I.
The Executive (Articles 52-78)
The President (Articles 52-62)
• Article 52 – There shall be a President of India as the head of the Union.
• Article 53 – The executive power of the Union is vested in the President, exercised
directly or through officers.
• Article 54 – The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of elected MPs
and MLAs of States & Union Territories (Delhi & Puducherry).
• Article 55 – Manner of election: Proportional representation system by single
transferable vote.
• Article 56 – Term of office: 5 years, but eligible for re-election.
• Article 57 – President is eligible for re-election any number of times.
• Article 58 – Eligibility:
o Must be an Indian citizen.
o Must be 35 years of age or older.
o Must be eligible to be an MP in the Lok Sabha.
• Article 59 – Conditions of President’s office:
o Cannot hold any other government office.
o Can use official residence and salary is paid from the Consolidated Fund of
India.
• Article 60 – Oath of office, administered by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
• Article 61 – Impeachment process for violation of the Constitution.
o Charges initiated in either House of Parliament.
o Two-thirds majority needed in both Houses for removal.
• Article 62 – Vacancy in the President's office must be filled within 6 months.
The Vice-President (Articles 63-71)
• Article 63 – There shall be a Vice-President of India.
• Article 64 – Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
• Article 65 – Acts as President in case of vacancy, death, or removal of the President.
• Article 66 – Election process:
o Elected by MPs of both Houses by proportional representation.
• Article 67 – Term of 5 years, but can be removed by a resolution in Rajya Sabha and
Lok Sabha approval.
• Article 68 – Election to be held within 6 months if a vacancy occurs.
• Article 69 – Oath administered by the President of India.
• Article 70 – Parliament can make laws for discharge of VP duties in special
circumstances.
• Article 71 – Matters related to VP elections are handled by the Supreme Court.
Council of Ministers & Prime Minister (Articles 72-78)
• Article 72 – President’s pardoning power (can grant pardon, reprieve, respite, or
remission for offenses).
• Article 73 – Extent of executive power (covers Union & states where Parliament has
power).
• Article 74 – Council of Ministers to aid & advise the President (binding after 42nd &
44th Amendments).
• Article 75 – Prime Minister appointment and responsibilities:
o PM is appointed by the President.
o Council of Ministers appointed on PM’s advice.
o Collective responsibility to the Lok Sabha.
• Article 76 – Attorney General of India (legal advisor to the government).
• Article 77 – Conduct of Union government business.
• Article 78 – PM’s duty to communicate government affairs to the President.
II. The Parliament (Articles 79-122)
General Structure (Articles 79-88)
• Article 79 – The Parliament consists of the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
• Article 80 – Rajya Sabha composition:
o Maximum 250 members.
o 12 nominated members by the President.
o Rest elected by State Legislative Assemblies.
• Article 81 – Lok Sabha composition:
o Maximum 552 members (530 from states, 20 from UTs, 2 Anglo-Indian
members till 2019).
• Article 82 – Readjustment of constituencies after every census.
• Article 83 – Term of Houses:
o Lok Sabha – 5 years.
o Rajya Sabha – Permanent body, 1/3rd members retire every 2 years.
• Article 84 – Qualifications for MPs.
• Article 85 – Sessions, prorogation, and dissolution of Parliament.
• Article 86 – President may address & send messages to Parliament.
• Article 87 – President’s special address at the beginning of each session.
Parliamentary Procedure (Articles 89-122)
• Article 89 – Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
• Article 93 – Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha.
• Article 100 – Voting in Houses (decided by majority).
• Article 105 – Privileges of MPs.
• Article 110 – Definition of Money Bills (decided by the Speaker).
• Article 111 – President’s assent to bills.
• Article 112 – Annual Budget (Union Budget).
• Article 123 – Ordinance-making power of President.
III. The Judiciary (Articles 124-147)
The Supreme Court (Articles 124-147)
• Article 124 – Supreme Court establishment with a Chief Justice & other judges.
• Article 125 – Salaries of SC judges.
• Article 126 – Appointment of Acting Chief Justice.
• Article 127 – Ad hoc SC Judges.
• Article 128 – Retired judges can be called for duty.
• Article 129 – SC has the power to punish for contempt of court.
• Article 131 – Original jurisdiction (disputes between the Union & States).
• Article 132 – Appellate jurisdiction in constitutional matters.
• Article 133 – Appellate jurisdiction in civil cases.
• Article 134 – Appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases.
• Article 136 – Special Leave Petition (SLP) (SC can hear any case).
• Article 137 – Review power of the Supreme Court.
• Article 141 – SC decisions are binding on all courts.
• Article 143 – President’s power to seek SC’s opinion (Advisory Jurisdiction).
• Article 145 – SC can make its own rules.
• Article 147 – Interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court.
