laminated- fibres that are resistant to the
required catalysts, initiators or hardeners that composite engineering approach corrosive environment in sewers
when cured within the tube creates a used to optimise structures in the are used. An inner film (styrene
composite pipe. Resin impregnation is usually sporting tight) serves as an aid to
done offsite in a factory-controlled Goods and aerospace industries. installation and is removed
environment. The catalysis resin impregnated The glass and carbon reinforcing immediately following the curing
tube can be stored for up to 2 weeks in a fibres in the Composite CIPP wall process. An external styrene
refrigerated environment. are placed at the optimum locations tight film is outside the
to achieve higher strength and structural complex, followed by
stiffness than possible with an opaque film that protects
traditional CIPP materials. The against UV exposure and
resulting laminated composite pipe damage during installation. Two
provides full structural performance types of resins, a polyester resin
with about 60% of the wall or a vinyl ester resin are used
thickness required by traditional
materials. The conventional CIP

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 60

Example CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe

Technology Insitu form. Insitu form Saertex multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
material is sandwiched between the
layers reinforced with fibres. Carbon
and certain fiberglass materials have
excellent chemical resistance to
corrosive environment found in
sewers.
Enhanced Flow It can be designed to provide least cross- It can offer the least cross-sectional The liner can be designed to
capacity sectional area reduction and provide a joint- area reduction as the liner thickness offer least cross-sectional area
less pipe. Wrinkle formation during curing of is almost half of that of conventional reduction. The polymeric
larger diameter liners can sometimes cause CIPP. The inner surface has a membrane inner surface can
hydraulic problems but this can be minimised polypropylene surface coating which increase the pipe’s smoothness,
by carefully installing the liner. increases the pipe’s smoothness, reduce the surface friction. The
reduces the surface friction. Wrinkle enhanced flow capacity can be
formation can be minimised by similar to that of composite
carefully installing the liner. CIPP liner
Affordability. The product cost is relatively high due to the The product cost is almost similar to The product cost is likely to be
high content of resin. But the overall that of conventional CIPP as the higher than that of conventional
rehabilitation cost, taking into account all saving in the resin cost is CIPP as the costs of UV curable
other work elements involved in sewer compensated for by the high resin and GRP materials are
rehabilitation, the cost is likely to be manufacturing cost of composite high. Also, the UV curing
comparable to similar liner systems. tube. Thus, the cost is likely to be process is expensive.
comparable to similar liner systems. Notwithstanding this the market
is likely to offer a competitive
price if the volume of work
available is substantial.

Installation Know The know how is highly specialised and The know-how is highly specialised The know-how is highly
how through the work performed in Delhi in the and is very similar to conventional specialised and the UV curing
past, a considerable installation know how is CIPP. Thus, the contractors who process. Steam curing is also
available in Delhi to two contractors have installed conventional CIPP are possible but the resin type will
capable of installing the liners in be different. Moreover, the hose
Delhi. liners are produced in Germany
and shipped to the country

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 61

Example CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe

Technology Insitu form. Insitu form Saertex multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
where they are to be used.
Track Record CIPP has been used in Delhi for larger Conventional CIPP has been used in The vendors have claimed that
diameter rehabilitation. Many overseas Delhi for larger diameter about 100km of sewers have
contractors also have technical expertise for rehabilitation and thus the local been rehabilitated using this
CIPP lining contractors possess a considerable liner. No local track record on
track record to install this line. the use of this liner is available
Overseas contractors also have and also no local contractor
technical expertise for installing available with technology know-
composite CIPP liner. how to install the liner
Usage sizes ● Used for all sizes of sewers ● Used for sewer sizes from ● Use for sewer sizes from
● Can be designed as standalone 600mm to 2100mm 150 to 1200mm
structural liner for man entry and non- ● Can be designed as ● Can be designed as
man entry size sewer standalone structural liner standalone structural
for man entry and non-man liner for man entry and
entry size sewer non-man entry size
sewer
Installation ● The host pipe is measured for proper length and diameter. The CIPP tube is Sewer lines need to be cleaned
Procedure and TV-inspected before start of
manufactured to the site-specific requirements and the tube is vacuum
work. A sliding film is inserted
impregnated with resin (wet-out) under controlled conditions. In the case of along invert to facilitate
installation and packing heads
larger or longer-length installations, the wet-out process may occur in the
are installed at the ends of the
field in an over-the-hole setup. liner. The liner is drawn into the
existing pipe and then inflated
● After wet-out, the tube is inverted or pulled into place through an existing
using compressed air. The liner
Machine hole or other access point. Care is taken during the installation so as is then cured with either UV
light or steam, depending on the
not to overstress the felt fibre. A lubricant may be poured in the inversion
resin type chosen. The curing
water or applied directly to the tube to reduce friction during inversion. In the process is computer-controlled.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 62

Example CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe

Technology Insitu form. Insitu form Saertex multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
case of steam installations, end canisters may be placed on the CIPP ends After curing, the packing heads
are removed and the inner film
after the inversion or pull-in process is complete.
removed. Tightness testing can
● Hot water or steam is circulated through the expanded CIPP to accelerate the be made at this point.
Approximately 4 hours after
resin cure. After initial cure is reached, the temperature is held at or raised to
curing, laterals or service
the post-cure temperature. The post-cure temperature is held for a period, connections can be reinstated,
using conventional methods
during which time the recirculation of the water, hot air, or steam is
and the line returned to service
maintained to ensure the appropriate interface temperatures are maintained.
● The new CIPP is then cooled to a temperature below 100°F. Cool down is
accomplished by the introduction of cool water or air, either ambient or
chilled, into the CIPP. In the case of water cure, the curing water is drained
from a small hole made in the downstream end. Care is taken in the release of
the head so that a vacuum does not develop that could damage the newly
installed pipe.
● After the new pipe has been cured, the ends are cut open and the existing
active service connections are reconnected from the interior of the pipeline by
means of a television camera and a remote-controlled or manual cutting
device. A post construction video is completed and samples, if applicable, are
sent to an appropriate laboratory for verification of physical properties
QA/QC ● In some cases, CIPP samples are prepared and tested for each installation. Host pipe CCTV-inspected prior
to lining. After lining, another
More commonly, a random sampling of 20% to 25% of the installations are
CCTV inspection is necessary to
completed. Restrained end samples are common in smaller diameters less confirm that there are no
wrinkles, delamination, or
than 450mm (18 inches), and plate samples are typically accepted for all
foreign objects (defects) in the

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 63

Example CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe

Technology Insitu form. Insitu form Saertex multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
diameters. liner. Samples, per ASTM
F1743, should be obtained and
● Pipe physical properties are tested in accordance with ASTM F1216 or ASTM
tested for wall-thickness,
F1743, Section 8. The flexural properties (ASTM D790) must meet or exceed flexural, and tensile properties.
Exfiltration tests for gravity
the required values.
pipes, with a maximum limit of
● Wall thickness of samples determined as described in ASTM F1743 paragraph 50 gal/in diameter/mile/day,
and pressure testing to either
8.1.6 (the minimum wall thickness at any point must not be less than 87 % of
twice the working pressure or
the submitted minimum design wall thickness). working pressure plus 50 psi,
whichever is less, is
● Visual inspection of the CIPP in accordance with ASTM F1743, Section 8.6.
recommended in ASTM F1743.
Allowable leakage for pressure
test is 20
gal/in diameter/mile/day.
Cost Factors ● Thickness of the CIPP and hence Same as traditional CIPP ● Cost of Resin, glass fiber
cost of materials reinforcement,
● Mobilization, setup, and project ● Mobilization, setup, cost
restrictions (working hours) of UV curing equipment
● Scope of project (length and and project restrictions
diameters) (working hours)
● Waste stream components ● Scope of project (length
(compositions and temperature and diameters)
ranges) and hence potential need ● Waste-stream
for specialty resins components
● Application type (compositions and
● Bypass requirements temperature ranges) and

