SME Assignment – 1

Internal Combustion Engines

Name- Parth Dhananjay Khose

Based on • Internal Combustion Engine

Based on • Two Stroke Engine

Based on • Gasoline (Petrol) Engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of
a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of
the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-
temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some
component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine
blades (gas turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the
component over a distance. This process transforms chemical energy into kinetic energy which
is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to.

The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne
Lenoir around 1860, and the first modern internal combustion engine, known as the Otto
engine, was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto. The term internal combustion engine usually
refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar two-
stroke and four-stroke piston engines. A second class of internal combustion engines use
continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are
internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. In contrast,
in external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, energy is delivered to a
working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working
fluids for external combustion engines include air, hot water, pressurized water or even boiler-
heated liquid sodium.

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External Combustion Engine

An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a reciprocating heat engine where a working
fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external source, through
the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on
the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work.[1] The fluid is then dumped
(open cycle), or cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle). In these types of engines, the
combustion is primarily used as a heat source, and the engine can work equally well with other
types of heat sources.
Two Stroke Engines

A two-stroke (or two-stroke cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that
completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston (one up and one down movement) in
one revolution of the crankshaft. (A four-stroke engine requires four strokes of the piston to
complete a power cycle, in two crankshaft revolutions.) In a two-stroke engine, the end of the
combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with
the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions occurring at the same time.

Two-stroke engines often have a higher power-to-weight ratio than a four-stroke engine, since
their power stroke occurs twice as often. Two-stroke engines can also have fewer moving parts,
and thus be cheaper to manufacture and weigh less. In countries and regions with stringent
emissions regulation, two-stroke engines have been phased out in automotive and motorcycle
uses. In regions where regulations are less stringent, small displacement two-stroke engines
remain popular in mopeds and motorcycles. They are also used in power tools such
as chainsaws and leaf blowers.
Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:
1. Power-to-Weight Ratio:
2-stroke engines produce power with every revolution of the crankshaft,
allowing for a higher power output relative to their size and weight.
2. Cost-Effectiveness:
- Generally, 2-stroke engines are cheaper to manufacture and maintain due
to their simpler design.
3. Compact Size:
- Their design allows for a more compact engine, which is advantageous in
applications where space is limited.
4. Higher RPMs:
- 2-stroke engines can achieve higher RPMs, making them suitable for
applications that require quick acceleration.
5. Cooling Efficiency:
- They often run cooler due to the continuous flow of fuel and air, which can
help prevent overheating.

Disadvantages:
1. Fuel Efficiency:
- 2-stroke engines are typically less fuel-efficient than 4-stroke engines, as
they can waste fuel during the scavenging process.
2. Emissions:
- They tend to produce higher emissions and pollution due to incomplete
combustion and the oil mixed with fuel, which can be a significant
environmental concern.
3. Durability:
- Generally, 2-stroke engines have a shorter lifespan due to higher wear rates,
as they operate at higher RPMs and temperatures.
4. Lubrication:
- The need to mix oil with fuel for lubrication can be cumbersome and can
lead to increased smoke and deposits in the engine.
5. Torque Characteristics:
- 2-stroke engines often produce less torque at lower RPMs compared to 4-
stroke engines, which can affect performance in certain applications.
 Four Stroke Engines

A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which

1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at
top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke
the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel
mixture into the cylinder by producing a partial vacuum (negative pressure) in
the cylinder through its downward motion.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction
stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel
mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the
intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second
revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a
full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the
compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark
plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel
engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces
mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once
again, returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action
expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust port.
Four-stroke engines are the most common internal combustion engine design for motorized
land transport,[1] being used in automobiles, trucks, diesel trains,
light aircraft and motorcycles. The major alternative design is the two-stroke cycle.
Advantages and Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES :-

More torque :- In general, 4 stroke engines always make extra torque than 2 stroke engine at
low RPM. Although 2 stroked ones give higher torque at higher RPM but it has a lot to do with
fuel efficiency.

Less pollution :- As power is generated once every 4 strokes & also as no oil or lubricant is
added to the fuel; 4 stroke engine produces less pollution.

More durability :- We all know that more the engine runs, quicker it wears out. 2 stroke engines
are designed for high RPM. If an engine can go for 10000 rpm’s before it wears out; a 4 stroke
engine with 100 rpm will run for 100 minutes than the other 2 stroke engine which has a higher
rpm of 500 & will run for only 20 minutes.

No extra addition of oil :- Only the moving parts need lubrication intermediately. No extra oil or
lubricant is added to fuel.

DISADVANTAGES-

Complicated design :- A 4 stroke engine has complex valve mechanisms operated & controlled
by gears & chain. Also there are many parts to worry about which makes it harder to
troubleshoot.

Less powerful :- As power gets delivered once every 2 rotations of crankshaft(4 strokes), hence
4 stroke is less powerful.

Expensive :- A four stroke engine has much more parts than 2 stroke engine. So they often
require repairs which leads to gr

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Difference between Two Strokes and Four Strokes Engines

Two Strokes Four Strokes

2) It generates high torque. It generates less torque.

3) It uses a port for the fuel’s outlet and It uses valves for the fuel’s outlet and inlet.
inlet.

4) Its engines result in lesser thermal Its engines result in higher thermal
efficiency. efficiency.

5) It has a larger ratio in terms of power to It has a lesser ratio in terms of power to
weight. weight.

6) It generates more smoke and shows less It generates less smoke and shows more
efficiency. efficiency.

7) Requires more lubricating oil as some oil Requires less lubricating oil.
burns with the fuel.

8) Due to poor lubrication, more wear and Less wear and tear occurs.
tear occurs.

9) Engines are cheaper and are simple to Engines are expensive due to lubrication
manufacture. and valves and are tough to manufacture.

10) Engines are basically lighter and noisier. Engines are basically heavier because
their flywheel is heavy and less noisy.