Aim #9: How does the early period reflect controversy over the nature of the new government?

 Emergence of Political Parties

- Federalists (Hamilton)  Pro-Plan Hamilton, Loose construction, federal govt

should use elastic clause
- Democratic Republicans (Jefferson)  Anti-Plan Hamilton, Strong
construction, fed govt should not be able to use elastic govt freely

 Major Issues

- Hamilton’s Financial Plan  Federal government will take over state debts,
creation of the Bank of the US, help industry through subsidies and tariffs,
raise $$$ by establishing a sales tax on whiskey. Passed bc feds agree to
establish capital in D.C.
- Foreign Policy  Feds: Favored neutrality Demo-Rep  Identified with
France Washington: Declaration of Neutrality
- Election of 1800  Jefferson wins, calls the election “Revolution of 1800”.
Louisiana Purchase  Jefferson purchases a huge tract of western land from
Napoleon which triples the size of the US for a great bargain.

Aim #13: Is the term Jackson Democracy or King Andrew more appropriate to describe
Jackson’s policy?

Jackson’s Presidency
 Native American Policy
- Indian Removal Act (1830)
- Cherokee nation takes the act to court John Marshall rules in favor of
Native Americans
- Jackson goes against court ruling Trail of Tears Cherokee Natives are
forced out of their land.

 Tariff of Abominations
- Tariff of 1828 & 1832  Angers southern states
- South Carolina (Calhoun) Ordinance of Nullification/Threatened secession
- Jackson threatens to use force to prevent secession Compromise of 1833
(Henry Clay)  Gradual reduction of tariff (Crisis Averted)
  War on the Bank of US
- Jackson saw the Bank as an instrument of the rich
- Vetoed charter
- Withdrew $$$ from Bank into “Pet Banks” Inflation
- Panic of 1837  Depression

 Political Legacy
- Creation of the Whig Party Anti-Jackson Party, believed he abused the
power of executive, revived old Federalist ideas.
- Emergence of mass politics Everyone gets involved
- Election of Martin Van Buren Seen as Jackson’s successorPresidency is
consumed by Panic of 1837.
- Election of W.H. Harrison 1st Whig President
- Democratization – “Spirit of Egalitarianism”
- Reforms
Unit #6 Intro: Society and Culture in the Early Republic
 Formation of national identity
 Art & Architecture
- Neoclassical style of architecture (Represents Athens-1st democracy)
- Pierre Charles L’Enfant: classical style in designing Washington D.C.
- Gilbert Stuart- Portraits
 Fashion
- Influenced by European fashion, which was influenced by French Revolution,
Victorian Era, etc.
 Education
- Value of an enlightened citizenry
- Private obligation (no public schooling)
- Higher education was limited access
 Rising Literacy in the US (especially in the North)
 Early American Literature
- Periodicals
- Novels
- Historical writings
- Rise in Newspapers (many Partisan)
 Women
- Confined to domestic sphere
- Cannot vote
- No rights in a divorce
- Cannot own property
- “Republican Motherhood” Women should be educated so that they can raise
good citizens.
  Religion
- Deism
- Unitarianism
- Second Great Awakening- period of religious revivalism to fight religious
rationalism
 Slavery

Aim #14: To what extent did reform movements succeed in the antebellum age?

Spiritual Reform
 Second Great Awakening
- Religious revival meant to counteract the spread of increasing rationalism.
- Focus on the individual experience in religion/individual’s ability to be moral
- Democratization of religion
 Transcendentalism
- Philosophical movement that influenced religion & culture.
- Society is imperfect, but humans have the power to perfect society.
- Difference between law and morality.
- Development of Utopian Communities.
- Reform movements.
 Development of the Mormon Church
- Focus of Christianity in on America.
Social Reform
 Horace Mann Push for public education provided by the state.
- Limited success at the time, some northern cities started public schools.
 Dorothea Dix Better treatment for the mentally ill.
 TemperanceP.T. Barnum Alcohol causes crime and bad morals. Emergence of
Middle Class and Victorian values.
 Abolitionism
- William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator (Newspaper)
- Fredrick Douglass (Orator) The North Star
 Women’s Rights
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Lucretia Mott
- Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments
Aim #15: How did the idea of Manifest Destiny bring about the expansion of the US?
Historical Context
 Post war of 1812 Resurgence of nationalism and patriotism
  2nd Great Awakening Renewed religious passions “destiny” G-d given right for
America to expand & spread her values.
 “Go Westward Young Man” Economic opportunities
- Trails west: Oregon Trail (Fur trade) Santa Fe Trail (Gold and Mules)
 Mormon Migration
- Mormons move out west as a result of persecution
- Joseph Smith/Brigham Young
 Native American Removal
 Politics
- 1836-1840: Van Buren (Panic of 1837)
- 1840: W.H. Harrison (Whig)  Tyler: Democrat Focus on expansion
- 1844: Polk Expansionist platform
Key Events
 Oregon
- Post war of 1812: Br & US agree to joint occupation of Oregon territory
- “Oregon Fever” Desire to settle in Oregon based on the “beauty” portrayed in
paintings and reports from missionaries.
- 54-40 or Fight Desire to take over Oregon
- 1846: Oregon Treaty Polk negotiates US acquisition of Oregon with border at
the 49th parallel.
 Texas
- Large Anglo presence in Texas due to cheap land grants and potential for
economic opportunity.
- 1836: Under Sam Houston Declaration of Independence from Mexico Lone
Star Republic
- Polk officially annexes Texas
 Mexican American War
- Causes:
o Interest in CA
o Mexico rejected US offers to buy
- Effects:
o Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo (1848) ends war, Mexican cession US
gains CA, UT, NE, NM, AZ and parts of CO and TX.
o US has access to 3 major pacific ports
o Reopens the issue of slavery
- Dissent for the war
o N. democrats and Whigs disapproved of the war Viewed it as a way for
slave owners to expand slavery.
o Idealists opposed war on moral grounds
Aim #17: How did slavery divide the US?
Slave Resistance
 Underground RR
- Series of escape routes
- Helped by abolitionists
- Slaves escaped
 Spiritual/Cultural Resistance
- Music  Recreational, Spiritual
- Folktales
- Religion African music, dance and rhythms incorporated into Christian
services.
Aim #18: How did the events of the 1850s bring the US closer to war?

