XAR604A – GLASS IN ARCHITECTURE

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION

Ar. E. UMA MOUTHIGA, M.Arch (General Architecture) ; Asst Prof. Dept of Architecture, PMIST
 UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION

• Evolution & importance of glass in modern architecture.

• Applications of glass in buildings (façade/interior applications).
• Understanding the production & properties of glass.
• Value additions including coating technology (importance & necessity)
• Processing (tempering, heat strengthening, DGU, laminated, ceramic fritting).
• Types of Glass- mirror, lacquered, fire resistant.
• Modern glass with different applications.
• Glass for hospitals, green homes, airports, offices, other buildings.
• Glass and human safety compliances.
• Role of glass in fire safety considerations - Class E, EI & EW.
• Role of glass in acoustics. International standards & codal provisions.
 GLASS
- is an engineering material since ancient times.
- Emerged as a most versatile material in modern times.
-The term Glass signifies an amorphous solid substance that has
been formed by super cooling, a liquid solution containing chiefly
silica and some other selected components. In general usage
glasses are defined as supper cooled liquid.

CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
-The glass is a mixture of a number of metallic silicates , one
of which is usually an alkali material.
- It is amorphous, transparent, or translucent.
- Considered as a solidified super cooled solution of various
metallic silicates having infinite viscosity.
BRIEF HISTORY OF GLASS
EVOLUTION & IMPORTANCE OF GLASS IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE.

• Industrial revolution and its impact

• Materials and technologies
• History of Steel, Concrete and Glass

The Industrial Revolution is the name

given the movement in which machines
changed people's way of life as well as their
methods of manufacture.
About the time of the
American Revolution, the people of England
began to use machines to make cloth and
steam engines to run the machines.
EVOLUTION & IMPORTANCE OF GLASS IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE.

MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES

GLASS:
 Invention – 4000 ago in East Mediterranean.
 Transparency by windows.
 To Conservatories and Exhibition sheds
EXAMPLES:
 Crystal palace in 1851 - By Sir Joseph Paxton – 3,00,000,
sheets of glass.
 Gropius’ Fagus factory – In 1911- Glass façade supported by
Steel frame.
 Bruno Tauts’ – Polygonal Glass Pavilion – In 1914
 Wainwright Building – By Louis Sullivan
6
Metro Station Entrances of Hector Guimard in Paris

The Porte
Dauphine
station

The Crystal
Palace
 THE CRYSTAL PALACE(1851)

• Held at Hyde park, London

• Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton in 1851.
• Largest greenhouse ever built.
• 13000 exhibits were displayed and viewed by
62,00,000 visitors.
• Prefabricated Glass units with Cast-iron Skeleton.
• 1848ft(563m) long and 454ft(138m) wide building.
• 3800 tons of Cast iron, 700 tons of Wrought iron, 24
miles of Rainwater gutter, 9,00,000 sq.ft of glass,
6,00,000 cu.ft of wood.
• Series of Fountains, Collections of Statues, Great
works from around the world.
• After Exhibition – Palace moved to South London
around 200 acres.
• Destroyed by fire – in 1936.

8
 WHY GLASS IN BUILDINGS???

IMAGINE A BUILDING WITHOUT GLASS

WHY IS IT USED?
The uses of the various types of glasses are many.
Glass is available in many aesthetically pleasing sizes and styles.
• Glass building material, in the form of block walls, partitions and windows, can
deliver beauty, visibility, and light transmission.
• It can also be made available in several colors.
• Glass in laminated or insulated units, when combined into single sheets, will have
different colors and appearance.
• The color appearance of glass color appearance can also by changed by
environmental factors such as sunlight (midday sun or sunset), clouds and
reflected sky.
ADVANTAGES OF GLASS IN ARCHITECTURE:
• Glass can absorb, refracts or transmits light.
• It adds beauty to a building when used in transparent or translucent applications.
• Glass transmits up to 80% of available natural daylight.
• The use of natural light can lower electricity bills, brighten the rooms of a building, and can also boost the mood of the
occupants.
• Glass is resistant to weather and can hold up to the effects of the wind, rain, or the sun.
• Glass is also rust resistant and does not degrade because of the effects of chemical and environmental conditions.
• Glass is 100% recyclable and it does not degrade during the recycling process, and it can be recycled again and again
without loss of quality or purity.
• Glass is unaffected by noise, air, water. Sealed glass panes transmit very little sound, and hence can be a good sound
insulator.
• Glass has a smooth, glossy surface so it is dust proof and can be easily cleaned.
• With so many types, uses, and advantages glass is a staple of architecture and design. It can enhance the beauty of a
building, save money by reducing energy usage, and is durable.
WHAT TYPES OF GLASS IS USED BY ARCHITECTS?