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 64

Example CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe

Technology Insitu form. Insitu form Saertex multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
● Accessibility of the lines requiring hence potential need for
renewal specialty resins
● Application type
● Bypass requirements
● Accessibility of the lines
requiring renewal
Status Established and long-term proven Emerging and on the market for 10 Emerging
technology years

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 65

Example Technology CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe Saertex
Insitu form. Insitu form multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
Date of Introduction 1976 in Europe &USA 2003 in USA and worldwide Since 2007 in USA
Since 1996 in Europe
Local Vender Insituform Insituform Reline/Saertex
Main benefits ● Limited excavation (typically ● Greater strength and ● High tensile strength in both
claimed
removal of a Machine hole stiffness than traditional radial and axial directions due
casting, frame, and cone CIPP to glass fiber reinforcement.
section) ● Limited excavation Handle winching forces.
● Can be designed for (typically removal of a ● Excellent material data, like an
infiltration reduction or for Machine hole casting, e-modulus of 16,000Mpa
full structural renewal frame, and cone section) (i.e1.740 x 106 psi) are
● Minimizes/eliminates ● Can be designed for achieved with thin-wall
environmental concerns that infiltration reduction or for thickness.
can be associated with more full structural renewal ● 1/10th the thermal shrinkage of
traditional methods like ● Minimizes/eliminates an ordinary polyester felt-
excavation environmental concerns reinforced liner, resulting in
● Quick installation that can be associated annular gap normally less than
● One-piece (jointless) final with more 0.5%.
product ● traditional methods like ● Higher long-term modulus than
● Limited cross-sectional area excavation felt liners.
reduction ● Quick installation ● Cure with either UV or steam.
● Improved flow characteristics ● One piece (jointless) final ● Liner can be placed into service
● Improved maintainability product directly after completion of
● Has ability to negotiate bends ● Limited cross-sectional curing process and re-opening

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 66

Example Technology CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe Saertex
Insitu form. Insitu form multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
● Has ability to rehabilitate area reduction minimizes of the laterals.
different-shaped host pipes. wall thickness ● Circular, egg-shaped or box
● Minimal traffic disruption ● Improved flow sections can be accommodated.
● Cost-effective, allowing characteristics
rehabilitation dollars to be ● Improved maintainability
maximized ● Has ability to negotiate
● Proven technology bends
● Has ability to rehabilitate
different-shaped host
pipes
● Minimal traffic disruption
● Cost-effective, allowing
rehabilitation dollars to be
maximized
● Proven technology
Main Limitations ● Thorough cleaning of the ● Cleaning of the existing ● Cleaning of the existing pipe is
existing pipe is required. pipe is required; all debris required; all debris is removed
● Bypassing of flow is required. is removed ● Bypassing of flow is required
● Requires expertise ● Bypassing of flow is ● Requires expertise
● Thermosetting product with required ● More expensive than polyester
limited shelf life once ● Requires expertise felt material
catalysed ● Thermosetting product ● Hose liners are produced in

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 67

Example Technology CIPP Standard IPlus Composite Reline America, Nordi pipe Saertex
Insitu form. Insitu form multiCom® GmbH
Inliner Technologies
with limited shelf life once Germany and shipped to the
catalysed country where they are
● Not suitable for pipes installed.
under 600mm (24 inches)
● Not cost-effective for all
pipe size/thickness
combinations

Diameter Range 100 to 3000mm 600 to 2400mm 150 to 1200mm

Thickness range 3 to 60mm 12 to 40mm 3 to 32mm
Product Standard ASTM D5813, ASTM DF1216, ASTM ASTM D5813, ASTM F1216, EN 13566, Part 6
F 1743 ASTM 1743
Design Standard ASTM F1216 ASTM F1216 ATV-M 127, Part 2
Design life 100 years 100 years 70+yrs
Installation Standard ASTM F1216 Section 7 or ASTM ASTM F1216, Section 7, or ASTM DIN EN 1610
F1743 F1743

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 68

Limitations of CIPP Liner

Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) have been around for decades and have been proven to extend the
lifecycle of underground sewer lines that are simply cost prohibitive to excavate and replace.

CIPP lining has been vastly used in DJB peripheral sewer projects for both man entry and non-
man entry dia. sewers. But, as per ASTM F 1216 03/09 the maximum diameter of pipe can be
rehabilitated is from 101 mm to 2743 mm. Obstructions in the existing pipeline, such as
protruding laterals, must be removed prior to installation.

Cost should be compared with similar methods such as close-fit pipe, spiral wound pipe and
slip lining as these other methods can provide a similar design solution for similar or less cost
in certain situations.

CIPP must also be carefully monitored for release of chemical agents utilized in the reaction
process for contamination downstream of rehabilitated pipes. The liner material used for
common sizes is normally a felted fabric (non-woven) and does not go around bends well
without wrinkling and going out of round on corners.

b) GRP Pipe Liner

Structural strengthening of deteriorated sewer
using GRP liner pipes have been widely used
worldwide for rehabilitation deteriorated man
entry size sewer. The GRP, as a material, is in
existence for more than 50years

The lining is comprised pipes made of various

combinations of fiberglass mats, glass fibres,
and resins and sometimes, silica sand. The
pipes are manufactured off site in a factory-
controlled quality environment. A 2-3 mm
thick resin layer is incorporated to form a
corrosion resistance barrier to the inner
surface of the liner pipe.

GRP is composed of strands of glass. Each

individual glass fibre is very fine with a small
GRP Liner installed in circular and avoid sewers
diameter, and they are woven to form a
flexible fabric. The fabric is normally placed in
a mould, for instance a mould for a canoe and polyester resin is added, followed by a catalyst
(to speed up the reaction). The process is repeated so that there are many layers of fibre glass
and resin and allowed to dry/cure. The resulting material is strong and light. Glass Reinforced
Plastic can be sanded for a smooth finish and painted.

Since the GRP pipes are pre-made for insertion, it is necessary for the contractor to make
accurate measurements of the internal diameter of the sewer to be lined. The pipe lengths are
usually connected through a rubber ring joint or are glued with epoxy resin. The joints are
designed to be watertight. This liner system not suitable for non-man entry size (dia <900mm)
sewers.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 69

Performance Characteristics of GRP Liner

Structural Integrity GRP liner can be designed as structural liners to restore structural
integrity of the sewer pipe. They are good as type liner in which the
existing structural capacity of the host pipe is made used. The
product has been in service for about over 50 years and it can have
a life span of 50 years or more.
Materials The structural wall shall be made from resin impregnated layers of
E type glass fiber reinforced skins shall include resin with a
quantity of fine fillers; the core element shall be comprised of filler
and aggregates bound by a resin matrix. The same resin, applied to
the whole structural wall element in a single application, shall be
employed in both the reinforcing and core layers.