Political Context
 2 Major Parties: Whigs vs Democrats
 3rd Parties
- “No Nothings” Nativist (anti-immigrant) platform in response to rising Irish
and German immigration.
- Liberty Party “Free Soilers” Stop slavery from spreading into US territories
Developments
 Wilmot Proviso
- Proposed amendment to the Mexican war bill which would outlaw slavery in any
newly acquired territories.
- South: Congress cannot outlaw slavery anywhere because it’s a property right
outlined in the constitution.
- Soilers: Congress can outlaw slavery in territories
- North: Extend line of Missouri Compromise
- Popular Sovereignty
 Bleeding Kansas (1855)
- Pro-slavery supporters went into Kansas to vote it as a slave state
- Free soiler Kansas formed their own anti-slavery govt Guerilla warfare and
violence
- Even congress was tense
 Rise of Republican Party
- Mixture of free soilers, anti-Nebraska democrats and Whigs
- Instantly becomes a force in national politics

 Dred Scott Decision (1857)

 - Dred Scott Slave who lived in a free state with his master sued for freedom.
- Court ruled that slaves aren’t citizens, and therefore cannot sue. Also, slavery is a
property right in the Constitution that cannot be denied (Missouri Compromise is
unconstitutional).
 Le Composition Constitution
- Slavery was written into the Kansas Constitution when applying to become a state
by pro-slavery forces.
- Kansas opted to remain a territory rather than adopt a pro-slave constitution.
 Lincoln-Douglass Debates (1858)
- Lincoln argues: “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”
- Douglass Freeport Doctrine Defense of popular sovereignty as the solution to
the issues.
 Republican Ideology becomes popular
- “Free Soil”  Right of every citizen to own property, control labor & have access
to opportunity.
- “Slave Power Conspiracy”  South was aristocratic, hierarchical with an elite
class controlling everything Even common white farmers couldn’t advance. 
opposite of democracy, republicanism and progress.
Skip…
 13th Amendment
- Believed an amendment was necessary to permanently solve slavery.
- Pushes it through congress b4 assassination.
Aim #22: How did the Civil War impact the nation?
Economic Impacts
 Sped up industrialization in the North
 Western Development
- Homestead Act  Any US citizen can receive 160 acres of govt owned land out
west if in 5 years the homesteader improves the land.
- Morrill Land Grant Act  Gave money to fund colleges that focus on agriculture
and mechanical arts.
- Union Pacific RR Act  Help build RRs across the country.
 Havoc on Southern Economy
- Destruction of farmlands and RRs
- Blockades  Led to shortages of goods
Social Impacts
 Black Enlistment
 Emancipation Proclamation (Juneteenth)
 Massive casualties
Aim #23: To what extent did Reconstruction “reconstruct” the nation? (1863?-1877)
Reconstruction
 Conflict between Johnson and Radical Republicans in Congress (Leads to impeachment).
 Blackcoats
- Laws meant to segregate and subjugate the freedmen are passed in many Southern
states.
- Radicalized many opinions in the North
- Cemented Radical Republican plan
- Civil Rights of 1866 (Freedmen’s Bureau)
 th
14 Amendment
- All freedmen are citizens, equality of treatment, due process of law
 th
15 Amendment
- Blacks’ right to vote
 Reconstruction Governments
- South under military rule
- “Carpetbaggers”  Northerners who migrated South to serve in Reconstruction
governments
- “Scalawags”  White Southerner who served in these governments. Seen as
traitors.
 Freedman’s Bureau
 1st African American to vote/serve in Congress
 Economic Opportunities for Freedmen
- “40 acres and a mule”  Plan to redistribute land to freedmen/viewed as too
radical.
- Freedmen’s Bureau established banks and offered loans
- Exodusters
- Most became tenant farmers and sharecroppers which often put them into a cycle
of debt.
 Rise of the KKK and other similar groups
- Goal was to terrorize African Americans into not exercising their rights.
End of Reconstruction
 Fatigue
- North was tired of spending $$$ and effort in the South
 Panic of 1873
- Recession, no money for reconstruction
 Scandals
- Grant administration losing popularity for Rep. Party
Legacy of Reconstruction
 Southern Redeemer Govts
- Whites only back in power
 African Americans were disenfranchised: literacy tests, poll tax, grandfather clause
Aim #25: How did the closing of the frontier impact Native Americans?
US Govt Policy towards Native Americans
 Removal
- Push Indians further west to take their land
- Indian Removal Act (1830) under Jackson, Trail of Tears
 Killing Buffalo
- Essential to the plains Indians’ lifestyles
- US govt saw this as a way to weaken the Native Americans into submission
 Battles
- Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee
- US Army was successful in winning majority of these battles
 Reformers
- Attitude that Indians can be “saved” (currently still inferior).
- Goal: Reform Indians to make them American with Protestant, Capitalist values
Aim #26: On the Industrialists
 Andrew Carnegie
- US Steel
 Vanderbilt
- RR
 JP Morgan
- Banks
 Rockefeller
- Oil
Tactics
 Vertical Integration
- Buying out all the steps necessary for your industry
 Undercutting prices to put competitors out of business
Justifications
 Individualism
 Social Darwinism
 Gospel of Wealth
- Philanthropy
Aim #27: Does the term “Gilded Age” accurately describe the post-Civil War era in US history?
Economy
 Massive growth in industry
- Help of entrepreneurs and industrialists
 General rise in wages and standard of living
 - New inventions
 Cyclical Economy
- Panic of 1873
- Panic of 1893
Urbanization
 Exponential growth of cities
Immigration
 Push/Pull Factors
- Push Religious persecution
- Pull Freedom, “Streets are paved with gold.”
 Urban Working Class

