Question Bank - Unit 1 Q1 What do you mean by JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE? Draw and explain the architecture of JVM. Sol 4) JVM(Java Virtual Machine) acts as a run-time engine to run Java applications. JVM is the one that actually calls the main method present in ajava code. JVM is a part of JRE(Java Runtime Environment). Java applications are called WORA (Write Once Run Anywhere). This means a programmer can develop Java code on one system and can expect it to run on any other Java-enabled system without any adjustment. This is all possible because of JVM. This makes Java Platform independent When we compile a java file, .class files(contains byte-code) with the same class names present in java file are generated by the Java compiler. This .class file goes into various steps when we run it. These steps together describe the whole JVM The architecture of JVM contains class loader , memory area, execution engine, etc. Class Loader mory VM Langu: PC rrr sos JVM Language Classes Execution Native Method Native Method Engine Interface ui 1) Classloader Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in classloaders in Java:+ Bootstrap ClassLoader + Extension ClassLoader + System/Application ClassLoader Avery popular exception of ClassNotFoundException is caused by Java class loader. 2) Class(Method) Area Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field and method data, the code for methods. 3) Heap It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated. 4) Stack Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method invocation completes. 5) Program Counter Register PC (program counter) register contains the address of the Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed 6) Native Method Stack It contains all the native methods used in the application 7) Execution Engine It contains: + Avirtual processor + Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions. + Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. 8) Java Native InterfaceJava Native Interface (JNI) is a framework which provides an interface to communicate with another application written in another language like C, Ct, Assembly etc. Java uses JNI framework to send output to the Console or interact with OS libraries. Q2 Explain Java class file format. Sol 2) A Java class file is a file containing Java bytecode and having a .class extension that can be executed by JVM. A Java class file is created by a Java compiler from java files as a result of successful compilation. As we know that a single Java programming language source file (or we can say java file) may contain one class or more than one class. So if a java file has more than one class then each class will compile into a separate class file. Java applications are called WORA (Write Once Run Anywhere). This means a programmer can develop Java code on one system and can expect it to run on any other Java-enabled system without any adjustment. This is all possible because of JVM. This makes Java Platform independent For example: class Sample { class Student { class Test public static void main(String[] args) System. out.printin(‘Class File Structure’); 3 j After compilation there will be 3 class files in corresponding folder named as: Sample.classStudent.class Test.class Q3 What is java sandbox model? Sol 3) The original security model! provided by the Java platform is known as the sandbox model, which existed in order to provide a very restricted environment in which to run untrusted code obtained from the open network. The essence of the sandbox model is that local code is trusted to have full access to vital system resources (such as the file system) while downloaded remote code (an applet) is not trusted and can access only the limited resources provided inside the sandbox. Ina Java programming language, the sandbox is the program area and it has some set of rules that programmers need to fallow when creating Java code (like an applet) that is sent as part of a page Since a Java applet is sent automatically as part of the page and can be executed as soon as it arrives, the applet can easily do harm, either accidentally or intentionally. The sandbox restrictions provide strict limitations on which system resources the applet can request or access. The sandbox can be conceived as a small area within your computer where an applet’s code can play freely — but it’s not allowed to play anywhere else. Sandboxing is frequently used to test unverified programs that may contain a virus or other malicious code, without allowing the software to harm the host device. The Java sandbox relies on a three-tiered defense. If any of these three elements fails the security model is completely compromised and vulnerable to attack: Byte Code verifier Applet class loader Security manager Q4 What is byte code? Sol 4) Bytecode is nothing but the intermediate representation of Java source code which is produced by the Java compiler by compiling that source code. This byte code is a machine independent code. It is not a completely compiled code but it is an intermediate code somewhere in the middle which is later interpreted and executed by JVM. Bytecode is amachine code for JVM. But the machine code is platform specific whereas bytecode is platform independent that is the main difference between them. It is stored in a class file which is created after compiling the source code. Q5 Define the characteristics of Java. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR ] Sol 5) Characteristics of java: There are many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java Features given below are simple and easy to understand Simple Object-Oriented Platform independent Secured Robust Portable Dynamic SP NOAR ODN = Interpreted 9, Multithreaded 10. Distributed Simple: Java is Easy to write and more readable and eye-catching. Java has a concise, cohesive set of features that makes it easy to learn and use. Most of the concepts are drawn from C++ thus making Java learning simpler. Object-oriented: Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that incorporates both data and behavior. Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some rules.Object Oriented Programming Language must have the following characteristics (1) Encapsulation (2) Polymorphism (3) Inheritance (4) Abstraction Platform-independent: Java Language is platform-independent due to its hardware and software environment. Java code can be run on multiple platforms e.g. windows, Linux, Mac/QOs etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into byte code. This byte code is a platform independent code because it can be run on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and Run Anywhere (WORA). Secure + Java programs cannot harm other systems thus making it secure. + Java provides a secure means of creating Internet applications. + Java provides a secure way to access web applications. Java is secured because: + No explicit pointer » Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox. Robust: Java was created as a strongly typed language. Data type issues and problems are resolved at compile-time, and implicit casts of a variable from one type to another are not allowed. Memory management has been simplified in java in two ways. First, Java does not support direct pointer manipulation or arithmetic. This makes it possible for a java program to overwrite memory or corrupt data Java encourages error-free programming by being strictly typed and performing run-time checks. Portable The feature of java ‘write once-run anywhere’ makes java portable. Many types of computers and operating systems are used for programs. By porting an interpreter for the Java Virtual Machine to any computer hardware/operating system, one is assured that all code compiled for it will run on that system. This forms the basis for Java's portability.Dynamic Because itis interpreted, Java is an extremely dynamic language. At runtime, the java environment can extend itself by linking in classes that may be located on remote servers on a network(for example, the internet). At runtime, the java interpreter performs name resolution while linking in the necessary classes. Interpreted: Java supports cross-platform code through the use of Java bytecode. Bytecode can be interpreted on any platform by JVM. Multi-threaded: A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important for multimedia, Web applications etc Distributed: Java facilitates the building of distributed application by a collection of classes for use in networked applications. By using java's URL (Uniform Resource Locator) class, an application can easily access a remote server. Classes also are provided for establishing socket-level connections. QS Differentiate between Java and C++ Object Oriented Language. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR ] Sol 6) Java C++Java was developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in 1979 as an extension of the C language. Platform independent, Java bytecode works on any joperating system. Platform dependent, should be compiled for different platforms. lt can run in any OS hence it is portable. Ctt is platform-dependent. Hence it is not portable. Java is both Compiled and Interpreted Language. C++ is a Compiled Language. Memory Management is System Controlled. Memory Management in C++ is Manual. It doesn't have Virtual Keyword. It has Virtual Keyword. lt supports only single inheritance. Multiple inheritances are| lachieved partially using interfaces. It supports both single and multiple Inheritance.It supports only method joverloading and doesn't allow loperator overloading. It supports both method and operator overloading. It has limited support for pointers. It strongly supports pointers. Java provides built-in [support for multithreading. Java is only an jobject-oriented programming language. C++ doesn't have built-in support for threads, depends on third-party threading libraries. C++ is both a procedural and an object-oriented programming language. Java uses the (System class): System.in for input and \System.out for output. Java doesn’t support goto Keyword, global scope, Structures and Unions C++ uses cin for input and cout for an output operation. C++ supports goto keyword, global scope, Structures and Unions C++ also supports namespace scope.Java supports only the C++ supports both Pass by Pass by Value and call by value. Value, pass by reference, and , call technique. by value and call by reference. (Automatic object It supports manual object management with garbage management using new and delete. |collection. Q7 What are access specifiers and explain access scope of a protected method? [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR ] Sol 7) Access Specifiers In Java: Java Access Specifiers (also known as Visibility Specifiers) regulate access to classes, fields and methods in Java. These Specifiers determine whether a field or method in a class can be used or invoked by another method in another class or subclass. Access Specifiers can be used to restrict access Types Of Access Specifiers: In java we have four Access Specifiers and they are listed below. 