All structural layers of the GRP liner shall be produced in a single

injection process whereby structural core elements and reinforcing
layers are formed in a singular resin infusion step. The
manufacturing of the Liner is done under factory-controlled
environment

Grouting is applied to fill the annulus. In case of Type 1 liner, good

quality control is need for the grouting work.
Enhanced Flow It can be designed to provide least cross-sectional area reduction.
capacity The internal surface of the liner is smooth and offers least flow
resistance surface is smooth. There circumference joint is about 1.5
m to 2 m interval depending on the length of GRP liner segments.
The joints are water tight
Affordability The product cost is similar to any liner made of polymeric
materials. However, the overall rehabilitation cost taking into
account of all other work elements involved in sewer rehabilitation,
the cost is likely to be comparable to similar liner systems.
Installation know The know how is also specialized and through the work performed
how in Delhi and Mumbai in several rehabilitation projects a
considerable know how exist with many contractors.
Track Record GRP liners have been used extensively in overseas, mainly for
rehabilitating larger diameter sewer in recent DJB projects, the
GRP liner has been used for rehabilitating man entry size sewers.
In Mumbai, GRP liners have been extensively used for rehabilitating
larger diameter sewer both egg-shaped and circular.
Usages Used only in man entry size sewers.

Limitations of GRP Lining

GRP liner has been in use for more than 50 years and is one of the first polymeric pipes
available on the market with capability to resist aggressive corrosion environment found in
sewers. Its ability to resist corrosion in sewers is very much dependent on how the pipe is
manufactured and whether sufficient care is made to have proper resin rich isophalic chemical
resistance layer. This is a very critical component of GRP pipe and often the manufactures,
especially back yard manufactures do not take sufficient care to ensure that this thin layer is
appropriately incorporated in the pipe. For the very same reason often GRP is not considered by

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 70

the users in countries where GRP pipe can be manufactured in an backyard environment
without adequate quality control.

Table 5.5:The correct layer combination of a GRP pipe shall be

Ref Thickness in Description

mm
S1 0.5 Resin rich isophalic Chemical Resistance Inner layer
S2 0.8 Flexible Strengthening Layer to support resin rich layer
S3 1-5 to 2.0 Inner Structural Layer
S4 8 to 30+ Main Structural layer thickness varies depending on the
pipe diameter and loading conditions
S5 0.5 Exterior Rough Surface layer to bond well with the
annuals grout between GRP and host pipe.

Another serious limitation is how the jointing is made. Often the contractors use approved
sealant material to make the joints instead of a well-engineered joint with rubber ring seal.
Rubber ring-based joint is expensive especially for liners used for sewer rehabilitation and
hence contractors opt for the use of sealant based joint. Quality control of joint sealing is very
difficult as it is done manually by persons working inside the sewer. GRP liners have been used
in India by many water authorities. It was used successfully in a World Bank funded sewer
rehabilitation project in Mumbai to rehabilitate century old brick masonry ovoid sewers in year
2000.

c) Machine Wound Spiral Lining

The system consists of a single manageable PVC or HDPE
strip which is spirally wound into the host pipe by a
winding machine positioned in the base of a Machine hole.
In the case of man entry size sewers, the liners can be
spirally wound inside the host pipe by a travelling winding
machine as shown in the figure. The edges of the strips are
interlocked as it is spirally wound to form a continuous
watertight liner pipe within the host sewer pipe.

The PVC or HDPE strip can be also reinforced depending

on the structural and design requirements of the sewer
pipe. In some spirally wound liners, the interlocking strip is Machine Wound Spiral Liner
also thermally welded usually by polyethylene weld bead.

Once the liner is installed, any annulus left between the host pipe and the liner pipe is filled
with grout to provide a complete seal.

The liner shall be designed as standalone structural liner meeting Type II design requirements
or as a composite liner meeting Type I composite design requirements. The system has been
successfully used by water authorities in India, Delhi Jal Board in particular which has used
the liner since 2005 to rehabilitate 600mm and 900mm dia sewers. DJB has also used spiral
wound liner system reinforced with stainless steel ribs to rehabilitate 1800mm dia section of
the Ring Road sewers.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 71

Figure 0.1: MWSL being used to Rehabilitate Circular RC Sewers

It can be also wound when there is little flow in the sewer and hence in some cases flow
diversion is not required. It can be installed through mild bends but this depends on the
geometry of the bend. The PVC or HDPE strips are about 150 to 200mm wide and they are
wound and mechanically fused together to form a liner pipe within the sewer to be
rehabilitated.

Major materials for SPR method

There are three major components used in SPR Method.

Table 5.6: Materials

Component Appellation Material

Surface Material SPR Profile Rigid PVC/PE
Metal part Steel Re-Inforcer Galvanized Steel
Filler (Grout) SPR Mortar Resin Mortar

Machine wound spiral liner offers four technologies system:

SPR TM SPR TM PE SPR TM EX SPR TM ST

Diameter 800-5500mm 900-3000mm 150-1050mm 600-2500mm

Material PVC HDPE PVC PVC
Shape Circular, Non- Circular Circular Circular
circular, custom
shape

Installation Fixed Diameter Fixed Diameter Close fit Fixed Diameter

Table 5.7: Various technologies of MWSL liners

A. Flexible Steel reinforced Structural PVC liner (SPRTM) (Dia 800mm to 5500mm)

SPR™ is a Spiral Wound pipe lining method for large diameter sewers, storm drains and
culverts. SPR™ lines both round and non-round shapes, providing fully structural
rehabilitation.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 72

The PVC profile strip is wound into the pipe by a traverse winding machine. The machine
travels the length of the pipeline while constructing the liner at a fixed diameter once winding is
completed, grout is introduced between the liner and host pipe to fill the annular space.
Grouting occurs in lifts through a series of ports installed within the liner. Once grouting is
finished, the end result is a fully structural rehabilitated pipe. The liner is capable of meeting
the cross-sectional area reduction requirement for sewers from 800 mm to 5500mm for circular
and non- circular sewers/ducts.

Figure 0.2: SPRTM Winding Process

One of the key benefits of SPRTM system is the speed of installation and its simple site set up
to wind the liner. High installation speed is due the liner being manufactured off site and is
almost ready made before commencing the lining work.

More over the mechanical winding process enable the winding process to go fast rather than a
chemical or heat-based installation process. Unlike other lining process which require complete
and prolonged flow diversion option to allow the liners to be installed in non-flowing host pipe,
SPRTM liner can be installed not only quickly but also in flowing condition. The grouting of the
annulus not only help the liner to have more stiffness but more importantly prevents
transmigration of ground water into the Machine holes through the annulus gap between the
liner.

To keep on-site operation as simple as possible, SPR system ensures that as much preparation
as possible is performed in the factory. With all SPR products, all sealants are pre applied to
the extruded plastic profile before being spooled, removing the need for more complicated
processes to be performed on site.

