Even More
Programming Review
Exceptions
and
File I/O
• Provides a means to alert and handle Syntax for Creating an Exception
exceptional run-time events public class <<Exception identifier>> extends <<Existing Exception>>
• 3 Elements {
//Constructors
– Creating Exceptions public <<Exception identifier>>()
– Using Exceptions {
– Handling Exceptions super(“<<Exception Message>>”);
}
• Creating Exceptions }
– “Extending” existing Exception
– Only create Constructors that sets the Exception Example
Message public class DivideByZeroException extends Exception
• Using Exceptions {
public DivideByZeroException()
– Method Definition uses “throws” to indicate {
which Exceptions may occur }
super(“Divided by Zero Exception: Attempted to divide by Zero”);
– Use the reserved word “throw” followed by a }
constructor when the Exception occurs
• Provides a means to alert and handle Syntax for Using an Exception
exceptional run-time events <<Method definition>> throws <<Exception>>, …
• 3 Elements {
…
– Creating Exceptions throw new <<Exception Constructor>>;
– Using Exceptions }
– Handling Exceptions
• Creating Exceptions
– “Extending” existing Exception
– Only create Constructors that sets the Exception Example
Message public void calculateValue() throws DivideByZeroException, UnknownOpException
• Using Exceptions {
…
– Method Definition uses “throws” to indicate if(denominator == 0)
which Exceptions may occur …
throw new DivideByZeroException();
– Use the reserved word “throw” followed by a if(opNotRecognized())
constructor when the Exception occurs throw new UnknownOpException();
}
• Handling Exceptions Syntax for Using an Exception
try
• Try and Catch {
<<Method(s) that throws exceptions>>
– Methods that throw exceptions need to be }
enclosed in this catch(<<Exception Type>> e)
{
– When an Exception occurs in the “try” body it <<Handle the Exception>>
is immediately handled by the most }
appropriate “catch” Example
– Catch’s need to be ordered from most specific
try
{
calculateValue();
to least specific }
catch(DivideByZeroException e)
{
• Finally is an optional block of code that
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch(UnknownOpException e)
{
always runs after a try-catch }
e.printStackTrace();
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
• File Input and Output (I/O) allows a program File System Example
to both read and write files to the secondary
storage root
• File Systems C:\
– Organize Data in Secondary Storage Java\
• Directory – Tree Structure Project\
• Folders – Containers for Files
src\
• Root is the starting point
– Address (File Path) ReadingFile.java
• Absolute (C:\Folder\Folder\...) bin\
• Relative (.\Folder or ..\Folder) ReadingFile.class
• Java Project’s Root Directory someFile.txt
– Contains a source (“SRC”) folder D:\
– Contains the bytecode (“BIN”) folder
– Put files in a Project’s Root Directory
• File Input and Output (I/O) allows a program File System Example
to both read and write files to the secondary
storage root
• File Systems C:\
– Organize Data in Secondary Storage Java\
• Directory – Tree Structure Project\
• Folders – Containers for Files
src\
• Root is the starting point
– Address (File Path) ReadingFile.java
• Absolute (C:\Folder\Folder\...) bin\
• Relative (.\Folder or ..\Folder) ReadingFile.class
• Java Project’s Root Directory someFile.txt
– Contains a source (“SRC”) folder D:\
– Contains the bytecode (“BIN”) folder Absolute Path
– Put files in a Project’s Root Directory C:\Java\Project\someFile.txt
• File Input and Output (I/O) allows a program File System Example
to both read and write files to the secondary
storage root
• File Systems C:\
– Organize Data in Secondary Storage Java\
• Directory – Tree Structure Project\
• Folders – Containers for Files
src\
• Root is the starting point
– Address (File Path) ReadingFile.java
• Absolute (C:\Folder\Folder\...) bin\
• Relative (.\Folder or ..\Folder) ReadingFile.class
• Java Project’s Root Directory someFile.txt
– Contains a source (“SRC”) folder D:\
– Contains the bytecode (“BIN”) folder Relative Path
– Put files in a Project’s Root Directory .\someFile.txt
• File Format Common File Formats
– How is information grouped • Plain Text
– Readable words
• Header Data
– Separated by Spaces (single space(s), tabs, end line)
• Body Data – <<word>><<space>…
– How information is Separated • Tab Delimited
– Information separated by Tabs (‘\t’) and end lines (‘\n’)