Architects often use reinforced, toughened and laminated glass.

The most common type of glazing glass available is sheet glass.

• Sheet glass is used for doors and windows.
• Plate glass is also common and is used in windows, shop fronts, buildings, and workshops.
• Wired glass is glass that contains a wire mesh. Its impact resistance is similar to normal
glass, but when broken, the mesh retains the pieces of glass.
• Similar to wired glass is laminated glass, which holds together by an interlayer when
broken.
• Architects use laminated glass when human impact is possible or where the glass could fall
and shatter.
• Skylights and automobile windshields utilize laminated glass.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
Procedure in 5 STAGES :
1. Collection of raw materials
2. Preparation of batch
3. Melting of furnace
4. Fabrication
5. Annealing
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
1. Collection of raw materials:
- Depending upon the type of glass suitable raw materials are
collected.
- in addition to raw materials , the cullet and decolourisers are
also added for each type of glass.
- CULLET : indicates waste glass or pieces of broken glass. They
increase the fusibility of glass and prevent loss of alkali by
volatisation during the reaction in forming the new glass. Also
reduce the cost.
- The raw materials generally contain traces of iron compounds.
Ferrous oxide imparts green colour
Ferric oxide imparts light yellow colour.
To avoid such effects the decolourisers are added.
Decolourisers are antimony oxide, arsenic oxide, cobalt
oxide,managanese dioxide, nickel oxide.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
2. Preparation of raw materials:
- The raw materials, cullets & decolouriser are finely
powedered in grinding machines.
- then accurately weighed in correct proportions before getting
mixed.
- mixing of these materials happens in mixing machines until
mixed uniformly.
- uniform mixture termed as BATCH OR FRIT
- BATCH is then taken for further process of melting in furnace.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
3. Melting of raw materials:
- The batch is melted either in a pot furnace or tank furnace.
- heating is continued until evolution of gases – carbondioxide,
sulphur dioxide, other gases stops.
POT FURNACE :
- In this furnace, the pots are adopted as UNITS .
- A pot is a vessel made of fire clay. This process resembles the
crucible steel process. The pots are placed in specially
prepared holes in the furnace.
- the charging & collecting doors are kept projecting outside.
Raw materials to be added & molten glass to be collected.
- furnace heated by means of producer gas.
- when the mass is melted down removed from the pot & taken
for next operation of fabrication .
- Pot furnace melting – an intermittent process. Used to melt
small quantities of glass or to prepare special type of glass.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
TANK FURNACE:
- Resembles the reverberatory furnace used for wrought iron.

-Is constructed with reinforced masonry.

- the roof is given shape to deflect the flames of heated gas.

-The ports are provided for the entry of preheated producer gas.

-The doors are provided for charging & taking out of molten glass.

-The bridge separates the tank into two unequal compartments.

MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
-The batch is heated in large compartment which contains impure
glass.

-It flows through opening of bridge into small compartment.

-The gall or floating impurities are collected at the top of large

compartment.

-The refractory lining is provided to the interior surface of tank.

-The tank is filled with raw materials. Heated by allowing producer

gas thro ports.

-The charging of raw materials and discharge of molten gas are

simultaneous. Is a continuous process.
-Adopted to melt large quantities of glass at a time.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
4. FABRICATION
- The molten glass is given suitable shape or form at this stage.
- Either hand done(for small production) or by machine (for
large production).
- different ways of fabrication:
1. BLOWING
2. CASTING
3. DRAWING
4. PRESSING
5. ROLLING
6. SPINNING
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
Different ways of fabrication:
1. BLOWING :
- For this purpose a blow pipe is used.
- dia of about 12mm length 1.80m
- one end of blow pipe is dipped in molten mass of glass and a
lump of about 50N weight is taken out.
- this lump of glass will lengthen by its own weight to some
extent.
- the operator then blows vigorously from other end of blow
pipe. Can also be done with help of an air compressor.
- This blowing causes the molten mass to assume the shape of
cylinder. Then heated for few seconds and blown again.
- this blowing & heating is done until cylinder of required size is
formed.
- then placed in iron plate and disconnected from blow pipe.
- then cut vertically by a diamond. falls into thin plate by gravity.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
Different ways of fabrication:
2. CASTING :
- the molten glass is poured in moulds and is allowed to cool
down slowly.
- the large pieces of simple design can be prepared by this
method.
- adopted to prepare mirrors, lenses,etc.