The sealing of the profile is achieved through the use of hot-melt adhesives and a rubber seal,
applied at the time of extrusion. No liquid sealants or additional sealing members need to be
applied onsite.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 73

B. Structural Reinforced HDPE liner (SPRTM PE) (Dia. 900mm to 3000mm)

The HDPE liner strip that forms the liner pipe is

reinforced with steel that is completely encapsulated
within the HDPE materials as shown in the figure. The
steel reinforce is selected to provide sufficient stiffness
to meet the design requirements of the sewer pipe.

The winding is done within the pipe and the reinforced

HDPE strip is fed into the machine form an above
ground spool. The joints of the successive wraps of
steel reinforced HDPE strips are welded by the machine
using polyethylene weld bead as shown in the adjacent
figure. The annulus between the fixed diameter liner
and the host pipe is filled with Cementous grout
immediately after the winding is completed.

Since the minimum height of the HDPE strip is 20mm, the liner is suitable for pipe above
900mm in diameter to stay within the cross-sectional area reduction requirements.

Table 5.8: Section Properties of Typical SPRTM PE Profile

Profile Nominal Height Typical Pipe Diameter
112 - 20RL 20 900 - 1100 mm
112 - 30RL 30 1100 - 1650 mm
112 - 40RL 40 1650 - 3000 mm
C. Expanded Spiral Wound Liner SPR EX (Dia 150 to 1050mm)

The most installed “close-fit” liner in Australia since its

introduction in 1983 and is a revolutionary process by
which structural and hydraulic integrity of ageing
sewers, storm drains and culvers can be enhanced. It is
now traded as SPR EX. The development of SPR EX has
continued over the years with introduction of additional
profiles and state of the art winding equipment.

The system consists of a factory extruded PVC plastic

profile, a winding machine and ancillary equipment such
as specialized spools for profile handling and hydraulic
power packs. SPR EX has a unique double locking
configuration as shown in the adjoin figure. The
secondary lock is formed using hot melt adhesive which
holds the liner at a constant diameter as it is wound in the winding machine at the benching of
the Machine hole. This diameter is set to slightly lower than the host pipe. The winding
machine also insert a high strength steel “cutting wire” between the primary and secondary
locks as the edges of the profile are locked together.

After the liner is wound from one Machine hole to the next, the end of the liner is held in
position and the secondary lock progressively severed by pulling the cutting wire. The edges of
the profile are then free to slide relative to one another, along the primary lock as the winding
machine continues to wind more profile. It is this mechanical process that causes the liner to

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 74

expand until the liner contacts the wall of the host pipe and forms a close fit with inner surface
of the host pipe as shown in the adjoined figure. The primary lock continues a slow setting
lubricating sealant that, until it sets, aids the expansion process by acting as a lubricant.

Thus, the process provides a maximum internal

diameter with a circular cross section and constant
wall thickness irrespective of the size and shape of
the deteriorated host pipe. The annulus and the
voids around the tees are filled with grout to
provide a complete seal and to prevent
transmigration of ground water through the profile.
The profile has height ranging from 7mm to 20mm
and thus the liner is capable of meeting the cross-sectional area reduction requirement for
sewers from 450mm to 750mm.

Table 5.9: Section Properties of Typical SPRTM EX Profile

Profile Nominal Height Typical Pipe Diameter
56-7EX 7 150-200 mm
85-7EX 7 200-300 mm
85-8EX 8 200-375 mm
126-13 EX 13 375-600 mm
126-20 EX 20 450-750 mm

D. Spiral Wound Liner SPR ST (Dia 600 to

2500mm)

The SPR™ ST pipe rehabilitation process is a solution for

restoring the hydraulic efficiency, reliability and integrity
of aging sewers, storm drains and culverts. Where
required for greater stiffness, the liner can be reinforced
by simultaneously winding a profiled strip of steel under
the tees of the PVC profile.

SPR™ ST liners can structurally rehabilitate brick,

concrete, glass reinforced plastic or corrugated metal
sanitary and storm water pipelines with diameters from
600 mm to over 2500 mm.

A winding machine should be placed in the insertion pit

and oriented so that the liner pipe can be spirally wound
SPR-ST in
and inserted (rotated and pushed) directly into the existing pipeline. A reel of extruded PVC
profile strip should be positioned near the insertion point.

The initial winding process begins with the profile strip being fed into the winding machine,
forming the profile strip into the required spiral wound liner pipe diameter, which is
simultaneously rotated and pushed along the existing pipeline for its full length to the
termination point.

Table 5.10: Section Properties of Typical SPRTM ST Profile

Profile Nominal Typical Pipe Diameter Typical Steel Gauges
Height
126-20RS 20 150-200 mm 0.7,0.9,1.2
91-25RS 25 200-300 mm 0.7,0.9,1.2,1.5

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 75

Performance characteristics of Machine Wound Spiral Liner

Structural MWSL liner can be designed as structural liners to restores structural

Integrity integrity of the sewer pipe. The product has been in service for about over 15
years and it can have a life span of 50 years.

Materials The liner material is predominantly uPVC and the ribbed strips are made in
factory-controlled quality environment. No wet parts are involved during
installation and the installation process is fully mechanized. Cement
grouting is required to fill the annulus.
For larger diameter sewer rehabilitation, stainless steel stiffening ribs are
added to enhance the stiffness capacity of the pipe to meet the required
structural capacity of the sewer.

Enhanced It can be also designed to provide least cross-sectional area reduction. It has
flow capacity water tight mechanical spiral joint along the product pipe and the tests have
shown the joint to be water tight. However, no long-term performance testing
on the joint exists. The liner material, uPVC, offers least flow resistance

Affordability The product cost is relatively low when used without stainless stiffener ribs
and grouting. However, the overall rehabilitation cost taking into account of
other work elements involved in sewer rehabilitation and the cost of stainless
stiffener, the cost is likely to be comparable to other structural liner systems.

Installation The know how is highly specialized and through the work performed in Delhi
know how in the past, installation know how is available to a contractor.

Track Spiral wound liners have been used in overseas, mainly for smaller diameter
Record rehabilitation. In the recent years spiral wound system has been also used
for rehabilitation of larger diameter pipe. In recent DJB projects, the system
has been used for rehabilitating non man entry size sewers.

Usages sizes Used as structural liners for non -man and man entry size sewer.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 76

Performance Comparison of liners

The trenchless lining processes, namely Cured in Place Pipe (CIPP), Machine Wounded Spiral
Liner (MWSL), Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic liner (GRP) have been widely used for rehabilitating
of larger diameter sewers. AMC has used all of them for rehabilitating sewers in Ahmedabad.
Performance comparison matrix of all the three liners are summarized below:

Table 5.11: Comparison of lining techniques

Requirement CIPP Liner MSWL Liner GRP Liner

Ability to enhance life span to 50 Yes Yes Yes

years

Ability to resist chemical and Yes Yes Yes (with resin

biological attack rich layer)

Ability to enhance hydraulic Yes Yes Yes

performance

Ability to enhance structural capacity Yes Yes Yes

Ability to be watertight for life Yes Yes Yes

Ability to function as standalone liner Yes Yes, with Yes, with

for non-circular shape grouting grouting

Applicability for sewers of diameter Yes Yes No

150 to 900mm

Applicability for sewers of diameter Yes (upto 1800) Yes Yes

900 to 2000mm

Applicability for sewers of No Yes Yes

dia.2800mm and above

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 77

5.4 Cost Comparison of various Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation

Technologies
Table 5.12: Cost Comparison of sewer rehabilitation technology

Name of the Sewer Lines CIPP GRP MWSL

Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk

main line from Shyam Shikhar
Cross Road to Bapunagar Cross Rs 36,48,46,700 Rs 43,23,38,400 Rs 40,24,14,000
Road via. Ajit Mill via. Nagarvel
Hanuman to Metro Bridge

The cost has been worked out based on the SOR published by Indian Society for Trenchless
Technology (IndSTT) [Link] above rates are exclusive of GST.

