Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

Faculty of Computing

IT1120 - Introduction to Programming

Dr.Junius Anjana

Year 01 and Semester 01

Year 01 and Semester 01 1 / 39

IP Delivery Team

Year 01 and Semester 01 2 / 39

IP Delivery Team

Year 01 and Semester 01 3 / 39

IP Module Outline
Modes of Delivery
Lectures – 2 hours per week
Tutorials – 1 hour per week
Labs – 2 hours per week
Assessments
Weekly Lab Submissions - 10%
Mid Exam – 20% (1 Hour)
Practical Test – 20% (1 Hour)
Final Exam – 50% (2 Hours)
Module Pass Requirement
To pass this module, students need to obtain a
50% in all ’Continuous Assessments’ and an overall mark that would
qualify for a ’C’ grade or above.

Year 01 and Semester 01 4 / 39

Recommended Books

K. Sierra, B. Bates, T. Gee, Head First Java, 3rd edition, O’Reilly

Media, Inc., 2022, ISBN: 9781491910771

L.A. Robertson, Simple Program Design, A Step-by-Step Approach,

5th edition, Cengage Learning, 2006, ISBN: 9781423901327

H. Schildt, Java: The Complete Reference, 12th edition, 2021,

McGraw Hill, ISBN: 1260463419

Year 01 and Semester 01 5 / 39

 Lecture 1

Introduction

Basic operations of a computer, Evolvement of Programming Languages,

Translators, First Java Program

Year 01 and Semester 01 6 / 39

What is a computer?

A computer is a machine for processing data to produce information.

What does the computer do?

Store large amounts of data.
Process large amount of data quickly.
Protects data and resources.
Data Analysis.
Enables communication
Networking

How do you instruct the computers to do these tasks?

Computers perform all these tasks through a combination of hardware and
software working together in a systematic way.

Year 01 and Semester 01 7 / 39

What is a software?

A set of instructions used to operate a computer to produce a specific

result.
A software acts as a bridge between the user and the computer’s
hardware, allowing us to perform tasks, solve problems, and create or
manage data.
The process of writing software / computer programs is called
programming
These software / computer programs are written by a programmer
A set of rules that tell a computer what operations to perform are
called programming language

Year 01 and Semester 01 8 / 39

Software Development Life Cycle

Software development is the process of creating computer programs. It

involves several key steps.

Analysis - Understand/Define the problem

Design -
Plan the solution
Test the solution - Does the design works (In theory)
Fix the solution - Correct the design where it failed
Implement - Write and document the code
Test - Compile, Debug and test
Deploy - Release the software for users to install and use
Maintain - Address user feedback and make enhancements

Year 01 and Semester 01 9 / 39

Analysis - Understand/Define the problem

Understanding what issue or need the software will solve.

Start with a ‘top level’ general English description of the problem;

State what data is required to solve the problem: The input data.
State what results will be calculated: The output data.
What actions need to be taken to generate the results : The
processes/tasks

Year 01 and Semester 01 10 / 39

Exercise 1

Analyze the following problem:

Write a program to find the summation of two integers input from
the keyboard.
Output the result to the screen.

Input : Two integers

Task/Process : Find the sum of two integers
Output : The sum

Year 01 and Semester 01 11 / 39

Exercise 2

Analyze the following problem:

Write a program to find the area of a circle when the radius is entered
from the keyboard.
Output the result to the screen.

Input :
Task/Process :
Output :

Year 01 and Semester 01 12 / 39

Exercise 3

Analyze the following problem:

In an experiment, the heights of 5 people were recorded and the
average height was computed. Due to negligence the height of two
people has been lost. The lab assistant distinctly remembers that the
two missing heights were almost the same. You are required to input
the heights of the known three people and the calculated average.
Find and print the missing height.

Input :
Task/Process :
Output :

Year 01 and Semester 01 13 / 39

Design – Plan the solution

Use algorithms to prepare a solution

Algorithm: A step-by-step set of instructions designed to solve a

particular problem.
The key characteristics of an algorithm
State instructions precisely, without ambiguity
State instructions in order
Algorithms are represented by flowcharts and pseudocodes.

Year 01 and Semester 01 14 / 39

Pseudocodes

Pseudocode is a simplified, informal way of writing algorithms in a

form that resembles programming language, but without the strict
syntax and semantics of a real programming language.

Using pseudocode, you can explain how a program would work in

plain English, instead of using a specified programming language.

Pseudocodes are written in a way that anyone can understand, even if

they don’t know how to code.

Year 01 and Semester 01 15 / 39

Pseudocodes

Year 01 and Semester 01 16 / 39

Pseudocode

Year 01 and Semester 01 17 / 39

The Logical Constructs / Control structures

Three basic constructs that controls the flow of an algorithm;

Sequence
Selection
Iteration

Sequence Control Structure

Sequence is a linear progression where one task is performed
sequentially after another.
Solution steps must follow each other in a logical sequence
Statements are executed in the same order as they are written.