• Character / Byte length
– Spread Sheet
• Delimiters / Separators • Rows are end lines
• Columns are Tabs
• Plain Text Files – <<information>>\t<<information>>\t…<<information>>\n
• Comma Separated
– Readable Information
– Information separated by Commas (‘,’) and end lines (‘\n’)
– Only Files used in this Course – Spread Sheet
• Rows are end lines
• Binary Files • Columns are Tabs
– <<information>>,<<information>>,…<<information>>\n
– Information stored in Bytes
• Streams and Buffers Stream and Buffer Example
– A Stream is a Sequence of Data
– Buffers provide space to temporarily hold
information Memory
– Buffers holds Streamed information until
…
“flushed” Program Console
…
– Generally one direction System.out.println(“Enter
a number”);
• System.out int i = keyboard.nextInt();
… …
– Standard System output Stream
• System.in
– Standard System input Stream …
• Streams and Buffers Stream and Buffer Example
– A Stream is a Sequence of Data
– Buffers provide space to temporarily hold
information Memory
– Buffers holds Streamed information until
…
“flushed” Program Console
… Enter a number
– Generally one direction System.out.println(“Enter Stream BUFFER
a number”);
• System.out int i = keyboard.nextInt();
… …
– Standard System output Stream
• System.in BUFFER
– Standard System input Stream …
• Streams and Buffers Stream and Buffer Example
– A Stream is a Sequence of Data
– Buffers provide space to temporarily hold
information Memory
– Buffers holds Streamed information until
…
“flushed” Program Console
… Enter a number
– Generally one direction System.out.println(“Enter BUFFER 4
a number”);
• System.out int i = keyboard.nextInt();
… …
– Standard System output Stream
• System.in BUFFER
– Standard System input Stream …
• PrintWriter Syntax
– Class that creates an object that can write to files //Print Writer Construction to Create / Overwrite a file
PrintWriter <<pwID>> =
– Need to “import java.io.*” to use the type new PrintWriter(
– Construction and use need to be enclosed in a try- new FileOutputStream(
new File(<<path+filename>>)));
catch block //Print Writer Construction to Append to Existing file
• Similar to System.out PrintWriter <<pwID>> =
new PrintWriter(
– Streams information to a file new FileOutputStream(
– Useful Methods new File(<<path+filename>>),true));
//Printing a new line
• print(<<String value>>);
<<pwID>>.println(<<String value>>);
• println(<<String value>>); //Printing to same line
• Always CLOSE the file’s Stream <<pwID>>.print(<<String value>>);
//Closing the PrintWriter Stream
– Resource Leak <<pwID>>.close();
– Ensures all information has been saved (“flushed”)
• Scanner Syntax
– Scans any stream (File I/O, System.in, Network, //Scanner construction to read a file
Scanner <<fsID>> = new Scanner(new File(<<path+filename>>));
Strings)
– Need to “import java.util.*” to use the type //Reading and storing an entire line (until the end line ‘\n’)
<<strVar>> = <<fsID>>.nextLine();
– Construction and use, for files, need to be
enclosed in a try-catch block //Reading and storing the String until the next space (any kind)
– All previous methods can be utilized <<strVar>> = <<fsID>>.next();
• Files are read left to right THEN top to bottom //Reading and storing to the next integer encountered
– Just like the console you cannot go backwards <<intVar>> = <<fsID>>.nextInt();
• Always CLOSE the file’s Stream //Close the Scanner
– Resource Leak <<fsID>>.close();
– Ensures all information has been saved (“flushed”)
• Use the type Scanner • Reading a Plain Text File
1. Open the file
• Make sure the file’s path is correct
2. Read word by word (use method “.next()”)
– Use relative paths 3. Process the information
– Put files in Project’s root directory 4. Repeat Step 2 until the end of the file has been
• Know the File Format reached
– How is the information grouped
• Reading a Tab Delimited
1. Open the file
– How is the information separated
2. Read an entire line (use method “.nextLine()”)
• Files are read left to right then top to 3. Split the line using Tabs
bottom 4. Check if the information is valid
– Cannot go backwards 5. Process the information
6. Repeat Step 2 until the end of the file has been
• Always close the Scanner reached
Plain Text
Example
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
… File
while(fileScanner.hasNext())
{
String next = fileScanner.next();
…
}
Exceptions
and
File I/O