1. Public 2. Private 3. Protected 4. Default(no specifier) ‘cones Modifiers Default private protected pubic ee ee ‘Acceamile inside the dass ~ eye ‘Accessible within the subcamy you mo yun inside the mame package ‘Acoousible outside the packages = 00m mye ‘Acoeasible within the subelns nono yu ‘uteide the package Public Specifiers: Public Specifiers achieve the highest level of accessibility. Classes, methods, and fields declared as public can be accessed from any class in the Java program, whether these classes are in the same package or in another package.Example: public class Demo { // public class public x, y, size; // public instance variables } Private specifiers: Private Specifiers achieves the lowest level of accessibility. private methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to which the methods and fields belong. private methods and fields are not visible within subclasses and are not inherited by subclasses. Example: public class Demo { //public class private double x, y; // private (encapsulated) instance variables public set(int x, int y) {// setting values of private fields this.x = x; this.y = y; } public get() { // setting values of private fields return Point(x, y); } } Protected specifiers: Methods and fields declared as protected can only be accessed by the subclasses in other packages or any class within the package of the protected members' class. The protected access specifier cannot be applied to class and interfaces. Default(no specifier): When you don't set access specifier for the element, it will follow the default accessibility level. There is no default specifier keyword. Classes, variables, and methods can be default accessed. Using the default specifier we can access class, method, or field which belongs to the same package, but not from outside this package. Q8 Write a short note on Security Promises of Java. Sol 8) Java's security model is focused on protecting users from hostile programs downloaded from untrusted sources across a network. To accomplish this goal, Java provides a customizable 'sandbox' in which Javaprograms run. A Java program must play only inside its sandbox. It can do anything within the boundaries of its sandbox, but it can't take any action outside those boundaries. The sandbox for untrusted Java applets, for example, prohibits many activities, including: * Reading or writing to the local disk * Making a network connection to any host, except the host from which the applet came * Creating anew process * Loading a new dynamic library and directly calling a native method By making it impossible for downloaded code to perform certain actions, Java's security model protects the user from the threat of hostile code. The language defines all primitives with a specific size and all operations. are defined to be in a specific order of execution. Thus, the code executed in different JVMs will not differ from the specified order of execution. The language provides access-control functionality on variables and methods in the object by defining namespace management for type and procedure names. This secures the program by restricting access to its critical objects from untrusted code. For example, access is restricted by qualifying the type members as public, protected, private, package, etc. The Java language does not allow defining or dereferencing pointers, which means that programmers cannot forge a pointer to the memory or create code defining offset points to memory. All references to methods and instance variables in the class file are done via symbolic names. The elimination of pointers helps to prevent malicious programs like computer viruses and misuse of pointers such as accessing private methods directly by using a pointer starting from the object's pointer, or running off the end of an array. The Java object encapsulation supports ‘programming by contract,’ which allows the reuse of code that has already been tested. The Java language is a strongly typed language. During compile time, the Java compiler does extensive type checking for type mismatches. This mechanism guarantees that the runtime data type variables are compatible and consistent with the compile time information. The language allows declaring classes or methods as final. Any classes or methods that are declared as final cannot be overridden. This helps to protect the code from malicious attacks such as creating a subclass and substituting it for the original class and override methods.The Java Garbage Collection mechanism contributes to secure Java programs by providing a transparent storage allocation and recovering unused memory instead of deallocating the memory using manual intervention. This ensures program integrity during execution and prevents. programmatic access to accidental and incorrect freeing of memory resulting ina JVM crash Q9 If we want to execute any statement before the call of the main() method then how will it be done? Sol 9) It will be executed in a static block. Java supports a special block, called a static block that can be used for static initialization of a class. This code inside the static block is executed only once: the first time the class is loaded into memory. Static block is executed when the class which contains the static block is loaded into memory and static method is executed when it is called. Q10 How Garbage Collection in Java works? Explain sandbox model in detail and JVM as an Emulator. Comment on it. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR ] Sol 10) In Java, garbage means unreferenced objects. Garbage Collection is the process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In other words, it is a way to destroy unused objects. To do so, we were using the free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in Java it is performed automatically. So, Java provides better memory management. Advantage of Garbage Collection It makes Java memory efficient because the garbage collector removes the unreferenced objects from heap memory. It is automatically done by the garbage collector(a part of JVM) so we don't need to make extra efforts. ge() method The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. The ge() is found in System and Runtime classes. public static void ge()f}. Sandbox model in java.Asecurity measure in the Java development environment. The sandbox is a set of rules that are used when creating an applet that prevents certain functions when the applet is sent as part of a Web page. When a browser requests a Web page with applets, they are sent automatically and can be executed as soon as the page arrives in the browser. If the applet is allowed unlimited access to memory and operating system resources, it can do harm in the hands of someone with malicious intent. The sandbox environment in which there are strict limitations on what system resources the applet can request or access. Sandboxes are used when executable code comes from an unknown or untrusted source and allow the user to run untrusted code safely. The Java sandbox relies on a three-tiered defense. If any one of these three elements fails, the security model is completely compromised and vulnerable to attack: + Byte code verifier-This is one way that Java automatically checks untrusted outside code before it is allowed to run. When a Java source program is compiled, it compiles down to platform- independent Java byte code, which is verified before it can run. This helps to establish a base set of security guarantees. + Applet class loader - All Java objects belong to classes, and the applet class loader determines when and how an applet can add classes to a running Java environment. The applet class loader ensures that important elements of the Java run-time environment are not replaced by code that an applet tries to install. + Security manager-The security manager is consulted by code in the Java library whenever a dangerous operation is about to be carried out. The security manager has the option to veto the operation by generating a security exception. Java typically interpret instead of compile. The main advantage of compilation is that you end up with raw machine language code that can be efficiently executed on your machine. However, it can only be executed on ‘one type of machine architecture . A primary advantage of a compiling to an intermediate language like Java bytecode and then interpreting is that you can achieve platform independence: you can interpret the same class file ‘on differently types of machine architectures. However, interpreting the bytecode is typically slower than executing pre-compiled machine language code. A second advantage of using the Java bytecode is that it acts as a buffer between your computer and the program. This enables you to download an untrusted program from the Internet and execute it on your machine with some assurances. Since you are running the Java interpreter (and not raw machine language code), you are protected by a layer ofsecurity which guards against malicious programs. It is the combination of Java and the Java bytecode that yield a platform-independent and secure environment, while still embracing a full set of modern programming abstractions Q11 What are different sandbox models in java ? Sol 11) Java Built-in Security Model With the JDK 1.0 sandbox security model, all Java applications (excluding Java applets) executed locally can have full access to the resources available to the JVM. Application code downloaded from remote resources, such as Java applets, will have access only to the restricted resources provided within its sandbox Java 2 Security Model Java 2 security architecture is as follows: + Policy-driven restricted access control to JVM resources. » Rules-based class loading and verification of byte code. * System for signing code and assigning levels of capability. + Policy-driven access to Java applets downloaded by a Web browser. All code-regardless of whether it is run locally or downloaded remotely-can be subjected to a security policy configured by a JVM user or administrator. All code is configured to use a particular domain (equivalent to a sandbox) and a security policy that dictates whether the code can be run ona particular domain or not. Q12 (a) Why is java called a strongly typed language? Sol 12 a) Java is a strongly typed programming language because every variable must be declared with a data type. A variable cannot start off life without knowing the range of values it can hold, and once it is declared, the data type of the variable cannot change. Example: The following declaration is allowed because the variable 'hasDataType' is declared to be a boolean data type: boolean hasDataType; For the rest of its life, hasDataType can only ever have a value of true or false(b) Can the main() method in java return any data 7? Sol 12 b) The main method consists of public static as modifiers, void return type and String arguments. If anything is changed, JVM doesn't consider it as the entry point method and prompts an error at run time. Therefore, you cannot change the return type of main method from void, at the same time you cannot return any value from a method with void type. Q13 Discuss the limitations of JVM. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR ] Sol 13) Java Virtual Machine has notable advantages, it comes with many disadvantages also. 41. Platform specific features: Java cannot be used without Java Runtime Environment being installed on your system. So in order to start coding in Java, firstly you need to install the latest version of Java Virtual Machine Because of JVM running on several Operating Systems, there is a possibility that JVM does not have a feature that is specific to that particular operating system. Therefore, there can be any feature that does not look the same way as it did on some other operating system. 2. Speed: In a Java Virtual Machine, the code is first converted into bytecode and then the bytecode is converted into the machine code for the system to finally run it. Therefore, this is the reason why the Java Virtual Machine tends to work slower and hence making a Java code run slower when compared to its equivalent C or C++ code. The compilation to bytecode that helps the code to run on any platform eventually turns out to be a disadvantage when performance is concerned. 3. Java bytecode is system neutral and optimization of the same according to any specific hardware set is not possible. The reason behind this is that for a code to get optimize system specific features are the necessity and since the bytecode is system neutral it is not possible to optimize it. 4. A Java code is completely dependent on the Java Virtual Machine which makes it platform dependent and itself is platform dependent. Thus, before proceeding towards Java development one should have the basic idea of what a Java Virtual Machine is.Q14 Explain the concepts of class area and heap in JVM. Sol 14) Heap In Java, a heap is a chunk of memory which is shared among all threads. In a heap, all class instances and the array is allocated. It is created when JVM starts-up. An automatic storage management system reclaims heap. It may be of fixed and variable size. It does not need to be contiguous. The heap is divided into two parts (or generations): * Young Generation (or Young Space or Nursery) + Old Generation (or Old Space or Tenured) Class Area JVM has a method area common across all the threads. It contains per- class elements like constant pool, fields, method local data, method code, constructor codes etc. which are used in class and initialization of objects/interfaces. This method area gets created during JVM start-up. It is generally part of Heap area. It could be of fixed size or vary. Its memory may not be contiguous. JVM implementation can give control to programmer over Method area creation, its sizing etc. If method area memory is not sufficient to satisfy an allocation request then JVM _ throws OutOfMemoryError. Q15 Is JVM an Interpreter or Emulator or both? Discuss. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR ] Sol 15) The Java processor can be implemented as software. It is implemented as a program that reads the bytecodes and performs the operations they specify. This is another type of interpreter. Some interpreters run source code written in a high level language like Basic; others (like the Java interpreter) run bytecodes. This second type of interpreter is sometimes called an emulator because it emulates hardware, but in fact is software. A Java bytecode interpreter can be created for any computer system. Once you have a Java compiler and a Java interpreter you can run any Java program no matter what type of computer you have. The ‘Java interpreter’ in the picture is an executable program that is running on an ordinary computer system, such as a desktop Intel system. Each type of computer system has its own Java interpreter that can run on that system.When the Java interpreter is running on a computer system, that system acts just like a hardware Java bytecode processor. It is a Java Virtual Machine. Any computer system can execute a Java bytecode program by using a Java interpreter. The Java interpreter has to be specifically written for that particular computer system, but once that is done, the computer system can become a Java virtual machine. That is, it looks like a computer with a hardware Java processor chip and can run Java bytecodes. When a Java program is translated into bytecodes, the bytecodes are the same no matter what computer system is used. A Java source program (such as Hello.java) can be written and compiled on one computer (say a Windows computer) to produce bytecode (say Hello.class). Now that bytecode can run on any computer that has a Java interpreter. Therefore JVM is both. Question Bank - Unit 2 Q1 (a) What is method overriding in java ? Sol 1 (a) If a subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method overriding in Java. In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been declared by one of its parent classes, it is known as method overriding.Rules of method overriding in java: * The method must have the same name as in the parent class The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class. * There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance). Uses: * Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of a method which is already provided by its superclass. * Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism Example: class Vehicle{ //defining a method void run(){System.out. printIn("Vehicle is running’); } } //Creating a child class class Bike2 extends Vehicle{ //defining the same method as in the parent class void run(){System.out.printin( ‘Bike is running safely'); } public static void main(String args[]) { Bike2 obj = new Bike2(); //creating object obj.run();//calling method } } Output : Bike is running safely Q1 (b) Differentiate between abstract class and interface. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR] Sol 1 (b) Abstract class Interface Abstract classes can have abstract | Interfaces can have only abstract and non-abstract methods. methods. Since Java 8, it can have default and static methods also. Abstract class doesn’t support Interface supports multiple multiple inheritance. inheritance. Abstract classes can have final, Interface has only static and final non-final, static and non-static variables. variables.Abstract class can provide the implementation of interface. Interfaces can't provide the implementation of abstract classes. The abstract keyword is used to declare abstract class. An abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java interfaces. The interface keyword is used to declare the interface. An interface can extend another Java interface only. An abstract class can be extended using the keyword ‘extends’. An interface can be implemented using the keyword ‘implements’. A Java abstract class can have class members like private, protected, etc. Abstract class achieves partial abstraction. Members of a Java interface are public by default. Interface achieves fully abstraction Example: public abstract class Shape{ public abstract void draw(); Example: public interface Drawable{ void draw(); Q2 (a) Explain various uses of the final keyword with example. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR] Sol 2 (a) The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many contexts. Final can be: © variable * method ° Class Java final variable If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of the final variable(|t will be constant). Example of final variable There is a final variable speedlimit, we are going to change the value of this variable, but It can't be changed because the final variable once assigned a value can never be changed. class Bike { final int speedlimit=90;//final variable void run(){speedlimit=400; } public static void main(String args[]){ Bike obj=new Bike(); obj.run(); }//end of class Output: Compile Time Error Java final method If you make any method final, you cannot override it. A final method can be inherited but cannot be overridden. Example of final method class Bike{ final void run(){ System.out.printin(‘running’); + class Honda extends Bike{ void run(){ System.out.printin(‘running safely with 100kmph'); } public static void main(String args[]){ Honda honda= new Honda(); honda.run(); } } Output: Compile Time Error Java final class If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it. Example of final class final class Bike{} class Hondal extends Bike{ void run(){System.out.printin(‘running safely with 100kmph’');} public static void main(String args[]) { Hondal honda= new Hondal(); honda.run(); + t Output: Compile Time ErrorQ2 (b) Can we initialize the final static variable inside the constructor? Explain. Sol 2(b) No, we can not initialize the final static variable inside the constructor. Static final variables cannot be assigned value in constructor, they must be assigned a value with their declaration. Non-static final variables can be assigned a value either in the constructor or with the declaration. public class A 4 private static final int x; public A() { } } Final means the variable can only be assigned once (in the constructor). Static means it's a class instance. Aconstructor will be called each time an instance of the class is created. Thus, the above code means that the value of x will be re-initialized each time an instance is created. But because the variable is declared final (and static), you can only do this class A { private static final int x; static { x=5; } } But, if you remove static, you are allowed to do this: class A { private final int x; public AQ) { x=5; } a Q3 (a) What is type conversion? Explain implicit and explicit conversion with example Sol 3 (a) e Java provides various data types such as boolean, char, int, unsigned int, signed int, float, double, long, where every datatype acquires different space while storing in memory. * We can convert the value of one data type (int, float, double, etc) to another. This process is known as type conversion.