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MODULE 1

2023
Question 1
Explain FOUR ways in which the peasantry formed in the English-speaking Caribbean after 1838
devised economic means for societal change. (20 marks)

Question 3
Caribbean people have been described as the "people who came". Discuss FOUR ways in which this
wide geographical region, with diverse ethnic and racial groups, has managed to maintain, over time,
a shared common purpose, economic development and an identity.
(Remember that in a discussion you should give both sides of the argument.(30 marks)

2021

Question 1
Coral reefs across the Caribbean are in danger of extinction. Examine FOUR ways in which
citizens and/or the private sector can help to protect coral reefs. (20 marks)

Question 3
Christianity has played a major role in the formation of the values and beliefs of Caribbean
people. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. (30 marks)

2019

Question 1
The colonizers employed different systems of production in the Caribbean as a means of
increasing production and wealth. Choose any TWO of the following systems of production and
describe TWO ways in which each system contributed to the oppression of the peoples of the
Caribbean:
• Encomienda
• Slavery
• Indentureship
(20 marks)

Question 3
During the colonial rule, education in the Caribbean was an effective means of upward social
mobility. Using THREE points, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
(30 marks)
2018

Question 1
Describe FOUR popular ways of understanding society, outlining ONE limitation of EACH for
understanding Caribbean societies. (20 marks)

Question 3
Caribbean people continue to migrate outside of the region in search of a better life. Assess the
extent to which extra-regional migration is a loss for the Caribbean. (30 marks)

Specimen – 2017

Question 1
Explain THREE ways in which creolisation has impacted on the development of Caribbean
art forms. (20 marks)

Question 3
“Caribbean migrants in the United Kingdom and North America have had a limited
impact on these societies.” Present arguments for OR against this statement. (30 marks)

2017

Question 1
Explain FOUR ways in which the arts have contributed to human development in the Caribbean.
(20 marks)

Question 2
Explain FOUR ways in which Indo-Caribbean people have influenced Caribbean culture.
(20 marks)

Question 5
Individuals, more than governments, have a responsibility to mitigate the effects of natural
disasters. Discuss the extent to which is it the responsibility of individuals rather than
governments to mitigate the efforts of natural disasters. (30 marks)

Question 6

Festivals in the Caribbean have become commercialized as a result of the influence of extra-
regional countries. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view. (30 marks)
2016

Question 1
The Caribbean is a diverse and complex place, with the term ‘Caribbean’ itself understood in
many ways by researchers. Explain FOUR ways in which the concept of Caribbean is defined by
researchers. (20 marks)

Question 2
Explain FOUR ways in which the historical experiences and culinary practices of Caribbean
people have shaped/influenced food choices today. (20 marks)

Question 5
“While some men, particularly in the highest social strata, have been able to maintain their
traditional position in the family, educational system and labour force, the majority are being
eclipsed [replaced] by women rising in all these areas.” Errol Miller, 1991
Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view taking into consideration gender practices
in the Caribbean context. (30 marks)

Question 6
“Caribbean societies are undergoing processes of cultural change. These processes have been
variously viewed as acculturation, transculturation, or creolization.” Fernando Ortiz, 2013
Discuss the relationship between any TWO of these processes and the extent to which you
agree with any of them. (30 marks)

2015

Question 1
Examine FOUR ways in which settlement patterns in the Caribbean have been influenced by the
physical landscape. (20 marks)

Question 2
Examine FOUR factors that promoted social mobility in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 5
“Carnival and Phagwah create opportunities for Caribbean people to publicly express their
identities.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. (30 marks)

Question 6
“Internal self-government was the most important movement towards independence in the
Caribbean.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. (30 marks)
2014

Question 1
Using examples, describe FOUR ways in which indigenous peoples have contributed to the way
of life in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 2
Using examples, describe FOUR measures that can be taken to minimize the impact of soil
erosion in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 5
“The Caribbean needs its diaspora in order to fully understand itself.” Examine the extent to
which Caribbean diasporic communities influence the formation of Caribbean identity.
(30 marks)

Question 6
“United we stand, divided we fall.”
Examine the extent to which social challenges faced by people in the Caribbean region may
hinder Caribbean unity. (30 marks)

2013

Question 1
Examine FOUR factors which have caused coral reefs in the Caribbean to be threatened with
extinction. Include examples in your response. (20 marks)

Question 2
Describe FOUR ways in which the Rastafarian culture has impacted the societies of
metropolitan countries. (20 marks)

Question 5
“The ideal way to describe the Caribbean is by using political and historical definitions.” With
the use of examples, discuss the extent to which you agree with the statement. (30 marks)

Question 6
Assess the ways in which colonial education impacted the formation of Caribbean society and
culture. (30 marks)

