LESSON 3: WHAT HAPPEN AFTER MAGMA
IS FORMED?
11th Grade
MINERALS AND
ROCKS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the characteristics that all
minerals have.
2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic
3. Appreciate the importance of rocks and
minerals.
ROCKS AND MINERALS
ARE ALL AROUND US!
IMPORTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS
➢ Fundamental building blocks of Earth.
➢ Various uses for modern economic
development
➢ Importance clues for the history of Earth
➢ Knowledge of minerals and rocks as the first
important step to better manage Earth
resources
➢ Important to our health
01
MINERALS
A mineral is a natural inorganic
substances with a definite chemical
composition. It is found in the earth’s
crust and does not come from living
things. It is naturally formed solid
element or compound in which
atoms and molecules are bound in
together in a definite orderly
arrangement to form crystals.
Minerals are found in
rocks. They appear
like grains set firmly
in a bed of rock.
Some are dark and
others are light in
color.
HOW CAN WE IDENTIFY
MINERALS?
❑ Minerals are most easily
identified by their physical
properties. These are:
1. Hardness
2. Color
3. Streak
4. Luster
5. Cleavage and
Fracture
HARDNESS
❑ is the resistance of a
mineral to scratching
or abrasion. To test
the hardness of a
mineral sample,
scratch it against
another.
The Mohs
scale rates
the hardness
of minerals
by their
ability to
scratch softer
minerals.
COLOR
❑ is one way of telling one
mineral from another. It
is their usually most
noticeable and
interesting property. But
it is not the reliable.
COLOR
STREAK
❑ Refers to the color of
the powder a rock or
minerals leaves
behind when rubbed
on a rough surface.
The mineral hematite may be
reddish brown or brownish black
when viewed in solid form but is
always cherry red in powder form.
LUSTER
❑ Show how much light is
reflected in a mineral.
This depends on the
brilliance of light used
to observe the surface
of the minerals .
CLEAVAGE
❑ When a minerals break along a flat,
smooth surface.
FRACTURE
❑ Fracture is breakage
that is not flat. The two
main kinds of fracture
are conchoidal (shell-
shaped, as in quartz)
and uneven
02 ROCKS
A rock is a
naturally occurring
aggregate of minerals
and/or other rock
fragments.
ROCKS CLASSIFICATION
▪ Igneous Rock
▪ Sedimentary
Rocks
▪ Metamorphic
Rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Form from the cooling and
crystallization/solidification of
molten lava or magma.
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
▪ Extrusive/Volcanic
- rocks that form the
cooling of lava are
generally fine – grained
because they cool
quickly, before large
crystals grow.
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
▪ Intrusive / Plutonic
- rocks that form from the
underground cooling of
magma are generally coarse
– grained because they cool
slowly so that the large
crystals have time to grow.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
- Are formed from pre-existing rocks or
pieces of once-living organisms. They
form from deposits that accumulate on
the Earth's surface.
- Formed when loose sediment (rocks,
sand) is deposited by water, compacted,
and cemented together.
- Sedimentary rocks are fossil-carrying
rocks.
Three major categories of SEDIMENTAR
ROCKS
1. Clastic
sedimentary rocks
– made of
fragments of rock
cemented
together.
2. Chemical - form
from minerals
dissolved in water;
which settle-
out/precipitate.
3. Organic - form from
the accumulation of
plant/animal matter
that undergoes a
transformation into
rock.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Existing rocks are changed
through high heat and pressure to
form different rocks
Rocks that form from pre-
existing rocks (sedimentary,
igneous, metamorphic);that have
been changed.
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
1. Foliated - rock has
mineral crystals
arranged in layers or
parallel bands.
2. Non-Foliated/Unfoliated -
rock does not have mineral
crystals arranged in layers;
do not break in
layers/sheets