Year 01 and Semester 01 18 / 39

Exercise

Write pseudocodes for the following problems:

1 Print “Hello world!” to the screen.

2 Find the summation of two integers input from the keyboard. Output
the result to the screen.

3 Find the area of a circle when the radius is entered from the keyboard.

Year 01 and Semester 01 19 / 39

Exercise

Write pseudocodes for the following problems:

1 Print “Hello world!” to the screen.

2 Find the summation of two integers input from the keyboard. Output
the result to the screen.

Year 01 and Semester 01 20 / 39

1 Find the area of a circle when the radius is entered from the keyboard.

Year 01 and Semester 01 21 / 39

Design - Test the solution
Review the requirements and understand what the software is
supposed to do.
Perform the desk check – Use some known input values and check
whether algorithm produce the desired output
Do not rely on just one test case. Test the algorithm for all the
possible cases
Identifying errors and bugs at early stage will save the time

Design - Fix the solution

Read the problem definition again to identify missing points

Refine the algorithm to accommodate the changes

Perform the desk check again

Repeat these steps until the desk check is passed

Year 01 and Semester 01 22 / 39

Implement – Write and document the code

Convert the algorithm description into implementation of

programming language Ex. Java , C
Programmers need to know the semantics and syntax of the selected
programming language.
Programmers write the code according to the design specifications,
following coding standards and best practices.
The code can be easily maintained by writing a documentation.

Year 01 and Semester 01 23 / 39

Evolution of Programming languages
Programming languages can be mainly divided into two categories.
Low-level programming languages
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-level programming languages

Year 01 and Semester 01 24 / 39

Machine Language

Consist of 1 s and 0 s
Machine dependent
Computer can directly understand its own machine language

Year 01 and Semester 01 25 / 39

Assembly Languages

English-like abbreviations called mnemonics formed the basis

Clearer to humans but incomprehensible to computers

Need to translate to machine language using translator programs

called assemblers

Example :
load salary
add bonus
store total

Year 01 and Semester 01 26 / 39

High Level Programming Languages

Instructions look almost like English and mathematical notations

Substantial tasks can be accomplished from a single statement

Easy for humans to understand

Translator programs convert high-level programming languages into

machine language

C, C++, Python, Visual Basic and Java are some of the high level
programming languages.

Example:
total = salary + bonus;

Year 01 and Semester 01 27 / 39

Program Code Translation

Translator
Assemblers (convert assembly language programs to machine
language)
Compilers (convert high-level language programs to machine
language)
Interpreters (convert high-level language programs to machine
language)

Year 01 and Semester 01 28 / 39

Compiling
Compilation is the process whereby the source code file is translated
into machine code at once as a complete unit.
If no syntax errors found in the source code, then machine code file is
created for execution.
With just one error the machine code file is not created.

Interpreting
Interpreting is the process whereby the source code file is translated
line by line into machine code.
If syntax errors exist, the program partially executes since the
execution halts as soon as a syntax error is encountered.

Year 01 and Semester 01 29 / 39

Traditional Methods : Compile → Execute

Year 01 and Semester 01 30 / 39

History of Java

The early 1990s, Sun Microsystems engineers (including James

Gosling) wanted a new programming language.

They designed Java to be simple, secure, and flexible. They wanted it

to work on any computer, not just one kind.

In 1995, Java was released to the public.

By the late 1990s, Java became popular because it could run on

different computers and was good for web development.

In the 2000s, Java became widely used for big business applications,
web apps, and even Android phone apps.

Today, Java is still a popular choice for programmers, especially for

large projects.

Year 01 and Semester 01 31 / 39

How Java works...
How Java becomes platform independent. . .
Here’s the process:
1 Java source code: You write your program instructions in Java

programming language.
2 Translation to bytecode: A java compiler translates your source

code into a special machine code called bytecode.

3 Enter into the JVM: The bytecode goes into the JVM, a program

on your computer that acts like a special translator machine.

4 Interpret the Bytecode: The JVM interprets the bytecode and turn

it into native machine language code that your specific computer can
follow.
5 Running the Program: The computer follows the native machine

code running your Java program.

Since JVM produces the native machine code, the same Java program can run on
different computers as long as they have a JVM. This makes Java very versatile.

Year 01 and Semester 01 32 / 39

Pseudocode to Java code

Year 01 and Semester 01 33 / 39

Creating a JAVA program

Analyze the given problem, design and write your algorithm first.
(Pseudocode)
A text file with the extension of .java must be created. This file
stores the human readable java program. (Source code)
The .java file / source code name must be the same as the
class name.
Ex. MyFirstProgram.java

Year 01 and Semester 01 34 / 39

The Java compiler (known as javac) is used to compile the source
code into the bytecode.
The command : javac MyFirstProgram.java
If the source code contains errors, they’re displayed, no bytecode
created.
If no errors, the bytecode is created as MyFirstProgram.class

The Java interpreter (known as java) translate the bytecode and

executes the resulting native machine code.
The command: : java MyFirstProgram

Year 01 and Semester 01 35 / 39

Java Architecture

Year 01 and Semester 01 36 / 39

More examples

Year 01 and Semester 01 37 / 39

Exercise

1 Write a pseudocode to display your name and your school. Convert it

to a java program.
2 What is the output of the below pseudocode?
MAIN
DEFINE age AS INTEGER
age = 18
PRINT age
ENDMAIN
3 Convert the above pseudocode to a Java program.

Year 01 and Semester 01 38 / 39

Thank You!

Year 01 and Semester 01 39 / 39