Aim #36: How did the American worldview shift following WWI?

Red Scare
 Palmer Raids
- Immigrants suspected of communist/anarchist beliefs arrested and/or deported
 Xenophobia
 Anti-Union Sentiments
 Sacco and Vancetti case
Foreign Policy
 Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- Freedom of the Seas
- Self-Determination (Every ethnic national group deserves the right to determine
their own destiny)
 League of Nations
- International organization that can solve international disputes and protect
independence of every state.
Aim #37: How did post war era change US society?
“Progress”/Change
 Consumer Culture
- Govt. Pro-Business
- Mass Production/Assembly Line
- Cars became affordable
- Advertising industry booms and feeds into culture
- Home appliances become affordable, saves time for other things
 - Buying on credit (Credit cards)
Unit #16
Aim #38: How did the New Deal respond to the Great Depression?
Great Depression
 1920s
- Booming economy, leads to overconfidence
- Over usage of credit
- Stock market, buying on margin
 Oct. 29, 1929
- Stock market crash
- Black Tuesday
- Collapse of businesses
- Bank failures
- Unemployment
 Immediate Impacts
- Homes are lost
- Hoover: “Rugged Individualism” Do it yourself, not the government’s job to
help the individual.
- Some govt intervention to help businesses
- Sends troops to disperse Bonus Army demonstrations
- Landslide victory for FDR in 1932 election
The New Deal
 Relief
- Give people their immediate needs
- Food stamps, jobs, medicine
- Emergency Banking Act (1933)Inspected banks and slowly brought them back
- PWA, CCC (created jobs, built public roads and other stuff)
- TVA (Created jobs, developed the area)
- WPA (Jobs for artists of all kinds)
 Recovery
- Long term goals to bring economy back
- NIRA
- Fed. Housing Administration
- AAA
 Reform
- Stop it from happening again
- FDIC
- SEC
- Social Security Act
- NLRB
 - Min. wage/Overtime
Challenges to the New Deal/FDR
 Schechter v. US
- NIRA is deemed unconstitutional as it gave too much power to the president.
 Political opposition
- Conservative/republican/laissez faire too much govt regulation
Aim #39: How did the Great Depression impact US society and culture?
African Americans
 New Deal programs were discriminatory
- Blacks were allowed to be replaced by whites
- Relief was not distributed equally
 Violence in the South was prevalent
- FDR did not approve anti-lynching bills or make civil rights a priority because
Southern Democrats were too large a part of his system
- Scottsboro boys
Farmers
 Dustbowl
- Natural conditions hurt farmers on the plains
 Many farmers foreclosed on their farms
- Became migrants
Women
 Lost jobs
 Had to raise a family without a home or money