Lecture - 1
Introduction to Computer
Hardware and System Software
Concepts
Chapter 1 Learning outcomes
Introduction, applications, functionality
and memory systems of a computer
system.
Various Input and Output devices.
Concepts of Bus technology.
Overview of Application, System and
Operating system Software’s.
Assemblers, Linkers, Loaders, Compilers
and Interpreters functionalities.
Number systems in computer’s.
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Lesson - 1
Introduction to Hardware
Objectives
To learn and appreciate the following concepts
Basic introduction, concepts & applications
Functionality of a computer
Memory system and its types
Input – Output devices
Bus technology
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Session outcome
At the end of session one will be able to understand
1. Over view of the computers with its various input
and output devices.
2. Core functionality of the computers.
3. How memory systems are utilized.
4. How wired connections are established in
communicating signals between each units of a
computer.
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Introduction to computers
Syntax
Additional A computer is an electronic device, operating
Information
under the control of instructions (Software)
Do’s
stored in its own memory unit, that can accept
Don’ts
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data (Input), manipulate data (Process), and
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produce information (Output) from the
Do it processing.
yourself
Generally, the term “computer” is used to
describe a collection of devices that function
together as a system.
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Generations of computer
Syntax
Additional
Information
Do’s
Don’ts
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Case studies
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yourself
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Classifications of Computer
Syntax
Additional Microcomputers (Desktop or Personal Computer)
Information
Notebook computers or laptop
Do’s
Don’ts
Netbook
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Tablet computer
Case studies Handheld computer or Personal Digital Assistant
Do it Minicomputers
yourself
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
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Characteristics of a computer
Syntax
Additional
The key characteristics of a computer are
Information
Do’s
Speed
Don’ts
Accuracy
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Diligence
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Storage capability
yourself
Versatility
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Applications of a Computer
Syntax
Additional
Information
Do’s
Don’ts
Video clip
Case studies
Do it
yourself
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Various Computing devices
Syntax
Additional
Information
Do’s
Don’ts
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Case studies
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yourself
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What Does A Computer Do?
Syntax
Additional
Information
Computers can perform four general operations,
Do’s
which comprise the information processing cycle.
Don’ts
Video clip • Input
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Do it • Process/Computation
yourself
• Storage
• Output
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Data and Information
Syntax
Additional
All computer processing requires data
Information Data – Collection of raw facts, figures and symbols.
Do’s Computers manipulate/processes data to create
Don’ts information.
Video clip Information is data that is organized, meaningful,
Case studies and useful.
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yourself
During the output Phase, the information that has
been created is put into some form, such as a
printed report.
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Instruction to computer
Syntax
Additional Program or software - a detailed list of
Information
Do’s
instructions that tells the computer what exactly
Don’ts
to do.
Video clip Before processing a specific job, the computer
Case studies program corresponding to that job must be
Do it stored in memory.
yourself
Once the program is stored in memory the
computer can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.
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Block Diagram of a Computer
Syntax
Additional
Information
Do’s
Don’ts
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Case studies
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yourself
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Computer peripherals
Syntax
Additional
Input, output, or auxiliary storage devices are
Information attached to a computer
Do’s
Don’ts
Input Devices include keyboard and mouse,
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Case studies
scanners.
Output Devices include printers, video display,
Do it
yourself LCD screens.
Auxiliary Devices/Secondary Storage Devices
include disk drives, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM
drives, modems, and digital cameras.
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Input devices
Syntax
An external device connected to the CPU, used to
Additional
Information feed data and instructions for solving the problem
Do’s at hand
Don’ts The most commonly used input device is the
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Keyboard and some of the other input devices are
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listed below
Do it
yourself Mouse
Joystick
Light pen
Trackball
Optical Scanner
Voice input
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Output devices
Syntax
It is used to display the results.
Additional
Information The most commonly used output device is the
Do’s monitor. Some of the other output devices are
Don’ts
Video clip printer
Case studies plotter
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yourself
plasma display panels
LCD displays
voice output
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System unit
Syntax Data and instructions received from the
Additional
Information
input device are stored and processed in the
Do’s
System unit. The Central Processing Unit and
Don’ts Memory Unit are together called as System
Video clip Unit.
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yourself
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Central Processing Unit
Syntax
Once the data and instructions received from the
Additional
Information input device, they are processed in this unit. This
Do’s is generally called CPU. Further it consists of two
Don’ts functional units.
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Control Unit (CU)
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
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yourself
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Arithmetic and Logical unit
Syntax
Performs arithmetic and logical micro operations:
Additional
Information
Example:
Do’s
Don’ts
arithmetic(+,-,*,/ etc..) and
Video clip logical (AND, OR, NOT, <,= etc..) operations
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yourself
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Control unit
Syntax
Additional •Controls the order in which your program
Information
Do’s
instructions are executed.