3. DRAWING :
- process consists of simply pulling the molten glass either by
hand or by mechanical equipment.
- an iron bar is dipped sideways in the molten mass of glass.
- is lifted up horizontally and in doing so it catches up a sheet of
molten glass.
This sheet is then allowed to pass over a large rotating roller which
helps to spread in form of a thin sheet.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
Different ways of fabrication:
4. PRESSING :
- Molten glass is presses into moulds.
- pressure either by hand or mechanical means.
- adopted for ornamental articles , hollow articles etc.

5. ROLLING :
- TWO METHODS :
- one method : the molten mass of glass between heavy iron
rollers and flat plate of uniform thickness is obtained.
- another method : molten mass pf glass is poured on a flat iron
casting table and it is turned flat with aid fo heavy iron roller.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
Different ways of fabrication:
6. SPINNING :
- the molten glass is spun at high speed by a machine to form
very fine glass fibres.
- this glass has tensile strength equal to mild steel.
- does not fade, decay or shrink.
- not attacked by acids, fire and vermins.
- very soft and flexible.
- used to providing insulation against heat, electricity, and sound.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
5.ANNEALING :
The glass articles after being manufactured needs to be cooled
down slowly and gradually. This process of slow and homogeneous
cooling of glass articles is known as annealing of glass.

-A very important process.

-If glass articles are allowed to cool down rapidly a superficial layer
of glass cool down first as glass is a bad conductor of heat.

-The inner portion becomes comparatively hot and it is in a state of

strain. Hence such glass breaks to pieces under very slight shocks.
2 METHODS OF ANNEALING
1. FLUE TREATMENT :
- a long flue is provided and it is constructed in such a way that
there is gradual decrease in temperature from one end of flur to
another.
-The red hot articles of glass are allowed to enter at the hot end of
flue and they are slowly moved on travelling bands.
-They become cool when they reach the cool end of flue.
-Used for large scale production.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
2. OVEN TREATMENT :
- the red hot glass articles are placed in ovens in which
arrangements is made to control the temperature .
- after articles are placed in the ovens the temperature is slowly
brought down.
- Used for small scale production.
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
- It absorbs, refracts or transmits light.
- It can take up a high polish and may be used as an substitute for
very costly gems.
- It has no definite crystallite structure.
-It has no sharp melting point.
-It is affected by alkalies.
-Excellent electrical insulator at elevated temperatures due to fact
that it is an ionic liquid. Sustain electric current.
-Available in beautiful colours.
-Behaves more as a solid & it is elastic. When elastic limit exceeds
it fractures instead of deforming.
- Extremely brittle
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
- is not usually affected by air or water.
-Is not easily attacked by ordinary chemical agents.
-Is possible to alter some properties like fusibility, hardness,
refractive power to suit different purposes.
-Possible to weld pieces of glass by fusion.
-It is transparent and translucent . Transparency is the most used
characteristic of glass due to absence of free electrons. Hence a
good insulator too.
-When it is heated , becomes soft and soft with rise in
temperature. Ultimately transformed into mobile liquid. This
liquid when allowed to cool passes to all degrees of viscosity.
- Can also be formed into articled of desired shape. The
amorphousness of glass permits it to be blown, drawn from
furnaces, & worked continously.
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
- Due to advancement, possible to make glass lighter than cork,
softer than cotton and stronger than steel. The strength of glass
considerable affected by foreign inclusions, defects internally.

- The glass panels can be cleaned easily by :

a. applying methylated spirit
b. painting with lime wash & leaving it to dry and wash with
clean water.
c. rubbing damp salt for cleaning paint spots.
d. Rubbing finely powdered chalk.
 CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS

Common Classification Industrial Classification

• Silica Glass Pressed Glass
• Soda Lime Glass Glass Building Blocks
• Leaded Glass Glass Fibres
• Borosilicate Glass (Pyrex) Laminated Glass
Bullet Resistant Glass
Types of Glass
The types of glass used in construction are:
• Float glass
• Shatterproof glass
• Laminated glass
• Extra clean glass
• Chromatic glass
• Tinted glass
• Toughened glass
• Glass blocks
• Glass wool
• Insulated glazed units
FLOAT GLASS:
Float glass manufactured from sodium silicate and
calcium silicate so, it is also called as soda-lime glass. It is
clear and flat, so it causes glare. Thickness of the float
glass is available from 2mm to 20mm, and its weight
range from 6 to 36 kg/m2. The application of float glass
includes shop fronts, public places, etc.