TTI Consulting Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd Page | 78

5.5 Selection of Suitable Trenchless Technology for the

Rehabilitation of sewer line nominated under this DPR

AMC has extensively used the MWSL lining process for rehabilitating a substantial length of
trunk sewers. Although, AMC has extensive application knowledge of all the major liners
techniques.

MWSL liner have many beneficial characteristics. It comes with low weight at high mechanical
strength, resistance against chemicals and corrosion, UV radiation and temperature stability,
and environmental friendliness. Depending upon design considerations, liner is often installed
through a machine hole or other existing access point. MWSL can effectively reduce infiltration
and leaks in pipeline systems, an inherent advantage of MWSL liners is their ability to conform
to almost any shape of pipe, making them suitable for relining non-circular cross-sections.

The finalisation of trenchless technology for the lining suitable for the rehabilitation of the sewer
line under this Package 2 is done as per the condition assessment of the sewer line including the
factors like size of sewer, space, constraints and difficulties, cost and trenchless technology used
for rehabilitation in upstream and downstream section of this sewer line in the past.

We therefore recommend AMC to adopt the use of Machine Wound Spiral Lining (MWSL)
Structural lining method to rehabilitate sewer lines under this scheme.

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 79

6.0 Design of Liner

The following are the equations for the Design of liners by MWSL liner technology as per the
standard codes.

External Pressure Expanda (I)

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 80

Stiffness (I) (Expanda)

Annular Grout (I) (Expanda)

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 81

Stiffness (II) (Fixed Diameter)

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 82

Total External Pressure (Fixed Diameter)

Stiffness (Fixed Diameter

Annular Grout

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 83

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 84

APPENDIX 1:
SOR FOR REHABILITATION
TECHNIQUES

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 85

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 86

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 87

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 88

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 89

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 90

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 91

APPENDIX 2:
DESIGN OF GRP STRUCTURAL
LINING

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 92

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

DETAILED DESIGN SHEET

For 1050mm Dia.

(As Per ASTM F1741-02a)

Particulars Formula/Reference Symbol Unit Value
1. DESIGN INFORMATION
Existing Pipe Diameter ' As per contract drawing mm
Dt 1050
provided by DJB
Best fit size of existing Pipe 'De' As per measurement D=Dm mm 1050
Depth to invert of Existing pipe 'Hi' As per Measurement m 6.00
Height of soil above Liner pipe Hs m 4.964

Height of Water Table above Liner Pipe Hw m 4.964

Grout thickness / Annular Space mm 13.5
As per tender
18
Soil Density documents w kN/m³
% Ovality of Existing Pipe 'q' (Zero
q 0
adopted but in Bid 3%) %
Factor of Safety for external loads N 2
Factor of safety considered for
2.5
Buckling FS
Poissons Ratio =0.38 AS per As per Tender
v 0.38
ASTM F1741 documents
Enhancement Factor K K 7
Modulus of Soil Reaction 'E's" E's Mpa 5
Type equation here.
2. PROFILE DETAILS
Profile Type As per ASTM F 1741 126-20RS-0.7
Winding Method SPRTM ST
Steel Reinforcement mm 0.7x98.50
Profile Height 't' t mm 20
Depth of Neutral Axis 'tΝΑ' y mm 10
External Dia of MWSL Liner De mm 1023.00
Internal dia of MWSL Liner Di mm 983.00
Moment of Inertia 'I' (mm⁴/mm) (mm⁴/mm) NA
Long Term Modulus of Elasticity of
Not required Mpa N/A*
Plastic Profile EL

Long Term Pipe Stiffness RSL

N/m/m 1883.31
(N/m/m) RSL
As per Calculation Long Term Pipe
1883.31
Stiffness RSL
(1) CALCULATED INFORMATION
Water Buoyancy Factor Rѡ Rѡ 0.67

(2) Coeffcient of Elastic Support B' 0.42

(3) Ovality Reduction Factor C 1.00

Impact Factor α 0.66

But as per norms Minimum Impact Factor α not < 1.1 α 1.1
(4) LOADING
Soil Pressure qs Kpa 59.86
Hydrostatic Pressure qw Kpa 48.69
Live Load on Liner Pipe Kpa 3.56

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 93

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

Total actual External Pressure on

q't Kpa 112.11
Liner Pipe
As per I.R.C Class "AA" Wheel
Loading Live loading
formula is
L1- Surface dimension 1 L1 m 8.55
L2- Surface dimension 2 L2 m 9.70
Standard value of Impact Factor α is taken as 1.1
5. DESIGN
Liner Pipe External Pressure
qt Kpa 145.33
bearing Capacity qᵼ
Whether satisfying the Criteria ? qᵼ > qt' (Design Check) Yes
Therefore MWSL Liner design
OK
found
N actual = (qᵼ x N) / q'ᵼ
Actual Safety Factor for Liner (Must be equal to or
2.59
Buckling more that 2.5) for
Buckling check
Hence the Thickness and Design is
yes
SAFE
(B)---- Partially Deteriorated
Design Calculations
Hydrostatic Pressure q'w q'w kPa 58.86

Pipe external Pressure bearing

qt kPa 184.90
Capacity

Design Check:
Whether qt > q'w yes
Design is OK

Actual Factor of Safety

N actual = (qt x N)/ q'w 6.28

Check:
Whether the actual factor of safety
is > 2, then design is OK, otherwise Yes
No

Cross-Sectional Area of Existing

Aexisting m2 0.87
Sewer

Cross-Sectional Area of renovated Arenovated

m2 0.76
sewer line

Cross-Sectional Area Reduction % 12.35

If area reduction is less than 12.5% (stipulated in the Tender

document) then, yes otherwise "NO" Yes

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 94

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

For 1200mm Dia.