2012

Question 1
Examine FOUR ways in which the family, as a social institution, impacts on society and culture
in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 2
Examine THREE strategies that Caribbean countries can use to minimize the impact of
earthquakes in the region. (20 marks)
Question 5
“Social stratification continues to be a key feature of Caribbean society.” Using examples to
support your answer, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. (30 marks)

Question6
“Cultural practices are never erased: they are transformed.”
Using examples from the Caribbean, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
(30 marks)

2011

Question 1
Using THREE examples from the Caribbean, explain the relationship between culture and
society. (20 marks)

Question 2
Explain THREE ways in which the physical landscape has influenced settlement patterns in the
Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 5
To what extent can it be argued that genocide and revolution are central themes in Caribbean
history? (30 marks)

Question 6
“European cultural institutions continue to impact Caribbean society and culture in the
independence period.”
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
(30 marks)

2010

Question 1
Describe THREE ways in which education facilitated the colonial agenda in the Caribbean.
(20 marks)

Question 2
Describe the MAJOR migrations into the Caribbean that greatly impacted society and culture.
(20 marks)

Question 5
Examine the impact of Rastafarian culture on the metropolitan societies of North America and
Europe. (30 marks)

Question 6
“Flooding is caused by a combination of natural and man-made factors.” Discuss the extent to
which flooding is a MAJOR environmental hazard in the Caribbean. (30 marks)
2009

Question 1
Examine THREE measures that Caribbean countries can implement to minimise the danger
posed to coral reefs in the region. (20 marks)

Question 2
Examine THREE ways in which the justice system, as a social institution, impacts on society and
culture. (20 marks)

Question 5
Account for the changing role that race, colour and ethnic affiliation play in Caribbean society
and culture. (30 marks)

Question 6
"There is no single Caribbean culture."
Do you agree? Provide arguments and examples to support your answer.
(30 marks)

2008

Question 1
Using examples from the Caribbean, explain TWO of the following concepts:
(i) Cultural erasure
(ii) Cultural retention
(iii) Cultural renewal
(20 marks)

Question 2
Using examples from the Caribbean, explain how Caribbean people throughout history have
responded to oppression. (20 marks)

Question 5
Assess the role of ONE of the following in the formation of Caribbean identity:
(i)African-Caribbean culture
(ii) Indo-Caribbean culture
[30 marks]

Question 6
Discuss the social and economic impact of natural disasters on the Caribbean. [30 marks]

2007

Question 1
Describe the contribution of peasant groups to the development of Caribbean society in the
period after emancipation. (20 marks)
Question 2
Describe THREE different ways in which the term 'culture' is used. Refer to examples from
Caribbean society and culture to illustrate your answer. (20 marks)

Question 5
"Caribbean migrants in the United Kingdom and North America have had a limited impact on
those societies." Present arguments for OR against this statement. (30 marks)

Question 6
Assess the extent to which religion continues to dominate the life of Caribbean people.
(30 marks)

2006

Question 1
Examine at least FOUR challenges being faced by the justice system in Caribbean society and
culture today. (20 marks)

Question 2
Describe FOUR ways in which Caribbean society and culture impact upon the economies of
extra-regional countries. (20 marks)

Question 5
'"The history of the Caribbean is a history of the exploitation of labour."
Discuss with reference to T'WO of the following labour systems:
(i) Encomienda
(ii) Slavery
(iii) Indentureship
(30 marks)

Question 6
“All ah we is one."
Discuss the social challenges faced by Caribbean people in achieving Caribbean unity.
(30 marks)

2005

Question 1
Describe the value of coral reefs to Caribbean society and culture. (20 marks)

Question 2
Describe how education, as a social institution, impacts on Caribbean society and culture.
(20 marks)

Question 5
To what extent do European cultural institutions continue to dominate Caribbean society and
culture? (30 marks)

Question 6
Drawing on your own experiences, discuss the extent to which the concept of "Caribbean
identity" is a myth or reality. (30 marks)

2004

Question 1
Describe the causes of social stratification in Caribbean countries. (20 marks)

Question 2
Explain how the tourist industry has helped to shape patterns of behaviour within Caribbean
communities. (20 marks)

Question 5
Discuss the view that a 'Caribbean identity' is more clearly evident among Caribbean nationals
who meet outside the region than it is among nationals in the Caribbean itself. (30 marks)

Question 6
Assess the measures that Caribbean countries can realistically undertake to minimize the
danger posed by earthquakes. (30 marks)

2003

Question 1
Describe the factors that have led Caribbean migrants living in metropolitan countries to create
a "home away from home.” (20 marks)

Question 2
Describe how the physical landscape has influenced settlement patterns in the Caribbean.
(20 marks)

Question 5
During the past three decades Caribbean music and Caribbean festivals have gained widespread
acceptance internationally. Analyze the nature of this impact for the Caribbean. (30 marks)