SHATTERPROOF GLASS
Shatterproof glass is used for windows, skylights, floors,
etc. Some type of plastic polyvinyl butyral is added in its
making process. So, it cannot form sharp-edged pieces
when it breaks.
LAMINATED GLASS
Laminated glass is the combination of layers
of ordinary glass. So, it has more weight than
a normal glass. It has more thickness and is
UV proof and soundproof. These are used for
aquariums, bridges, etc.

EXTRA CLEAN GLASS

Extra clean glass has two unique properties,
photocatalytic and hydrophilic. Because of
these properties, it acts as stain proof and
gives a beautiful appearance. Maintenance is
also easy.
CHROMATIC GLASS
Chromatic glass is used in ICU’s, meeting rooms etc. it can
control the transparent efficiency of glass and protects the
interior from daylight. The chromatic glass may be
photochromic which has light sensitive lamination, thermos-
chromatic which has heat sensitive lamination and
electrochromic which has electric lamination over it.

TOUGHENED GLASS
Toughened glass is a durable glass that has low visibility.
It is available in all thicknesses, and when it is broken it
forms small granular chunks that are dangerous. This is
also called as tempered glass. This type of glass is used
for fire-resistant doors, mobile screen protectors, etc.
 TINTED GLASS
Tinted glass is nothing but colored glass. A color
producing ingredients is mixed to the normal glass mix
to produce colored glass which does not affect other
properties of glass. Different color-producing
ingredients are tabulated below:

Table : Different Types of Ions Used to Produce Various Colors in Glasses

Coloring ion Color

Iron oxide Green
Sulphur Blue
Manganese dioxide Black
Cobalt Blue
Chromium Dark green
Titanium Yellowish brown
Uranium Yellow
GLASS BLOCK:
Glass block or glass bricks are manufactured from two different halves
and they are pressed and annealed together while melting process of
glass. These are used as architectural purpose in the construction of
walls, skylights etc. They provide aesthetic appearance when light is
passed through it.

GLASS WOOL:
Glass wool is made of fibers of glass and acts
as an insulating filler. It is fire-resistant glass.

INSULATED GLAZED UNITS

Insulated glazed glass units contains a glass is
separated into two or three layers by air or vacuum.
They cannot allow heat through it because of air
between the layers and acts as good insulators. These
are also called as double glazed units.
TREATMENT OF GLASS.
- 1. BENDING
- 2. CUTTING
- 3. OPAQUE MAKING
- 4. SILVERING
TREATMENT OF GLASS.
1. BENDING :
- The glass may be bent into desired shape by placing it in ovens
in which the temperature can be regulated.
- the glass in the form of rods, sheets, or tubes is placed in such
ovens and heated.
- it is then bent when it is suitably heated

2. CUTTING :
- the glass is cut in required sizes with help of diamond or rough
glass or small wheels of hardened steel.
TREATMENT OF GLASS.
3. OPAQUE MAKING :
- the glass can be made opaque or impervious to light. It is done
by grinding the glass surface with emery.
It can also be achieved chemically by the application of hydrofluoric
acid.

4. SILVERING :
-This process consists in applying a very thin coat of tin on the
surface of glass.
- the silver is deposited on this layer of tin.
- A suitable paint is then applied to give protection against the
atmospheric effects.
TREATMENT OF GLASS.
3. OPAQUE MAKING :
- the glass can be made opaque or impervious to light. It is done
by grinding the glass surface with emery.
It can also be achieved chemically by the application of hydrofluoric
acid.