(As Per ASTM F1741-02a)

Particulars Formula/Reference Symbol Unit Value
1. DESIGN INFORMATION
Existing Pipe Diameter ' As per contract drawing mm
Dt 1200
provided by DJB
Best fit size of existing Pipe 'De' As per measurement D=Dm mm 1200
Depth to invert of Existing pipe 'Hi' As per Measurement m 7.00
Height of soil above Liner pipe Hs m 5.814

Height of Water Table above Liner Pipe Hw m 5.814

Grout thickness / Annular Space mm 13.5
As per tender
18
Soil Density documents w kN/m³
% Ovality of Existing Pipe 'q' (Zero
q 0
adopted but in Bid 3%) %
Factor of Safety for external loads N 2
Factor of safety considered for
2.5
Buckling FS
Poissons Ratio =0.38 AS per As per Tender
v 0.38
ASTM F1741 documents
Enhancement Factor K K 7
Modulus of Soil Reaction 'E's" E's Mpa 5
Type equation here.
2. PROFILE DETAILS
Profile Type As per ASTM F 1741 91-25RS-0.7
Winding Method SPRTM ST
Steel Reinforcement mm 0.7x116.50
Profile Height 't' t mm 25
Depth of Neutral Axis 'tΝΑ' y mm 12.5
External Dia of MWSL Liner De mm 1173.00
Internal dia of MWSL Liner Di mm 1123.00
Moment of Inertia 'I' (mm⁴/mm) (mm⁴/mm) NA
Long Term Modulus of Elasticity of
Not required Mpa N/A*
Plastic Profile EL

Long Term Pipe Stiffness RSL

N/m/m 4752.1
(N/m/m) RSL
As per Calculation Long Term Pipe
4752.1
Stiffness RSL
(1) CALCULATED INFORMATION
Water Buoyancy Factor Rѡ Rѡ 0.67

(2) Coeffcient of Elastic Support B' 0.46

(3) Ovality Reduction Factor C 1.00

Impact Factor α 0.53

But as per norms Minimum Impact Factor α not < 1.1 α 1.1
(4) LOADING
Soil Pressure qs Kpa 70.11

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 95

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

Hydrostatic Pressure qw Kpa 57.03

Live Load on Liner Pipe Kpa 2.76
Total actual External Pressure on
q't Kpa 129.90
Liner Pipe
As per I.R.C Class "AA" Wheel
Loading Live loading
formula is
L1- Surface dimension 1 L1 m 9.78
L2- Surface dimension 2 L2 m 10.93
Standard value of Impact Factor α is taken as 1.1
5. DESIGN
Liner Pipe External Pressure
qt Kpa 242.85
bearing Capacity qᵼ
Whether satisfying the Criteria ? qᵼ > qt' (Design Check) Yes
Therefore MWSL Liner design
OK
found
N actual = (qᵼ x N) / q'ᵼ
Actual Safety Factor for Liner (Must be equal to or
3.74
Buckling more that 2.5) for
Buckling check
Hence the Thickness and Design is
yes
SAFE
(B)---- Partially Deteriorated
Design Calculations
Hydrostatic Pressure q'w q'w kPa 68.67

Pipe external Pressure bearing

qt kPa 466.55
Capacity

Design Check:
Whether qt > q'w yes
Design is OK

Actual Factor of Safety

N actual = (qt x N)/ q'w 13.59

Check:
Whether the actual factor of safety
is > 2, then design is OK, otherwise Yes
No

Cross-Sectional Area of Existing

Aexisting m2 1.13
Sewer

Cross-Sectional Area of renovated Arenovated

m2 0.99
sewer line

Cross-Sectional Area Reduction % 12.42

If area reduction is less than 12.5%(stipulated in the Tender

document) then, Yes otherwise "NO" Yes

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 96

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

For 1400mm Dia.

(As Per ASTM F1741-02a)

Particulars Formula/Reference Symbol Unit Value
1. DESIGN INFORMATION
Existing Pipe Diameter ' As per contract mm
drawing provided by Dt 1400
DJB
Best fit size of existing Pipe As per measurement mm
D=Dm 1400
'De'
Depth to invert of Existing pipe As per Measurement m
7.62
'Hi'
Height of soil above Liner pipe Hs m 6.240

Height of Water Table above Liner Pipe Hw m 6.240

Grout thickness / Annular
20
Space mm
As per tender
18
Soil Density documents w kN/m³
% Ovality of Existing Pipe 'q'
q 0
(Zero adopted but in Bid 3%) %
Factor of Safety for external
2
loads N
Factor of safety considered for
2.5
Buckling FS
Poissons Ratio =0.38 AS As per Tender
v 0.38
per ASTM F1741 documents
Enhancement Factor K K 7
Modulus of Soil Reaction 'E's" E's Mpa 6
Type equation here.
2. PROFILE DETAILS
Profile Type As per ASTM F 1741 91-25RS-0.7
Winding Method SPRTM ST
Steel Reinforcement mm 0.7x116.50
Profile Height 't' t mm 25
Depth of Neutral Axis 'tΝΑ' y mm 12.5
External Dia of MWSL Liner De mm 1360.00
Internal dia of MWSL Liner Di mm 1310.00
Moment of Inertia 'I' (mm⁴/mm) (mm⁴/mm) NA
Long Term Modulus of
Not required Mpa N/A*
Elasticity of Plastic Profile EL

Long Term Pipe Stiffness RSL

N/m/m 2993.72
(N/m/m) RSL
As per Calculation Long Term
2993.72
Pipe Stiffness RSL
(1) CALCULATED
INFORMATION
Water Buoyancy Factor Rѡ Rѡ 0.67

(2) Coeffcient of Elastic

0.49
Support B'

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 97

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

(3) Ovality Reduction Factor C 1.00

Impact Factor α 0.46

But as per norms Minimum Impact Factor α not < 1.1 α 1.1
(4) LOADING
Soil Pressure qs Kpa 75.25
Hydrostatic Pressure qw Kpa 61.21
Live Load on Liner Pipe Kpa 2.46
Total actual External Pressure
q't Kpa 138.92
on Liner Pipe
As per I.R.C Class "AA" Wheel
Loading Live
loading formula is
L1- Surface dimension 1 L1 m 10.40
L2- Surface dimension 2 L2 m 11.55
Standard value of Impact Factor α is taken as 1.1
5. DESIGN
Liner Pipe External Pressure
qt Kpa 216.25
bearing Capacity qᵼ
Whether satisfying the Criteria qᵼ > qt' (Design
Yes
? Check)
Therefore MWSL Liner design
OK
found
N actual = (qᵼ x N) /
Actual Safety Factor for Liner q'ᵼ (Must be equal to
3.11
Buckling or more that 2.5) for
Buckling check
Hence the Thickness and
yes
Design is SAFE
(B)---- Partially Deteriorated
Design Calculations
Hydrostatic Pressure q'w q'w kPa 74.75

Pipe external Pressure bearing

qt kPa 293.91
Capacity

Design Check:
Whether qt > q'w yes
Design is OK

Actual Factor of Safety

N actual = (qt x N)/ q'w 7.86

Check:
Whether the actual factor of
safety is > 2, then design is OK, Yes
otherwise No

Cross-Sectional Area of Existing

Aexisting m2 1.54
Sewer

Cross-Sectional Area of Arenovated

m2 1.35
renovated sewer line

Cross-Sectional Area Reduction % 12.44

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 98

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

If area reduction is less than 12.5%(stipulated in the

Tender document) then, Yes otherwise "NO" Yes

For 1800mm Dia.

(As Per ASTM F1741-02a)

Particulars Formula/Reference Symbol Unit Value
1. DESIGN INFORMATION
Existing Pipe Diameter ' As per contract drawing mm
provided by DJB Dt 1800
Best fit size of existing Pipe 'De' As per measurement D=Dm mm 1800
Depth to invert of Existing pipe As per Measurement m
8.30
'Hi'
Height of soil above Liner pipe Hs m 6.533

Height of Water Table above Liner Pipe Hw m 6.533

Grout thickness / Annular Space mm 33
As per tender
18
Soil Density documents w kN/m³
% Ovality of Existing Pipe 'q' q 0
(Zero adopted but in Bid 3%) %
Factor of Safety for external loads N 2
Factor of safety considered for
2.5
Buckling FS
Poissons Ratio =0.38 AS per As per Tender v 0.38
ASTM F1741 documents
Enhancement Factor K K 7
Modulus of Soil Reaction 'E's" E's Mpa 6
Type equation here.
2. PROFILE DETAILS
Profile Type As per ASTM F 1741 91-25RS-1.2
Winding Method SPRTM ST
Steel Reinforcement mm 1.2x114.5
Profile Height 't' t mm 25
Depth of Neutral Axis 'tΝΑ' y mm 12.5
External Dia of MWSL Liner De mm 1734.00
Internal dia of MWSL Liner Di mm 1684.00
Moment of Inertia 'I' (mm⁴/mm) (mm⁴/mm) NA
Long Term Modulus of Elasticity Not required Mpa N/A*
of Plastic Profile EL

Long Term Pipe Stiffness RSL

N/m/m 2174.95
(N/m/m) RSL
As per Calculation Long Term
2174.95
Pipe Stiffness RSL
(1) CALCULATED
INFORMATION
Water Buoyancy Factor Rѡ Rѡ 0.67

(2) Coeffcient of Elastic Support B' 0.50

(3) Ovality Reduction Factor C 1.00

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 99

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

Impact Factor α 0.42

But as per norms Minimum Impact Factor α not < 1.1 α 1.1
(4) LOADING
Soil Pressure qs Kpa 78.79
Hydrostatic Pressure qw Kpa 64.09
Live Load on Liner Pipe Kpa 2.28
Total actual External Pressure on
Liner Pipe q't Kpa 145.15
As per I.R.C Class "AA" Wheel
Loading Live loading
formula is
L1- Surface dimension 1 m 10.82
L1
L2- Surface dimension 2 L2 m 11.97
Standard value of Impact Factor α is taken as 1.1
5. DESIGN
Liner Pipe External Pressure qt Kpa 187.26
bearing Capacity qᵼ
Whether satisfying the Criteria ? qᵼ > qt' (Design Check) Yes
Therefore MWSL Liner design
OK
found
N actual = (qᵼ x N) / q'ᵼ
Actual Safety Factor for Liner (Must be equal to or
2.58
Buckling more that 2.5) for
Buckling check
Hence the Thickness and Design
yes
is SAFE

(B)---- Partially Deteriorated

Design Calculations
Hydrostatic Pressure q'w q'w kPa 81.42

Pipe external Pressure bearing

qt kPa 213.53
Capacity

Design Check:
Whether qt > q'w yes
Design is OK

Actual Factor of Safety

N actual = (qt x N)/ q'w 5.24

Check:
Whether the actual factor of
safety is > 2, then design is OK, Yes
otherwise No

Cross-Sectional Area of Existing

Aexisting m2 2.55
Sewer

Arenovated
Cross-Sectional Area of renovated m2 2.23
sewer line

Cross-Sectional Area Reduction % 12.47

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 100

DPR For Rehabilitation of Drainage trunk main
line from Shyam Shikhar Cross Road to Ahmedabad Municipal
Bapunagar Cross Road via. Ajit Mill via. Corporation
Nagarvel Hanuman to Metro Bridge - Package 2