Question 6
Discuss the challenges for Caribbean society as it seeks to achieve national unity in a context of
cultural diversity. (30 marks)
 MODULE 2

2023
Question 2
With reference to TWO of the movements listed below, explain how EACH movement
contributed to Black identity in the Caribbean and beyond in the early twentieth century. Pan
Africanism Negritude Rastafari(20 marks)

Question 4
Discuss the extent to which quality of life could be affected by breaches of social justice
across the Caribbean. Use FOUR arguments to support your position. (Remember that in a
discussion you should give both sides of the argument.) (30 marks)

2021

Question 2
The OECS is one organization which contributes to integration in the Caribbean region.
Examine, in detail, FOUR contributions of this organization to Caribbean integration. (20
marks)

Question 4
The most significant contribution of sports to the region is the generation of income. Discuss
the extent to which you agree with this statement. (30 marks)

2019

Question 2
“Technology not only played a role in ushering in the age of globalization, but has been a
driving force behind its advancement.” Describe FOUR ways in which technology has
contributed to the advancement of globalization in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 4
A major challenge to the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) is the differences
in levels of development among member states. Using THREE points, discuss the extent to
which you agree with this statement. (30 marks)

2018

Question 2
Per capita measurements are used to understand economic growth indicators such as GDP
andGNP. Explain TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of using GDP per capita
measurements as an indicator of development. (20 marks)

Question 4
Discuss the extent to which the ideology ‘indigenous perspectives’ has contributed to the
reshaping of thoughts on Caribbean development. (30 marks)

Specimen – 2017

Question 2
Explain how globalization affects labour and trade in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 4
“Freedom of the press is a necessity in all Caribbean countries.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view. Provide arguments and examples to
support your answer. (30 marks)

2017

Question 3
Explain FOUR challenges to the development of the tourism sector in the Caribbean,
indicating how EACH challenge impacts development in the region. (20 marks)

Question 4
Explain FOUR ways in which the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between
CARIFORUM and the European Union (EU) promotes free trade between CARIFORUM
countries and the EU.
(20 marks)

Question 7
Sports play a major role in regional development. Discuss the extent to which you agree with
this statement. (30 marks)

Question 8
Police brutality is an issue of social justice in the Caribbean. Analyze the effects of such
brutality
on Caribbean societies. (30 marks)

2016

Question 3
Explain FOUR ways in which global economic conditions influence the economic options of
regional governments. (20 marks)

Question 4
Explain FOUR measures which governments can use to encourage entrepreneurial activities
in the Caribbean region. (20 marks)

Question 7
Examine the evolution of the labour movement in the region from colonialism to globalization
and describe THREE impacts on regional economies. (30 marks)
Question 8
Discuss FOUR of the challenges faced by the Regional Security System (RSS) in its efforts
to respond to the security needs of the Caribbean region. (30 marks)

2015

Question 2
Discuss FOUR ways in which structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) impact
development in
the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 4
Discuss FOUR ways in which popular movements in the Caribbean have shaped the
region's political identity. (20 marks)

Question 7
In light of the region’s vulnerable environment, discuss the extent to which sustainable
development is a viable option. (30 marks)

Question 8
Discuss the extent to which the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), in its present form, is
capable of responding to the economic challenges of globalization. (30 marks)

2014

Question 3
Discuss FOUR measures that can been taken by Caribbean governments to promote
economic growth during a recession. (20 marks)

Question 4
Discuss FOUR ways in which the distribution sector in the Caribbean can contribute to the
overall growth and development of the region and its diaspora. (20 marks)

Question 7
“In the 1960, the Dependency Theory attempted to explain underdevelopment in the
Caribbean.”
Discuss the extent to which the Dependency Theory is still useful in explaining Caribbean
development in the 21st century. (30 marks)

Question 8
“Discriminatory practices limit the potential of the Caribbean to facilitate development.”
Discuss the statement with reference to discrimination in the Caribbean based on ethnicity
and
sexual orientation. (30 marks)

2013
Question 3
Examine TWO ways in which EACH of the following organizations facilitates development in
the
Caribbean:
(a) The World Bank
(b) The World Trade Organization (WTO)
(20 marks)

Question 4
Describe FOUR ways in which the empowerment of women can promote development in the
Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 7
Discuss the extent to which sports have contributed to the development of Caribbean identity
regionally and in the diaspora. (30 marks)

Question 8
"Development is directly related to the ability of citizens to exercise their fundamental
democratic rights." Do you agree? Using examples from the Caribbean, assess the validity
of the
statement above. (30 marks)

2012

Question 3
Describe FOUR ways in which technology has advanced development in the Caribbean.
(20 marks)

Question 4
Describe FOUR ways in which Caribbean countries can increase their levels of productivity.
(20 marks)

Question 7
“The Caribbean needs sustainable tourism.” Discuss the extent to which you agree that is
feasible for the Caribbean to practice sustainable tourism. (30 marks)