* When you assign a value of one data type to another, the two types might not be compatible with each other. ¢ Ifthe data types are compatible, then Java will perform the conversion automatically known as Automatic Type Conversion (implicit) , and if not then they need to be cast or converted explicitly. For example, assigning an int value to a long variable. Widening or Automatic Type Conversion (implicit): Widening conversion takes place when two data types are automatically converted. This happens when: The two data types are compatible. When we assign a value of a smaller data type to a bigger data type. For Example, in java, the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no automatic conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean. Also, char and boolean are not compatible with each other. Byte -> Short -> Int -> Long -> Float -> Double Example: class Main{ public static void main(String[] args) 4 t int i= 100; / Automatic type conversion // Integer to long type long I= i; // Automatic type conversion // long to float type float f= 1; // Print and display commands System.out printin(Int value ' + i); System.out printIn('Long value + 1); System.out printIn(Float value’ +f); Output Int value 100 Long value 100 Float value 100.0 Narrowing or Explicit ConversionIf we want to assign a value of a larger data type to a smaller data type we perform explicit type casting or narrowing. * This is useful for incompatible data types where automatic conversion cannot be done. * Here, the target type specifies the desired type to convert the specified value to. Double -> Float -> Long -> Int -> Short -> Byte public class Main{ public static void main(String[] args) { // Double datatype double d = 100.04; // Explicit type casting by forcefully getting // data from long data type to integer type long | = (long)d; // Explicit type casting int i = (int)l; // Print statements System.out.printin(‘Double value ' + d); System.out.printin(‘Long value ‘ + 1); System.out.printin(‘Int value ' + i); } } Output Double value 100.04 Long value 100 Int value 100 Q3 (b) Explain uses of String, StringBuffer and String Tokenizer with example. Sol 3 (b) String: In Java, string is basically an object that represents a sequence of char values. An array of characters works the same as Java string. The Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on strings such as compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring() etc For example: char[] ch=f'a’, 'p'. 'p’, ‘I’, ‘e}: String s=new String(ch); is same as String s="apple"; In Java, String objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable. The java.lang. String class provides many useful methods to perform operations on sequence of char values. Some of them are:S.n_ | Method Description 1 | char charAt(int index) Itretums char value for the particular index 2 |intlengthy) Itretums string length 3. | static String format(String format, Object... args) It returns a formatted string. 4 | static String format(Locale |, String format, Object... args) It returns a formatted string with a given locale. 5 | String substring(int beginindex) Itreturs a substring for a given begin index. String substring(int beginindex, int endindex) Itreturns substring for given begin index and end index. 7 — | boolean contains(CharSequence s) Itretums true or false after matching the sequence of char values. 8 | static String join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence... elements) Itretuns a joined string. String Buffer Class: If we do a lot of changes with String objects, we will end up with a lot of memory leaks. Java StringBuffer class is used to create mutable (modifiable) String objects. The StringBuffer class in Java is the same as String class except it is mutable i.e. it can be changed. Important methods of StringBuffer class 1. Public synchronized StringBuffer append(String s): Is used to append the specified string with this string. The append() method is overloaded like append (char), append (boolean), append (int), append (float), append(double) etc. 2. Public synchronized StringBuffer insert(int offset, String s): Is used to insert the specified string with this string at the specified position. The insert() method is overloaded like insert(int, char), insert(int, boolean), insert(int, int), insert(int, float), insert (int, double) etc. 3. Public synchronized StringBuffer replace(int startindex, int endindex, String str): Is used to replace the string from specified startIndex and endindex. 4. Public synchronized StringBuffer delete(int startindex, int endindex): Is used to delete the string from specified startindex and endindex. class A { public static void main(String args[]){StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer('Hello'); sb.append(‘Java'); //now original string is changed System.out.printin(sb) ;//prints Hello Java t String is slow and consumes more memory when we concatenate too many strings because every time it creates a new instance, whereas, StringBuffer is fast and consumes less memory when we concatenate the strings String Tokenizer in Java: The java.util.StringTokenizer class allows you to break a String into tokens. It is a simple way to break a String. The six useful methods of the StringTokenizer class are as follows: Method Description boolean hasMoreTokens() | It checks if there are more tokens available. String nextToken() It returns the next token from the StringTokenizer object. String nextToken(String It returns the next token based on the delimiter. delim) boolean It is the same as hasMoreTokens() method hasMoreElements() Object nextElement() It is the same as nextToken() but its return type is Object. int countTokens() It returns the total no. of tokens Example: import java.util. StringTokenize public class Simple{ public static void main(String args[]){ StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(‘how are you ',''); while (st.hasMoreTokens()) { System.out.printin(st.nextToken()); } } Output how are you Q4 (a) What are Wrapper Classes? What is the purpose of using them? Sol 4 (a) Awrapper class is defined as a class in which a primitive value is wrapped up. These primitive wrapper classes are used to represent primitive data typevalues as objects. The Java platform provides wrapper classes for each of the