4. SILVERING :
-This process consists in applying a very thin coat of tin on the
surface of glass.
- the silver is deposited on this layer of tin.
- A suitable paint is then applied to give protection against the
atmospheric effects.
SPECIAL VARIETIES OF GLASS (TYPES) (refer rangwala book for detail notes)
1. Alkali barium silicate glass 21. structural glass
2. Alumino silicate glass 22. Technical glass
3. Bullet proof glass 23.Ultra violet glass
4. Fiber glass 24. Wired glass
5. Float glass or plate glass 25. Colored glass
6. Foam glass 26. silica glass
7. Glass blocks 27. soluble glass
8. Glass ceramics 28.toughened glass (separate word
9. Heat excluding glass document for notes)
10. Lead crystal glass 29.solar control glass
11. Obscured glass or patterned glass 30. laminated glass
12. Optical glass
13. Perforated glass
14. Photo chromic glass
15. Pyrax or borosilicate glass
16. Safety glass
17. Sealing glass
18. Shielding glass
GLASS IN BUILDINGS- HUMAN SAFETY
Safety glazing - the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
Safety glass shall be of four types as follows:
a) Toughened Safety (Tempered) Glass (TS),
b) Toughened Float Safety Glass (TF),
c) Laminated Safety Glass (LS), and
d) Laminated Float Safety Glass (LF).
(IS : 2553, Part 1)
(Glass at ‘b’ & ‘d’ shall be preferred, since glass at ‘a’ & ‘c’ are commercially obsolete.)
Toughened (Tempered) Safety Glass :
A single piece of specially heat-treated glass, with a stress pattern such that the piece
when fractured reduces to numerous granular fragments, with no large jagged edges.
(IS : 2553, Part 1)

Laminated Safety Glass : Two or more pieces of glass held together by an interleaving
layer or layers of plastic materials. The laminated glass will crack and break under
sufficient impact, but the pieces of glass tend to adhere to the plastic and do not fly. If a
hole is produced, the edges are likely to be less jagged than that would be the case with
ordinary glass.

(IS : 2553, Part 1)

Safety glass can be flat or curved and of any type which includes Clear, Tinted, Coated,
Frosted, Decorative or Mirror. TS and TF glasses shall satisfy the relevant resistance to
shock test, fragmentation test and warp test and LS and LF glass shall comply with light
stability test, boil test and fracture and adhesion test in accordance with IS 2553 (Part
1).
For guidance on installation of glass following standards may be referred.
a) IS : 3548 - 1988 (Reaffirmed 2009) - Code of Practice for Glazing in Buildings,
b) IS : 10439 - 1983 - Code of Practice for Patent Glazing,
c) BS : 8213 - Part 4 - 1990 - Windows, Doors and Roof lights - Code of Practice
for the Installation of Replacement Windows and Door sets in Dwellings,
d) BS : 6262 - Part 6 - 1997 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings - Special
Applications,
e) BS : 8000 - Part 7 - 1990 - Workmanship on Building sites - Code of Practice for
Glazing,
f) AS : 1288 - 2006 - Section 8 and 9 - Glass in Buildings - Selection and
Installation,
g) BS : 5516 - 1 - 2004 - Patent Glazing and Sloped Glazing for buildings - Code of
practice for design and installation, and
h) Glass Association of North America Installation Guide.
 Type of glass to be used at different critical locations/cases

Case 1
Vertical walls with residual protection# or
Hs ≥ 0.75m (not likely to be subjected to
human impact)
Type of glass : Any glass
Examples :
Residual protection is the safeguard
provided to avoid the impact of human
being to glass. It is provided on the side
of glass where there are chances of
Human impact. It can be achieved by
providing protection in form of a sill
structure or transom, chair rail or a grill
inside.
*Safety glass is not mandatory.
Case 2
Vertical walls Hs < 0.75m & Hf ≤ 1.5m (human impact but no risk of fall)
Type of glass : Safety glass
Examples : - Doors
- Side Panels
- Curtain Walls
- Glazed Area
- Doors in Bathroom,
a) Fully Framed
b) Partially Framed
c) Frameless
- Façade
- Windows
- Internal Partitions
and Doors
- External Facade and
Doors on ground
floor, above floors
with terraces outside
Case 3
Vertical walls Hs < 0.75m & Hf >1.5m (human impact
and risk of fall both)
Type of glass : Safety glass **
Examples :
- Curtain Walls
- Façade
- Spandrels
- High Activity
Area
- High Risk Area
- To avoid risk
**Laminated float
glass is preferred
Case 4
Horizontal or Sloped Glazing (risk of fall)
Type of glass : Laminated safety glass
Examples :
- Roof (Skylight roof)
- Ceilings
- Bus Shelters
- Floors
- Stairs
- Sloped Facade
Case 5
Glass acting as a balustrade / parapet / railing (human impact and risk of fall both)
Type of glass : Laminated safety glass
Example :
- Balustrades , Parapet , Railing
GLASS – FIRE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
• Fire-rated glass plays a vital role in enhancing building safety by providing
transparent barriers that resist the spread of fire and smoke.