Question 8
“CARICOM cannot last for five more years!” Discuss the extent to which you agree with this
statement in view of the challenges faced by CARICOM. (30 marks)

2011

Question 3
Discuss THREE similarities and THREE difference sustainable development and economic
development. (20 marks)

Question 4
Discuss FOUR challenges that are faced by Caribbean governments in using sports as a
means of facilitating development in the region. (20 marks)

Question 7
Discuss the view that freedom of movement is the key factor hindering integration in the
Caribbean region. (30 marks)

Question 8
“Breaches of social justice hinder development by perpetuating inequality in Caribbean
society.” Discuss this statement with reference to age and class. (30 marks)

2010

Question 3
Explain how globalization affects labour and trade in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 4
Describe how the distribution of wealth in the Caribbean hinders development in the region.
(20 marks)

Question 7
For ONE named Caribbean country, examine its commitment to human development
through
sports. (30 marks)

Question 8
“The mass media in the Caribbean is pre-occupied with sensational news reporting such as
crime and violence – rapes and burglaries – with little focus on the region’s economic,
educational and other developmental issues.” Give arguments for AND against this
statement.
(30 marks)

2009

Question 3
Using examples from the Caribbean, describe the importance of EACH of the following
concepts:
(i) Economic development
(ii) Political development
(iii) Social development
(20 marks)

Question 4
Describe THREE ways in which discrimination against women hinders development in the
region. (20 marks)

Question 7
“The ultimate goal of CARICOM is to institute a single Government for CARICOM member
states."
If this goal becomes a reality, discuss the ways in which this development may help OR
hinder the movement towards Caribbean integration. (30 marks)

Question 8
'Tourism has advanced development in the Caribbean."
Present arguments for AIID against this statement. (30 marks)

2008

Question 3
Describe the contribution made by Caribbean Governments to sustainable development in
the
region. (20 marks)

Question 4
Describe FOUR ways in which technology facilitates globalization in the Caribbean. (20
marks)

Question 7
"Freedom of the press is a necessity in all Caribbean countries."
Do you agree? Provide arguments and examples to support your answer. (30 marks)

Question 8
"Many Caribbean people continue to experience discrimination in their own countries."
Discuss this statement with reference to age, ethnicity and class. (30 marks)

2007

Question 3
Outline FOUR indicators of development and describe their relevance as indicators of
development in the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 4
Explain how the distribution of wealth in a Caribbean country impacts on its development.
(20 marks)

Question 7
"West Indian cricket, once the pride and joy of Caribbean sports fans worldwide, has in
recent years often lacked competitiveness in test matches." Assess the impact that this "lack
of competitiveness" will have on regional cricket in general AND on the region's development
specifically. (30 marks)

Question 8
Describe THREE factors that encourage Caribbean integration and assess the impact this
integration is likely to have on social, political and economic development of the region.
(30 marks)

2006

Question 3
Describe FOUR ways in which the process of globalization is affecting the development of
the Caribbean. (20 marks)

Question 4
Describe FOUR challenges faced by Caribbean governments in their efforts to promote
tourism development. (20 marks)

Question 7
"Freedom of movement poses the greatest challenge to establishing the CSME."
To what extent do you agree with this comment? (30 marks)

Question 8
To what extent do sports in the Caribbean provide educational opportunities for Caribbean
people as well as a route to Caribbean nationalism? (30 marks)

2005

Question 3
For a named Caribbean country, describe the factors that may be hindering the process of
development. (20 marks)

Question 4
Describe how discrimination against women impacts on development in the Caribbean.
(20 marks)

Question 7
Examine how freedom of the press impacts on development in the Caribbean. (30 marks)

Question 8
Suggest ways in which the tourism industry in the Caribbean can further advance
development in the region. (30 marks)

2004

Question 3
Describe how globalisation affects the prices of goods and services in Caribbean countries.
(20 marks)

Question 4
Examine FOUR ways in which Caribbean countries can achieve high levels of productivity.
(20 marks)
Question 7
Discuss the view that a major challenge to the integration movement in the Caribbean is the
wide disparity in levels of development among member countries of Caricom. (30 marks)

Question 8
Discuss the extent to which the inequitable distribution of wealth in Caribbean countries can
be regarded as a breach of social justice. (30 marks)

2003

Question 3
Describe how ONE art form or expression of popular culture has contributed significantly to
the economic development of Caribbean countries. (20 marks)

Question 4
Describe how political interference has affected the mass media's ability to contribute
positively to the development of the Caribbean region. (30 marks)

Question 7
"Sports have made a major contribution to development in the Caribbean.'; To what extent
do you agree with this statement? (30 marks)

Question 8
"Imported technology has marginally improved the economies of the Caribbean." To what
extent do you agree with this statement? (30 marks)