Don’ts Functions of CU:
Fetches data and instructions to main memory
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Interprets these instructions
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Controls the transfer of data and instructions to
and from main memory
Controls input and output devices.
Overall supervision of computer system
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Memory unit
Syntax
It is a storage device where the data and
Additional
Information instructions fed by the user are stored.
Do’s
It is an ordered sequence of storage cells, each
Don’ts
Video clip capable of holding a piece of information
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Do it Each cell has its own unique address
yourself
The information held can be input data, computed
values, or your program instructions.
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Memory unit
Syntax
Additional
The computer memory is measured in terms of
Information
Do’s bits, bytes and words.
Don’ts
A bit is a binary digit either 0 or 1.
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Case studies A byte is unit of memory and is defined as
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yourself
sequence of 8 bits.
The word can be defined as a sequence of
16/32/64 bits or 2/4/8 bytes respectively depending
on the machine architecture.
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Memory hierarchy
Syntax
Additional
Information
Do’s
Don’ts
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Case studies
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yourself
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Main – Primary memory
It is the place where the data and instructions,
Syntax
Additional currently being executed are stored.
Information
Do’s
Located outside CPU
Don’ts High speed.
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Case studies
This is a temporary memory because the data
Do it and instructions stored here get erased when
yourself
the power goes off.
This is also referred as primary memory.
It is a semiconductor memory and measured in
terms of megabytes and gigabytes.
Eg. RAM and
CSE 101/102 ROM
Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 26
Secondary storage devices
Syntax
Additional Since most of main memory is volatile and limited,
Information
Do’s it is essential that there should be other types of
Don’ts
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storage devices where programs and data can be
Case studies
stored when they are no longer being processed.
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yourself
Secondary storage devices can be installed within
the computer box at the factory or added later as
needed.
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Secondary Storage Devices
Syntax
Additional
It is a non volatile memory and made up of
Information magnetic material and stores large amount of
Do’s information for long time.
Don’ts
Low speed.
Holds programs not currently being executed.
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Input, output, and auxiliary/secondary storage
yourself devices attached to a computer are called
peripherals. E.g. Magnetic tapes, magnetic disks,
compact disks etc.
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Computer memory classifications
Syntax
Additional
The computer memory is classified into
Information
• Main memory-Primary storage
Do’s
Don’ts
• Secondary memory-Auxiliary storage
Video clip • Cache Memory
Case studies
The Main/Primary memory is a temporary
Do it
yourself memory, so the data and instructions stored
here erased when the power goes off. It consists
of RAM and ROM
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RAM & ROM
RAM stands for Random Access Memory
Syntax
It is the read and write memory.
Additional
Information The information typed by the user are stored in this
Do’s memory and any memory location can be accessed
Don’ts
directly without scanning it sequentially.
Video clip
Hence it is called as random access memory.
Case studies
During power failure the information stored in it will be
Do it
erased.
yourself It is also called as volatile memory.
ROM stands for Read Only Memory
Permanent memory and non volatile.
The contents in locations in ROM can not be changed
It stores mainly stored program and basic input output
systems programs.
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Classifications of ROM
PROM :Programmable Read Only Memory
Syntax
It is a variation of ROM.
Additional
Information
The contents of this memory are decided by the user
These contents can not be erased once they are written to
Do’s
it.
Don’ts
Video clip EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Case studies It is a modification to PROM.
Do it Contents stored can be erased by exposing it to Ultra Violet
yourself Light source.
EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
The contents stored in this can be erased electrically.
[ Flash, micro processors etc.]
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Cache memory
Syntax It is a High speed memory and placed between the
Additional
Information CPU and the main memory.
Do’s
Users can not access this memory.
Don’ts
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It stores the data and instructions currently to be
Case studies executed.
Do it
yourself More costlier but less capacity than main memory.
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Computer BUS
Syntax
• Computer components are connected by a bus.
Additional
Information • A bus is a group of parallel wires that carry
Do’s
Don’ts
control signals and data between components
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Case studies
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yourself
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Summary
Charles Babbage is called the father of computer.
Syntax
Additional
Computer is an electronic device which accepts
Information data as input, performs processing on the data,
Do’s
and gives the desired output.
Don’ts
A computer may be analog or digital computer.
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Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and
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versatility are the main characteristics of
yourself computer.
The evolution of computers to their present state
is divided into five generations of computers,
based on the hardware and software they use,
their physical appearance and their computing
characteristics.
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Summary
Syntax
Additional
Computers are broadly classified as
Information microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe
Do’s computers, and supercomputers, based on their
Don’ts
sizes and types.
Video clip
Input/output Unit, CPU and Memory unit are the
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three main components of computer.
yourself CPU consists of ALU, CU and Registers. The
Self Test memory unit stores programs, data and output,
temporarily, during the processing. Additionally,
storage unit or secondary memory is used for the
storing of programs, data and output permanently.
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