• Various types of fire-resistant glass are available, each offering distinct

levels of protection.

• Three commonly used types are E, EI, and EW glass.

• E glass ensures integrity, maintaining its structural strength during a fire.

• These different types of fire-rated glass find diverse applications in

buildings, prioritizing fire safety while allowing visibility and natural light
transmission.
1. E-TYPE FIRE-RATED GLASS:
E-type fire-rated glass is designed to provide integrity only, which means it prevents the
passage of flames and hot gases but does not offer insulation against heat transfer. It is
typically composed of a single pane of tempered or wired glass. E-type glass is commonly
used in areas where fire containment is necessary, but insulation against heat is not a
priority.

APPLICATIONS:
Interior partitions: E-type fire-rated glass is often used in interior partitions within
buildings, separating different sections or rooms. It allows for the transmission of light while
maintaining fire safety.

Fire doors: E-type glass is also suitable for fire-rated doors, where visibility and light
transmission are required. These doors are commonly found in commercial buildings, such
as office complexes or hotels.
2. EI-TYPE FIRE-RATED GLASS:
EI-type fire-rated glass provides both integrity and insulation against heat transfer. It
consists of multiple layers of glass separated by fire-resistant interlayers, such as
intumescent material or gel. These interlayers expand when exposed to high
temperatures, forming an insulating barrier that helps prevent the transfer of heat.

APPLICATIONS:
•Exterior facades: EI-type fire-rated glass is commonly used in exterior facades of
buildings, particularly in areas where fire safety regulations require the use of fire-rated
materials. It allows for natural light transmission while providing fire protection and
insulation.

•Stairwells and escape routes: Stairwells and escape routes require fire-rated glass that
offers integrity and insulation. EI-type glass is ideal for these applications, as it helps
protect individuals during evacuation and prevents the spread of fire and smoke.
3. EW-TYPE FIRE-RATED GLASS:
EW-type fire-rated glass provides integrity, insulation, and protection against the
transmission of radiant heat. It consists of various layers of glass with interlayers that offer
enhanced thermal insulation properties. This type of glass is designed in a way to
withstand radiant heat transfer, protecting adjacent areas from heat damage.

APPLICATIONS:
Industrial settings: EW-type fire-rated glass is often used in industrial settings where there
is a higher risk of radiant heat exposure. This includes facilities such as power plants,
factories, or chemical processing plants.

Hazardous areas: Certain areas within buildings, such as storage rooms for flammable
materials or server rooms, require fire-rated glass that can withstand radiant heat. EW-
type glass is suitable for such applications, providing additional protection against heat
transfer.
COATING TECHNOLOGY
WHY IS GLASS COATED??
HOW ARE COATING USED AS FILTERS ??
WHAT ARE THE OTHER USES FOR COATING OF GLASS??
TO WHICH SURFACE OF THE GLASS COATING IS APPLIED?
TYPES OF COATING
TYPES OF COATING
PYROLYTIC COATING BENEFITS
PYROLYTIC COATING BENEFITS
PYROLYTIC COATING APPLICATION
SPUTTERING COATING PROCESS
SPUTTERING COATING PROCESS
SPUTTERING COATING BENEFITS
SPUTTERING COATING APPLICATIONS
SOLAR & THERMAL PERFORMANCE APPLICATION
SOLAR & THERMAL PERFORMANCE APPLICATION
OVERVIEW OF COATED GLASS TYPES:
VALUE ADDED PERFOMANCE OF GLASS
TERMINOLOGIES
SOLAR & THERMAL
PERFORMANCE
TERMINOLOGIES
SOLAR & THERMAL
PERFORMANCE
TERMINOLOGIES
SOLAR & THERMAL
PERFORMANCE
TERMINOLOGIES
SOLAR & THERMAL
PERFORMANCE
TERMINOLOGIES
SOLAR & THERMAL
PERFORMANCE
TERMINOLOGIES
SOLAR & THERMAL
PERFORMANCE
VALUE ADDED PERFOMANCE OF GLASS
VALUE ADDED PERFOMANCE OF GLASS