If area reduction is less than 12.5%(stipulated in the Tender

document) then, Yes otherwise "NO" Yes

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 101

This page is intentionally left blank

TTI CONSULTING ENGINEERS (I) PVT LTD Page | 102

Scope of Work
No ratings yet
Scope of Work
3 pages
Gandhi Circle - 31.3.23
No ratings yet
Gandhi Circle - 31.3.23
14 pages
Storm Water Technical Guidance Manual
100% (1)
Storm Water Technical Guidance Manual
140 pages
Sonipat Storm Water Drainage DPR
No ratings yet
Sonipat Storm Water Drainage DPR
234 pages
Main Report Panipat
No ratings yet
Main Report Panipat
184 pages
Proposed Drainage Details
No ratings yet
Proposed Drainage Details
1 page
Storm Water Drain Plan and Details
No ratings yet
Storm Water Drain Plan and Details
4 pages
Ilf-Nwc-Dwg-Civ-002
No ratings yet
Ilf-Nwc-Dwg-Civ-002
1 page
Storm Water Gully
No ratings yet
Storm Water Gully
3 pages
Population Forecast: The Population of Three Decades
No ratings yet
Population Forecast: The Population of Three Decades
8 pages
Executive Summary NH-148NA - Pkg1
No ratings yet
Executive Summary NH-148NA - Pkg1
24 pages
Sewer Hydraulics Tables
No ratings yet
Sewer Hydraulics Tables
18 pages
Design of Underground Sewerage System in An Indian Residential Area
100% (1)
Design of Underground Sewerage System in An Indian Residential Area
6 pages
Bwsspiii 26 Mah STP Var PR PR 2291
No ratings yet
Bwsspiii 26 Mah STP Var PR PR 2291
27 pages
Option-2-Kripl - DWG - Pipe Line Pedestals
No ratings yet
Option-2-Kripl - DWG - Pipe Line Pedestals
1 page
#1 Pedestal Pipe Support PDF
No ratings yet
#1 Pedestal Pipe Support PDF
3 pages
How To Design Water Supply
No ratings yet
How To Design Water Supply
62 pages
Rural Ws Technical-Manual - 589475bfb146a
No ratings yet
Rural Ws Technical-Manual - 589475bfb146a
269 pages
Infiltration Gallery Yamna PDF
No ratings yet
Infiltration Gallery Yamna PDF
5 pages
UPVC Pipe Laying Method Statement
No ratings yet
UPVC Pipe Laying Method Statement
20 pages
Eluru Sponge City Project Report
No ratings yet
Eluru Sponge City Project Report
10 pages
4 Hydraulic Design: (For Design Storm Volume of Storm Sewer See Section 3.2 On Page 22)
No ratings yet
4 Hydraulic Design: (For Design Storm Volume of Storm Sewer See Section 3.2 On Page 22)
15 pages
Vitrified Clay Pipe Drainage Design Guide
No ratings yet
Vitrified Clay Pipe Drainage Design Guide
55 pages
Notes:: Saudi Arabian Oil Company
No ratings yet
Notes:: Saudi Arabian Oil Company
1 page
Boq - Sewer Pump Station Example: Project Name, Town Tender No
100% (1)
Boq - Sewer Pump Station Example: Project Name, Town Tender No
8 pages
Pipe Flow Data Analysis
No ratings yet
Pipe Flow Data Analysis
3 pages
Comprehensive Sewerage System Design
No ratings yet
Comprehensive Sewerage System Design
10 pages
Civil Engineering Water Project
No ratings yet
Civil Engineering Water Project
64 pages
Underground Pipeline Irrigation Systems
No ratings yet
Underground Pipeline Irrigation Systems
42 pages
Water Network Optimization Study
No ratings yet
Water Network Optimization Study
14 pages
Construction of Individual Soak Pit (Magic Soak Pit) - Estimate and Template - FY 24 - 25
No ratings yet
Construction of Individual Soak Pit (Magic Soak Pit) - Estimate and Template - FY 24 - 25
13 pages
Drainage Standard Specifications
No ratings yet
Drainage Standard Specifications
60 pages
Methodology For Trenchless Pipe Crossing
No ratings yet
Methodology For Trenchless Pipe Crossing
12 pages
BHEL Civil Schedule of Rates 2013-14
No ratings yet
BHEL Civil Schedule of Rates 2013-14
112 pages
Valve Chember Drawing
No ratings yet
Valve Chember Drawing
4 pages
Rudranagar Community Pond Estimate
No ratings yet
Rudranagar Community Pond Estimate
2 pages
SSNNL UGPL - Construction Programme and Methodology PDF
No ratings yet
SSNNL UGPL - Construction Programme and Methodology PDF
16 pages
Shahdara Drain Sewerage Project DPR
No ratings yet
Shahdara Drain Sewerage Project DPR
224 pages
Kolkata Drainage System Revamp
No ratings yet
Kolkata Drainage System Revamp
3 pages
Plumbing & Sanitary Bill of Quantities
No ratings yet
Plumbing & Sanitary Bill of Quantities
8 pages
DC Prlis p1
100% (1)
DC Prlis p1
8 pages
EIA-Mombasa Water Supply and Sanitation
No ratings yet
EIA-Mombasa Water Supply and Sanitation
146 pages
Pedestal Details: Pile Cap Plan Pile C/S
No ratings yet
Pedestal Details: Pile Cap Plan Pile C/S
1 page
Wastewater Treatment Using Chemical Coagulants
No ratings yet
Wastewater Treatment Using Chemical Coagulants
9 pages
Comparison of DI Vs MS
No ratings yet
Comparison of DI Vs MS
21 pages
GRP Manhole Construction Details
No ratings yet
GRP Manhole Construction Details
1 page
Methodology Dandeli UGD
No ratings yet
Methodology Dandeli UGD
2 pages
Design Folder Main Pumping Station
100% (1)
Design Folder Main Pumping Station
206 pages
Wastewater Management Guide
No ratings yet
Wastewater Management Guide
18 pages
8 Drainage Plan
No ratings yet
8 Drainage Plan
25 pages
Optimal Design of A Sewer Line Using Linear Programming
No ratings yet
Optimal Design of A Sewer Line Using Linear Programming
10 pages
Drawings of Reservoir
No ratings yet
Drawings of Reservoir
1 page
PE & PP Gravity Systems Guide
No ratings yet
PE & PP Gravity Systems Guide
72 pages
STD WR 011
No ratings yet
STD WR 011
1 page
Irrigation System Design Guide
No ratings yet
Irrigation System Design Guide
24 pages
Disclosure To Promote The Right To Information
No ratings yet
Disclosure To Promote The Right To Information
34 pages
TS JAMALPUR - 29 Cr. - Final MWSL Cipp GRP
No ratings yet
TS JAMALPUR - 29 Cr. - Final MWSL Cipp GRP
230 pages
HMWSSB Presentation PDF
No ratings yet
HMWSSB Presentation PDF
52 pages
Varanasi Water & Sewer Master Plan
No ratings yet
Varanasi Water & Sewer Master Plan
25 pages
CCTV Reports
No ratings yet
CCTV Reports
15 pages
Co. Profile (GEW)
No ratings yet
Co. Profile (GEW)
9 pages
Pipe Audit For Life Audit
No ratings yet
Pipe Audit For Life Audit
7 pages
Major Works
No ratings yet
Major Works
3 pages
Structural Design Calculations-Secondary Clarifier & Sludge Sump-Kaithal
No ratings yet
Structural Design Calculations-Secondary Clarifier & Sludge Sump-Kaithal
23 pages
Exe Summary-04
No ratings yet
Exe Summary-04
94 pages
Listening Multiple Choice Activity
No ratings yet
Listening Multiple Choice Activity
1 page
Hk2 English 7 Co File Nghe
No ratings yet
Hk2 English 7 Co File Nghe
6 pages
Checklist YP Nad YEL
No ratings yet
Checklist YP Nad YEL
28 pages
Qualities of an Effective Teacher
No ratings yet
Qualities of an Effective Teacher
3 pages
Bahaya Pestisida Rumah Tangga untuk Kesehatan
No ratings yet
Bahaya Pestisida Rumah Tangga untuk Kesehatan
12 pages
Quezon City Profile
No ratings yet
Quezon City Profile
11 pages
HSE Environmental Chemistry Q&A
100% (1)
HSE Environmental Chemistry Q&A
5 pages
Green Products Next Step For Insurers
No ratings yet
Green Products Next Step For Insurers
1 page
Concept-Paper Template
No ratings yet
Concept-Paper Template
32 pages
Types of Cooling Towers A Review
No ratings yet
Types of Cooling Towers A Review
9 pages
Semi Detailed Lesson Plan
100% (1)
Semi Detailed Lesson Plan
3 pages
Prediction On Global Warming: Ms. Nisha Bairagee, Mrs. Nitima Malsa, Dr. Jyoti Gautam
No ratings yet
Prediction On Global Warming: Ms. Nisha Bairagee, Mrs. Nitima Malsa, Dr. Jyoti Gautam
3 pages
HUMSS - EAPP Seatwork Oct 14 2024 - 010528
No ratings yet
HUMSS - EAPP Seatwork Oct 14 2024 - 010528
3 pages
Subunit 1: Integrated Reporting, Integrated Thinking, and The Integrated Report
100% (1)
Subunit 1: Integrated Reporting, Integrated Thinking, and The Integrated Report
26 pages
Respondent Memorial Jakata Case
No ratings yet
Respondent Memorial Jakata Case
26 pages
Social Science Food Paper
No ratings yet
Social Science Food Paper
7 pages
Geothermal Energy for Students
No ratings yet
Geothermal Energy for Students
5 pages
Encyclopedia of Inland Waters (All 4 Set Volume) 2nd Edition Klement Tockner (Editor in Chief) - Ebook PDF PDF Download
100% (1)
Encyclopedia of Inland Waters (All 4 Set Volume) 2nd Edition Klement Tockner (Editor in Chief) - Ebook PDF PDF Download
53 pages
STS Module 1
No ratings yet
STS Module 1
49 pages
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems David Borgediez Enrique Rosalesasensio Instant Download
100% (1)
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems David Borgediez Enrique Rosalesasensio Instant Download
77 pages
Materiality Assessment 2024
No ratings yet
Materiality Assessment 2024
16 pages
Antifrogen L Safety Data Sheet
No ratings yet
Antifrogen L Safety Data Sheet
12 pages
Sustainability's Impact on Consumption
No ratings yet
Sustainability's Impact on Consumption
15 pages
Confined Space Hazard Controls Guide
No ratings yet
Confined Space Hazard Controls Guide
2 pages
2014 Winter Model Answer Paper
No ratings yet
2014 Winter Model Answer Paper
20 pages
Niger Delta Land Remediation Challenges
No ratings yet
Niger Delta Land Remediation Challenges
14 pages
40 امتحان للثالث الثانوي بالاجابات (نظام حديث 2020)
No ratings yet
40 امتحان للثالث الثانوي بالاجابات (نظام حديث 2020)
293 pages
Understanding Climate Change Causes
No ratings yet
Understanding Climate Change Causes
26 pages
Ch-1 Part-3
No ratings yet
Ch-1 Part-3
9 pages