primitive data types. For example, Integer wrapper class holds primitive ‘int’ data type value. Similarly, Float wrapper class contains ‘float’ primitive values, Character wrapper class holds a ‘char’ type value, and Boolean wrapper class represents ‘boolean’ value. int i = 26; // Primitive data type ‘int’ //integer Wrapper class instantiation Integer i_Obj= new Integer(i); // Unwrapping primitive data ‘int’ from wrapper object int j=i_Obj.intValue(); Q4 (b) Explain concept of inner class and anonymous inner class with example. Sol 4 (b) Java Inner Class contains 1. Java Inner classes 2. Advantage of Inner class 3. Difference between nested class and inner class Java inner class or non-static nested class is a class i.e, declared inside the class or interface. We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be more readable and maintainable. Additionally, it can access all the members of the outer class including private data members and methods. Syntax of Inner class class Java Outer_class /icode class Java Inner_class{ iicode } } Advantage of java inner classes There are basically three advantages of inner classes in java: (1) Inner classes represent a special type of relationship, that is it can access all the members (data members and methods) of outer class including private. (2) Inner classes are used to develop more readable and maintainable code because it logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only. (3) Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.Difference between nested class and inner class Nested classes that are declared static are called static nested classes. A nested class is a member of its enclosing class. Non-static nested classes (inner classes) have access to other members of the enclosing class, even if they are declared private. Java Anonymous inner class Aclass that has no name is known as an anonymous inner class in java. It should be used if you have to override the method of class or interface. Java Anonymous inner class can be created by two ways: 1. Class (may be abstract or concrete). 2. Interface Java anonymous inner class example using class abstract class Person{ abstract void eat(); class TestAnonymousinner{ public static void main(String args[]){ Person p=new Person(){ void eat(){System.out. printin(“nice fruits”); } oa p.eat(); } } Q5) What is an applet? Explain the life cycle of Applet and its security concerns. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR] Sol 5) Features of applet are: * Itis a small program and is used to run a program on client Browser. * Applet is portable and can be executed by a supported browser. * Applet applications are executed in Restricted Environment. * Applets are created using the extension java.applet.Applet * Applet application has 5 methods which will be automatically invoked on occurrence of specific events. Following are the methods: 1. init() method 2. start() method 3. paint() method 4. stop() method 5. destroy() method These methods are known as life cycle methods. These methods are defined in java.applet.Applet class except paint() method. The paint() method is defined in java.awt. Component class, an indirect superclass of Applet.The life cycle methods are called callback methods as they are called implicitly by the browser for the smooth execution of the applet. Browsers should provide an environment known as a container for the execution of the applet. Following are the responsibilities of the browser. 1. It should call the callback methods at appropriate times for the smooth execution of the applet 2. It is responsible for maintaining the life cycle of the applet. 3. It should have the capability to communicate between applets, applet to JavaScript and HTML, applet to browser etc. Q6) (a) Describe the various types of exceptions and illustrate how they are handled. [GGSIPU PREVIOUS YEAR] Sol 6) (a) A Java exception is an object that describes the exception that occurs in a program. When an exceptional event occurs in Java an exception is said to be thrown. The code that is responsible for doing something about the exception is called an exception handler. * Checked Exception: The exception that can be predicted by the programmer. Example: File that needs to be opened is not found. These types of exceptions must be checked at compile time. * Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the class that extends Runtime Exception. Unchecked exceptions are ignored at compile time. Example: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, Array Index out of Bound exception. Unchecked exceptions are checked at runtime. * Error: Errors are typically ignored in code because you can rarely do anything about an error. Example: If stack overflow occurs, an error will arise. This type of error is not possible to handle in code. Exception handling is done using five keywords, 1. Try 2. Catch 3. Throw 4. Throws 5. Finally Exception handling is done by transferring the execution of a program to an appropriate exception handler when exception occurs. * Using try and catch: Try is used to guard a block of code in which an exception may occur. This block of code is called a guarded region. A catch statement involves declaring the type of exception you are trying to catch. If an exception occurs in guarded code, the catch block that follows the try is checked, if the type of exception that occurred is listed in the catch block then the exception is handed over to the catch block which then handles it. * Example using Try and catch: