SCHOOL EDUCTION DEPARTMENT

CHENNAI DISTRICT

LEARNING MATERIAL
2024-2025

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

MATHEMATICS

I
 Preface
We convey our sincere gratitude to our respected Chief Educational Officer, who has
given this opportunity to bring out an unique material for the students (XI standard Maths)
in the name of Learning Material.
The minimum learning material is prepared based on the selected chapters. This
includes classification for selected chapters,solved textbook exercise problems(2 marks, 3
marks and 5 marks).
Students can prepare the example problems based on the classification. All the text
book MCQ problems have to be practiced regularly. Students must practice all the problems
in the classification. This material mainly focus on the slow learners to achieve their goals.

Good effort always lead to success

All the best!!!

Prepared by:

Thiru. S. Anantha Krishnan, Thiru. M.D. Purushothaman,

Headmaster, P.G.Asst.,(Maths),
M.F.S.D. Hr. Sec. School, D.R.B.C.C.C. Hr. Sec. School,
Sowcarpet, Chennai – 79. Perambur, Chennai – 11.

Thiru. D. Raman, Thiru. RajendraPratap Yadav,

P.G.Asst.,(Maths), P.G.Asst.,(Maths),
Hindu Union Committee Hr. Sec. School, M.F.S.D. Hr. Sec. School
Choolai, Chennai - 112 Sowcarpet, Chennai - 79

Thiru. G. Kiran Kumar Reddy, Thiru. S. SenthilVel,

P.G.Asst.,(Maths), P.G.Asst.,(Maths),
S.K.D.T. Hr. Sec. School, DR. GMTTV Hr. Sec. School,
Villivakkam, Chennai - 49 Sowcarpet, Chennai - 79

II
 INDEX

CHAPTER
SL. NO CONTENT PAGE NUMBER
NUMBER

1. - CLASSIFICATION OF QUESTIONS Iv & v

2. 2 BASIC ALGEBRA 1

3. 4 COMBINATORICS AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 11

4 6 TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 25

5. 7 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 37

6. 8 VECTOR ALGEBRA 48

7 12. INTORDUCTION TO PROBABILITY THEORY 56

8. - OBJECTIVES ( QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ) 62

III
 CLASSIFICATION

2 MARKS 3 MARKS 5 MARKS

CHAPTER EXAMPLE EXERCISE EXAMPLE EXERCISE EXAMPLE EXERCISE

2.1 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.4 , 2.5 1,3,4 Theorem 2.1 2,5

1(each) , 2 , 5 , 2.3 3,4

2.2
6
2.7 1,(each) 2.6,2.8,2.9 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
2.3
10
2.4 2.10,2.11, 2.12 1,8,9,10 2,3,4,5,6 7

2.5 2.13,2.14,2.5 1,2

2.6 1,(each) 2,6

2.17,2.18,2.21, 1,2 2.19
2.7
2.22,2.28
2.8 2.25 1,2 2.24 1,2,3

1,2 2.26,2.27 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,1

2.9
1,12
1,(each) 2.33,2.34,2.35, 3,4,5,6 7,8
2.11
2.38,2.39,2.40
2.20,2.31, 2.32 1,2 3,4,5,6,8,9,10, 2.36,2.37 7,12
2.12
11
4.1 , 4.2 , 4.3 ,
4.4 , 4.7 , 4.8 ,
4.5 , 4.6 , 4.13 ,
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 12 , 4.10 , 4.11 , 5,6,7,8,9,
4.1 4.15 , 4.16 , 4.17 , 4.9 ,
13 , 15 , 14 , 16 4.12 , 4.14 , 10 , 11
4.18 , 4.19 , 4.20 ,
4.24 ,
4.21 , 4.22 , 4.23
4.26 , 4.27 ,
4.25 , 4.32 , 4.33 , 2,5,6,7,8,
1 , 3 , 4 , 10 , 9 , 4.28 , 4.29 ,
4.2 4.36 , 4.37 , 4.38 , 11 , 14 , 15 , 4.35 , 4.43 , 19 , 20
12 , 18 4.30 , 4.31 ,
4.39 , 4.40 , 4.41 , 16 , 17
4.34 , 4.42 ,
4.45 , 4.46 ,
4.44 , 4.47 , 4.51 , 4.48 , 4.49 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 ,
1 , 2 , 12 , 15 ,
4.3 4.52 , 4.53 , 4.55 , 4.50 , 4.54 , 11 , 8 , 7 , 14 , 4.58 , 18 , 19 , 20
16 , 22 , 23 , 13
4.59 4.56 , 4.57 , 17 , 21 , 24 , 25
4.60
4.61 , 4.62 ,
4.63 , 4.64 , 1,2,3,4,5,6,
4.4 4.65 , 4.66 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ,
4.67 , 4.68 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15
4.69 , 4.70
1 (i) , (ii) , 2 6.3 , 6.4 , 6.5 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ,
6.1 6.1 , 6.2 , 5, 6 , 7 , 8 , 14
(i) , (ii) , 3 , 4 6.6 , 13
6.7 , 6.8 , 6.9 ,
6.11 , 6.14 ,
1 (i) , (ii) , 6.10 , 6.12 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 ,
6.2 6.16 , 6.15 , 6.17 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 12
(iii) , (iv) , 2 6.13 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15
6.18 , 6.19 ,
6.20 , 6.21 ,
6.22 , 6.24 ,
6.25 , 6.26 ,
1 , 4 , 5 , 12 , 2,3,6,7,8, 11 , 14 , 15 , 17 ,
6.3 6.23 , 6.27 , 6.28 ,
13 9 , 10 18 , 19 , 20
6.29 , 6.30 ,
6.31 , 6.32 ,
6.35 , 6.36 ,
7(ii) , (iii) , 8 , 6.37 , 6.38 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 11 , 12 ,
6.4 6.34 1,2,3 6.33
9 , 10 , 15 , 16 6.39 , 6.40 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 18
6.41

IV
 2 MARKS 3 MARKS 5 MARKS

CHAPTER EXAMPLE EXERCISE EXAMPLE EXERCISE EXAMPLE EXERCISE

2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1
0(each)11,12,
7.6,7.7,7.8,7.9,
7.1,7.2,7.3,7.4, 13,15,16,17(i),
7.1 1 7.10,7.11,7. 7.13,7.19 9,17(ii)14,18
7.5 19,
12(each)
20(each),21,2
2 ,23,24
7.14(each),7.1 1,6,15(each), 7.15,7.18,7.20, 2,3,5,7,18,19,2 4,8,9,10,11,12,
7.2
6,7.17,7.21 16,17 7.22 0,21 13,14
7.3 3,5,6 7.23,24,25,26 1,2,4
1,3(each), 7.27,28,29,30,
7.4 7.33 2,5 7.31 6
4(each) 32,34
Theorem 8.1 ,
8.1 8.1(i) , (ii) 1,8 8.2 2,3,4,5,7 6 , 10 , 11, 12
8.2 , 8.3 , 8.4
8.4 , 8.5(i) , 1(each) ,
4,5,6,7,8,
(ii) , 8.6 (i) , 2(each) ,
8.2 8.9 11 , 12 , 13 , 8.10 9(i)(ii) , 10 ,
(ii) , (iii) , (iv) , 3(each) , 5 , 6 ,
14 , 15 , 17
(v) , 8.7 , 8.8 8 , 16
8.11(i)(ii) ,
1(i)(ii) ,
8.12 , 8.13 ,
2(i)(ii) , 3 , 5,6,7,8,9,
8.3 8.14 , 8.15 , 8.19
4(i)(ii) , 12 , 10 , 11 , 14
8.16 , 8.17 ,
13
8.18
8.20 , 8.22 ,
3,4,6,7,8,
8.4 8.24 , 8.25 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 8.21 8.23
9
8.26
12.4 ,
12.1(each) ,
12.6(each) , 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,1
12.1 12.2 , 12.3 , 1(each), 2
12.7 , 12.8 , 0
12.5 , 12.10
12.9
12.12 , 12.13 , 1(each),
12.2 12.15 3,4,5,6
12.14(each) 2(each)
12.17 , 12.18 ,
12.3 12.16(each) 1,2,3 12.19 , 12.20 , 4,5,6,7,8,9,12 12.23 10 , 11
12.21 , 12.22
12.26 , 12.27 ,
12.4 12.24 , 12.25 1 2,3,4,5
12.28 , 12.29

V
 CHAPTER 2 - BASIC ALGEBRA EXERCISE 2.2
2 MARKS : 1. solve for �
(i) |� − �| < �
Solution :
|3 − x| < 7
EXERCISE 2.1
⇒ − 7 < 3 − x < 7 ⇒ − 7 − 3 <− x < 7 − 3
−� �� ⇒− 10 <− x < 4 ⇒ 10 > x >− 4 [ ∵ Multiply by −1
1. Classify each element of �, � , �, �. ��, �, � as a
member of �, �, � − � or �. ⇒ − 4 < x < 10
Solution :
−1 (ii) |�� − �| ≥− �
(i) 7 ∈ R − Q { irrational number} (ii) 4 ∈ Q
Solution : |4x − 5| ≥− 2
(iii) 0 ∈ Z, Q (iv) 3.14 ∈ Q
22 For all the values of x, |4x − 5| is positive.
(v) 4 ∈ N, Z, Q (vi) ∈ Q 7 i.e., ∀x ∈ R; |4x − 5| ≥− 2 x ∈ R satisfy above inequation.
3. Are there two distinct irrational numbers such that their
� �
difference is a rational number? Justify. (iii) � − � � ≤ �
Solution : Solution :
Let a + b & c + b ∈ R − Q 3 1 1 3 1
3− x ≤ ⇒− ≤ 3 − � ≤
Difference = (a + b) − (c + b) 4 4 4 4 4
1 3 1 13 3 11
=a+ b−c− b=a−c∈Q ⇒− − 3 ≤− � ≤ − 3 ⇒ − ≤− 4 � ≤−
4 4 4 4 4
So that difference between two distinct irrational numbers ⇒−
13
≤− � ≤−
11
⇒
13
≥�≥
11
3 3 3 3
may be a rational number. 11 13
4. Find two irrational numbers such that their sum is a 3
≤�≤ 3

rational number. Can you find two irrational numbers whose

(iv) |�| − �� <− �
product is a rational number.
Solution : |x| − 10 <− 3
Solution :
|x| <− 3 + 10 ⇒ |x| < 7 ⇒ − 7 < x < 7
(i) Let 4 + 2 & 5 − 2 ∈ R − Q �
2. Solve |��−�| < � and express the solution using the interval
Sum = (4 + 2) + (5 − 2) = 4 + 2 + 5 − 2 = 9 ∈ Q
So that sum of two distinct irrational numbers may notation.
be a rational numbers. Solution :
1 1
(i) Let 4 + 2 & 4 − 2 ∈ R − Q < 6 ⇒ |2x − 1| >
|2x−1| 6
Product = (4 + 2)(4 − 2) = (4)2 − ( 2)2 = 16 − 4 = 12 ∈ Q
1 −1
So that Product of two distinct irrational numbers 2x − 1 > 2x − 1 <
6 6
may be a rational numbers. 1 −1
2x > +1 2x < +1
�
6 6
5. Find a positive number smaller than . Justify. 7 5
����� 2x > 2x <
6 6
Solution : 7 5
x > x <
1000 < 1001 12 12
⇒ 21000 < 21001
1 1
⇒ > 21001
21000 5 7
x ∈ −∞, U ,∞
1 1 12 12
Hence a positive number smaller than 21000
is 21001 �
5. Solve |��� − �| < �.
�

Solution :
Note : 1
|10x − 2| < 1 ⇒ |10x − 2| < 5
1. |x| < a ⇒ − a < x < a |x| ≤ a ⇒ -a ≤ x ≤ a 5
⇒ − 5 < 10x − 2 < 5 ⇒ −5 + 2 < 10x < 5 + 2
2. |x| > a ⇒ x < -a & x > a |x| ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ -a & x ≥ a 3 7
⇒ − 3 < 10x < 7 ⇒ − <x<
3. |x| > -a ⇒ all values of x |x| ≥ - a ⇒ all values of x 10 10

4. |x| < -a ⇒ no values of x |x| ≤ -a ⇒ no values of x

6. Solve |�� − ��| <− �
5. |x| = a ⇒ x = ± a
Solution :
|5x − 12| <− 2 [ Absolute value cannot be in negative.]
So x does not have any suitable solution to satisfy the above
inequation. X has no solution.

XI - MATHEMATICS 1
 EXERCISE 2.3 10. Write �(�) = �� + �� + � in complete square form.
1. Represent the following inequalities in the interval Solution:
5 2 5 2
notation: f(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 = x2 + 5x + − +4
2 2
Question Interval Notation 5 2 25 5 2 25+16 5 2 9
= x+ − +4= x+ − = x+ −
2 4 2 4 2 4
(a) x ≥− � and x < � x ∈ [ − 1,4) 5 2 3 2
= x+ −
2 2
(b) x ≤ 5 and x ≥− 3 x ∈ [ − 3,5]
EXERCISE 2.6
(c) x <− � or x < 3 x ∈ ( − ∞, 3) 1. Find the zeros of the polynomial function �(�) = ��� − ��
d ) − 2x > 0 or 3x − 4 < �� Solution:
x ∈ ( − ∞, 5)
x < 0 or 3x < 15 x < 5
f(x) = 4x2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ (2x)2 − 52 = 0 ⇒ (2x − 5)(2x + 5) = 0
5 −5
EXERCISE 2.4 Zeros of the polynomials are x = 2 and x = .
2
1. Construct a quadratic equation with roots 7 and −� :
EXERCISE 2.11
Solution: �
Simplify: (i) (���) �
Sum of roots = 7 + ( − 3) = 4 2 2
Product of roots = 7 × ( − 3) =− 21 Solution : (125)3 = 53 3 = 52 = 25
−�
Required quadratic Equation is (ii) �� �
x2 − ( S.O.R )x + P. O. R = 0 ⇒ x2 − 4x − 21 = 0 −3 −3 1 1
Solution : (16) 4 = 24 4 = (2)−3 =
23
=
8. Discuss the nature of roots of 8
−�
(i) − �� + �� + � = �, (ii) ��� − � − � = �, (iii) ��� + �� = �. (iii) ( − ����) �

Solution: Solution :
−2 −2
1 1
Values �� − ��� and Nature of ( − 1000) 3 = ( − 10)3 3 = ( − 10)−2 = (−10)2 = 100
of a,b,c sign roots
�
(i) a =-1 (3)2 − 4 −1 1 Real & (iv) �−� �
− �� + �� + � = � = 9 + 4 = 13 Distinct 1
b =3 Solution : 3−6 3 = 3−2 =
1
=
1
Positive 32 9
c =1 −�
(��) �
(ii) a =4 (−1)2 − 4 4 −2 Real & (iv) −�
��� − � − � = � = 1 + 32 = 33 Distinct (��) �
b =-1
Positive
Solution :
c =-2 −2
−2 1 −1
(27) 3 1 1 1
(iii) ��� + �� = � a =9 (5)2 − 4 9 0 Real & −1 = (27) 3 +3 = (27) 3 = = 3 =
(27)1/3 27 3
= 25 Distinct (27) 3
b =5 �
−�
Positive � �
c =0 2. Evaluate: (���) −
� .
9. Without sketching the graphs, find whether the graphs of
Solution :
the following functions will intersect the �-axis and if so in
3
how many points. (i) � = �� + � + �, (ii) � = �� − �� − �, 1
−1
4 1 1 3
− − × − ×3
(iii) � = �� + �� + �. (256) 2 = (256) 2 4 = 28 8 = 23 = 8
Solution:
Values �� − ��� and Nature of EXERCISE 2.12
of a,b,c sign roots
1. Let � > � and � ≠ �. Express � = �� in logarithmic form.
� (1)2
(i) � = � + � + � a=1 −4 1 2 Does not Also state the domain and range of the logarithmic function.
b =1 = 1 − 8 =− 7 meet x axis Solution :
Negative
c =2 logarithmic form : logb y = x
(ii) a =1 (−3)2 − Intersects x For � = ��
� = �� − �� − � b =-3 4 1 −7 axis at two Domain : x ∈ R & Range : (0, ∞)
c =-7 = 9 + 28 = points
2. Compute ���� �� − ����� �.
37 Positive
(iii) a =1 (6)2 Touches x Solution:
� = �� + �� + � b =6 −4 1 9 axis at one 3 3
log9 27 = log9 33 ⇒ 3log9 3 ⇒ 3log9 91/2 ⇒ log9 9 =
c =9 = 36 − 36 point 2 2
3 1
=0 i.e., log9 27 = also log27 9 =
2 log9 27
zero 1 2 2
log27 9 = = ⇒ i.e., log27 9 =
3/2 3 3
3 2 9−4 5
Now log9 27 − log27 9 = − = =
2 3 6 6

XI - MATHEMATICS 2
 3 MARKS : EXERCISE 2.3
EXERCISE 2.1 2. Solve ��� < ��� when (i) � is a natural number,
2. Prove that � is an irrational number. (ii) � is an integer.
Solution : Solution: 23x < 100
100
Suppose that 3 is a rational number. x< = 4.34
23
m where � and � are positive integers with
Let 3 = n no common factors greater than �. (� ≠ �) (i) If x is a natural number x = {1,2,3,4}
m
(ii) If x is an integer
3= ⇒ 3n = m ⇒ 3n2 = m2 x = {…. − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1,0,1,2,3,4}
n
Since 3n2 is divisible by 3 , it shows that m2 is 3. Solve −�� ≥ � when (i) � is a real number,
multiple of 3 . Also m is multiple of 3 . (ii) � is an integer, (iii) � is a natural number.
So that m = 3k (k is any constant ) Solution:−2x ≥ 9 ⇒ 2x ≤− 9 ⇒ x ≤−
9
2
(1) ⇒ 3n2 = (3k)2 ⇒ 3n2 = 9k2 ⇒ n2 = 3k2 9
(i) If x is real number x ∈ −∞, − 2
Since 3k2 is divisible by 3 ,
it shows that n2 is multiple of 3 . (ii) If x is an integer x = {…. . − 7, − 6, − 5}
n also multiple of 3 . (iii) If x is a natural number x has no solution.
�(�−�) �(�−�)
So that n = 3l ( l is any constant) . 4. Solve: (i) ≤
� �
It follows, that m and n are having a common factor 3 .
Solution:
Thus, we arrived at a contradiction.
⇒ 9(x − 2) ≤ 25(2 − x) ⇒ 9x − 18 ≤ 50 − 25x
Hence, 3 is an irrational number. ⇒ 34x ≤ 68 ⇒ 34x ≤ 68 ⇒x ≤2
EXERCISE 2.2 Ans: x ∈ ( − ∞, 2]
�−� �
3.Solve −�|�| + � ≤− � and graph the solution set in a (ii) < −�
� �
number line. Solution:
Solution : ⇒ 2(5 − x) < 3x − 24 ⇒ 10 − 2x < 3x − 24
−3|x| + 5 ≤− 2 34
⇒ − 3|x| ≤ − 2 − 5 ⇒ 34 < 5x ⇒ 5x > 34 ⇒x>
5
34
⇒ − 3|x| ≤− 7 Ans: x ∈ ,∞
5
3|x| ≥ 7 [ ∵ Multiply by −1
7 7 −7 5. To secure A grade one must obtain an average of 90 marks
|x| ≥ ⇒ x ≥ (or) x ≤ or more in 5 subjects each of maximum 100 marks. If one
3 3 3
scored ��, ��, ��, �� in first four subjects, what is the
minimum mark one scored in the fifth subject to get A grade
x ∈ ( − ∞, − ]U[ , ∞)
7 7 in the course?
3 3 Solution:
4.Solve �|� + �| − � ≤ � and graph the solution set in � Let Marks in fifth subject be " x'' .
number line. 84+87+95+91 357+x
Average mark = 5
=
5
Solution : From given data required inequation to score A grade:
2|x + 1| − 6 ≤ 7 357+x
⇒ ≥ 90 ⇒ 357 + x ≥ 450
5
2|x + 1| ≤ 7 + 6
x ≥ 450 − 357 ⇒ x ≥ 93
⇒ 2|x + 1| ≤ 13
13
Minimum marks to score in fifth subject for getting A Grade
⇒ |x + 1| ≤ 2 is 93.
13 13
⇒ − ≤x+1 ≤ 7.Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural numbers both of
2 2
13 13 which are larger than 10 and their sum is less than 40 .
⇒ − −1≤x≤ −1
2 2
15 11
Solution:
⇒ − ≤x≤ Let x and x + 2 are the consecutive odd numbers.
2 2

x∈
−15 11
, It is given that both natural numbers are greater than 10 .
2 2
� > 10 -------(1)
also given that their sum is less than 40 .
x + (x + 2) < 40 ⇒ 2x + 2 < 40 ⇒ 2x < 38 ⇒ � < 19---(2)
From (1) and (2) 10 < x < 19
Possible Values of x is 11 , 13 , 15 , 17
Respective x + 2 values are 13 , 15 , 17 , 19
The required pairs of consecutive odd numbers are (11,13) ,
(13,15) , (15,17) and (17,19)

XI - MATHEMATICS 3
6.A manufacturer has 600 litres of a 12 percent solution of 9. A plumber can be paid according to the following schemes:
acid. How many litres of a 30 percent acid solution must be In the first scheme he will be paid rupees 500 plus rupees 70
added to it so that the acid content in the resulting mixture per hour, and in the second scheme he will paid rupees 120
will be more than 15 percent but less than 18 percent? per hour. If he works � hours, then for what value of � does
Solution: the first scheme give better wages?
Solution:
Initial Amount of Solution = 600 litres.
Let no of working hours be " x ".
% of Acid present in initial solution = 12%
12 From given data,
Amount of acid present in initial solution = 100 × 600
First Scheme : 500 + 70x
= 72 litres. Second Scheme: 120x
Let Amount of mixing solution = x liters Required linear inequation is : 500 + 70x > 120x
% Acid present in mixing solution = 30% 500 > 120x − 70x
30 30x
Amount of acid present in mixing solution= 100 × x = 100
500 > 50�
Total Amount of Solution = 600 + x 10 > �
Total Amount of Acid present = 72 + 100
30x For less than 10 working hours , first scheme gives better
wages.
Total % Acid present in mixture solution :
30x 10. A and � are working on similar jobs but their annual
Total Amount of Acid 72+ 7200+30x
= = 100
× 100 = salaries differ by more than Rs 6000 . If � earns rupees
Total Amount of So 600+x 600+x
7200+30x
27000 per month, then what are the possibilities of A's
From given data 15 < < 18 salary per month?
600+x
Case (i) Case (ii) Solution:
B's Monthly Salary =27000; Let A's Monthly Salary = x
7200+30x 7200+30x
15 < < 18 Difference in Annual Income = 6000Rs
600+x 600+x
6000
Difference in monthly salary = 12
= 500
15 600 + x < 7200 + 30x 7200 + 30x < 18(600 + x) Required linear inequation is:
|A' s Salary-B's Salary | > 500 ⇒ |x − 27000| > 500
9000 + 15x < 7200 + 30x 7200 + 30� < 10800 + 18�
x − 27000 > 500 x − 27000 <− 500
9000 − 7200 < 30x − 15x 30� − 18� < 10800 − 7200
x > 500 + 27000 x < 27000 − 500
1800 < 15� 12� < 3600 x > 27500 x < 26500
120<x � < 300
Possible Salary of A is either less than 26500 or more than
Hence x is must be 120 < x < 300. 27500 . Which gives more than 6000 difference in annual
8. A model rocket is launched from the ground. The height h income.
reached by the rocket after � seconds from lift off is given by EXERCISE 2.4
�(�) =− ��� + ����; � ≤ � ≤ �� . At what time the rocket is
2.A quadratic polynomial has one of its zeros � + � and it
495 feet above the ground?
satisfies � � = �. Find the quadratic polynomial.
Solution:
Solution:
From give data, h t > 495
Always irrational roots occur in conjugate pairs.
−5t2 + 100t > 495
If 1 + 5 is a root then 1 − 5 also a root to the equation.
⇒ − 5t2 + 100t − 495 > 0
Sum of roots = 1 + 5 + 1 − 5 = 2
⇒ 5t2 − 100t + 495 < 0
⇒ t2 − 20t + 99 < 0 , Product of roots = 1 + 5 1 − 5 = 1 − 5 =− 4
⇒ t − 9 t − 11 < 0 Required Quadratic polynomial
P(x) = k x2 − (S. R)x + P. R ⇒ P(x) = k x2 − 2x − 4 --(1)
(t − 9) (t − 11) 5t2 − 100t + 495
Also given P(1) = 2
t<9 − − + P(1) = k (1)2 − 2(1) − 4 = 2 ⇒ k =− 5
2

9 < t < 11 + − − (1) ⇒ P(x) =−

2
x2 − 2x − 4
5
t > 11 + + +
At 9 < t < 11 the rocket is 495 feet above the ground

XI - MATHEMATICS 4
3.If � and � are the roots of the quadratic equation 6. Find the condition that one of the roots of ��� + �� + �
�� + �� + � = �, form a quadratic polynomial with zeroes may be (i) negative of the other, (ii) thrice the other,
� �
, . (iii) reciprocal of the other
� �
Solution: Let ax2 + bx + c = 0
Solution:
(i) Let the roots negative of other.
α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation:
i.e., the roots α and −α.
x2 + 2x + 3 = 0.
−b −b
−b − 2 c 3 Now Sum = α + ( − α) = ⇒0= ⇒ b=0
Now α + β = a
=
1
= − 2 & αβ = =
a 1
= 3 a a
(ii) Let the roots is thrice the other.
Required quadratic polynomial is :
1 1 1 1 α+β 1
i.e., the roots α and 3α.
x2 − + x+ ⋅ = 0 ⇒ x2 − x+ =0 −b −b −b
α β α β αβ αβ Now Sum = α + 3α = ⇒ 4α = ⇒ α= 4a
a a
− 2 1 2 1
x2 − x+ =0 ⇒ x2 + x+ =0 c c −b 2 c
3 3 3 3 Product =α(3α)= ⇒ 3α2 = ⇒ 3 4a
=
a a a
⇒ 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 3b2 c 3b2
� 16a2
= ⇒ =c ⇒ 3b2 = 16ac
4.If one root of �(� − �) = �� − � is double the other root, a 16a

show that � = � or −��. (iii) Let the roots is reciprocal of the other.
1
Solution: i.e., the roots α and α.
1 c c
k(x − 1)2 = 5x − 7 Product =α× = ⇒ 1 = ⇒ c = a
α a a
k x2 − 2x + 1 − 5x + 7 = 0
kx2 − 2kx + k − 5x + 7 = 0 EXERCISE 2.5
kx2 − (2k + 5)x + (k + 7) = 0 �
1.Solve �� + � − �� ≤ �.
from given data if α is a root then 2α is another root of
2x2 + x − 15 ≤ 0 ⇒ (x + 3)(2x − 5) ≤ 0
kx2 − (2k + 5)x + (k + 7) = 0 The critical points are −3 and 5/2.
2k+5
Where Sum of roots: α + 2α = k

3α = 2k + 5 ⇒ α =
2k+5
---------(1) Sign of Sign of Sign of
3k Interval
k+7 k+7 (x + 3) (2x − 5) 2x2 + x − 15
Also product of the roots α ⋅ (2α) = ⇒ 2α2 =
k k
2
2k + 5 k+7 ( − ∞, − 3) − − + ive
2 = [ ∵ From (1)
3k k
4k2 + 20k + 25 k+7 5
2 = −3, + − − ive
9k2 k 2
k+7
2 4k2 + 20k + 25 = 9k2 5
k ,∞ + + + ive
8k2 + 40k + 50 = 9k2 + 63k ⇒− k2 − 23k + 50 = 0 2
k2 + 23k − 50 = 0 ⇒ (k − 2)(k + 25) = 0
k = 2 or k =− 25 Hence proved.
5. If the difference of the roots of the equation
��� − (� + �)� + � − � = � is equal to their product, then X ∈ −3,
5
is satisfies 2x2 + x − 15 ≤ 0
2
prove that � = �.
2. Solve : − �� + �� − � ≥ �
Solution:
Solution:
α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation
− x2 + 3x − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 − 3x + 2 ≤ 0 ⇒ (x − 1)(x − 2) ≤ 0
2x2 − (a + 1)x + a − 1 = 0
a+1 a−1 Critical number are 1, 2
Here α + β = & αβ = 2 2
From given data Sign of Sign of Sign of
Interval
Difference of the roots = product of the roots (x − 1) (x − 2) x2 − 3x + 2
i.e., α − β = αβ ( − ∞, 1) − − + ive
Now (α − β)2 = (αβ)2
(α + β)2 − 4αβ = (α − β)2 = (αβ)2 (1,2) + − -ive
2 2
a+1 a−1 a−1
−4 = (2, ∞) + + + ive
2 2 2
a2 + 2a + 1 a2 − 2a + 1
− 2(a − 1) =
4 4
Multiply by 4: a2 + 2a + 1 − 8(a − 1) = a2 − 2a + 1
a2 + 2a + 1 − 8a + 8 = a2 − 2a + 1 x ∈ [1,2] is satisfies − x2 + 3x − 2 ≥ 0
−4a + 8 = 0 ⇒ a = 2 Hence proved

XI - MATHEMATICS 5
 ��+�
EXERCISE 2.6 2.
(�−�)(�+�)
02. If � =− � is one root of �� − �� − ��� = ��, then find
Solution:
the other roots of equation.
3x+1 A B
Solution: Let = +
(x−2)(x+1) x−2 x+1
By the synthetic division 3x+1 A(x+1)+B(x−2)
( i.e. ) =
-2 1 -1 -17 -22 (x−2)(x+1) (x−2)(x+1)

0 -2 6 22 Equating numerator parts

1 -3 -11 0 A(x + 1) + B(x − 2) = 3x + 1
x2 − 3x − 11 = 0 a = 1; b = − 3; c = − 11 To find A and B , Put x=−1
−b ± b2 − 4ac 3 ± 9 + 44 3 ± 53
x= = = −3 + 1 = A(0) + B( − 1 − 2) ⇒ − 3 B =− 2 ⇒ B = 2/3
2a 2 2
3+ 53 3− 53
Other two roots are 2 and 2 Put x = 2

03. Find the real roots of �� = ��. 3(2) + 1 = A(2 + 1) + B(0) ⇒ 3 A = 7 ⇒ A = 7/3
3x+1 7 2
Solution: ∴ (x−2)(x+1) = 3(x−2) + 3(x+1)
x4 − 16 = 0 ⇒ x2 2 − 42 = 0
x2 − 4 x2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ (x + 2)(x − 2) x2 + 4 = 0 EXERCISE 2.11
� �
x =− 2, x = 2 other two roots are complex roots. � �
3. If �� + �−� = then find the value of
�
EXERCISE 2.7 � �
� �� − �−� for � > �.
1. Factorize: � + �. (Hint: Try completing the square.)
Solution: x4 + 1 = 0 Solution :

x2 2
+ 2x2 + 1 − 2x2 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 1 2 We know that (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab
− ( 2x)2 = 0
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
x2 + 1 + 2x x2 + 1 − 2x) = 0 x2 − x−2 = x2 + x−2 − 4x2 ⋅ x−2
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 1 1 2 1
+ −
1 1 1 2
= x2 + x−2 − 4x 2 2 = x2 + x−2 −4
2. If �� + � + � is a factor of the polynomial
1 1 2 9 1 1 1 1
��� + ��� + �� + � then find the value of �. x2 − x−2 = −4= ⇒ x2 − x−2 = for x>1
2 2 2
Solution: ����� �−�
3x + 5 4. Simplify and hence find the value of : = ��
���

x2 + x + 1 3x3 + 8x2 + 8x + a Solution :

3 2 2
3x + 3x + 3x 32n923−n 32n 32 3−n
= 27 ⇒ = 27
33n 33n
- - -
32n+4−n
5x2 + 5x + a ⇒ = 27 ⇒ 3n+4−3n = 27
33n
4−2n
5x2 + 5x + 5 ⇒3 = 33 ⇒ 4 − 2n = 3
- - - ⇒− 2n =− 1 ⇒ n = 1/2
0 4. Find the radius of the spherical tank whose volume is
a−5=0 ⇒ a=5 ���/� units.
EXERCISE 2.9 Solution :
4 32π
1. ������� �������� :
� Volume of the sphere ⇒ πr3 =
3 3
��−��
3 32π 3 3 3 3
Solution: r = X ⇒r =8⇒r =2 ⇒r=2
3 4π
�+ �
Factorizing Dr = x2 − a2 = (x − a)(x + a) 6. Simplify by rationalising the denominator �− �.
1 A B A(x+a)+B(x−a)
Let = + = Solution :
x2−a2 x−a x+a (x−a)(x+a)
7+ 6 7+ 6 3+ 2
Equating the numerator we get: A(x + a) + B(x − a)=1 = × 3+ 2
3− 2 3− 2
21+7 2+3 6+ 12
To find A and B , Put x=a =
9−2
1
1 = A(2a) + B(0) ⇒ 2Aa = 1 ⇒ A = 21+7 2+3 6+ 12
2a =
7
Put x=−a
1
1 = A(0) + B( − 2a) ⇒ -2aB = 1 ⇒ B =−
2a
1 1/2a −1/2a
∴ x2−a2 = (x−a) + x+a
1 1
= −
2a(x−a) 2a(x+a)

XI - MATHEMATICS 6
 EXERCISE 2.12 9.Prove: ��� � + ��� �� + ��� �� + ⋯… + ��� �� =
�(�+�)
2. Solve ���� � + ���� � + ���� � = �� �
��� �
Solution : Solution :
log8 x + log4 x + log2 x = 11 L.H.S : log a + log a2 + log a3 + ⋯…. + log an
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + = 11 ⇒ + + = 11 = log a + 2log a + 3log a + ⋯… + nlog a
logx 8 logx 4 logx 2 logx 23 logx 22 logx 2
n(n+1)
1 1 1 1 1 1 = log a 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯… + n = log a [R.H.S]
+ + = 11 ⇒ + + 1 = 11 2
3logx 2 2logx 2 logx 2 logx 2 3 2
��� � ��� � ��� �
1 11
= 11 ⇒
1
= 11 ×
6 10. If = = then prove that ��� = �
�−� �−� �−�
logx 2 6 logx 2 11
1 log x log y log z
=6⇒ log2 x = 6 ⇒ x = 26 = 64. Solution : Let = = =k
logx 2 y−z z−x x−y

3. Solve ���� ��� = ����� � log x log y log z

=k =k =k
Solution : y−z z−x x−y

log4 28x = 2log2 8 log x = k(y − z) log y = k(z − x) log z = k(x − y)

log2 23 1/2 3 log2 2
8x log4 2 = 2 ⇒ 8x log4 4 =2
8x 8
log x = ky − kz log y = kz − kx log z = kx − ky
3 log2 2 3
2
log4 4 = 2 ⇒ 4x = 2 ⇒ x =
4
⇒x=2
Now log x + log y + log z = ky − kz + kz − kx + kx − ky
�+� �
5. If �� + �� = ���. Show that ��� �
= (��� � + ��� �)
� log xyz = 0 ⇒ i.e., xyz = 1 [ ∵ log 1 = 0
Solution : ��+�
8. If � = � + � find ��−�.
Given a2 + b2 = 7ab Adding 2ab on both sides
2 2
a + b + 2ab = 7ab + 2ab Solution : x = 2 + 3
(a + b)2
(a + b)2 = 9ab ⇒ = ab Now x2 = ( 2 + 3)2 = 2 + 2 6 + 3 = 5 + 2 6
9
2
a+b a+b x2 + 1 5 + 2 6 + 1 6 + 2 6 3 − 2 6
⇒ = ab ⇒ = (ab)1/2 = = ×
3 3 x2 − 2 5 + 2 6 − 2 3 + 2 6 3 − 2 6
take log on both sides
18−12 6+6 6−24 −6−6 6 −3(2+2 6) 2+2 6
a+b a+b 1 = = ⇒ =
log 3
= log (ab)1/2 ⇒ log 3
= (log ab)
2
9−24 −15 −15 5

log
a+b 1
= (log a + log b) Hence Proved. 9. Solve ���� � − ����� � = �
3 2 �

�� �� ��
Solution:
6.Prove that ��� + ��� + ��� = �. Let log2 x = t
�� �� ��
Solution: Now log1 x =
1
1
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 2 log �
2
log + log + log = log ⋅ ⋅ 1
bc ca ab bc ca ab
=
= log
a2 b2 c2
= log 1 = 0 logx 1 − logx 2
a2 b2 c2 1
=
1
logx 1 −
�� �� �� log2 x
7.Prove that ��� � + ����� + ����� + ���� =� 1
�� �� �� = 1 =− �
0−
Solution: t

16 25 81 log1 x =− t
LHS : log 2 + 16log 15
+ 12log
24
+ 7log
80
2

16 16 25 12 81 7
log2 x − 3 log1 x = 6
= log 2 + log 15
+ log 24
+ log 80
2

t − 3 −t = 6
16 16 25 12 81 7
= log 2 + log 15
⋅ ⋅ 80 t+3 t =6
24

24
16
52
12
34
7 4t = 6
= log 2 + log ⋅ 3.23
⋅ 5⋅24
3
5⋅3 t=2
264⋅524⋅328 3
= log 2 + log 516⋅316⋅316 ⋅236⋅57 ⋅228
= log 2 + log 5 log2 x =
2
3 1
= log (2 × 5) = log 10 = log10 10 = 1 Hence proved � = 2 = 82 = 8 = 2 2
2
�
8.Prove ����� ������ ������ � = �
Solution :
1 1 1
L.H.S : loga2 alogb2 blogc2 c = loga a2
⋅ log 2 2
b b logc c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = [ R. H. S ] Hence proved
2loga a 2logb b 2logc c 2 2 2 8

XI - MATHEMATICS 7
 5 MARKS : �� −�
3.Solve ≤�
�� −��−��
EXERCISE 2.4 Solution:
� �
7. If the equations � − �� + � = � and � − �� + � = � have x2 −4 (x−2)(x+2)
≤0 ⇒ ≤0
one root in common and if the second equation has equal x2 −2x−15 (x−5)(x+3)
roots, then prove that ae = �(� + �). x − 2= 0 x + 2= 0 x −5= 0 x +3= 0
Solution: x=2 x = -2 x=5 x = -3
�� − �� + � = � ----(I) �� − �� + � = � -----(II)
x = 2 or x =− 2 and x ≠− 3, x ≠ 5
α and β are the roots of (I) α and α are the roots of (II)
x2 − 4
where α is the common where roots of (II) are equal INTERVAL x x−2 x+2 x −5 x+3
root of (I) and (II) x2 − 2x − 15
Sum = α + β = a ---(1) Sum α + α = e 2α = e -----(2) ( − ∞, − 3) -4 − − − − +
2 ( − 3, − 2) −2.5 − − − + −
Product = αβ = b ---(3) Product α. α = f α = f ---(4)
(−2,2) 0 − + − + +
To prove : ae = 2(b + f)
(2,5) 3 + + − + −
LHS = ae = (α + β)2α = 2 α2 + αβ = 2(f + b) = �(� + �).
(5, ∞) 6 + + + + +
= R. H. S Hence Proved
x2 −4
EXERCISE 2.6 ≤ 0 in ( − 3, − 2] ∪ [2,5)
x2 −2x−15

04. Solve (�� + �)� − (�� + �)� = � EXERCISE 2.9

�
Solution: 3. �� +� (�−�)(�+�)
(2x + 1)2 − (3x + 2)2 = 0
Solution:
{(2x + 1) + (3x + 2)}{(2x + 1) − (3x + 2)} = 0
x A B Cx+D
(5x + 3)( − x − 1) = 0 ∵ a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b) ] Let x2 +1 (x−1)(x+2)
=
x−1
+
x+2
+
x2+1
3
x =− 5 and x =− 1 are the required roots. x
(i.e.,) x2 +1 x−1 x+2
�� (�−�)
1.Find all values of � for which >� . A(x+2) x2 +1 +B(x−1) x2+1 +(Cx+D)(x−1)(x+2)
�−�
= (x−1)(x+2) x2+1
Solution:
x3 (x−1) Equating numerator on both sides
> 0 x3 (x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1 and x ≠ 2
x−2
A(x + 2) x2 + 1 + B(x − 1) x2 + 1 + (Cx + D)(x − 1)(x + 2)= x
INTERVAL x3 (x − 1) (x − 2) x3 (x − 1)
x−2 Put x = 1: A(3)(2) + B(0) + (0)= 1 ⇒ 6 A = 1 ⇒ A = 1/6
−∞, 0 − − − − Put x =− 2: A(0) + C(0) + B( − 3)(5)= -2
(0,1) + − − +
⇒ − 15 B =− 2 ⇒ B = 2/15
(1,2) + + − −
(2, ∞) + + + + Put x = 0: 2 A − B − 2D = 0
2 2
x3 (x−1) ⇒ − − 2D = 0
> 0 in (0,1)U(2, ∞) 6 15
x−2

2.Find all values of � that satisfies the inequality 2 2 10 − 4 6 1

⇒ 2D = − = = =
(��−�) 6 15 30 30 5
< �.
(�−�)(�−�) 1 1
Solution: ⇒ D= =
5 × 2 10
(2x−3)
<0 Equating co-efficient of x3
(x−2)(x−4)

2x − 3= 0 ⇒ 2x=3⇒ x = 2
3 x-2=0⇒x=2 x-4=0⇒x=4 A+B+C = 0
3 1 2 −1 2 −5−4 −9 −3
� = 2 and � ≠ 2 and � ≠ 4 + +C=0 ⇒ C= − = = =
6 15 6 15 30 30 10
−3 1
(2x − 3) x 1 2 10
x+
10
INTERVAL 2x − 3 x−2 x−4 ∴ = + +
(x − 2)(x − 4) x2 +1 (x−1)(x+2) 6(x−1) 15(x+2) 2
x +1

1 2 1−3x
3 = + +
−∞, − − − − 6(x−1) 15(x+2) 10 x2+1
2
3
,2 + − − +
2
(2,4) + + − −

(4, ∞) + + + +

(2x−3) 3
< 0 in −∞, U(2,4)
(x−2)(x−4) 2

XI - MATHEMATICS 8
 � �� +�+�
4. (�−�)� 7. ��−��+�
x A B C
Solution: Let = + + Solution:
(x−1)3 x−1 (x−1)2 (x−1)3

x A(x−1)2 +B(x−1)+C Since numerator and denominator are of same degree

∴ (x−1)3 = (x−1)3 divide the numerator by the denominator
Equating numerator on both sides x2 − 5x + 6 x2 + x + 1 (1
2
A(x − 1) + B(x − 1) + C = x x2 − 5x + 6
Put x = 1: A(0) + B(0) + C = 1 ⇒ C = 1
6x − 5
Equating co-eff-of x2 ⇒ A = 0 x2 +x+1 6x−5
∴ =1+ ----(1)
Put x = 0: A − B + C = 0 ⇒ 0 − B + 1 = 0 ⇒ B = 1 x2 −5x+6 x2−5x+6
6x−5 6x−5
x 0 1 1 1 1 Now = (x−2)(x−3)
∴ (x−1)3 = x−1 + (x−1)2 + (x−1)3 = (x−1)2 + (x−1)3 x2 −5x+6

6x−5 A B A(x−3)+B(x−2)
� � � Let = + =
5. ��−� = �� −� ��+�
=
(�−�)(�+�) �� +�
(x−2)(x−3) x−2 x−3 (x−2)(x−3)

6x − 5 = A(x − 3) + B(x − 2)
Solution:
1 1 A B Cx+D
Put x=3: 18 − 5 = A(0) + B(3 − 2) ⇒ B = 13
Let x4−1 = (x−1)(x+1) x2 +1
=
x−1
+
x+1
+
x2+1
Put x=2: 12 − 5 = A( − 1) + B(0) ⇒ − A = 7 A =− 7
1 A(x+1) x2+1 +B(x−1) x2+1 +(Cx+D)(x−1)(x+1) 6x−5 −7 13
So = ∴ (x−2)(x−3) = +
x4−1 x4−1 x−2 x−3
Equating numerator on both sides we get Substituting the value in ....(1)
A(x + 1) x2 + 1 + B(x − 1) x2 + 1 + (Cx + D)(x − 1)(x + 1) = 1 x2 +x+1 −7 13 7 13
=1+ + =1− +
1 x2 −5x+6 x−2 x−3 x−2 x−3
Put x=1 : A(2)(2) + 0 + 0 = 1 ⇒ 4 A = 1 ⇒ A =
4
−1 ��+��+�
Put x=−1: ⇒ B( − 4) = 1 ⇒ B = 8. ��+��+�
4
Put x=0⇒A−B−D=1 Solution:
1 1 1 1 −1
(ie.) + −D=1 ⇒ D= + −1= Numerator is of greater degree than the denominator
4 4 4 4 2
Equating co-eff-of x3 So dividing Numerator by the denominator
A+B+C = 0 x−5
1 1
− +C=0 ⇒C=0 x2 + 5x + 6 x3 + 0x2 + 2x + 1
4 4
1 1 1 0−1/2
∴ = − + x3 + 5x2 + 6x
x4 −1 4(x−1) 4(x+1) x2+1
1 1 1 1
(ie.) = − − − − (−)
x4−1 4(x−1) 4(x+1) 2 x2 +1
2
(�−�)� −5x − 4x + 1
6. ��+�
−5x2 − 25x − 30
3 2
Solution: x + x = x x + 1
21x + 31
(x−1)2 (x−1)2 A Bx+C
∴ = = + x3+2x+1 21x+31
x3 +x x x2 +1 x x2 +1 So = (x − 5) + x2+5x+6
x2+5x+6
(x−1)2 A x2 +1 +(Bx+C)(x) (x−1)2 1 21x+31 21x+31 A B A(x+3)+B(x+2)
Let = ∴x = Now = = + =
x x2+1 x x2 +1 x2+1 x x2+5x+6 (x+2)(x+3) x+2 x+3 (x+2)(x+3)

Equating numerator on both sides Equating Numerator on both sides

2 2
(x − 2) = A x + 1 + (Bx + c)(x) ⇒ 21x + 31 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2)
Put x = 0: A = 1 Put x =− 3: B( − 1) = 21( − 3) + 31 =− 63 + 31 = 32
2
Equating co-eff of x , 1 = A + B ⇒ 1 + B = 1 ⇒ B = 0 Put x =− 2: A(1) + B(0)=21(-2)+31= −42 + 31 =− 11
put x=1 : A(2) + B + C = 0 ⇒ 2 A+B+C=0 ∴
21x+31
=
−11
+
32
(x+2)(x+3) x+2 x+3
⇒ 2 + 0 + C = 0 ⇒ C =− 2
Substituting (2) in (1) we get
(x−1)2 1 0x−2 1 2
∴ = + = − x3 +2x+1 −11 32
x x2+1 x x2 +1 x x2+1
x2 +5x+6
= (x − 5) + +
x+2 x+3
32 11
= (x − 5) + x+3 − x+2

XI - MATHEMATICS 9
 �+�� �+�
9. 12. (�+�)
(�+�)� (�−�) �+��

Solution: Solution:
x+12 A B C A(x+1)2 +B(x−2)(x+1)+C(x−2) 7+x A Bx+C A x2 +1 +(Bx+C)(1+x)
Let (x+1)2(x−2) = x−2 + x+1 + (x+1)2 = (x−2)(x+1)2
Let = + =
1+x 1+x2 1+x 1+x2 (1+x) 1+x2

equating Numerator on both sides , Equating Numerator on both sides we get ,

2
x + 12 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 2)(x + 1) + C(x − 2) A 1 + x2 + (Bx + C)(1 + x) = 7 + x
14
Put x=2: A(9) + 0 + 0 = 2 + 12 ⇒ 9 A = 14 ⇒ A = put x=−1 : A(2) + 0 = 7 − 1 ⇒ 2 A = 6 ⇒ A = 3
9
Put x=−1: Equating co-eff of x2 : A + B = 0 ⇒ 3 + B = 0 ⇒⇒ B =− 3
−11
A(0) + B(0) + C( − 3) =−1 + 12 ⇒ − 3C = 11 ⇒ C = put x=0: A + C = 7 ⇒ 3 + C = 7 ⇒⇒ C = 7 − 3 = 4
3
14 22
put x=0⇒A−2 B−2C=12 ⇒ −2B+ = 12 ∴
7+x
=
3
+
−3x+4
=
3
+
4−3x
9 3 (1+x) 1+x2 1+x 1+x2 1+x 1+x2
14 22 108−14−66 28
⇒ − 2 B = 12 − − = =
9 3 9 9 EXERCISE 2.11
28 14
⇒ B =− =− � � � � �
9×2 9 7. Simplify �− − + − �− �
+
x+12 14 14 11 � �− � �− � �−�
∴ = − −
(x+1)2 (x−2) 9(x−2) 9 x+1 3(x+1)2
Solution :
���−�+�
10. ��+��+�+� By rationalizing denominator of each terms we get,
1 1 3+ 8 3+ 8
Solution: = × = =3+ 8
3− 8 3− 8 3+ 8 9−8
3 2 2
Factorizing x + x + x + 1 = (x + 1) x + 1 1
=
1
×
8+ 7
=
8+ 7
= 8+ 7
8− 7 8− 7 8+ 7 8−7
6x2 −x+1 A Bx+C A x2+1 +(Bx+C)(x+1)
∴ x3+x2+x+1 = + = (x+1) x2+1
1
=
1
×
7+ 6
=
7+ 6
= 7+ 6
x+1 x2+1
7− 6 7− 6 7+ 6 7−6
Equating Numerator on both sides we get 1
=
1
×
6+ 5
=
6+ 5
= 6+ 5
6− 5 6− 5 6+ 5 6−5
6x2 − x + 1 = A x2 + 1 + (Bx + c)(x + 1)
1 1 5+2 5+2
Put x = -1: A(2) + 0 ⇒ 2 A = 6 + 1 + 1 = 8 ⇒ 2A =8 ⇒ A =8 = × = = 5+2
5−2 5−2 5+2 5−4
1 1 1 1 1
Equating co-eff of x2 : A + B=6 ⇒ 4 + B = 6 ⇒ B = 6 − 4 = 2 − + − +
3− 8 8− 7 7− 6 6− 5 5−2
put x = 0: A + C=1 ⇒ 4 + C = 1 ⇒ C = 1 − 4 =− 3
= 3 + 8 − ( 8 + 7) + 8 + 7 − ( 6 + 5) + 5 + 2
6x2 −x+1 4 2x−3
∴ x3+x2+x+1 = + =3+ 8− 8− 7+ 8+ 7− 6− 5+ 5+2
x+1 x2 +1
��� +��−�� =3+2=5
11. �� +��−�
EXERCISE 2.12
Solution:
7. Prove that
Since Numerator and are of same degree �� �� ��
��� � + ����� + ����� + ���� =�
divide Numerator by the denominator �� �� ��

2 Solution:
16 25 81
x2 + 2x − 3 2x2 + 5x − 11 LHS : log 2 + 16log 15
+ 12log
24
+ 7log
80

subtract 2
_2x ± 4x ∓ 6 16 16 25 12 81 7
= log 2 + log 15
+ log + log 80
24
x−5
16 16 25 12 81 7
2x2 +5x−11 x−5 = log 2 + log 15
⋅ ⋅ 80
24
∴ x2 +2x−3
=2+ ---(1)
x2+2x−3
16 12 7
x−5 x−5 24 52 34
Now x2+2x−3 = (x−1)(x+3) = log 2 + log ⋅ ⋅
5⋅3 3.23 5⋅24
A B A(x+3)+B(x−1)
= + = (x−1)(x+3) 264⋅524⋅328
x−1 x+3
= log 2 + log 516⋅316⋅316⋅236⋅57⋅228
= log 2 + log 5
equating Numerator on both sides we get
A(x + 3) + B(x − 1) = x − 5 = log (2 × 5) = log 10 = log10 10 = 1
Put x =− 3 : A(0) + B( − 4) =− 3 − 5 ⇒ − 4 B =− 8 ⇒ B = 2 12. Solve ����−� �� − �� + �� = �
Put x=1: A(4) + B(0)= 1 − 5 ⇒ 4 A =− 4 ⇒ A =− 1
x−5 −1 2
Solution : log5−x x2 − 6x + 65 = 2
∴ x2+2x−3 = x−1 + x+3 -----(2)
x2 − 6x + 65 = (5 − x)2
Substituting (2) in (1) we get
x2 − 6x + 65 = 25 − 10x + x2
2x2 +5x−11 −1 2 2 1
=2+ + =2+ − x−1 4x =− 40 ⇒ x =− 10
x2 +2x−3 x−1 x+3 x+3

XI - MATHEMATICS 10
 CHAPTER 4 - (ii) Given four flags of different colours, how many different
COMBINATORICS AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION signals can be generated if each signal requires the use of
three flags, one below the other?
2 MARKS :
The upper place flag can filled in 4 ways
EXERCISE 4.1
The middle place of the flag can filled in 3 Ways
1(i) A person went to a restaurant for dinner. In the menu
The Bottom place of the flag can filled in 2 Ways
card, the person saw 10 Indian and 7 Chinese food items. In
∴ Number of ways = 4 x 3 x 2 = 24 ways
how many ways the person can select either an Indian or a
3.Four children are running a race.
Chinese food?
(i) In how many ways can the first two places be filled?
Solution:
(ii) In how many different ways could they finish the race?
The number of ways of selecting Indian food = 10
Solution:
The number of ways of selecting Chinese food = 7
(i)First place can be given to any one of the four children in 4
∴The number of ways of selecting Indian food or Chinese
ways.
food = 10+7=17
The second place can be given to any of the remaining three
(ii) There are 3 types of toy car and 2 types of toy train
children in 3 ways.
available in a shop. Find the number of ways a baby can buy
∴ The number of ways = 4 x 3 = 12 ways.
a toy car and a toy train?
(ii)The winner may be any of the 4 children.
(ii) Number of ways of buying a toy car = 3
The runner may be one of the remaining 3 children.
Number of ways of buying a toy train = 2
The Third person may be one of the remaining 2 children.
∴the number of ways a baby can buy a toy car and a toy train
Number of children coming last is 1 child.
=3x2=6
∴ The number of ways = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1= 24 ways
(iii) How many two-digit numbers can be formed using
1,2,3,4,5 without repetition of digits? 4. Count the number of three-digit numbers which can be
Tens One's formed from the digits 2,4,6,8 if (i) repetitions of digits is
4 5 allowed.(ii) Repetitions of digits is not allowed
The one’s place can filled up in 5 ways Solution:
ten place can filled up in 4 ways (i) Repetitions of digits is allowed
∴ No of ways of forming two digits = 5 x 4 = 20 ways Hundreds Tens Unit
(iv) Three persons enter in to a conference hall in which
4 4 4
there are 10 seats. In how many ways they can take their
Every places can be filled in 4 ways.
seats?
∴Total number of three digit numbers = 4 x4 x4=64 .
Number of ways of getting a seat for 1st Person = 10
(ii) Repetitions of digits is not allowed
Number of ways of getting a seat for 2nd Person = 9
Number of ways of getting a seat for 3rd Person = 8 Hundreds Tens Unit
∴ The number of ways of getting seats for 3 persons in the
2 3 4
conference Hall = 10 x 9 x 8 = 720
The one’s place can filled up in 4 ways
(v) In how many ways 5 persons can be seated in a row?
The tens place can filled up in 3 ways
The number of ways of 1st person can be seated = 5
The Hundreds place can filled up in 2 ways
The number of ways of 2nd person can be seated = 4
∴Total number of three digit numbers = 4 x 3 x 2 = 24 .
The number of ways of 3rd person can be seated = 3
The number of ways of 4th person can be seated = 2 13. (i) Count the total number of ways of answering 6
The number of ways of 5th person can be seated = 1 objective type questions, each question having 4 choices.
∴ The number of ways of 5 persons can be seated in a row = Number of ways of answering 6 objective type questions ,
5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120 Ways each question has four choices= 46
(ii) In how many ways 10 pigeons can be placed in 3
3. (i) A mobile phone has a passcode of 6 distinct digits.
What is the maximum number of attempts one makes to different pigeon holes ?
retrieve the passcode? Number of ways that 10 pigeons can be placed in 3 different
Solution: pigeon holes = 310
Since the pass code has 6 distinct digits, The first digit can be (iii) Find the number of ways of distributing 12 distinct
tried in 10 ways using, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 respectively. prizes to 10 students?
Similarly 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th ,6th digits can also be tried in 9, Number of ways in 12 ‘distinct prizes’ can be distributed
8,7,6,5 ways respectively. among 10 students = 1012
∴Maximum number of Attempts = 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5
= 1,51,200 Ways

XI - MATHEMATICS 11
12.How many strings can be formed using the letters of the �!
15. Evaluate �!(�−�)!
word LOTUS if the word
(i) either starts with L or ends with S? Solution :
(ii) (ii) neither starts with L nor ends with S? (i) � = �, � = �
Solution : �! 6! 6! 6×5×4×3×2×1
= = = = 15
(i) either starts with L or ends with S �! (� − �)! 2! (6 − 2)! 2! 4! 1 × 2 × 1 × 2 × 3 × 4
(ii) � = ��, � = �
a) The words starts with L
10! 10! 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
L = = = 120
3! (10 − 3)! 3! 7! 3×2×1×7×6×5×4×3×2×1
1 4 3 2 1
(ii) For any � with � = �
Since the words starts with L, The remaining 4 boxes can n! n(n−1)(n−2)! n(n−1)
= =
filled in 4x3x2x1 by the remaining letters O,T,U,S . 2!(n−2)! 2!(n−2) 2

∴ Number of words starting with L = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 24 16. Find the value of � if

b) The words ending with S Solution :
S (i) (� + �)! = ��(� − �)!
1 4 3 2 1 Given (n + 1)! = 20(n − 1)!
Since the words ending with S, The remaining 4 boxes can (n + 1)n(n − 1)! = 20(n − 1)!
filled in 4x3x2x1 by the remaining letters L,O,T,U . (n + 1)n = 20
n2 + n − 20 = 0
∴ Number of words ending with S = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4x1 = 24
(n + 5)(n − 4) = 0
c) The words starting with L and ending with S n = 4 , n =− 5 Not Possible ;
L S (ii)
�
+
�
=
�
�! �! ��!
1 3 2 1 1 1 1 n
+ = Multiply by 10!
Since the words starting with L and ending with S, 8! 9! 10!
10! 10! 10 × 9 × 8! 10 × 9!
∴ Number of words starting with L and ending with S ⇒ + =n ⇒ + =n
8! 9! 8! 9!
=1x2x3=6 (10 × 9) + 10 = n ⇒ n = 90 + 10 =100
Number of Words either starts with L nor End with S EXERCISE 4.2
= 24 +24-6 = 42 1.If �−� �
�� : �� = �: �� , find �.
(ii) neither starts with L nor ends with S Solution:
n−1
P3 : n P4 = 1: 10
5 4 3 2 1 n−1 P
3 1
nP =
Total number of words formed by the letters of the word 4 10
(n−1)(n−2)(n−3) 1 1 1
LOTUS is 5x4x3x2x1 = 120 words = ⇒ = ⇒
n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3) 10 n 10
Number of words neither starts with L nor end with S n = 10
Total number of no of words either starts with L
= − = 3 (i) Suppose 8 people enter an event in a swimming meet. In
words and end with S
how many ways could the gold, silver and bronze prizes be
120 − 42 = 78
awarded?
RECALL : if n different objects are to be placed in m places, Solution:
then the number of ways of placing is �n Total Number of peoples = 8
Total number of prizes = 3[ gold, silver, bronze]
14. Find the value of
��! �+� ! Number of ways of awarding = 8P3 = 8 × 7 × 6 =
(i) 6! (ii) 4! + 5! (iii) 3! − 2! (iv) 3! × 4! (v) (vi)
�!�! �+� ! 336 Ways.
Solution : (ii) Three men have 4 coats, 5 waist coats and 6 caps. Inhow
(i) 6! = 6x5x4x3x2x1 = 720 many ways can they wear them?
(ii) 4!+5!=(4x3x2x1)+(5x4x3x2x1)=24+120=144 Total number of mens = 3
(iii) 3!−2! = (3x2x1)−(2x1)=6-2=4 Number of coats = 4
(iv) 3! × 4! = 3 × 2 × 1 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 Number of Waist = 5
= 6 × 24 = 144 Number of Caps = 6
12! 12×11×10×9!
(v) = = 220 Number of ways of wearing Coats = 4 P3
9!×3! 9!×3×2×1

(vi)
(n+3)!
=
(n+3)(n+2)(n+1)!
= (n + 3)(n + 2) Number of ways of wearing Coats = 5 P3
(n+1)! (n+1)!
Number of ways of wearing Coats = 6 P3
Total Number of ways of wearing them = 4 P3 × 5 P3 × 6 P3 =
24 × 60 × 120 = 1,72,800

XI - MATHEMATICS 12
4. Determine the number of permutations of the letters of the EXERCISE 4.3
word SIMPLE if all are taken at a time?
Solution: 1. If � ��� = � �� , find ��
��
SIMPLE Solution:
n
Number of Letters = 6 C12 = nC9 [ n Cx = n
Cy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n]
The number of permutations of the letters of the word Clearly 12 ≠ 9 ∴ n = 12+9 = 21
SIMPLE if all are taken at a time =6! = 720 21
Cn = 21
C21 = 1
9. Find the distinct permutations of the letters of the word ��
2. If ���−� = ��
���+� . find �.
MISSISSIPPI? Solution:
Solution : 15 15
C2r−1 = C2r+4 [ n Cx = n
Cy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n]
MISSISSIPPI
2r − 1 + 2r + 4 ⇒ 4r + 3 = 15 ⇒ 4r = 15-3
Total number of letters = 11
4r = 12 ⇒ r = 3
Number of S’s = 4
Numbers of I’s = 4 12. How many ways a committee of six persons from 10
Number of P’s = 2 persons can be chosen along with a chair person and a
11! secretary?
Required numbers of arrangements = 4!×4!×2! = 34650
Solution:
10. How many ways can the product �� �� �� be expressed Required number of selection = 10 C1 × 9 C1 × 8 C6
without exponents? = 10
C1 × 9 C1 × 8 C6 = 10 × 9 ×
8×7
= 2520
1×2
Solution :
11. How many different selections of 5 books can be made
a2 b3 c4 Means 2 a’s , 3 b’s and 4 c’s .
from 12 different books if,
Total number of exponents = 9
9! (i) Two particular books are always selected?
Number of arrangements = 2!×3!×4! = 1260
(ii) Two particular books are never selected?
12. In how many ways can the letters of the word SUCCESS Solution:
be arranged so that all Ss are together? There are 12 Books, we have to select 5 Books.
Solution: (i) Two particular books are always selected, the remaining
SUCCESS (5-2)3 books can be selected from (12-2)10 books in
10
Let all the 3 Ss consider as 1 unit. C3 ways.
There will be 5 Units with 2C' s. 10
C3 =
10x9x8
= 120 Ways
3x2x1
5! 120
Number of arrangements = 2! = 2
= 60 (ii) Since two books are never to be selected,
10
18. If the letters of the word FUNNY are permuted in all The selection of 5 boos from 10 books are done in C5 ways.
10 10×9×8×7×6
possible ways and the strings thus formed are arranged in C5 = = 252 Ways.
1×2×3×4×5
the dictionary order, find the rank of the word FUNNY.
15. In an examination a student has to answer 5questions,
Solution:
out of 9 questions in which 2 are compulsory. In how many
FUNNY
ways a student can answer the questions?
Alphabetical Order: F U N N Y
Solution:
FUNNY 7×6×5
Number of selection is 7 C3 = 1×2×3 = 35
Alphabetical Order: F U N N Y
1 4 2 2 5 16. Determine the number of 5 card combinations out of a
deck of 52 cards if there is exactly three aces in each
F U N N Y
combination.
� � � 0 0 Solution:
�! �! �! Total Number of cards = 52
4! 3! 2! 1! 0! No of ace cards = 4
�! No of non ace cards = 48
Rank = 0 x 4! + 2 x �! + 0 x 1! + 0 x 01 + 1
Number of selection of 5 cards combination from 52 cards
=0+6+0+0+1=7 with 3 aces in each combination is
Rank of the word FUNNY is 7 48
48 × 47
C2 × 4 C3 ⇒ 48 C2 × 4 C1 = × 4 = 4512
2

XI - MATHEMATICS 13
22. How many triangles can be formed by joining 15 points 6. How many numbers are there between 100 and 500 with
on the plane, in which no line joining any three points? the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ? if (i) repetition of digits allowed (ii)
Solution : the repetition of digits is not allowed.
Solution :
(i) repetition of digits allowed :
Hundreds Tens Unit
4 6 6
To form a triangle we need minimum 3 non collinear points.
3 points can be selected 15 non collinear points in 15
C3 Ways. We have to form number between 100 to 500 it has 3 digit.
15 15×14×13 The unit place can be filled in 6 ways using 0,1,2,3,4,5 .
C3 = = 455
1×2×3
Tenth place also can be filled in 6 ways using 0,1,2,3,4,5 .
23. How many triangles can be formed by 15 points, in which The hundreds place can be filled in 4 ways (excluding 0,5) .
7 of them lie on one line and the remaining 8 on another Required number of 3 digit numbers = 6 x 6 x 4 = 144
parallel line? (ii) repetition of digits is not allowed :
Solution: Hundreds Tens Unit
4 5 4
The hundreds place can be filled in 4 ways (excluding 0,5).
To form a triangle we need 3 points . Tenth place also can be filled in 5 ways.
The unit place can be filled in 4 ways using 0,1,2,3,4,5 .
Line 1 Line 2
Combination Required number of 3 digit numbers = 4 x 5 x 4 = 80
(8 points) (7 points)
7. How many three-digit odd numbers can be formed by
(1) 1 2 8
C1 x7 C2 = 168 using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ? if (i) the repetition of digits is
not allowed (ii) the repetition of digits is allowed.
(2) 2 1 8
C2 x7 C1 = 196
Solution :
364 (i) repetition of digits is not allowed :
Hundreds Tens Unit
We may form 364 triangles in total.
3 MARKS : 4 4 3
EXERCISE 4.1 Since we need three digit odd numbers, so that The unit
5. How many three-digit numbers are there with 3 in the unit place can be filled in 3 ways using 1,3,5 The hundreds place
place? (i) with repetition (ii) without repetition. can be filled in 4 ways (excluding 0)
(i) with repetition Tenth place also can be filled in 4 ways (including 0)
The given digits are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Required number of 3 digit numbers = 4 x 4 x 3 = 48
The Unit place can be filled in only one way of using 3. Since (ii) repetition of digits allowed :
repetition is allowed , the tens place can be filled in ten ways
Hundreds Tens Unit
using any one of the digits from 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
The hundreds place can be filled in 9 ways (excluding 0) 5 6 3
Hundreds Tens Unit
The unit place can be filled in 3 ways using 1,3,5
9 10 1 The hundreds place can be filled in 5 ways (excluding 0)
By fundamental principle of multiplication , total number of Tenth place also can be filled in 6 ways (including 0)
3 digit numbers = 9 x 10 x 1 = 90 Ways Required number of 3 digit numbers = 5 x 6 x 3 = 90
(ii) without repetition :
The Unit place can be filled in only one way of using 3. The
hundreds place can be filled in 8 ways (excluding 0,3)
The tens place can be filled in 8 ways (including 0,3)
Hundreds Tens Unit

8 8 1
By fundamental principle of multiplication, total number of 3
digit numbers = 8 x 8 x 1 = 64 Ways.

XI - MATHEMATICS 14
9. Count the numbers between 999 and 10000 subject to the Hundreds place can filled by any one of the digit 1,2,3,4 in 4
condition that there are (i) no restriction. (ii) no digit is ways (Excluding 0). Having filled this tenth place can filled
repeated. (iii) at least one of the digits is repeated. up by remaining numbers by 4 ways.
Solution : No of 3 digit numbers which
(i) no restriction. divisible = 4 x 4 x 1 = 16 -------(2)
by 5 and end with 0
Given digits are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Number of number divisible by 5 = 20 + 16 = 36
We need numbers from 999 to 10000. It has 4 digits.
(ii) repetition of digits are allowed:
Thousand Hundreds Tens Unit
Hundreds Tens Unit
9 10 10 10
5 6 2
Thousands place can be filled in 9 ways (Excluding 0)
The unit place can be filled in 2 ways using 0,5
Hundreds, Tens ,Units places can be filled in 10 ways
The hundreds place can be filled in 5 ways (excluding 0)
Required number of 4 digit numbers = 9 x 10 x 10 x 10
Tenth place can be filled in 6 ways (including 0)
= 9000
Number of number divisible by 5 = 2 x 5 x 6 = 60.
(ii) no digit is repeated.
10. To travel from a place A to place B, there are two
Thousand Hundreds Tens Unit
different bus routes B1,B2, two different train routes T1, T2
9 9 8 7 and one air route A1. From place B to place C there is one bus
route say B’1, two different train routes say T’1, T’2 and one
Thousands place can be filled in 9 ways (Excluding 0)
air route A’1. Find the number of routes of commuting from
Hundreds place can be filled in 9 ways (including 0)
place A to place C via place B without using similar mode of
tens place can be filled in 8 ways
transportation.
ones place can be filled in 7 ways
Solution:
Required number of 4 digit numbers = 9 x 9 x 8 x 7 = 4536
(iii) at least one of the digits is repeated.
Required number of numbers
Total number of No of 4 digit number
= −
4 digit number when no digit is repeated
= 9000 – 4536 = 4464 Condition is one should not use same mode of transport.
9. How many three-digit numbers, which are divisible by 5,
Selection No of Selection No of Total
can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5 if (i) repetition of
Of Mode Routes Of Mode Routes No of
digits are not allowed? (ii) repetition of digits are allowed?
Transport Available Transport Available Routes
Solution : (i) repetition of digits are not allowed:
To travel For To travel for to
The given digits are 0,1,2,3,4,5
A to B A to B B to C B to C A to C
A number divisible by 5 if end with 0 or 5.
Case (i) Let unit place fixed by 0: Bus 2 Air/Train 3 6

Hundreds Tens Unit Train 2 Air/Bus 2 4

0
Air 1 Bus/Train 3 3
5 4 1
Total Number of Routes 13
Hundreds place can filled by any one of the digit 1,2,3,4,5 in 5
ways. Having filled this tenth place can filled up by remaining
numbers by 4 ways. 11. How many numbers are there between 1 and 1000 (both
No of 3 digit numbers which inclusive) which are divisible neither by 2 nor by 5?
divisible =5 x 4 x 1 = 20 -------(1)
n(A) = Number of numbers divisible by 2 = 500
by 5 and end with 0
n(B) = Number of numbers divisible by 5 = 200
Case (ii) Let unit place fixed by 5:
�(� ∩ �) = No. of numbers divisible by 2&5=100
Hundreds Tens Unit No of numbers divisible by 2 Or 5 = �(���) = �(�) + �(�)
− �(� ∩ �) = 500+200-100 = 600
5
No of numbers divisible neither by 2 nor by 5 = 1000 - 600 =
4 4 1 400

XI - MATHEMATICS 15
 EXERCISE 4.2 7. How many strings can be formed from the letters of the
�� �
2. If ��−� = � × ��, find �. word ARTICLE, so that vowels occupy the even places?
Solution: Solution:
10
Pr−1 = 2 × 6 Pr Number of letters = 7
By using the formula n Pr =
n! Vowels are A, I, E. Other Letters are R, T, C, L
(n−r)!
Condition : vowels occupy the even places
10! 6!
=2× V V V
(10 − (r − 1))! (6 − r)!
10! 6! Available even places are 3 for three vowels
=2×
(11 − r)! (6 − r)! Let the 3 vowels occupy 3 even places in 3! Ways
10×9×8×7×6! 6! Remaining 4 letters occupy 4 odd places in 4!
=2×
(11−r)(10−r)(9−r)(8−r)(7−r)(6−r)! (6−r)!
10×9×8×7
Ways Number of strings = 3! × 4! = 6 × 24 = 144
=2
(11−r)(10−r)(9−r)(8−r)(7−r) 8. 8 women and 6 men are standing in a line.
10×9×8×7
(11 − r)(10 − r)(9 − r)(8 − r)(7 − r) = Solution:
2
Rewrite the above in descending order, (i) How many arrangements are possible if any individual
11 − r 10 − r 9 − r 8 − r 7 − r can stand in any position?
=7×6×5×4×3 Since any individual can stand in any positions, 8 women and
r=4 6 men can be arrange in 14 P14 = 14!
5 . A test consists of 10 multiple choice questions. In how (ii) In how many arrangements will all 6 men be standing
many ways can the test be answered if next to one another?
(i) Each question has four choices? Considering six men as one unit, we have 9 peoples and they
Solution: can arranged in 9! ways. these six men can arrange among
Permutation to answer Every Question= 4 P1 = 4 themselves in 6! Ways
No of ways to answer all the 10 Questions = Total number of arrangements = 9! × 6!
(iii) In how many arrangements will no two men be standing
4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 410
next to one another?
(ii) The first four questions have three choices and the
According to the given condition let we arrange men and
remaining have five choices?
women as follows
Permutation to answer every First 4 Question = 3 P1 = 3
Permutation to answer every another 6 Question = 5 P1 = 5 x w x w x w x w x w

No of ways to answer all the 10 Questions = x w x w x w x

3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 34 × 56
x denote Seats for men
(iii) Question number � has � + � choices?
⇒ 9 seats available for 6 men
According to given question, First question has 2 choice
∴ No. of arrangements = 9 P6
Second question has 3 choices, Third question has 4 choices
W denote Seats for women
…….
8 seats available for 8 women
10th question has 11 choices
∴ No. of arrangements = 8 P8 = 8!
Number of ways to answer = 2 × 3 × …… × 11
9
Required number of arrangements = 8! × P6
= 11!
11. In how many ways 4 mathematics books, 3 physics books,
5. A student appears in an objective test which contain 5
2 chemistry books and 1 biology book can be arranged on a
multiple choice questions. Each question has four choices out
shelf so that all books of the same subjects are together.
of which one correct answer.
Solution :
Solution:
As per the given condition
(i) What is the maximum number of different answers can
Take 4 maths books as 1 unit, 3 Physics books as 1 unit,
the students give?
2 Chemistry books as 1 unit, 1 biology books a 1 unit
5 multiple choice questions each has 4 choices.
There are 4 kinds of books arranged in 4! Ways.
The maximum number of answer = 45
4 maths books arranged among themselves in 4! Ways
(ii) How will the answer change if each question may have
3 physics books arranged among themselves in 3! Ways
more than one correct answers?
2 chemistry books arranged among themselves in 2! Ways
The questions may have 1 correct answer, or
1 biology book arranged among themselves in 1 Way
The questions may have 2 correct answer or
Total number of arrangements = 4! × 4! × 3! × 2! × 1
3 or 4 or 5 correct answer
= 24 × 24 × 6 × 2 × 1
Number of correct answers = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
= 6912 Ways
Maximum number of correct answers = 155 .

XI - MATHEMATICS 16
14. How many strings are there using the letters of the word 15. Each of the digits �, �, �, �, � and 4 is written on a
INTERMEDIATE, if separate card. The six cards are then laid out in a row to
(i) The vowels and consonants are alternative form a 6-digit number.
(ii) All the vowels are together (i) How many distinct 6-digit numbers are there?
(iii) Vowels are never together (ii) How many of these 6-digit numbers are even?
(iv) No two vowels are together. (iii) How many of these 6-digit numbers are divisible by 4?
Solution : Solution :
INTERMEDIATE The digits are 1,1,2,3,3 and 4
Total number of letters = 12 6!
(i) Number of distinct 6 digits Numbers = 2!2! = 180
Vowels = I E E I A E [ here 3 E's, 2 I's & 1 A ]
(ii) If a number is even, The unit Place must be either 2 or 4
Constants = N T R M D T [ Here 2 T's ]
5! 5!
(i) The vowels and consonants are alternative Number of cards = 2!2! if 2 is in the unit place and = 2!2! if 4 is
A) If first starts with Vowel in the unit place
5! 5! 120 120
V C V C V C V C V C V C Total number of cards = 2!2! + 2!2! = +
4 4

Number of Vowels constants = 30 + 30 = 60

= × arrangements = (iii) If a number is divisible by 4 , then the last two digit
arrangements arrangements
6! 6!
× number must be divisible by 4 . Therefore the last two digits
3!×2!×1! 2!
B) If first starts with Constants should be 12,24 or 32 .
4! 4! 4!
C V C V C V C V C V C V Number of Cards = 2! + 2!2! + 2! = 12 + 6 + 12 = 30

constants 16.If the letters of the word GARDEN are permuted in all
Number of Vowels
= × arrangements possible ways and the strings thus formed are arranged in
arrangements arrangements
6! 6! the dictionary order, then find the ranks of the words (i)
= ×
3!×2!×1! 2!
GARDEN (ii) DANGER.
Total number of arrangements
6! 6! 6! 6! 6! 6!
Solution:
= × + × =2× × = 43200
3!×2!×1! 2! 3!×2!×1! 2! 3!×2!×1! 2! 9. (I) GARDEN
(ii) All the vowels are together
4 1 6 2 3 5
Take all the vowels as I Unit, Then we have seven units for
arrangements.
G A R D E N

Number of arrangements = 2! ( There are 2T' s )

7! 3 0 3 0 0 0

Among the vowels number of arrangements = 2!3!

6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1! 0!

( There are 3E' s and 2I' s) Rank = 3 x 5! + 0 x 4! + 3 x 3 ! + 0 x 2! + 0 x 1! + 0 X 0! + 1

Required number of permutations = 2! X 2!3!
7! 6! = 3 x 120 + 0 + 3 x 6 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 2520 × 60 = 151200…(1) = 360 + 18 + 1 = 379
(iii) Vowels are never together (II) DANGER
Vowels are Total Vowels are
never together
=
Arrengements
−
together 2 1 5 4 3 6
=
12!
− 151200 From (1) D A N G E R
2!2!3!
= 19958400 − 151200 = 19807200 1 0 2 1 0 0
(iv) No two vowels are together. 5! 4! 3! 2! 1! 0!
Similar to (i) = 43200.
Rank = 1 x 5! + 0 x 4! + 2 x 3 ! + 1 x 2! + 0 x 1! + 0 X 0! + 1
= 1 x 120 + 0 + 2 x 6 + 1 X 2 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 120 + 12 + 2 + 1 = 135

XI - MATHEMATICS 17
17. Find the number of strings that can be made using all 5. Prove that ��
�� + ∑��=� (�� − �)
�� = ��
��
letters of the word THING. If these words are written as in a Solution :
dictionary, what will be the 85 th string? L.H.S : 35
C5 + ∑4r=0 (39− r)
C4
Solution : = 35
C5 + 39
C4 + 38
C4 + 37
C4 + 36
C4 + 35
C4
(i) The number of strings that can be made using all letters of Using the result Cr + Cr−1 =n n n+1
Cr
the word THING = 5! = 120 = 35
C5 + 35
C4 + 36
C4 + 37
C4 + 38
C4 + 39
C4
(i) THING 36 36 37 38 39
= C5 + C4 + C4 + C4 + C4
36 36 37 38 39
ALPHABETICAL ORDER : G H I N T = C5 + C4 + C4 + C4 + C4
37 37 38 39
= C5 + C4 + C4 + C4
TOTAL WORDS 37
= C5 + C4 + C4 + 39 C4 =
37 38 38
C5 + 38
C4 + 39
C4
G - - - - 4! 24 24 = 38 C5 + 38 C4 + 39 C4 = 39 C5 + 39
C4
= 40C5 R.H.S Hence Proved
H - - - - 4! 24 48 [24+24] �� ×�×�×………(��−�)
��
7. Prove that �� =
�!
I - - - - 4! 24 72 Solution :
[24+24+24] 2n 2n!
L.H.S Cn =
N Starts the word n!(2n−n)!
2n(2n−1)(2n−2)(2n−3)(2n−4)…….3.2.1
N G - - - 3! 6 78 [ 72+6] = n!n!

N H - - - 3! 6 84 [ 78+6] {2n(2n−2)(2n−4)….4.2}{(2n−1)(2n−3)…….3.1}
= n!n!
N I Starts 2n {n(n−1)(n−2)….2.1}{(2n−1)(2n−3)…….3.1}
=
n!n!
Next Word will be the 85th Word We need the word in
2n n! {(2n−1)(2n−3)…….3.1}
alphabetical order which starts with “NI” . Arrange other = n!n!
letters in alphabetical order as“GHT”
2n {(2n−1)(2n−3)…….3.1}
N I G H T 1! 1 85th word
=
n!
2n x1x3x……(2n−3)×(2n−1)
=
n!
EXERCISE 4.3 n
2 x1x3x………(2n − 1)
=
n!
3. If � �� = ���, and � �� = ���, find �, �. = R.H.S , Hence proved
Solution:
nPr = 720, and nCr = 120 7. Prove that � ≤ � ≤ � then
We know that nPr = nCr × r! � × (�−�) ��−� = (� − � + �)� ��−�
720 = 120 × r! Solution :
(n−1)!
r! = 6 =3x2x1 L.H.S n × (n − 1)Cr−1 = n (n−1−(r−1))!(r−1)!
r=3 n(n−1)!
=
(n−1−r+1)!(r−1)!
Also nPr = 720
n n! (n − r + 1)
P3 = 720 = ×
(n − r)! (r − 1)! (n − r + 1)
n n − 1 n − 2 = 10 × 9 × 8 n!
n = 10 = (n − r + 1)
(n − r + 1)(n − r)! (r − 1)!
4.Prove that ��
�� + � × ��
�� + ��
�� = ���� n!
= (n − r + 1)
Solution : (n − r + 1)! (r − 1)!
n!
L.H.S: 15
C3 + 2 × 15
C4 + 15
C5 = (n − r + 1)
(n − (r − 1))! (r − 1)!
15
= 15C3 + 15C4 + 15C4 + C5 = (n − r + 1) n Cr−1 R.H.S Hence Proved
n n n+1
Cr + Cr−1 = Cr -------------------(1)
15 15 15
= C4 + C3 + C5 + 15 C4
16
= C4 + 16 C5 [ ∵ From (1)
= 16 C5 + 16 C4
= 17 C5 [ ∵ From (1)
= R.H.S Hence Proved

XI - MATHEMATICS 18
9. (i) A Kabaddi coach has 14 players ready to play. How 11.A trust has 25 members.
many different teams of 7 players could the coach put on the (i) How many ways 3 officers can be selected?
court? (ii) In how many ways can a President, Vice President and a
Solution : Secretary be selected?
Here 7 players must be selected from 14 players This can be Solution:
done 14 C7 ways. (i) 3 officers can be selected from 25 members in 25
C3 =
14 25×24×23
Hence, number of different team of players = C7 = 2300
1×2×3
14 × 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8
= (ii) A president can be selected from 25 members in 25 ways.
1×2×3×4×5×6×7
= 13 × 11 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 3432 A Vice president can be selected from 24 members in 24
(ii) There are 15 persons in a party and if each 2 of them ways, and a secretary can be selected from 23 ways.
shakes hands with each other, how many handshakes 25
P3 = 25 × 24 × 23 = 13800
happen in the party? 14. There are 5 teachers and 20 students. Out of them a
Solution : committee of 2 teachers and 3 students is to be formed. Find
The total number of handshakes is same as the number of the number of ways in which this can be done. Further find
ways of selecting two persons among 15 persons. This can be in how many of these committees
15
done in C2 Ways. (i) a particular teacher is included?
15 15×14
Number of Handshakes C2 = = 15 × 7 = 105. (ii) a particular student is excluded?
1×2
(iii) How many chords can be drawn through 20 points on a Solution:
circle? The number of selection of 2 teachers and 3 students from 5
Solution : teachers and 20 students.
5 20 5x4 20x19x18
A Chord is obtained by joining any two points On a circle. C2 × C3 = × = 11400
1x2 1x2x3
Number of chords drawn through 20 points is same as the (i) Let Particular teacher be Included:
number of ways selecting 2 points out of 20 points. This can Numbers of selections = 4 C1 × 20
C3 = 4 ×
20x19x18
= 4560
1×2×3
be done in 20 C2 Ways.
20×19
(ii) Let Particular student be excluded:
Total Number of Chords = 20C2 = = 190 5x4 19×18×17
1×2 Number of selections = 5 C2 × 19 C
3 =
1x2
×
1×2×3
= 9690
(iv) In a parking lot one hundred, one year old cars, are
17. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5
parked. Out of them five are to be chosen at random for to
members out of 7 Indians and 5 Americans, so that always
check its pollution devices. How many different set of five
Indians will be the majority in the committee.
cars can be chosen?
Solution:
Solution:
Condition is Indians will be the majority in the committee.
5 cars can be chosen out of 100 cars in 100 C5 Ways
100
C5 =
100x99x98x97x96 Indians Americans
1×2×3×4×5
= 451725120 Possibilities Combinations
(7) (5)
(v) How many ways can a team of 3 boys, 2 girls and 1
transgender be selected from 5 boys, 4 girls and 2 trans (1) 3 2 7
C3 × 5 C2 = 350
genders?
Solution : (2) 4 1 7
C4 × 5 C1 = 175
3 boys can be selected from 5 Boys in 5 C3 ways (3) 5 − 7
C5 = 021
2 girls can be selected from 4 Boys in 4 C2 ways
Total number of selection = 5 C3 × 4 C2 × 2 C1 Total 546
5x4x3 4x3
× × 2 = 120
1×2×3 1×2
10. Find the total number of subsets of a set with (i) 4
elements (ii) 5 elements (iii) � elements.
Solution :
We know that n C0 + n C1 + n C2 + ……. . + n Cn = 2n
(i) 4 Elements: Number of subsets = 24 = 16
(ii) 5 elements: Number of subsets 25 = 32
(iii) n elements
n
C0 + n C1 + n C2 + ……. . + n Cn = 2n

XI - MATHEMATICS 19
21. Find the number of strings of 4 letters that can be formed 5 MARKS
with the letters of the word EXERCISE 4.2
EXAMINATION? 19. Find the sum of all 4 -digit numbers that can be formed
Solution : using digits �, �, �, �, and 5 repetitions not allowed?
Total number of letters in "Examination" - 11 Letters Solution :
'A', 'I' & 'N' occur twice - 3 Letters RECALL
Other letters are distinct E, X, M, T, O − 5 Letters Theorem 4.1:
(a) All four letter are different from each other The sum of all � − digit numbers that can beformed using the
i.e., Letters are distinct [E, X, A, M, I, N, T, O] (�−�)
given n non zero digits is �(�−�) × (Sum of the Digits)
8
= C4 × 4! = 1680 ------------------------(1) × ���.. (r Times)
(b) 2 Letters are same, other 2 letters are distinct Solution :
i.e., Example : AAMT , EXNN r = 4 ( Number of Digits )
4!
= 3 C1 × 7 C2 × = 756 -------------------------(2) n = 5 (Number of non zero numbers given 1,2,3,4,5)
2!
(n−1)
(C) 2 letters are same and other two letters are same Sum of All Numbers = P(r−1) × (Sum of the Digits)
4!
i.e., Example : AANN, IINN = 3 C2 × 2!×2! = 18--------(3) × 111.. (r Times)
= (5−1) P(4−1) × (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) × 1111
Total number of combination = 1680 + 756 + 18 = 2454
= 4 P3 × 15 × 1111
24. There are 11 points in a plane. No three of these lies in
= 24 × 15 × 1111
the same straight line except 4 points, which are collinear.
= 399960
Find,
(i) the number of straight lines that can be obtained from the 20. Find the sum of all 4-digit numbers that can be formed
pairs of these points? using digits �, �, �, �, � without repetition?
(ii) the number of triangles that can be formed for which the Solution:
RECALL:
points are their vertices?
Theorem �. �: If 0 is one digit among the given � digit, then
Solution:
we get that the sum of the r digit numbers that can be formed
using the given � digit (Including 0 ) is
{(� − �)� �−� × ( Sum of the Digits ) × ���…( r Times)} −
�−�
{ � �−� × Sum of the Digits × ���… r − � Times }
(i) To get a straight line we need two points, Number of Solution :
straight lines from 11 points in a plane is 11 C2 . But 4 points From Give Data ,
are collinear (lie in a same line ) 4 C2 lines must be substrated. r = 4 ( Number of Digits )
At the same time these four points creating a line. n = 5 (Number of numbers given 0,2,5,7,8)
Number of lines = 11 C2 − 4 C2 + 1 = 55 − 6 + 1 = 50 lines Sum of All Numbers =
(ii) To get a triangle we need three points. No of triangle to {(n − 1)P r−1 × ( Sum of the Digits ) × 111…( r Times)} −
be formed by 11 points are = 11 C3 { n−2
P r−2 × Sum of the Digits × 111… r −1 Times }
4
But the 4 collinear points does not make any triangle C3 = P3 × 22 × 1111 − 3 P2 × 22 × 111
4

must be substrated. = (24 × 22 × 1111) − (6 × 22 × 111) = 586608 − 14652

Number of triangle formed = 571956.
= 11 C3 − 4 C3 = 165 − 4 = 161
25. A polygon has 90 diagonals. Find the number of its sides?
Solution :
Let there are n sides of a polygon.
We know that the number of diagonals of n sided polygon is
n(n−3)
2
.
n(n − 3)
Given = 90
2
n(n − 3) = 180
n2 − 3n − 180 = 0
n − 15 n + 12 = 0
n = 15 or n=−12 (not Valid)
n = 15 There are 15 sides for the polygon which has 90
diagonals.

XI - MATHEMATICS 20
 EXERCISE 4.3 20. A box contains two white balls, three black balls and four
18. A committee of 7 peoples has to be formed from 8 men red balls. In how many ways can three balls be drawn from
and 4 women. In how many ways can this be done when the the box, if at least one black ball is to be included in the draw?
committee consists of Solution:
(i) exactly 3 women? Condition is one black ball must be included out of 3 Balls
(ii) at least 3 women? W(2) B(3) R(4) Combinations
(iii) at most 3 women?
2
Solution : (1) 2 1 − C2 x3 C1 × 4 C0 = 3
(i) exactly 3 women
2
(2) 1 1 1 C2 × 3 C1 × 4 C1 = 24
That means 4 men in the committee
Number of combinations = 3 C4 × 4 C3 = 280 (3) − 1 2 2
C0 × 3 C1 × 4 C2 = 18
(ii) at least 3 women
2
(4) 1 2 − C1 × 3 C2 × 4 C0 = 6
Men (8) Women (4) Combinations
2
8
(5) − 2 1 C0 × 3 C2 × 4 C1 = 12
4 3 C4 × 4 C3 = 280
2
8
(6) − 3 3 C0 × 3 C3 × 4 C3 = 1
3 4 C3 × 4 C4 = 56
Total = 64
Total 336
(iii) at most 3 women
EXERCISE 4.4
Men (8) Women (4) Combinations
1. By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that,
7 0 8
C7 ×4 C0 = 8 for � ≥ � Thus �(�) is true ⇒ (� + �) is true. Hence by
principle of mathematical induction, �(�) is true for all � ∈ �.
8
6 1 C6 × 4 C1 = 112 �(�+�) �
�� + �� + �� + … + �� =
�
5 2 8 4
C5 × C2 = 336 Solution:
n(n+1) 2
4 3 8 4
C4 × C3 = 280 P(n) = 13 + 23 + 33 + … + n3 = 2
For n = 1
Total 736 1(1+1) 2
P(1) = 1 = ⇒1=1
2
∴ P(1) is true
19. 7 relatives of a man comprises 4 ladies and 3 gentlemen, Let P(n) be true for n = k
his wife also has 7 relatives; 3 of them are ladies and 4 ∴ P(k) = 13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3
gentlemen. In how many ways can they invite a dinner party k(k+1) 2
of 3 ladies and 3 gentlemen so that there are 3 of man's = -------(i)
2

relative and 3 of the wife's relatives? For n = k + 1

Solution : (k+1)(k+2) 2
P(k + 1) = 13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3 + (k + 1)3 = 2
Condition is 3 Gentlemen and 3 ladies are invited
P(k + 1) = P(k) + ��+1
k(k+1) 2
Possib Husband Wife Combinations = + (k + 1)3 [using (i)]
2
ilities Gents Ladies Gents Ladies
k2
3 4 4 3 = (k + 1)2 +k+1
4
3
(1) 3 - - 3 C3 × 4C0 × 4 C0 × 3C3 k2 +4k+4
=1 = (k + 1)2 4
3
(2) 2 1 1 2 C2 × 4C1 × 4 C1 × 3C2
(k+1)2(k+2)2 (k+1)(k+2) 2
= 144 = =
4 2
(3) 1 2 2 1 3
C1 × 4C2 × 4 C2 × 3C1
= 326 ∴ P(k + 1) is true.
(4) - 3 3 - 3
C0 × 4C3 × 4 C3 × 3C0 Thus P(K) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true.
= 16
Hence by principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true
Total = 485
for all n ∈ N.

XI - MATHEMATICS 21
2. By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for � > � 6. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any
�(�� − �)(�� + �) natural number � ≥ �,
�� + �� + �� + … + (�� − �)� =
� � � � � �−�
Solution: + + +…+ = .
�+� �+�+� �+�+�+� �+�+�+…+� �+�
n(2n−1)(2n+1)
Let P(n)=12 + 32 + 52 + … + (2n − 1)2 = Solution:
3
Let P(n) is the statement
For n = 1
1 1 1 1 n−1
1(2×1−1)(2×1+1) 1×1×3 + + +…+ =
P(1) = (2 × 1 − 1)2 = 1= 1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4 1+2+3+…+n n+1
3 3
Given n ≥ 2
∴ P(1) is true
1 1
Let P(n) be true for n = k LHS ⇒P(2)= 1+2 = 3
k(2k−1)(2k+1) 2−1 1
∴ P(k) = 12 + 32 + 52 + … + (2k − 1)2 = 3
….(i) RHS ⇒P(2)=
2+1
=
3
For n = k + 1; To prove P(k+1) is true LHS = RHS ⇒ P(n) is true for n = 2.
(k + 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) Assume that the given statement is true for n = k
RHS =
3 1 1
(i.e.) 1+2 + 1+2+3 + … + 1+2+3+…+k = k+1 is true
1 k−1
k(2k − 1)(2k + 1)
LHS = P(k) + tk+1 = + (2k + 1)2 (Using (i)] To prove P(k + 1) is true:
3
k(2k−1) 2k2 −k+6k+3 (k+1)−1
= (2k + 1) + (2k + 1) = (2k + 1) R.H.S. = (k+1)+1
3 3
(2k+1) 2k2 +5k+3 1 1 1 1 1
= =
(2k+1)(k+1)(2k+3)
=
(k+1)(2k+1)(2k+3) L.H.S. = + + +…+ +
3 3 3 1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4 1+2+3+…+K 1+2+3+…+K+1

∴ P(k + 1) is true P(k + 1) = P(k) + tk+1

k−1 1 k−1 1
Thus P(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true. Hence by principle = + = + (k+1)(k+2)
k+1 1+2+…+k+1 k+1
2
of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all n ∈ N. k−1 2 (k−1)(k+2)+2
= + =
3. Prove that the sum of the first � non-zero even numbers is k+1 (k+1)(k+2) (k+1)(k+2)
k2 −k+2k−2+2 k2+k
�� + �. = =
(k+1)(k+2) (k+1)(k+2)
Solution: k(k+1) k (k+1)−1
= (k+1)(k+2) = k+2 = (k+1)+1 = R.H.S.
Let P(n): 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 2n = n2 + n, ∀n ∈ N
Step 1: ⇒ P(k + 1) is true when P(k) is true so by the principle of
P(1): 2 = 12 + 1 = 2 which is true for P(1) mathematical induction P(n) is true for n ≥ 2.
Step 2:
P(k): 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 2k = k2 + k. Let it be true.
Step 3: P(k + 1): 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 2k + (2k + 2)
= k2 + k + (2k + 2) = k2 + 3k + 2 = k2 + 2k + k + 1 + 1
= (k + 1)2 + (k + 1) Which is true for P(k + 1)
So, P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true.
Hence by principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true
for all n ∈ N
4. By the principle of Mathematical induction, prove that, for � ≥ �.
�(� + �)(� + �)
�. � + �. � + �. � + … + �. (� + �) =
�
Solution:
n(n+1)(n+2)
Let P(n) = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + … + n(n + 1) = 3
For n = 1
1(1+1)(1+2)
P(1) = 1(1 + 1) = ⇒ 2 = 2 ∴ P(1) is true
3
Let P(n) be true for n = k
k(k+1)(k+2)
∴ P(k) = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + … + k(k + 1) = ---(i)
3
For n = k + 1
P(k + 1) = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + …. . + k(k + 1) + (k + 1)(k + 2)
k(k+1)(k+2)
= + (k + 1)(k + 2) [Using(i)]
3
k k+3 (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
= (k + 1)(k + 2) + 1 = (k + 1)(k + 2) =
3 3 3
∴ P(k + 1) is true Thus P(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true
Hence by principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true
for all n ∈ N

XI - MATHEMATICS 22
7. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any 9.Prove by Mathematical Induction that
natural number � �! + (� × �! ) + (� × �! ) + … + (� × �! ) = (� + �)! − �
� � � � �(�+�) Solution:
+ + +…+ = �(�+�)(�+�)
�.�⋅� �⋅�⋅� �⋅�.� �⋅(�+�)⋅(�+�)
P(n) is the statement
Solution:
1 1 1 1 n(n+3)
1! + (2 × 2! ) + (3 × 3! ) + …… + (n × n! ) = (n + 1)! − 1
Let P(n) = + + +…+ = To prove for n = 1
1⋅2⋅3 2⋅3⋅4 3⋅4⋅5 n⋅(n+1)⋅(n+2) 4(n+1)(n+2)

For n = 1 LHS = 1! = 1 RHS = (1 + 1)! − 1 = 2! − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1

1 1(1+3)
P(1) = = LHS = RHS ⇒ P(1) is true
1(1+1)(1+2) 4(1+1)(1+2)
1 4 1 1 Assume that the given statement is true for n = k
= ⇒ = ∴ P(1) is true
1×2×3 4×2×3 6 6 (i.e.) 1! + (2 × 2! ) + (3 × 3! ) + … + (k × k! ) = (k + 1)! − 1
Let P(n) be true for n = k is true
1 1 1 1 k(k+3)
∴ P(k) = + + +…+ = ----(1) To prove P(k + 1) is true
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 k(k+1)(k+2) 4(k+1)(k+2)

For n = k + 1 p(k + 1) = p(k) + t(k+1)

(k+1)(k+4) P(k + 1) = (k + 1)! − 1 + (k + 1) × (k + 1)!
RHS = 4(k+2)(k+3)
= (k + 1)! + (k + 1)(k + 1)! − 1
k(k+3) 1
LHS = + [ Using (i)] = (k + 1)! [1 + k + 1] − 1
4(k+1)(k+2) (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
1 k3+3k 1 = (k + 1)! (k + 2) − 1
= +
(k+1)(k+2) 4 k+3 = (k + 2)! − 1
1 k2+6k2+9k+4
= = (k + 1 + 1)! − 1
(k+1)(k+2) 4(k+3)
1 (k+1)2 (k+4) (k+1)(k+4)
∴ P(k + 1) is true ⇒ P(k) is true, So by the principle of
= = mathematical induction P(n) is true.
(k+1)(k+2) 4(k+3) 4(k+2)(k+3)

∴ P(k + 1) is true 10. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any
Thus p(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true natural number �, ��� − ��� is divisible by � + �.
Hence by principle of mathematical induction, Solution:
p(n) is true for all n ∈ z Let P(n) = x2n − y2n is divisible by (x + y)
8. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any For n = 1
natural number �, P(1) = x2 × 1 − y2 × 1 is divisible by (x + y)
� � � � � ⇒ (x + y)(x − y) is divisible by (x + y)
+ + +…+ =
�. � �. � �. �� (�� − �)(�� + �) �� + � ∴ P(1) is true
Solution: Let P(n) be true for n = k
1 1 1 1 n
Let P n = 2.5 + 5.8 + 8.11 + … + 3n−1 3n+2
=
6n+4
∴ P(k) = x2k − y2k is divisible by (x + y)
For n = 1 ⇒ x2k − y2k = λ(x + y)…… (i)
P 1 =
1
=
1 For n = k + 1
(3×1−1)(3×1+2) (6×1+4)
⇒ P(k + 1) = x2(k+1) − y2(k+1) is divisible by (x + y)
1 1 1 1
⇒ = ⇒ = ∴ P(1) is true Now x2(k+1) − y2(k+1) = x2k+2 − y2k+2
2×5 10 10 10
Let P(n) be true for n = k = x2k+2 − x2k y2 + x2k y2 − y2k+2 (add & sub x2k y2 + x2k y2 )
1 1 1 1 k k
∴ P(k) =
2.5
+
5.8
+
8.11
+…+
(3k−1)(3k+2)
=
6k+4
=2(3k+2) ---(i) = x2k ⋅ x2 − x2k y2 + x2k y2 − y2k y2
For n = k + 1 ; To prove P(k+1) is true = x2k x2 − y2 + y2 (x2k − y2k )
K+1 = x2k x + y (x − y) + y2 λ(x + y) [Using (i)]
R.H.S. = 6(K+1)+4
= (x+y)( x2k + y2 λ) y2k+2 is divisible by (x + y)
L.H.S.
⇒ x2k+2 − y2k+2 is divisible by (x + y)
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +…+ + ∴ P(k + 1) is true.
2.5 5.8 8.11 3k−1 3k+2 3 k+1 −1 3 k+1 +2

=
k
+
1
=
1 k
+
1 Thus P(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true. Hence by principle of
2(3k+2) (3k+2)(3k+5) (3k+2) 2 3k+5
mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all n ∈ N
1 3k2 +5k+2 1 3k2 +3k+2k+2
= =
(3k+2) 2(3k+5) (3k+2) 2(3k+5)
1 3k(k+1)+2(k+1) 1 (k+1)(3k+2)
= =
(3k+2) 2(3k+5) (3k+2) 2(3k+5)
k+1
=
6k+10
∴ P(k + 1) is true
Thus P(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true. Hence by principle of
mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all n ∈ N.

XI - MATHEMATICS 23
11. By the principle of mathematical induction, 13. Use induction to prove that ��+� + � × �� when divided
�� by 20 leaves a remainder 9 , for all natural numbers �.
prove that, for � ≥ �, �� + �� + �� + … + �� >
�
Solution:
Solution:
P(n) is the statement 5n+1 + 4 × 6n − 9 is ÷ by 20
n3
Let P(n) is the statement 12 + 22 + 32 + … + n2 > 3 P(1) = 51+1 + 4 × 61 − 9 = 52 + 24 − 9
To prove P(1) is true = 25 + 24 − 9 = 40 ÷ by 20
13 1 So P(1) is true
P(1) = 12 = 1 > =
3 3
1 Assume that the given statement is true for n = k
1> which is true
3 5k+1 + 4 × 6n − 9 is ÷ by 20
So P(1) is true 5k+1 + 4 × 6n − 9 = 20 C (where C is an integer)
Assume that the given statement is true for n = k 5k+1 = 20C − 4 × 6n + 9
k3
(i.e.) 12 + 22 + … + k2 > 3
is true To prove P(k + 1) is true
To prove P(k + 1) is true P(k + 1) = 5k+1+1 + 4 × 6k+1+1 − 9
P(k + 1) = P(k) + (k + 1) = 5 × 5k+1 + 4 × 6 × 6k − 9
P(k + 1) = 12 + 22 + … + k2 + (k + 1)2 >
k3
+ (k + 1)2 = 5 20C + 9 − 4 × 6k + 24 × 6k − 9 [from(1)]
3
k3+3(k+1)2
= 100C + 45 − 206k + 246k − 9
RHS = = 100C + 46k + 36
3
k3 +3 k2+2k+1 k3+3k2+6k+3
= = = 100C + 4 9 + 6k
3 3
k3 +3k2+3k+3k+1+2 k3 +3k2 +3k+1 3k+2 Now for k = 1 ⇒ 4 9 + 6k = 4(9 + 6)
= = +
3 3 3 = 4 × 15 = 60 ÷ by 20 .
(k+1)3 3k+2 (k+1)3
= + > for k = 2 = 4 9 + 62 = 4 × 45 = 180 ÷ 20
3 3 3

⇒ P(k + 1) = 12 + 22 + … + (k + 1)2 >

(k+1)3 So by the principle of mathematical induction 4 9 + 6k is ÷
3
by 20
⇒ P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. So by the principle
Now 100C is ÷ by 20 .
of mathematical inductions P(n) is true.
So 100C + 4 9 + 6k is ÷ by 20
�
12. Use induction to prove that � − �� + �, is divisible by 3 ,
⇒ P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. So by the principle
for all natural numbers �.
of mathematical induction P(n) is true.
Solution:
14. Use induction to prove that �� + � × ��+� + �, is
Let P(n): n3 − 7n + 3
divisible by 9 , for all natural numbers �.
Step 1:
Solution:
P(1) = (1)3 − 7(1) + 3
P(n) is the statement 10n + 3 × 4n+2 + 5 is ÷ by 9
= 1 − 7 + 3 =− 3 which is divisible by 3
P(1) = 101 + 3 × 42 + 5 = 10 + 3 × 16 + 5
So, it is true for P(1).
= 10 + 48 + 5 = 63 ÷ by 9
Step 2:
So P(1) is true. Assume that P(k) is true
P(k): k3 − 7k + 3 = 3λ. Let it be true
(i.e.) 10k + 3 × 4k+2 + 5 is ÷ by 9
⇒ k3 = 3λ + 7k − 3
Step 3: (i.e.) 10k + 3 × 4k+2 + 5 = 9C (where C is an integer)
P(k + 1) = (k + 1)3 − 7(k + 1) + 3 ⇒ 10k = 9C − 5 − 3 × 4k+2 -----(1)
= k3 + 1 + 3k2 + 3k − 7k − 7 + 3 To prove P(k + 1) is true.
= k3 + 3k2 − 4k − 3 Now P(k + 1) = 10k+1 + 3 × 4k+3 + 5
= (3λ + 7k − 3) + 3k2 − 4k − 3( from Step 2) = 10 × 10k + 3 × 4k+2 × 4 + 5
= 3k2 + 3k + 3λ − 6 = 10 9C − 5 − 3 × 4k+2 + 3 × 4k+2 × 4 + 5
= 3 k2 + k + λ − 2 which is divisible by 3 . = 10 9C − 5 − 3 × 4k+2 + 12 × 4k+2 + 5
So it is true for P(k + 1). = 90C − 50 − 30 × 4k+2 + 12 × 4k+2 + 5
Hence, P(k + 1) is true whenever it is true for P(k). = 90C − 45 − 18 × 4k+2
= 9 10C − 5 − 2 × 4k+2 which is ÷ by 9
So P(k + 1) is true whenever P(K) is true. So by the principle
of mathematical induction P(n) is true.

XI - MATHEMATICS 24
15. Prove that using the Mathematical induction �� CHAPTER 6
� ��
16. � � + �� � � + � + �� � � + �
+ … + �� � � + TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
(�−�)� ��
�−� � ��� �+
��
��� �� 2 MARKS
= �
� ���
��
EXERCISE 6.1
Solution: 1. Find the locus of �, if for all values of �, the coordinates of
P(n) is the statement a moving point � is
π 2π n−1 π
sin α + sin α + + sin α + + … + sin α + Solution:
6 6 6
(n−1)π nπ
sin α+
12
×sin 12
(i) (� ��� � , � ��� �)
= π x
sin
12 Let x = 9cos α ⇒ 9 = cos α
Put n = 1 ⇒ P(1) = sin α = LHS y
y = 9sin α ⇒ = sin α
sin α+
(1−1)π
sin
π 9
12 12
RHS = π = sin α We know that cos2 α + sin2 α = 1
sin
12
x 2 y 2 x2 y2
LHS = RHS ⇒ P(1) is true + =1⇒ + = 1 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 81
9 9 81 81
Assume that the statement is true for n = k (i.e.)
(ii) (���� � , ���� �)
π 2π
P(k) = sin (α) + sin α + 6 + sin α + 6
+ … + sin α + Let x = 9cos α ⇒ 9 = cos α
x

(k−1)π
y
6 y = 6sin α ⇒ = sin α
sin α+
(k−1)π
×sin
kπ 6
= 12
π
12
is true We know that cos2 α + sin2 α = 1
sin
12
x 2 y 2 x2 y2
To prove P(k + 1) is true 9
+ 6
=1⇒ + =1
81 36
Now P(k+1)=P(k)+t(k+1) 2. Find the locus of a point � that moves at a constant distant
kπ
Now P(k + 1) = P(k) + sin α + of (i) two units from the �-axis
6
sin α+(k−1)
π
sin
kπ (ii) three units from the �-axis.
12 12 kπ
= π + sin α + Solution:
sin 6
12
π kπ
sin α+(k−1) sin +sin α+
kπ
sin
π (i) Let the given point P(h, k) moves 2 units equidistant from
12 12 6 12
= π x axis.
sin
12
1 π kπ (k−1)π kπ Where k = 2
Nr. = cos α + (k − 1) 12 − − cos α + +
12
2 12 12
Equation of a line with parallel to x
kπ π kπ π
+cos α + − − cos α + + axis is y = k ⇒ y = 2 ⇒ y − 2 = 0
6 12 6 12

=
1
cos α +
kπ
−
π
−
kπ
− cos α +
kπ
−
π
+
kπ (ii) Let the given point P(h, k) moves 3
2 12 12 12 12 12 12
2kπ π 2kπ π
units equidistant from y axis.
+cos α + − − cos α + + Where h = 3
12 12 12 12
1 π 2kπ π
= cos α − − cos α + − Equation of a line with parallel to y axis is
2 12 12 12
2kπ π 2kπ π x=h ⇒x= 3 ⇒x−3= 0
+cos α + −
12
− cos α + +
12
12 12 3. If � is a parameter, find the equation of the locus of a moving
1 π 2kπ π π
= cos α − − cos α + + ÷ sin point, whose coordinates are � = ����� �, � = ����� �.
2 12 12 12 12
1 2kπ 1 2kπ−2π Solution:
= − sin 2α + sin −
2 12 2 12
π π
x = acos3 θ y = asin3 θ
= sin α + 12 sin (k + 1) 12 x y
= cos3 θ = sin3 θ
π a a
Dr . = sin 12 x 1/3 y 1/3
π π a
= cos θ a
= sin θ
sin α+ sin (k+1)12
12
P(k + 1) = π x 2/3 y 2/3
sin
12 = cos2 θ = sin2 θ
a a
⇒ P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. x 2/3 y 2/3
So by the principle of mathematical induction P(n) is true. cos2 α + sin2 α = 1 ⇒ + =1
a a

4. Find the value of � and �, if the points �( − �, �) and

�(�, �) lie on the locus of �� − �� + �� = �.
Solution:
Let P( − 3,1) is lies on the line x2 − 5x + ky = 0.
( − 3)2 − 5( − 3) + k(1) = 0
9 + 15 + k = 0 ⇒ k =− 24
Let Q(2, b) is lies on the line x2 − 5x − 24y = 0.
1
(2)2 − 5(2) − 24(b) = 0 ⇒ 4 − 10 − 24 b = 0 ⇒ b =−
4
XI - MATHEMATICS 25
 EXERCISE 6.2 EXERCISE 6.3
1. Find the equation of the lines passing through the point 1. Show that the lines are �� + �� + � = � and
(�, �) 2. ��� + �� − �� = � are parallel lines.
Solution:
(i) With y-intercept (-4) (ii) With slope 3 (iii) And ( − �, �)
3 −3
(iv) And the perpendicular from the origin makes an angle Slope of I line = m1 =− 2
=
2
��∘ with �-axis. Slope of II line = m2 =−
12
=
−3
8 2
Solution:
Here m1 = m2 ⇒ the two lines are parallel.
(i) Given y intercept c =− 4,
4. Write the equation of the lines through the point (�, − �)
y = mx + c ⇒ y = mx −4
(i) Parallel to � + �� − � = �
(1, 1) lies on it 1 = m(1) −4 ⇒ m = 4+1 = 5 (ii) Perpendicular to �� + �� = �
y = 5x −4 Solution:
(ii) Slope m = 3, passing through x1 , y1 = (1,1) (i) Any line parallel to x + 3y − 4 = 0
Equation of the line is y − y1 = m x − x1 will be of the form x + 3y + k = 0.
⇒ y − 1 = 3(x − 1) ⇒ y − 1 = 3x − 3 ⇒ 3x − y = 2 It passes through (1, − 1) ⇒ 1 − 3 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 2
(iii) Passing through (1,1) and ( − 2,3) So the required line is x + 3y + 2 = 0
Equation of the line passing through 2 points is (ii) Any line perpendicular to 3x + 4y − 6 = 0
y − y1 x − x1 will be of the form 4x − 3y + k = 0.
=
y2 − y1 x2 − x1 It passes through (1, − 1) ⇒ 4 + 3 + k = 0 ⇒ k =− 7.
y−1 x−1 y−1 x−1
⇒ = ,⇒ = So the required line is 4x − 3y − 7 = 0
3−1 −2−1 2 −3
−3(y − 1) = 2(x − 1) ⇒− 3y + 3 = 2x − 2 5. If ( − �, �) is one vertex of a rhombus and if the equation
of one diagonal is �� − � + � = �, then find the equation of
5 = 2x + 3y ⇒ 2x + 3y = 5
another diagonal.
(iv) P = Distance between 0,0 and 1,1 Solution:
= (0 − 1)2 + (0 − 1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2, α = 60∘ In a rhombus, the diagonal cut at right angles.
Equation of the line is xcos α + ysin α = p The given diagonal is 5x − y + 7 = 0
⇒ xcos 60∘ + ysin 60∘ = 2 Clearly ( − 4,7) is not a point on the diagonal.
1 3 x + 3y Other diagonal is perpendicular to 5x − y + 7 = 0.
x +y = 2⇒ = 2 The equation of a line perpendicular to 5x − y + 7 = 0 will
2 2 2
be of the form x + 5y + k = 0.
⇒ x + 3y = 2 2
It passes through −4,7
2. If �(�, �) is mid point of a line segment between the axes,
� � ⇒− 4 + 5(7) + k = 0 ⇒ k =− 31
then show that � + � = �.
So the equation of the other diagonal is x + 5y − 31 = 0
Solution: 12. Find the distance between the parallel lines
P(r, c) is the mid point of AB. (i) ��� + �� = � and ��� + �� + � = �
(x,0) and (0,y) (ii) �� − �� + � = � and �� − �� − �� = �.
Midpoint = (r,c) Solution:
⇒ A = (2r, 0) and B = (0,2c) (i) The distance between the parallel lines ax + by + c = 0
(i.e) x intercept = 2r and and ax + by + d = 0 is
c−d
a2 +b2
y intercept = 2c.
x y The distance between 12x + 5y − 7 = 0 and
Equation of the line is 2r + 2c = 1
7−(−7) 7+7 14 14
1 x y x y 12x + 5y + 7 = 0 is = 144+25
= = units.
122+52 169 13
⇒ + = 1 ⇒ + = 2.
2 r c r c
(ii) 3x − 4y + 5 = 0 (multiplying by 2 )
6x − 8y + 10 = 0,6x − 8y − 15 = 0.
The distance between the parallel lines is
10−(−15) 10+15 10+15 25 5
= = 36+64
= = = units
62+82 100 10 2

13. Find the family of straight lines

(i) Perpendicular (ii) Parallel to �� + �� − �� = �.
Solution:
Equation of lines perpendicular to 3x + 4y − 12 = 0 will be
of the form 4x − 3y + k = 0, k ∈ R
Equation of lines parallel to 3x + 4y − 12 = 0 will be of the
form 3x + 4y + k = 0, k ∈ R

XI - MATHEMATICS 26
 EXERCISE 6.4 6. Find the equation of the locus of a point such that the sum
1. Find the combined equation of the straight lines whose of the squares of the distance from the points (�, �), (�, − �)
separate equations are � − �� − � = � and � + � + � = �. is equal to 20 .
Solution: Solution:
Separate equations are x − 2y − 3 = 0; x + y + 5 = 0 From given data
So the combined equation is (x − 2y − 3)(x + y + 5) = 0 PA2 + PB2 = 20
x2 + xy + 5x − 2y2 − 2xy − 10y − 3x − 3y − 15 = 0 (h − 3)2 + (k − 5)2 + (h − 1)2 + (k + 1)2 = 20
h2 − 6h + 9 + k2 − 10k + 25 + h2 − 2h + 1 + k2 + 2k + 1 = 20
(i.e) x2 − 2y2 − xy + 2x − 13y − 15 = 0
2h2 + 2k2 − 8h − 8k + 36 = 0
2. Show that ��� + ��� + �� − �� − �� − � = � represents a h2 + k2 − 4h − 4k + 18 = 0
pair of parallel lines. Locus of P(h, k) is x2 + y2 − 4x − 4y + 18 = 0
Solution: 7. Find the equation of the locus of the point � such that the
Comparing this equation with line segment ��, joining the points �(�, − �) and �(�, − �),
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 subtends a right angle at �.
4 Solution:
we get a = 4, h = 2 = 2, b = 1
Given PAB is a right angled triangle.
The condition for the lines to be parallel is h2 − ab = 0
Slope of PA × Slope of PB =− 1
Now h2 − ab = 22 − (4)(1) = 4 − 4 = 0
−6 − k −2 − k
h2 − ab = 0 ⇒ The given equation represents a pair of x =− 1
1−h 4−h
parallel lines. 6+k 2+k
x =− 1
3. Show that ��� + ��� − ��� + �� + � + � = � represents a 1−h 4−h
12 + 6k + 2k+k2
pair of perpendicular lines. =− 1
4 − h − 4h + h2
Solution: 12+8k+k2 2 2
2 =− 1 ⇒ 12 + 8k + k = -4 + 5h − h
Comparing the given equation with the general form 4−5h+h

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 h2 + k2 − 5h + 8k + 16 = 0

Locus of P(h, k) is x2 + y2 − 5x + 8y + 16 = 0
a = 2, h = 3/2, b =− 2
Condition for two lines to be perpendicular is a + b = 0. 8. If � is origin and � is a variable point on �� = ��, then
Here a + b = 2 − 2 = 0 find the equation of the locus of the mid-point of the line
⇒ The given equation represents a pair of perpendicular lines. segment ��.
Solution:
3 MARKS :
O is the Origin (0,0)
EXERCISE 6.1
Let P(h, k) be the moving point of OA.
5. A straight rod of length 8 units slides with its ends A and �
Since O is (0,0) and P(h, k).
always on the � and � axes respectively. Find the locus of the
Let A must be (2h, 2k).
mid point of the line segment ��.
A lies on the parabola y2 = 4x
Solution:
⇒ (2k)2 = 4(2h) ⇒ 4k2 = 8h ⇒ k2 = 2h
Let A(a, 0) and B(0, b) lies on the ends of the rod.
Locus of P(h, k) is y2 = 2x.
Where A is on the x axis and b is on the y axis.
Let P(h, k) is the midpoint of AB. 14. Find the points on the locus of points that are 3 units
a+0 0+b from �-axis and 5 units from the point (�, �).
Now P(h, k) is ,
2 2 Solution:
a b
i.e., P(h, k) is P , . Let P be (h, k) and Q(5,1)
2 2
a
Where h = 2 ⇒ a = 2h Distance between P & x axis k = 3
b (h − 5)2 + (k − 1)2 = 25
k = ⇒ b = 2k (h − 5)2 + (3 − 1)2 = 25
2
From triangle OAB, we have, h2 − 10h + 25 + 4 = 25
AB2 = OA2 + OB2 h2 − 10h + 4 = 0
10 ± 100 − 16 10 ± 84
82 = a 2 + b 2 h= =
2 2
82 = (2h)2 + (2k)2 = 5 ± 21
4h2 + 4k2 = 64 The points are (5 + 21, 3) and (5 − 21, 3).
h2 + k2 = 16

XI - MATHEMATICS 27
 EXERCISE 6.2 EXERCISE 6.3
3. Find the equation of the line passing through the point 2. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to
(�, �) and also divides the co-ordinate axes in the ratio �: ��. �� − �� + � = � and having �-intercept 3 .
Solution: Solution:
Let x intercept be 3a and y intercept be 10a Equation of a line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 will be of the
x y
Equation of the line is 3a + 10a = 1 form ax + by + k = 0
1 5 1 1 So equation of a line parallel to 5x − 4y + 3 = 0 will be of the
The line passes through (1,5) ⇒ + =1⇒ + =1
3a 10a 3a 2a form 5x − 4y =k
2+3
6a
= 1 ⇒ 6a = 5 → (1) X- intercept = 3 ∴ (3,0) is a point on the line 5x − 4y =k
x y 10x+3y
So the equation of the line is 3a + 10a = 1 ⇒ =1 ⇒ 5(3) − 4(0) = k ⇒ k = 15
30a
⇒ 10x + 3y = 30a = 5(6a) = 5(5) = 25 ⇒ 5x − 4y = 15
∴ 10x + 3y = 25
4. If � is length of perpendicular from origin to the line 3. Find the distance between the line �� + �� + � = � and a
whose intercepts on the axes are a and �, then show that point
� � � (i) ( − �, �) (ii) (�, − �)
= +
�� �� ��
Solution:
Solution: The distance between the line ax + by +� = � and the point
� �
Intercepts are a and b : + = 1 ��� +��� +�
� � �� , �� is given by ±
bx+ay �� +��
= 1 ⇒ bx + ay = ab ⇒ bx + ay − ab = 0 -------(1)
ab (i) Now the distance between the line 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 and
p = The length of the perpendicular from the origin to (1) ( − 2,4) is
−ab ab
⇒ p =± = ±
4(−2)+3(4)+4
=
−8+12+4 8
= units
a2 +b2 a2 +b2 42+32 5 5
a2 b2
Squaring on both sides p2 = a2+b2 (ii) The distance between the line 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 and
4(7)+3(−3)+4 28−9+4 23
1 a2 +b2 1 1 1 1 1 (7, − 3) is ± = = units
⇒ = = + ⇒ = + 42+32 5 5
p2 a2 b2 b2 a2 p2 a2 b2
6. Find the equation of the lines passing through the point of
8. Find the equation of the line, if the perpendicular drawn
intersection lines �� − � + � = � and �� + �� +� = �, and
from the origin makes an angle ��∘ with � - axis and its
(i) Through the point ( − �, �) (ii) Parallel to � − � + � = �
length is 12.
(iii) Perpendicular to � − �� + � = �.
Solution:
Solution:
The equation of the line is xcos α + ysin α = p
To find the point of intersection of the lines we have to solve them
∘ ∘ 3
Here α = 30 , cos α = cos 30 = 2
; 4x − y =− 3 -----(1)
∘ 5x + 2y =− 7 ----(2)
sin α = sin 30 = 1/2; P = 12
(1) × 2 ⇒ 8x − 2y =− 6
3 1
So equation of the line is x 2
+ y = 12
2
(2) - (3) ⇒13x =− 13 ⇒ x =− 1
Substituting x =− 1 in equation (2) we get −5 + 2y =− 7
3x + y = 12 × 2 = 24 ⇒ 3x + y − 24 = 0
⇒ 2y =− 7 + 5 =− 2 ⇒ y =− 1
12. A ��� � long train is moving with constant velocity of
So the point of intersection is ( − 1, − 1)
��. � �/�. Find
(i) Now x1 , y1 = ( − 1, − 1); x2 , y2 = ( − 1,2).
(i) The equation of the motion of the train,
Equation of the line passing through 2 points is
(ii) Time taken to cross a pole, y−y1 x−x1
=
(iii) The time taken to cross the bridge of length ��� � is? y2 −y1 x2 −x1
y+1 x+1 y+1 x+1
Solution: = ⇒ = ⇒ x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =− 1
y 2+1 −1+1 3 0
(i) Now m = x = 12.5 m/ second, (ii) Equation of a line parallel to x − y + 5 = 0 will be of the
The equation of the line is y = mx + c….(1) form x − y + k = 0. It passes through −1, − 1
Put c =− 150, m = 12.5 m, ⇒− 1 + 1 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 0. ⇒ x − y = 0 ⇒ x = y.
The equation of motion of the train is y = 12.5x − 150 (iii) Equation of a line perpendicular to x − 2y + 1 = 0 will
(ii) To find the time taken to cross a pole we take y = 0 in (1) be of the form 2x + y + k = 0. It passes through ( − 1, −
⇒ 0 = 12.5x − 150 ⇒ 12.5x = 150 1) ⇒− 2 − 1 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 3.
150
x= = 12 seconds So the required line is 2x + y + 3 = 0
12.5
(iii) When y = 850 in (1)
850 = 12.5x − 150 ⇒ 12.5x = 850 + 150 = 1000
1000
⇒x= = 80 seconds
12.5

XI - MATHEMATICS 28
7. Find the equations of two straight lines which are parallel 16. A line is drawn perpendicular to �� = � + �. Find the
to the line ��� + �� + � = � and at a unit distance from the equation of the line if the area of the triangle formed by this
line with co-ordinate axes is 10 sq. units.
point (�, − �).
Solution:
Solution:
Equation of the given lines 5x = y + 7 ⇒ 5x − y = 7.
Equation of a line parallel to 12x + 5y + 2 = 0 will be of the
So its perpendicular will be of the form x + 5y =k
form 12x + 5y + k = 0. x 5y x y
⇒ + = 1 (i. e) + = 1.
We are given that the perpendicular distance form (1, − 1) to k k k k/5

the line 12x + 5y + k = 0 is 1 unit. Now x intercept = k and y intercept = k/5.

12(1)+5(−1)+k 12−5+k 1 k2
⇒± = 1 (i. e) =± 1 ⇒ 7 + k =± 13 Area of the Δ = 2 (k)(k/5) = = 10 (given)
122 +52 13 10

7 + k = 13 7 + k =− 13 ⇒ k2 = 100 or k =± 10.
⇒ k = 13 − 7 = 6 ⇒ k =− 13 − 7 =− 20 So equation of the line is x + 5y =± 10
So the required line : �2x + 5y + 6 = 0 or 12x + 5y − 20 = 0 EXERCISE 6.4
8. Find the equations of straight lines which are 7.Find the separate equation of the following pair of straight
perpendicular to the line �� + �� − � = � and are at a lines
(i) ��� + ��� − �� = �
distance of 4 units from (�, �).
(ii) �(� − �)� + �(� − �)(� − �) − �(� − �)� = �
Solution: (iii) ��� − �� − ��� − �� + ��� − �� = �
Given equation of line is 3x + 4y − 6 = 0. Solution:
Any line perpendicular to 3x + 4y − 6 = 0 will be of the form (i) Factorising 3x2 + 2xy − y2 we get
3x2 + 3xy − xy − y2 = 3x(x + y) − y(x + y)
4x − 3y + k = 0 . Given perpendicular distance is 4 units
= (3x − y)(x + y)
from (2,1) to line (1) So 3x2 + 2xy − y2 = 0 ⇒ (3x − y)(x + y) = 0
(4(2)−3(1)+k) (8−3+k) 5+k ⇒ 3x − y = 0 and x + y = 0
∴ 4 =± ⇒ 4 =± 16+9
⇒ 4 =± 5
42 +(−3)2
(ii) 6(x − 1)2 + 5(x − 1)(y − 2) − 4(y − 2)2 = 0
∴ 20 =+ (5 + k) or 20 =− (5 + k)
⇒ 6 x2 − 2x + 1 + 5(xy − 2x − y + 2) − 4 y2 − 4y + 4 = 0
⇒ k = 20 − 5 or k =− (20 + 5) (i.e) 6x2 − 12x + 6 + 5xy − 10x − 5y + 10 − 4y2 + 16y − 16 = 0
k = 15 or k: =− 25 (i.e) 6x2 + 5xy − 4y2 − 22x + 11y = 0
∴ Required equation of the lines are 4x − 3y + 15 = 0 Factorising 6x2 + 5xy − 4y2 we get
and 4x−3y−25=0 6x2 − 3xy + 8xy − 4y2 = 3x(2x − y) + 4y(2x − y)
= (3x + 4y)(2x − y)
9. Find the equation of a straight line parallel to So, 6x2 + 5xy − 4y2 − 22x + 11y = (3x + 4y + 1)(2x − y + m)
�� + �� = �� and which is such that the sum of its Equating coefficient of x ⇒ 3m + 21 =− 22----(1)
intercepts on the axes is 15 . Equating coefficient of y ⇒ 4m − 1 = 11-----(2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get l =− 11, m = 0
Solution:
So the separate equations are
The equation of the line parallel to 2x + 3y = 10 will be of 3x + 4y − 11 = 0 and 2x − y = 0
the form 2x + 3y = k.
2x 3y x y
(i.e) + =1⇒ + = 1. (iii) 2x2 − xy − 3y2 − 6x + 19y − 20 = 0
k k k/2 k/3
k k 3k+2k Factorising 2x2 − xy − 3y2 we get
Sum of the intercepts = 15 ⇒ 2 + 3 = 15 ⇒ 6
= 15
2x2 − xy − 3y2 = 2x2 + 2xy − 3xy − 3y2
5k = 90 ⇒ k = 90/5 = 18.
= 2x(x + y) − 3y(x + y) = (2x − 3y)(x + y)
So the required line is 2x + 3y = 18 or 2x + 3y − 18 = 0
∴ 2x2 − xy − 3y2 − 6x + 19y − 20 = (2x − 3y + 1)(x + y + m)
10. Find the length of the perpendicular and the co-ordinates Equating coefficient of x2m + 1 =− 6…… (1)
of the foot of the perpendicular from ( − ��, − �) to the line Equating coefficient of y − 3m + 1 = 19----(2)
� + � − � = �. Constant term −20 = l m
Solution: l = 4 and m =− 5 where lm =− 20.
Length of the perpendicular from ( − 10, − 2) to So the separate equations are 2x − 3y + 4 = 0
−10−2−2 14 14 2
x + y − 2 = 0 is ± =± = = 7 2 units and x + y − 5 = 0
12+12 2 2 2

Equation of perpendicuar is x - y + k = 0
(-10, -2 ) lies on perpendicular ⇒ -10 + 2+ k = 0 ⇒ k = 8
Equation of perpendicular is x - y + 8 = 0
(1) ⇒ x + y = 2
2 ⇒ x − y =− 8
2x =− 6 ⇒ x =− 3
Substituting x =− 3 in (1) we get −3 + y = 2 ⇒ y = 2 + 3 = 5
So the foot of the perpendicular is ( − 3,5)
XI - MATHEMATICS 29
8. The slope of one of the straight lines 15. Show that the equation
��� + ���� + ��� = � is twice that of the other, show that ��� + ��� + �� − �� − �� − � = � represents a pair of
��� = ���. parallel lines. Find the distance between them.
Solution: Solution:
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 4x2 + 4xy + y2 − 6x − 3y − 4 = 0
We are given that one slope is twice that of the other. a = 4 ; b = 1 ; h = 4/2 = 2
So let the slopes be m and 2 m. h2 − ab = 22 − (4)(1) = 4 − 4 = 0
2h 2h ⇒ The given equation represents a pair of parallel lines.
sum of the slopes (m + 2m): 3m =− b
⇒ m =− 3b --(A)
To find the separate equations 4x2 + 4xy + y2 = (2x + y)2
Product of the slopes : (m × 2m) 2m2 = a/b
a So, 4x2 + 4xy + y2 − 6x − 3y − 4
⇒ m2 = 2b ---------------(B)
= (2x + y + 1)(2x + y + m)
−2h 2 a Coefficient of x ⇒ 2m + 2l =− 6 ⇒ l + m =− 3----(1)
Eliminating m from (A) and (B) we get 3b
=
2b
4h2 a
Coefficient of y ⇒ l + m =− 3------------(2)
(i.e) 9b2
= Constant term ⇒ l m =− 4-------------(3)
2b
8h2 = 9ab Now l + m =− 3 and lm =− 4 ⇒ l =− 4, m = 1
9. The slope of one of the straight lines ax � + ���� + ��� = � So the separate equations are
is three times the other, show that ��� = ���. 2x + y + 1 = 0 and 2x + y − 4 = 0
Solution: The distance between the parallel lines is
Let the slopes be m and 3 m. 1+4 5
± = = 5 units
4+1 5
2h 2h h
Now (m + 3m = )4m =− b
⇒ m =− 4b =− 2b --------(1) 16. Prove that one of the straight lines given by
a 2 a 2 a
m × 3m = ⇒ 3m = ⇒ m = ---(2) ��� + ���� + ��� = � will bisect the angle between the
b b 3b
Eliminating m from (1) and (2) coordinate axes if (� + �)� = ��� .
h 2 a h2 a Solution:
we get − 2b = ⇒ = ⇒ 3h2 = 4ab
3b 4b2 3b Let the slopes be l and m
10. A △ ��� is formed by the pair of straight lines ∵ One line bisects the angle between the coordinate axes
�� − ��� + �� = � and the line ��. The equation of PQ is ⇒ θ = 45∘
� + � − � = �. Find the equation of the median of the So tan θ = 1
triangle △ ��� drawn from the origin �. The slopes are 1 and m
Solution: Sum of the slopes =−
2h
b
Equation of pair of straight lines is x2 − 4xy + y2 = 0… (1) 2h 2h 2h−b
⇒ 1 + m =− ⇒ m =− − 1 =−
Equation of the given line is x + y − 2 = 0 b b b
a a a
⇒ y = 2 − x……… Product of the slopes = b ⇒ (1)(m) = b ⇒ m = b
On solving (1) and (2) we get −2h−b a
⇒ = ⇒ a =− 2h − b ⇒ a + b =− 2h
x2 − 4x(2 − x) + (2 − x)2 = 0 b b

(i.e) x2 − 8x + 4x2 + 4 + x2 − 4x = 0 So (a + b) = ( − 2h)2 = 4h2

2

(i.e) 6x2 − 12x + 4 = 0 (i.e) (a + b)2 = 4h2

( ÷ by 2)3x2 − 6x + 2 = 0
6± 36−24 6± 12
x= =
6 6
6±2 3 3± 3 1
x= == =1±
6 3 3
1 1
x=1+ ,1 −
3 3
1 1
When x = 1 + ,y = 2 − 1 − = 1 − 1/ 3
3 3
1 1
When x = 1 − 1/ 3, y = 2 − 1 + 3
=1+
3
1 1 1 1
∴ P= 1+ 3
,1 −
3
;Q = 1 − 3
,1 +
3
Mid point of PQ is
1 1 1 1
1+ +1− 1− +1+
3 3 3 3
, = (1,1)
2 2

Now the equation of the median through

y−1 x−1
(0,0) and (1,1) is =
0−1 0−1
y−1 x−1
(i.e) = ⇒ y−1= x−1
−1 −1
(i.e) x − y = 0 ⇒ y = x
XI - MATHEMATICS 30
 5 MARKS : 11. If � is any point on the �-axis and � is any point on the �-
EXERCISE 6.1 axis and � is a variable point on �� with �� = �, �� = �.
9. The coordinates of a moving point � are then find the equation of locus of �.
� � Solution:
(����� � + ��� �), (����� � − ��� �) where � is a
� �
Let P(h, k) be the point on RQ such
variable parameter. Show that the equation of the locus � is
That Angle ORQ is θ
�� �� − �� �� = �� �� .
k
Solution: In Triangle PLR: sin θ = b
a b h
(h, k) = (cosec θ + sin θ), (cosec θ − sin θ) In Triangle PMQ: cos θ = a
2 2
a We know that
Where h = 2 (cosec θ + sin θ)
2 2
2h k h
= (cosec θ + sin θ) -------(1) sin2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 ⇒ + =1
a b a
2 2
b
k = (cosec θ − sin θ) h k
2 ⇒ 2
+ 2=1
2k a b
= (cosec θ − sin θ) -------(2) x2 y2
b Locus of P(h, k) is a2 + b2 = 1.
Squaring and subtracting (1) & (2)
12. If the points �(�, �) and �( − �, �) and � are the vertices
2h 2 2k 2
a
−
b
= (cosec θ + sin θ)2 − (cosec θ − sin θ)2 of a △ ��� and � is the point on the locus � = �� − �� + �,
4h2 4k2 then find the equation of the locus of centroid of ����
− = 4 cosec θ sin θ
a2 b2
Solution:
4h2 4k2
− =4 Let P(6,2), Q( − 2,1) and R(a, b) be the given points,
a2 b2
h2 k2 Given R is on y = x2 − 3x + 4
− =1
a2 b2
i.e., b = a2 − 3a + 4 … (1)
x2 y2
Locus of P(h, k) is a2
−
b2
=1 The centroid of the triangle PQR is P(h, k)
b2 x2 − a2 y2 = a b . 2 2
i.e.,
6−2+h 2+1+b
, = (h, k)
3 3
10. If �(�, − �) is a given point and � is a point on 6−2+a
= h ⇒ a = 3h − 4
��� + ��� = ��, then find the equations of 3
2+1+b
the locus of the mid-point of ��. = k ⇒ b = 3k − 3
3
Solution: Substitute in (1)
3k − 3 = (3h − 4)2 − 3(3h − 4) + 4
3k − 3 = 9h2 − 24h + 16 − 9h + 12 + 4
9h2 − 33h − 3k + 35 = 0
Locus of P(h, k) is 9x2 − 33x − 3y + 35 = 0.
Let (2, − 7) be the given points, Let Q(a, b) be a point on 12. If � is a point on the locus of �� + �� + �� − �� + � = �,
2x2 + 9y2 = 18 then find the equation of locus of � which divides segment
2a2 + 9b2 = 18
�� externally in the ratio �: �, where � is origin.
Let A(h, k) be the mid point of PQ.
To find the locus of A Solution:
2+a −7+b Let Q be (a, b) lies on x2 + y2 + 4x − 3y + 7 = 0
= h; =k
2 2 a2 + b2 + 4a − 3b + 7 = 0
2 + a = 2h −7 + b = 2k O is origin Which divides OQ externally in the ratio 3:4 is
a = 2h − 2 b = 2k + 7 3a−4(0) 3b−4(0)
, = (h, k)
Substitute on (1) −1 −1
−h
2(2h − 2)2 + 9(2k + 7)2 = 18 −3a = h ⇒ a =
3
2 4h2 − 8h + 4 + 9 4k2 + 28k + 49 = 18 3 b =− k ⇒ b =
−k
3
8h2 − 16h + 8 + 36k2 + 252k + 441 = 18
−h 2 −k 2 −h −k
8h2 + 36k2 − 16h + 252k + 431 = 0 + +4 −3 +7= 0
3 3 3 3
Locus of A(h, k) is h + k2 − 12h + 9k + 63 = 0
2

8x2 + 36y2 − 16x + 252y + 431 = 0 Locus of (h, k) is x2 + y2 − 12x + 9y + 63 = 0

XI - MATHEMATICS 31
 EXERCISE 6.2 (i) Let T = 0 in (1)
5. The normal boiling point of water is ���∘ � or ���∘ � and 0=
1400−D
+ 15 ⇒ 1400 − D + 3000 = 0 ⇒ D = 4400 m
200
the freezing point of water is �∘ � or ��∘ �.
(ii) Let T = 15 in (1)
(i) Find the linear relationship between � and � 1400 − D
(ii) Find the value of � for ��. �∘ � and 15 = + 15 ⇒ 3000 = 1400 − D + 3000
200
(iii) The value of � for ��∘ �. (i.e) 1400 − D = 0 ⇒ d = 1400 m
Solution: So the distance covered in 15 seconds = 4400 − 1400 =
Given when C = 100, F = 212 and when C = 0, F = 32 3000 m
x1 , y1 = (100,212) and x2 , y2 = (0,32) and (iii) To find � at � = �
(x, y) = (C, F) T=
1400−0
+ 15 ⇒ T = 7 + 15 = 22 seconds
200
(i) The equation of the line passing through x1 , y1 and
y−y1 x−x1 7. Population of a city in the years 2005 and 2010 are
x2 , y2 is =
y 2−y1 x2 −x1 1,35,000 and 1,45,000 respectively. Find the approximate
F−212 C−100 F−212 C−100
= ⇒ = population in the year 2015. (assuming that the growth of
32−212 0−100 −180 −100

By dividing the denominators by −20,

F−212
=
C−100 population is constant).
9 5
Solution:
⇒ 5 F − 1060 = 9C − 900 ⇒ 5 F = 9C − 900 + 1060
9C+160 9
Taking year as � and population as �
⇒ 5 F = 9C + 160 ⇒ F = = C + 32 We are given when x = 2005, y = 1,35,000 and
5 5
Again 5 F − 1060 = 9C − 900 ⇒ 9C − 900 = 5 F − 1060 when x = 2010 y = 1,45,000
⇒ 9C = 5 F − 1060 + 900 ⇒ 9C = 5 F − 160 x1 , y1 = (2005,135000), x2 , y2 = (2010,145000)
5 F − 160 5( F − 32) 5 The equation of the line passing through x1 , y1 and x2 , y2
C= = = ( F − 32)
9 9 9 is
y−y1
=
x−x1
9 5 y2−y1 x2 −x1
(ii) So F = 5 C + 32(OR)C = 9 ( F − 32) y−135000 x−2005 y−135000 x−2005
= ⇒ =
When F = 98.6∘ to find C 145000−135000 2010−2005 10000 5

5 5
C = ( F − 32) (y − 135000) = x − 2005
9 10000
1
5
When F∘ = 98.6, c = 9 (98.6 − 32) = 9 (66.6) = 37∘
5 (i.e) 2000 (y − 135000) = x − 2005

(iii) When C = 38∘ , To find F y − 135000 = 2000(x − 2005)

9 y = 2000(x − 2005) + 135000
F = (38) + 32 = 9 × 7.6 + 32 = 68.4 + 32 = 100.4∘
5 At x = 2015, y = 2000(2015 − 2005) + 135000
6. An object was launched from a place � in constant speed ⇒ y = 2000 10 + 135000
to hit a target. At the 15 th second it was ���� � away from = 20000 + 135000 = 1,55,000
the target and at the 18th second ��� � away. Find (i) The The approximate population in the year 2015 is 1,55,000
distance between the place and the target 9. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through
(ii) The distance covered by it in 15 seconds, (�, �) and having intercepts whose sum is 1.
(iii) Time taken to hit the target. Solution:
Solution: Given sum of the intercepts = 1 ⇒ a + b = 1
Taking time = x and distance = y
when x intercept = a then y intercept = 1 − a
We are given at x = 15, y = 1400 and at x = 18, y = 800 x y
Equation of the line is a + 1−a = 1
The equation of the line passing through x1 , y1 and x2 , y2
8 3
y−y1
is y =
x−x1 The line passes through (8,3) ⇒ a + 1−a = 1
2 −y1 x2−x1
y−1400 x−15 y−1400 x−15 8(1 − a) + 3a = a(1 − a)
= 18−15 ⇒ =
800−1400 −600 3 ⇒ 8 − 8a + 3a = a − a2
y−1400
(Denominator divided by 3) we get = x − 15 ⇒ a2 − 6a + 8 = 0
−200
⇒ y − 1400 =− 200x + 3000 ⇒ (a − 2)(a − 4) = 0 ⇒ a = 2 or 4
x y
1400 − y 3000 When a = 2 equation of the line is 2 + 1−2 = 1
⇒ 200x = 1400 − y + 3000 ⇒ x = +
200 200 x
1400−y ⇒ − y = 1 ⇒ x − 2y = 2
⇒ x= + 15 2
200 x y
When a = 4 equation of the line is + =1
Taking x = Time and y = distance (D) 4 1−4
x y
we get T =
1400−D
+ 15 ⇒ − = 1 ⇒ 3x − 4y = 12
4 3
200

XI - MATHEMATICS 32
 � 13. A spring was hung from a hook in the ceiling. A number
10. Show that the points (�, �), (�, �) and �
, � are collinear,
of different weights were attached to the spring to make it
by using (i) Concept of slope (ii) Using a straight line and (iii)
stretch, and the total length of the spring was measured each
Any other method.
time shown in the following table.
Solution:
Let the given points be A(1,3), B(2,1), and C
1
,4 Weight (kg) 2 4 5 8
2
1−3 −2
(i) Slope of AB = = =− 2 = m1 Length (cm) 3 4 �. � 6
2−1 1
4−1 3
Slope of BC = = =− 2 = m2 (i) Draw a graph showing the results.
1/2−2 −3/2
(ii) Find the equation relating the length of the spring to the
Slope of AB = Slope of BC ⇒ AB parallel to BC but B is a
weight on it.
common point
(iii) What is the actual length of the spring.
⇒ The points A, B, C are collinear.
(iv) If the spring has to stretch to � �� long, how much
(ii) Equation of the line passing through A and B is
y−1 x−2 y−1 x−2 weight should be added?
= ⇒ = (v) How long will the spring be when 6 kilograms of weight
3−1 1−2 2 −1
1 − y = 2x − 4, on it?
2x + y = 5 ---------(1) Solution:
1
Substituting C , 4 in (1), Taking weight (kg) as x values and length (cm) as y values
2
1 we get x1 , y1 = (2,3), x2 , y2 = (4,4)
we get LHS = 2 + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5 = RHS
2 (i)
C is a point on AB The equation of the line passing
⇒ The points A, B, C lie on a line through the above two points is
⇒ The points A, B, C are collinear y−y1 x−x1 y−3 x−2
= ⇒ =
y2−y1 x2 −x1 4−3 4−2
(iii) Area of ΔABC
y−3 x−2
=
1
x1 y2 − y3 + x2 y3 − y1 + x3 y1 − y2 (ii) = ⇒ 2y − 6 = x − 2
1 2
2
1 1 ⇒x − 2y =− 4 ⇒ x − 2y + 4 = 0
= 1 1−4 +2 4−3 + 3−1
2 2 (iii) When x = 0 , 2y = 4
1
= ( − 3 + 2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ y = 2 cm
2
⇒ The points A, B, C are collinear. (iv) When y = 9 cm, x − 18 =− 4
11. A straight line is passing through the point A (�, �) with x =− 4 + 18 = 14 kg
� (v) When x = 6( kg), 6 − 2y =− 4, − 2y =− 4 − 6 =− 10
slope . Find points on the line which are 13 units away
��
⇒ 2y = 10 ⇒ y = 10/2 = 5 cm.
from A.
14. A family is using Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) of weight
Solution:
��. � �� for consumption. (Full weight ��. � �� includes the
empty cylinders tare weight of ��. � ��.). If it is use with
constant rate then it lasts for 24 days. Then the new cylinder
is replaced
(i) Find the equation relating the quantity of gas in the
x−x1 y−y1 cylinder to the days.
Equation of the line in parametric form is = =r
cos θ sin θ
(ii) Draw the graph for first 96 days.
Here x1 , y1 = (1,2), r = 13, m = tan θ = 5/12 Solution:
sin θ = 5/13, cos θ = 12/13 (i) Let x represent the number of days.
�−� �−� 13(x−1) 13(y−2)
= =± 13, (i.e) = =± 13 y represent the weight of gas.
��/�� �/�� 12 5
x y x 0 24
x−1 y−2 ∴ Equation is + =1
÷ by 13) = =± 1 24 14.2
12 5 y x
⇒ =1− y 14.2 0
x−1 14.2 24
x−1
=1 =− 1 −14.2x
12 12 y= + 14.2
24
⇒ x = 12 + ⇒ x =− 12 + 1 = 71x
− 11 y =− 120 + 14.2,0 ≤ x ≤ 24
1 = 13
(ii)
y−2 y−2
=+ 1 =− 1
5 5
⇒y=5+2 ⇒ y =− 5 + 2
=7 =− 3
So the points are (13,7) or ( − 11, − 3).

XI - MATHEMATICS 33
15. In a shopping mall there is a hall of cuboid shape with EXERCISE 6.3
dimension ��� × ��� × ��� units, which needs to be added 11. If �� and �� are the lengths of the perpendiculars from
the facility of an escalator in the path as shown by the dotted the origin to the straight lines. ���� � + ������ � = 2a and
line in the figure. Find ���� � − ���� � = ���� ��, then prove that ��� + ��� = ��
(i) The minimum total length of the escalator, Solution:
(ii) The heights at which the escalator changes its direction, p1 = length of perpendicular from (0,0) to
(iii) The slopes of the escalator at the turning points. xsec θ + ycosec θ = 2a
2a 4a2 4a2
⇒ p1 =± ⇒ p21 = sec2 = 1 1
θ+cosec2 θ +
sec2 θ+cosec2 θ cos2 θ sin2 θ

4a2 cos2 θsin2 θ

= sin2 θ+cos2 θ
= (2asin θcos θ)2

= a2 [2sin θcos θ]2 = a2 (sin 2θ)2 = a2 sin2 2θ

p2 = length of perpendicular from 0,0 to
xcosθ−ysinθ=acos2θ
Solution: acos 2θ
(i) the minimum total length of the escalator. p2 =± = acos 2θ ⇒ p22 = (acos 2θ)2 = a2 cos2 2θ
cos2 θ+sin2 θ
Shape of the hall in the shopping mall is cuboid. When you
LHS =p21 + p22 = a2 sin2 2θ + a2 cos2 2θ
open out the cuboid, the not of the cuboid will be as shown in
= a2 sin2 2θ + cos2 2θ = a2 (1) = a2 = RHS
the following diagram.
14. If the line joining two points �(�, �) and �(�, �) is
rotated about A in anti-clockwise direction through an angle
of ��∘ , then find the equation of the line in new position.
Solution:
1−0 1
Slope of A (2,0) and B(3,1) is m = 3−2
= =1
1
The path of the escalator is from OA to AB to BC to CD ∘
(i.e) tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 45 .
In OAE, OA2 = AE2 + OE2
This line is rotated about 15∘ in anti clockwise direction
1 2
⇒ OA2 = (720) + OE2 ⇒ New slope = tan 45∘ + 15∘ = tan 60∘ = 3
4
⇒ OA2 = (180)2 + (800)2 ⇒ m = 3. & Point A = (2,0) (slope and 1 point form)
= 32400 + 640000 = 672400 Equation of the line is y − 0 = 3(x − 2)
OA = 820 m y = 3x − 2 3 ⇒ 3x − y − 2 3 = 0
Total length of the escalator=OA+AB+BC+CD 15. A ray of light coming from the point (�, �) is reflected at a
= 4 × OA since ΔOAE=ΔABB' = ΔCDD' = 4 × 820 point � on the �-axis and it passes through the point (�, �).
The minimum length = ���� units Find the co-ordinates of the point A.
(ii) The height at which the escalator changes its direction. Solution:
1
AE = (720) = 180 units
4
The image of the point P(1,2) will be P' (1, − 2).
1
BE = 2 (720) = 360 units and GE = 4 (720) = 540 units
3 Since ∠OAP = ∠XAQ (angle of inches = angle of reflection)
So ∠OAP ' = ∠XAQ = a ( Vertically opposite angles)
(iii) Slope of the escalator at the turning points
⇒ P', A, Q lie on a same line.
Let △ AEE = θ
opp AE 180 9
Now equation of the line P' , Q is
In △ OAE, tan θ = = = =
adj OE 800 40 [ where P' = (1, − 2), Q = (5,3)
9
∴ Slope at the point A = y+2 x−1 y+2 x−1
40 = ⇒ =
3+2 5−1 5 4
Since △ OAE = ΔABB' = ΔBCC' = ΔCAD
9
4y + 8 = 5x − 5
Slope at the points B, C will be 40 4y+13
5x = 4y + 13 ⇒ x = Since
5
we find point of intersection with x axis we put y = 0.
13
So y = 0 ⇒ x = 5
.
13
∴ The reflection point is ,0
5

XI - MATHEMATICS 34
16. Find the image of the point ( − �, �) about the line 20. Find all the equations of the straight lines in the family of
� + �� − � = �. the lines � = �� − �, for which � and the � coordinate of the
Solution: point of intersection of the lines with � − � = � are integers.
The coordinates of image of the point x1 , y1 with respect to Solution:
the line ax + by + c = 0 can be obtained by the line Equation of the given lines are
�−�� �−�� −� ���+��� +� y = mx − 3……. . (1)
�
= �
= �� +��
and x − y = 6……(2)
Here x1 , y1 = ( − 2,3) and the given line is x + 2y − 9 = 0.
x+2 y−3 −2[−2+2(3)−9] Solving (1) and (2)
So the image is = =
1 2 1+4 x − (mx − 3) = 6
x+2 y−3 −2(−2+6−9)
(i.e) = = 5
(i.e) x − mx + 3 = 6
1 2
x + 2 y − 3 −2( − 5) x(1 − m) = 6 − 3 = 3
⇒ = = =2 3
1 2 5 ⇒ x=
1−m
x+2 y−3
⇒ =2; = 2 ⇒ x = 2 − 2 = 0; y = 4 + 3 = 7 Now (2) ⇒ x − y = 6
1 2
So the image is (0,7) (i.e) y = x − 6
3 3−6+6m 6m−3
18. A photocopy store charges Rs. �. �� per copy for the first ⇒ y= −6= =
1−m 1−m 1−m
3 6m−3
10 copies and Rs. �. �� per copy after the 10 th copy. Let � be ∴ (x, y) = ,
1−m 1−m
the number of copies, and let � be the total cost of
Since m and x coordinates are integers
photocopying.
1 − m is the divisor of 3 (i.e) ±1, ± 3
(i) Draw graph of the cost as � goes from 0 to 50 copies. 1 − m =+ 1 1 − m =− 1 1 − m =+ 3 1 − m =− 3
(ii) Find the cost of making 40 copies ⇒m=0 ⇒m=2 ⇒ m =− 2 ⇒m=4
Solution: So equation of lines are y = mx − 3
(i) (i) When m = 0, y =− 3
1.5 x 0 < x ≤ 10 (ii) When m = 2, y = 2x − 3
y = f x = 15 + 1 x − 10 if x > 10 (iii) When m =− 2, y =− 2x − 3 or 2x + y + 3 = 0
i. e x + 5
(iv) When m = 4, y = 4x − 3
x 10 20 30 40 50
EXERCISE 6.4
Y 15 25 35 45 55
3. Show that the equation ��� − �� − ��� − �� + ��� − �� = �
(ii) The cost of making 40 copies is 40 + 5 = Rs. 45 .
represents a pair of intersecting lines. Show further that the
19. Find atleast two equations of the straight lines in the
angle between them is ���−� (�).
family of the lines � = �� + �, for which � and the
Solution:
�-coordinate of the point of intersection of the lines with
Comparing the given equation with general form
�� − �� = � are integers.
ax2 +by2 + 2gx+2fy+c = 0
Solution: 19 1
y = 5x + b ----(1) we get, a = 2, b =− 3, c =− 20, f = 2
, g =− 3, h =− 2
3x − 4y = 6 ------(2) The condition for the given equation to represent a pair of
Solving (1) and (2) straight lines is abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 = 0
Substituting y value from (1) in (2) we get Now LHS = abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2
3x − 4(5x + b) = 6 19 1 19 2
= (2)( − 3)( − 20) + 2 2
( − 3) − 2 − 2 2
+ 3( −
3x − 20x − 4b = 6 2 1
3) + 20( − )2
−17x = 6 + 4b 2
57 361 1 1
6+4b = 120 + − + 27 + 5 = 180 − 180 = 0
⇒ x= 2 2 2 2
−17
6+4b 30+3b The given equation represents a pair of straight lines.
So, y=5 +b ⇒ y=
−17 −17 The angle between the pair of straight lines is given by
6+4b 30+3b
So, (x,y)= , 2
1
+6 2
25
−17 −17 2 h2−ab 4 4
tan θ =± (i.e) tan θ =± 2+ −3 =±
Since, x coordinate and 6 are integers 6 + 4b must be a+b −1
5
multiple of 17 (i.e) ±17,±34 = 2 × = 5 ⇒ θ = tan−1 (5)
2
⇒ 6 + 4b =+ 34 6 + 4b =− 34
4b = 28 4b =− 34 − 6 =− 40
b=7 b =− 10
∴ Equation of lines y = 5x + b will be
y = 5x + 7, y = 5x − 10

XI - MATHEMATICS 35
5. Prove that the equation to the straight lines through the q 7 5 q2 49 25
(6)( − 6)( − 5) + 2 −6 +6 +5 =0
2 2 2 4 4 4
origin, each of which makes an angle � with the straight line
35q 6q2 294 125
� = � is �� − ������ �� + �� = � 180 + − + + =0
4 4 4 4

Solution: −6q2 35q 720+294+125

+ + =0
4 4 4
∘
Slope of y = x is m = tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 45 −6q2 + 35q + 1139 = 0
The new lines slopes will be Changing the sign throughout we get
m = tan (45 + α) and m = tan (45 − α) 6q2 − 35q − 1139 = 0
∴ The equations of the lines passing through the origin is 35± 1225+4(6)(1139) 35± 28561
q= =
given by y = tan (45 + α)x and y = tan (45 − α)x 2(6) 12
35±169 35+169 35−169
(i.e) y − tan (45 + α)x = 0 and y − tan (45 − α)x = 0 q= = ,
12 12 12
The combined equation is q = 17 or −
67
and p=6
6
[y − tan (45 + α)x][y − tan (45 − α)x] = 0
12.Find the value of �, if the following equation represents a
y2 + tan (45 + α)tan (45 − α)x2 − xy[tan (45 − α) +
pair of straight lines. Further, find whether these lines are
tan (45 + α)] = 0
parallel or intersecting, ���� + ��� − ���� − � + �� + � = �.
1+tan α 1−tan α 2 sin 45−α sin 45+α
(i.e) y2 + × x − xy + =0 Solution:
1−tan α 1+tan α cos 45−α cos 45+α
sin 45−α cos 45+α +cos 45−α sin 45+α Comparing the given equation with
(i.e) x2 + y2 − xy cos 45−α cos 45+α
=0
the general form ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
[sin (45+45)]
(i.e) x2 + y2 − xy 1 =0 we get a = 12, b =− 12, c = k, f = , g =− , h =
7 1 7
[2cos (45−α)cos (45+α)] 2 2 2
2
2
x +y −2 2xy
=0⇒x − 2 2xy 2
+y =0 Here a + b = 0 ⇒ the given equation represents a pair of
cos 90+cos 2α cos 2α
perpendicular lines
⇒ x2 − 2xysec 2α + y2 = 0
To find k : The condition for the given equation to represent
6. Find the equation of the pair of straight lines passing a pair of straight lines is
through the point (�, �) and perpendicular to the lines �� − abc +2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 = 0
�� + � = � and �� + � − � = � 7 1 7 49 1 49
(12)( − 12)(k) + & − − 12 + 12 −k =0
2 2 2 4 4 4
Solution: 49 49k
Equation of a line perpendicular to 2x − 3y + 1 = 0 is of the −144k − − 147 + 3 − =0
4 4
−576k−49k 49+588−12
form 3x + 2y + k = 0. =
4 4
It passes through (1,3) ⇒ 3 + 6 + k = 0 ⇒ k =− 9 625k 625
− = ⇒ k =− 1
So the line is 3x + 2y − 9 = 0 4 4

The equation of a line perpendicular to 5x + y − 3 = 0 will 13. For what value of � does the equation ���� + ���� + ��� ,
be of the form x − 5y + k = 0. ��� − �� + � = � represent two straight lines.

It passes through (1,3) ⇒ 1 − 15 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 14 Solution:

So the line is x − 5y + 14 = 0. 12x2 + 2kxy + 2y2 + 11x − 5y + 2 = 0
The equation of the lines is Comparing this equation with the general form
3x + 2y − 9 = 0 and x − 5y + 14 = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2k
Their combined equation is we get; a = 12, b = 2, c = 2, f =− 5/2, g = 11/2, h = 2
=k
(3x + 2y − 9)(x − 5y + 14) = 0 The condition for the given equation to represent a pair of
⇒ 3x2 − 15xy + 42x + 2xy − 10y2 + 28y − 9x + 45y − 126 = 0
straight lines is
(i.e) 3x2 − 13xy − 10y2 + 33x + 73y − 126 = 0
abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 = 0
11. Find � and �, if the following equation represents a pair 5 11 25 121
( i.e )(12)(2)(2) + 2 − (k) − 12 −2 −
of perpendicular lines ��� + ��� − ��� + �� + �� −� = � 2 2 4 4
2 k2 = 0
Solution: −55k 121
6x2 + 5xy − py2 + 7x + qy − 5 = 0 48 + − 75 − − 2k2 = 0
2 2
55k 121
The given equation represents a pair of perpendicular lines −27 − − − 2k2 = 0
2 2
⇒ coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0 −4k2 − 121 − 55k − 54 = 0
(i.e) 6 − p = 0 ⇒ p = 6 ( × by 2) 4k2 + 55k + 175 = 0
Now comparing the given equation with the general form 4k2 + 20k + 35k + 175 = 0
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 4k(k + 5) + 35(k + 5) = 0
we get a = 6, b =− 6 and c =− 5, f = q/2, g = 7/2 (4k + 35)(k + 5) = 0
and h = 5/2 k =− 5 or − 35/4
The condition for the general form to represent a pair of
straight lines is abc +2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 = 0

XI - MATHEMATICS 36
13. Show that the equation CHAPTER 7 - MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
��� − ���� + ���� − ��� + ��� − �� = � represents a pair
2 MARKS :
of parallel lines. Find the distance between them.
Solution: EXERCISE 7.1
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + 2kxy + by2 = 0 1. Construct � × � matrix � = ��� , Where ��� is given by
we get a = 9, h =− 12, b = 16.
(�−��)�
Now h2 = ( − 12)2 = 144, ab = (9)(16) = 144 (i) ��� = �
with � = �, � = �
2
h = ab ⇒ given equation represents a pair of parallel lines. a11 a12 a13
A= a a22 a23
21
To find their separate equations:
(1−2(1))2 (1−2)2 (−1)2 1
9x2 − 24xy + 16y2 = (3x − 4y)2 a11 = = = =
2 2 2 2
So, 9x2 − 24xy + 16y2 − 12x + 16y − 12 a12 =
(1−2(2))2
=
(1−4)2
=
(−3)2
=
9
2 2 2 2
= (3x − 4y + 1)(3x − 4y + m)
(1−2(3))2 (1−6)2 (−5)2 25
Here coefficient of x ⇒ 3m + 3l =− 12 ⇒ m + l =− 4 a13 = 2
=
2
=
2
=
2
coefficient of y ⇒− 4m − 4l = 16 ⇒ m + l =− 4 (2−2(1))2 (2−2)2 0
a21 = = = =0
Constant term lm =− 12 2 2 2
(2−2(2))2 (2−4)2 (−2)2 4
Now l + m =− 4 and l m =− 12 ⇒ l =− 6 and m = 2 a22 = = = = =2
2 2 2 2
So the separate equations are 3x − 4y − 6 = 0 (2−2(3))2 (2−6)2 (−4)2 16
a23 = = = = =8
and 3x − 4y + 2 = 0 2 2 2 2
1 1 9 25
The distance between the parallel lines is =±
2+6 8
= units A= 2
32 +42 5 0 4 16
|��−��|
17. If the pair of straight lines � − ���� − � = � bisect the � � (ii) ��� = � with � = �, � = �
angle between the pair of straight lines �� − ���� − �� = �, a11 a12 a13 a14
show that the later pair also bisects the angle between the A = a21 a22 a23 a24
former. a31 a32 a33 a34
Solution: a11 =
|3(1)−4(1)|
=
|3−4|
=
|−1|
=
1
Given that x2 − 2kxy − y2 = 0……(1) 4 4 4 4
|3(1)−4(2)| |3−8| |−5| 5
Bisect the angle between the lines: x2 − 2l xy − y2 = 0 —(2) a12 = = = =
4 4 4 4
x2−y2 xy
Equation of the angle bisector of line (2) is = a13 =
|3(1)−4(3)|
=
|3−12|
=
−9
=
9
a+b h
4 4 4 4
x2−y2 xy −2xy 2
⇒ = ⇒ x2 − y2 = ⇒ x2 − xy − y2 = 0 ------(3) a14 =
|3(1)−4(4)|
=
|3−16|
=
|−13|
=
13
2 −l l l 4 4 4 4
Equations (2) and (3) represents the same |3(2)−4(1)| |6−4| |2| 2
a21 = 4
=
4
=
4
=
1 −2k −1 −2lk 4
⇒ = = ⇒1= = 1 ⇒ lk =− 1 |3(2)−4(2)| ∣6−8 | |−2| 2
1 2/l −1 2
a22 = 4
= 4
= 4
=
2 2 4
To prove that x − 2lxy − y = 0 is the angle bisector of |3(2)−4(3)| |6−12| 6 6
a23 = = = − =
x2 − 2kxy − y2 = 0 4 4 4 4
|3(2)−4(4)| |6−16| |−10| 10
Equation of the bisector of the lines x2 − 2kxy − y2 = 0 is a24 = = = =
4 4 4 4
x2 −y2 xy x2 −y2 xy 2xy |3(3)−4(1)| |9−4| |5| 5
=
h
⇒ = ⇒ x2 − y2 = a31 = = = =4
a+b 2 −2k −k 4 4 4
2 2 2xy 2 2xy 2 |3(3)−4(2)| |9−8| ∣1 | 1
⇒ x − y =− ⇒ x + −y =0 a32 = = = =
k k 4 4 4 4
Using lk =− 1 we get k =− 1/l. a33 =
|3(3)−4(3)|
=
|9−12|
=
|−3| 3
=
2xy 4 4 4 4
So, x2 + − y2 = 0 becomes x2 − 2lxy − y2 = 0 is the |3(3)−4(4)| |9−16| |−7| 7
k a34 = 4
= 4
= 4
=
4
bisector of the pair of straight line x2 − 2kxy − y2 = 0
1 5 9 13
1
18. Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the A= 2 2 6 10
4
points of intersection of ��� + ��� − ��� + �� + �� = 0 and 5 1 3 7
�� − �� − � = � are at right angles.
Solution:
Homogenizing the given equations
3x2 + 5xy − 3y2 + 2x + 3y = 0 and 3x − 2y − 1 = 0
(i.e) 3x − 2y = 1.
We get 3x2 + 5xy − 3y2 + (2x + 3y)(1) = 0
(i.e) 3x2 + 5xy − 3y2 + (2x + 3y)(3x − 2y) = 0
3x2 + 5xy − 3y2 + 6x2 − 4xy + 9xy − 6y2 = 0
9x2 + 10xy − 9y2 = 0
Coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 9 − 9 = 0
⇒ The pair of straight lines are at right angles.

XI - MATHEMATICS 37
 EXERCISE 7.2 EXERCISE 7.4
1. Without expanding the determinant, Prove that 1. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (�, �),
s a2 b2 + c2 (�, �) and (�, �).
s b2 c2 + a2 = 0 Solution :
s c2 a2 + b2
x1 y1 1
Solution : 1
Area of triangle = x2 y2 1
L.H.S: 2
x3 y3 1
s a2 b2 + c2 s a2 a2 + b2 + c2
2
s b c +a 2 2 =
s b2 a2 + b2 + c2 C3 → C2 + C3 0 0 1
1
s c 2 2
a +b 2
s c2 a2 + b2 + c2 = 2
1 2 1
1 a2 1 4 3 1
= s a2 + b2 + c2 1 b2 1 1 1 −5 5
= (1(3 − 8) = ( − 5) = = = 2.5 sq. Units
1 c2 1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
=s a +b +c 0 ∵ C1 ≡ C3 ] 2. Idendify singular and non-singular matrices:
=0 R.H.S . Hence Proved
Solution :
� + �� � + �� � + �� � � �
6. Show that � � � =� (i) � � �
� � � � � �
Solution : 1 2 3
x + 2a y + 2b z + 2c x y z 2a 2b 2c Let A = 4 5 6
L.H.S x y z = x y z + x y z 7 8 9
a b c a b c a b c |A| = 1(45 − 48) − 2(36 − 42) + 3(32 − 35)
a b c = 1( − 3) − 2( − 6) + 3( − 3) =− 3 + 12 − 9 = 0
= 0 + 2 x y z { ∵ R1 ≡ R2 In first Determinant} |A| = 0 so that A is a Singular Matrix.
a b c � −� �
= 0 ∵ R1 ≡ R3 (ii) � � �
� � −�
14. With out expanding, Evaluate the following determinants
2 −3 5
Solution : Let B = 6 0 4
� � � 1 5 −7
(i) � � � |B| = 2(0 − 20) + 3( − 42 − 4) + 5(30 − 0)
�� �� ��� = 2( − 20) + 3( − 46) + 5(30)
2 3 4 2 3 4 =− 40 − 138 + 150 =− 178 + 152 =− 28
5 6 8 = 3x 5 6 8 = 3x 0 = 0 ∵ R1 ≡ R3 ] |B| ≠ 0 so that B is a Non Singular Matrix.
6x 9x 12x 2 3 4
�+� �+� �+� � �−� �
(ii) � � � (iii) � − � � �
� � � −� −� �
x+y+z x+y+z x+y+z 0 a−b k
= z x y R1 → R1 + R2 Let C = b − a 0 5
1 1 1 −k −5 0
1 1 1 |C| =− (a − b)(0 + 5k) + k( − 5b + 5a)
= x + y + z z x y = x + y + z 0 = 0 ∵ R1 ≡ R3 =− 5ak + 5bk − 5bk + 5ak = 0
1 1 1 |C| = 0 so that C is a Singular Matrix.
16. If � is a square matrix and |�| = �,find the value of ��� 4. Determine the values of � and � so that the following
Solution : matrices are singular.
AAT = A AT = A A = 2 × 2 = 4 ∵ AT = |A| Solution :
15. If � and � are square matrices of order 3 such that � �
(i)
|�| =− � and |�| = �, find the value of |���|. −� �
7 3
Solution : Let A = Given : A is a singular matrix. i.e., |A| = 0
−2 a
3AB = 33 AB ∵ |kA| = kn |A| n is the order ] −6
|A| = 7a + 6 = 0 ⟹ a =
3 7
= 3 |A||B|
�−� � �
= 27( − 1)(3) =− 81
(ii) � � �
� −� �
b−1 2 3
Let B = 3 1 2 B is a singular matrix. i.e., |B| = 0
1 −2 4
|B| = (b − 1)(4 + 4) − 2(12 − 2) + 3( − 6 − 1) = 0
(b − 1)(8) − 2(10) + 3( − 7) = 0
8b − 8 − 20 − 21 = 0 ⇒ 8b − 49 = 0
49
⇒b=
8

XI - MATHEMATICS 38
 3 MARKS � �
5. If � = then compute ��
EXERCISE 7.1 � �
1 a 1 a 1+0 a+a 1 2a
2.Find the values of �, �, � and � if A2 =A×A= = =
0 1 0 1 0+0 0+1 0 1
�� − � � −�� − �� � � −� 1 2a 1 2a 1 + 0 2a + 2a
� A4 = A2 × A2 = =
� �+� � = � � 0 1 0 1 0+0 0+1
�
−� � �−� −� � −� 1 4a
=
0 1
Solution:
1 4a
1 0 −4 A4 =
p2 − 1 0 −31 − q3 3
0 1
Given 7 r+1 9 = 7 9 ��� � −��� �
2
−2 8 s−1 −2 8 −π 6. Consider the matrix �� =
��� � ��� �
By the property of Equality of Matrices,
(i) Show that �� �� = �(�+�)
p2 − 1 = 1 −31 − q3 =− 4 r+1 =
3 s − 1 =− π
2 (ii) Find all the possible values of � satisfying the condition
p2 = 1 + 1 − q3 =− 4 + 31 3
r= 2−1 s =− π + 1 �� + ��� = �
p2 = 2 − q3 = 27 r=
3−2 s=1−π Solution:
2
3 3 1
p =± 2 q =− 3 r= ��� � −��� �
2 (i) Given �� =
q =− 3 ��� � ��� �
cos β −sin β
Then Aβ =
3. Determine the value of � + � if sin β cos β
�� + � �� � �� − �� cos α −sin α cos β −sin β
= Aα Aβ =
�� − � �� � �+�
sin α cos α sin β cos β
Solution: cos αcos β − sin αsin β −cos αsin β − sin αcos β
2x + y 4x 7 7y − 13 =
Given = sin αcos β + cos αsin β −sin αsin β + cos αcos β
5x − 7 4x y x+6
By the property of Equality of Matrices, cos αcos β − sin αsin β −(cos αsin β + sin αcos β)
=
4x = x + 6 2x + y = 7 sin αcos β + cos αsin β cos αcos β − sin αsin β
4x − x = 6 Where x=2 cos αcos β − sin αsin β −(cos αsin β + sin αcos β)
=
3x = 6 2(2) + y = 7 sin αcos β + cos αsin β cos αcos β − sin αsin β
x=2 y=7−4⇒y=3 cos (α + β) −sin (α + β)
= = �(α+β) Hence Proved
Then the value of x + y = 2 + 3 = 5 ⇒ x + y = 5 sin (α + β) cos (α + β)
4. Determine the matrices A and B If they satisfy (ii) Given �� + �� � = �
� −� � cos α −sin α cos α sin α 1 0
�� − � + = � and + =
−� � � sin α cos α −sin α cos α 0 1
� � �
� − �� = 2cos α 0 1 0
−� � −� =
0 2cos α 0 1
Solution: 1 π
−6 6 0 Where 2cos α = 1 ⇒ cos α = = cos
Let 2A−B= 2 3
− (1)
4 −2 −1 cos θ = cos α, where α ∈ [0, π] ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± α, n ∈ ℤ
3 2 8
A − 2B = – (2) cos α = cos
π π
⇒ α = 2nπ ± , n ∈ Z
−2 1 −7 3 3
2 × (1) − (2) � �
7. If � = and such that (� − ��)(� − ��) = �, find
⇒ 4A−2B – A−2B −� �
−12 12 0 3 2 8 the value of �.
= −
8 −4 −2 −2 1 −7 Solution:
4A−2B−A+2B Given (A − 2I)(A − 3I) = 0
−12 12 0 −3 −2 −8
= + 4 2 1 0 4 2 1 0
8 −4 −2 2 −1 7 −2 −3 =0
−1 x 0 1 −1 x 0 1
−15 10 −8 4 2 2 0 4 2 3 0
3A = − − =0
10 −5 5 −1 x 0 2 −1 x 0 3
1 −15 10 −8 2 2 1 2 0 0
A= =
3 10 −5 5 −1 x − 2 −1 x − 3 0 0
1 − 2 × 2 ⇒ 2A − B − 2A − 4B 2−2 4 + 2x − 6 0 0
=
−1 − x + 2 −2 + (x − 2)(x − 3) 0 0
−6 6 0 6 4 16 0 2x − 2
= − 0 0
4 −2 −1 −4 2 −14 =
−x + 1 −2 + (x − 2)(x − 3) 0 0
−6 6 0 −6 −4 −16 2x − 2 = 0
2A − B − 2A + 4B = +
4 −2 −1 4 −2 14 x=1
−12 2 −16 1 −12 2 −16
3B = ⇒ B=
8 −4 13 3 8 −4 13

XI - MATHEMATICS 39
10. Give your own examples of matrices satisfying the 13. Verify the Property � � + � = �� + �� When the
following conditions in each case: � � −�
matrix �, �, � is given by � =
� � �
(i) � and � such that �� ≠ �� � � � �
(ii) � and � such that �� = � = ��, � ≠ � and � ≠ � � = −� � �= � �
(iii) � and � such that, �� = � and �� ≠ � � � � −�
Solution :
Solution : 3 1 4 7
2 0 −3
� � � � A(B + C) = −1 0 + 2 1
(i) If � = and � = 1 4 5
� � � � 4 2 1 −1
1 2 4 3 4+4 3+2 8 5 7 8
AB = = = 2 0 −3
3 4 2 1 12 + 8 9 + 4 20 13 = 1 1
1 4 5
4 3 1 2 4 + 9 8 + 12 13 20 5 1
BA = = = 14 + 0 − 15 16 + 0 − 3 −1 13
2 1 3 4 2+3 4+4 5 8 = = …(1)
7 + 4 + 25 8+4+5 36 17
Where AB ≠ BA R.H.S AB + AC
� � � � 3 1 4 7
(ii) If � = and � = 2 0 −3 2 0 −3
� � � � = −1 0 + 2 1
1 4 5 1 4 5
2 2 5 5 0 0 4 2 1 −1
AB = = 6 + 0 − 12 2 + 0 − 6 8 + 0 − 3 14 + 0 + 3
−2 −2 −5 −5 0 0 = +
5 5 2 2 0 0 3 − 4 + 20 1 + 0 + 10 4+8+5 7+4−5
BA = = −6 −4 5 17 −1 13
−5 −5 −2 −2 0 0 = + = -----(2)
19 11 17 6 36 17
Where AB = BA = 0 From (1) & (2) L.H.S = R.H.S Hence Proved .
� � � � � �
(iii) If � = and � = � −� �
� � � � 15. If �� = −� � and � = , Verify the
3 0 0 0 0 0 � � −�
AB = = � �
3 0 3 3 0 0 following
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 (i) (� + �)� = �� + �� = �� + ��
BA = = =
3 3 3 0 9+9 0 18 0 (ii) (� − �)� = �� − �� (iii) �� � = �.
Where AB = 0 But BA ≠ 0. Solution :
11. Show that �(�)�(�) = �(� + �) Where � � = 4 5
4 −1 2
AT = −1 0 then A =
�� � � −�� � � � 5 0 3
2 3
�� � � �� � � � 2 7
� � � 2 −1 1
B= then BT = −1 5
Solution: 7 5 −2
1 −2
cos x − sin x 0 cos y − sin y 0 (i) (� + �)� = �� + �� = �� + ��
f x = sin x cos x 0 & f y = sin y cos y 0 4 −1 2 2 −1 1 6 −2 3
A+B = + =
0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 3 7 5 −2 12 5 1
6 12
cos x − sin x 0 cos y − sin y 0 (A + B)T = −2 5 -------------------(1)
f x f y = sin x cos x 0 sin y cos y 0 3 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 4 5 2 7 6 12
cos xcos y − sin xsin y − cos xsin y − sin xcos y 0 AT + BT = −1 0 + −1 5 = −2 5 --------(2)
= sin xcos y + cos xsin y − sin xsin y + cos xcos y 0 2 3 1 −2 3 1
0+0+0 0+0+0 1 2 7 4 5 6 12
cos xcos y − sin xsin y − cos xsin y + sin xcos y 0 BT + AT = −1 5 + −1 0 = −2 5 --------(3)
= sin xcos y + cos xsin y cos xcosy − sin xsin y 0 1 −2 2 3 3 1
0+0+0 0+0+0 1 From (1), (2) and (3) (A + B)T = AT + BT = BT + AT
cos x + y − sin x + y 0 (ii) (� − �)� = �� − ��
= sin x + y cos x + y 0 = f x, y Hence Proved . 4 −1 2 2 −1 1
A−B= −
0 0 1 5 0 3 7 5 −2
4 −1 2 −2 1 −1 2 0 1
12. If � is a square matrix such that �� = � then find th value = + =
5 0 3 −7 −5 2 −2 −5 5
of � � − (� + �)� . 2 −2
(A − B)T = 0 −5 --------------(4)
Given A2 = A; also A3 = A2 A = AA = A2 = A
1 5
Also I3 = I; I2 = I; IA = I; I2 A=A [ ∵ I is the Identity Matrix 4 5 72
AT − BT = −1 0 − −1 5
7A − (I + A)3 = 7 A − I3 + A3 + 3I2 A+3IA2 2 3 1 −2
= 7 A − (I + A + 3 A + 3 A) 4 5 −2 −7 2 −2
= −1 0 + 1 −5 = 0 −5 ----------(5)
= 7 A − I − 7 A =− I 2 3 −1 2 1 5
T
From (4) & (5) (A-B) = AT − BT .
(iii) �� � = �
2 7
2 −1 1
B= & BT = −1 5 ---------(6)
7 5 −2
1 −2
2 −1 1
BT T
= = B----------(7)
7 5 −2

XI - MATHEMATICS 40
16. If � is a � × � matrix and � is a matrix such that �� � and � � −�
��� both are defined, what is the order of the matrix � ? 20. (i) for What value of �, The matrix � = −� � �� is
� −� �
Solution :
Skew symmetric .
A is 3 × 4 & A⊤ = 4 × 3
Solution :
A⊤ B B A⊤ If A is Skew symmetric −A = AT
4× 3 a ×b a× b 4 ×3 0 −1 2 0 −1 2
a=3 b=4 1 0 − x3 = 1 0 −3
−2 3 0 −2 x3 0
The order of the matrix B = 3 × 4. If we equating on both sides x3 = 3 then x = 31/3
� � �
16. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric
(ii) If � �� −� is skew symmetric, then find the values
matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix: � � �
Solution : of �, �, �.
� −� 0 p 3
(i)
� −� Let B = 2 q2 −1 . B is skew symmetric −B = BT
4 −2 4 3
If A = Now AT = r 1 0
3 −5 −2 −5
1 8
0 −p −3 0 2 r
1 1
Let P = 2 A + AT = 2 −2 − q2 1 = p q2 1
1 −10
1 8 1 −r −1 0 3 1 0
Now PT = 2 Where P = PT If we equating on both sides
1 −10
Thus P =
1
A + AT is a Symmetric Matrix. p =− 2 and r =− 3
2
− q2 = q2 ⇒ 2q2 = 0 ⇒ q = 0
1 T 1 0 −5
Let Q = A−A =2
2 5 0 21. Construct the Matrix � = ��� ���
, Where ��� = � − �. State
T 1 0 5
Now Q = 2 Where −Q = QT Whether A is symmetric or skew symmetric.
−5 0
1
a11 a12 a13
Thus Q = A − AT is a Skew - Symmetric Matrix. Solution :A = a21 a22 a23
2
Also P + Q = A; a31 a32 a33
� � � Where aij = i − j
19. If � = � � −� is a matrix such that ��� = ��, Then 0 −1 −2 0 1 2 0 −1 −2
� � � A = 1 0 −1 also AT = −1 0 1 = - 1 0 −1
find the values of � & �. 2 1 0 −2 −1 0 2 1 0
T
A = − A. So that A is Skew symmetric .
Given AAT = 9I
1 2 2 1 2 x 1 0 0 22. Let � and � be two symmetric matrices. Prove that
2 1 −2 2 1 2 = 9 0 1 0 �� = �� if and only if �� is a symmetric matrix.
x 2 y 2 −2 y 0 0 1 Solution:
1+4+4 2+2−4 x + 4 + 2y 9 0 0 To Prove : AB is symmetric. i.e., AB = (AB)T
2+2−4 4+1+4 2x + 2 − 2y = 0 9 0
Given : A & B are symmetric .
x + 4 + 2y 2x + 2 − 2y x2 + 4 + y2 0 0 9
i.e., A = AT ; B = BT
9 0 x + 4 + 2y 9 0 0 And also AB = BA
0 9 2x + 2 − 2y = 0 9 0
x + 4 + 2y 2x + 2 − 2y x2 + 4 + y2 0 0 9 Proof : (AB)T = BT AT [ ∵ Reversal law
x + 4 + 2y = 0 ⇒ x + 2y =− 4 −−−−− (1) = BA ∵ B = BT and A = AT (Given)
2x + 2 − 2y = 0 ⇒ x − y =− 1-------------(2) = AB [ ∵ AB = BA (Given)
T
(1) ⇒ x + 4 + 2y = 0 (AB) = AB. ∴ AB is symmetric.
2x + 2 − 2y = 0 Converse Proof :
6 To Prove : AB = BA
3x + 6 = 0 ⇒ 3x =− 6 ⇒ x =− ⇒ x =− 2
3 Given : A & B are symmetric . i.e., A = AT ; B = BT
sub x =− 2 in (1) ⇒ − 2 + 4 + 2y = 0 ⇒ 2 + 2y = 0
And also AB is symmetric. i.e., AB = (AB)T
2
2y =− 2 ⇒ y =− ⇒ y =− 1 Proof : AB = (AB)T [ ∵ AB is symmetric(Given)
2
x =− 2 and y =−1 = BT AT [ ∵ Reversal law
= BA ∵ A = AT ; B = BT (Given)
AB = BA . Hence Proved.

XI - MATHEMATICS 41
23. If � and � are symmetric matrices of same order, prove EXERCISE 7.2
that (i) �� + �� is a symmetric matrix. �+� �� ����
(ii) �� − �� is a skew-symmetric matrix. 2. Show that � + � �� �� �� = �
�+� �� ����
Solution:
Solution :
(i) To Prove : AB + BA is a symmetric
b + c bc b2 c2 b + c bc b2 c2
i.e., AB+BA=(AB+BA)T abc
L.H.S: c + a ca c2 a2 = abc c + a ca c2 a2
Given : A & B are symmetric . i.e., A = AT ; B = BT a + b ab a2 b2 a + b ab a2 b2
Proof : (AB + BA)T = (AB)T + (BA)T Multiply R1 , R2 , &R3 by a, b&c respectively
2 2
= BT AT + AT BT = BA + AB = AB + BA 1 ab + ac abc ab c
(AB + BA)T = AB + BA = bc + ab abc bc a2 2
abc
ac + bc abc ca2 b2
∴ AB + BA is a symmetric matrix. Hence Proved.
(abc)2 ab + ac 1 bc
(ii) To Prove : AB − BA is a skew symmetric matrix = bc + ab 1 ac
abc
i.e., −(AB−BA)=(AB+BA)T ac + bc 1 ab
ab + bc + ca 1 bc
Given : A & B are symmetric . i.e., A=A T ; B = BT = abc ab + bc + ca 1 ac C1 → C1 + C3
Proof : (AB − BA)T = (AB)T − (BA)T ab + bc + ca 1 ab
1 1 bc
= BT AT − AT BT = BA − AB =− (AB − BA) = abc(ab + bc + ca) 1 1 ac
(AB + BA)T =− (AB − BA) 1 1 ab
∴ AB − BA is a semi symmetric matrix. Hence Proved. = abc ab + bc + ca 0 ∵ C1 ≡ C2
=0 R.H.S Hence Proved
24. A shopkeeper in a Nuts and Spices shop makes gift packs
�� �� �� + ��
of cashew nuts, raisins and almonds. Pack I contains 100 gm 3. Prove that � + ��
� � = ��� �� ��
� ��
of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins and 50 gm of almonds. �� �
� + �� ��
Pack-II contains 200 gm of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins Solution :
and 100 gm of almonds. Pack-III contains 250 gm of cashew a2 bc ac + c2
nuts, 250 gm of raisins and 150 gm of almonds. The cost of L.H.S : a2 + ab b 2
ac
50 gm of cashew nuts is Rs.50, 50 gm of raisins is Rs.10, and ab b2 + bc c2
50 gm of almonds is Rs.60. What is the cost of each gift pack? 2a + 2ab 2b + 2bc 2ac + 2c2
2 2

Solution : = a2 + ab b2 ac R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
2
Given data expressed in the following table ab b + bc c2
2 a2 + ab 2 b2 + bc 2 ac + c2
Pack I Pack II Pack II = a2 + ab b2 ac
2
Cashew nuts 100gm 200gm 250gm ab b + bc c2
2 2 2
a + ab b + bc ac + c
Raisins 100gm 100gm 250gm = 2 a2 + ab b2 ac
2
ab b + bc c2
Almonds 50gm 100gm 150gm
a2 + ab b2 + bc ac + c2 R → R − R
2 2 1
Let convert every quantity into 50gm units. =2 0 bc c2
2
R3 → R3 − R1
a 0 ac
Pack Pack Pack Cost of a(a + b) b(b + c) c(a + c)
I II II 50gm unit =2 0 bc c2
2
a 0 ac
Cashew nuts 2 4 5 Rs.50 (a + b) (b + c) (a + c)
= 2abc 0 c c
Raisins 2 2 5 Rs.10 a 0 a
= 2abc{(a + b)(ac) − (b + c)( − ac) + (a + c)( − ac)}
Almonds 1 2 3 Rs.60
= 2abc a2 c + abc + abc + ac2 − a2 c −+ ac2
Cost matrix = A = 50 10 60 = 2abc{2abc} = 4a2 b2 c2 R.H.S Hence proved
PI PII PIII
���� � ���� � �
2 4 5 cashew nuts 5. Prove that ���� �
Nuts & spices matrix = B = 2 2 5 Raisins ���� � −� = �
1 2 3 Almonds �� �� �
2 4 5 Solution :
B = 50 10 60 1×3 2 2 5 = 180 340 480 sec2 θ tan2 θ 1 sec2 θ sec2 θ − tan2 θ 1
1 2 3 3×3 tan2 θ sec2 θ −1 = tan2 θ tan2 θ − sec2 θ −1 C2 → C1 − C2
2 4 5 38 36 2 38 38 − 36 2
AB = 50 10 60 1×3 2 2 5 = 180 340 480 sec2 θ 1 1
1 2 3 3×3 = tan2 θ −1 −1
Cost of Pack I, Pack II & pack III is Rs.180, Rs. 340 and Rs. 480
38 2 2
Respectively. = 0 R.H.S ∵ C2 ≡ C3

XI - MATHEMATICS 42
7. Write the general form of a � × � skew-symmetric matrix 21. Using co factors element second row, Evaluate |A| where
and prove that its determinant is zero. � � �
Solution : �= � � �
Method 1: Condition for skew symmetric matrices: AT =− A � � �
AT = | − A| Solution :
|A| = ( − 1)n |A| [ By Property 1 & 3 |A| = a21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
Where n is the order of the square matrix, i.e., n = 3 3 8 5 8 5 3
=− 2 +0 −1
2 3 1 3 1 2
|A| =− |A| ⇒ A + A = 0 ⇒ 2 A = 0
=− 2(9 − 16) − 1(10 − 3)
A = 0 Hence proved
=− 2( − 7) − 1(7) = 14 − 7 = 7
� � �
Method 1: skew symmetric form A = −� � � EXERCISE 7.3
−� −� � �+� � �
3. Solve � �+� � =�
A =− h gf + g fh =− fgh + fgh = 0
� � �+�
18. If � =− �, Determine the value of x+a b c
� �� � Let |A| = a x+b c
�� � ��� + � a b x+c
−� �� − � � a b c
Solution : Put x = 0 |A| = a b c = 0
0 2λ 1 0 −4 1 a b c
If � =− �; λ2 0 3λ2 + 1 = 4 0 13 Since all the three rows are identical x2 is a factor of |A|.
−1 6λ − 1 0 −1 −13 0 Again Put x =− a − b − c
= 4(0 − 13) + 1( − 52 − 0) = 52 − 52 = 0 −b − c b c
� � �� |A| = a −c − a c
19. Determine the roots of the equation � −� � =� a b −a − b
� �� ��� 0 b c
Solution : |A| = 0 −c − a c C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
0 b −a − b
1 4 20
1 −2 5 = 0 |A| = 0
1 2x 5x2 (x + a + b + c) is a factor of |A|
R2 → R2 − R1 ; R3 → R3 − R1 Degree of the product of known factors are 3.
1 4 20 Degree of the leading diagonal elements are 3 .
0 −6 −15 =0
Difference between them m = 3 − 3 = 0
0 2x − 4 5x2 − 20
1 −30x2 + 120 + 30x − 60 = 0 so that remaining factor must be a constant ' k '
x+a b c
−30x2 + 30x + 60 = 0
a x+b c = kx2 (x + a + b + c)
x2 − x − 2 = 0 a b x+c
(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0 If a = 0, b = 1, c = 2 and x = 1
x = 2 and x =− 1 1 1 2
0 2 2 = k(1)(1 + 0 + 1 + 2)
20. Verify det(AB) = det(A) det(B)
0 1 3
� � −� � � �
1(6 − 2) = 4k ⇒ k = 1
for � = � � � and � = −� � �
� � −� � � � Thus A = x2 (x + a + b + c)
Solution: x+a b c
Given a x+b c =0
To Prove : |AB| = |A| |B|
a b x+c
4 3 −2 1 3 3
x2 (x + a + b + c) = 0
AB = 1 0 7 −2 4 0
2 3 −5 9 7 5 x = 0 (twice) x =− (a + b + c)
4 − 6 − 18 12 + 12 − 14 12 + 0 − 10 −20 10 2
= 1 + 0 + 63 3 + 0 + 49 3 + 0 + 35 = 64 52 38
Or we can use Equating co efficient of x3 we get k = 1
2 − 6 − 45 6 + 12 − 35 6 + 0 − 25 −49 −17 −19
=− 20( − 988 + 646) − 10( − 1216 + 1862) + 2( − 1088 + 2548)
=− 20( − 342) − 10(646) + 2(1460)
= 6840 − 6460 + 2920 = 3300 -----(1)
|A| = 4(0 − 21) − 3( − 5 − 14) − 2(3 − 0)
= 4( − 21) − 3( − 19) − 2(3) =− 84 + 57 − 6 =− 33
|B| = 1(20 − 0) − 3( − 10 − 0) + 3( − 14 − 36)
= 1(20) − 3( − 10) + 3( − 50) = 20 + 30 − 150 =− 100
A B =− 33 −100 = 3300 -----(2)
From 1 and 2 |AB| = |A| |B|

XI - MATHEMATICS 43
 �−� �+� �+� EXERCISE 7.4
5. Solve � + � � − � � + � = � 2. If (�, �), (�, �) and (�, �) are vertices of the triangle of area
�+� �+� �−�
4 sq.units then determine the value of �.
Solution:
4−x 4+x 4+x Solution:
Let |A| = 4 + x 4 − x 4 + x x1 y1 1
1
4+x 4+x 4−x Area of triangle = x2 y2 1 =4
2
4 4 4 x3 y3 1
Put x = 0 |A| = 4 4 4
4 4 4 k 2 1
1
⇒ 2 4 1 =4
Since all the three rows are identical x2 is a factor of |A|. 2
3 2 1
16 −8 −8 1
Put x =− 12 |A| = −8 16 −8 ⇒ (k(4 − 2) − 2(2 − 3) + 1(4 − 12) = 4
2
−8 −8 16 1
⇒ (2k + 2 − 8) = 4
0 −8 −8 2
|A| = 0 16 −8 C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ⇒
1
(2k − 6) = 4
2
0 −8 16
1
|A| = 0, so that (x + 12) is a factor. ⇒ 2(k − 3) = 4
2
Degree of the product of known factors are 3. ⇒ k−3 =4
Degree of the product of leading diagonal elements are 3. ⇒ k − 3 =± 4
Difference between them m = 3 − 3 = 0 ⇒If k − 3 = 4 k = 7
so that remaining factor must be ' k '. ⇒If k − 3 =− 4 k =− 1
4−x 4+x 4+x �
4 + x 4 − x 4 + x = kx2 (x + 12) � ��� � ��� �
4+x 4+x 4−x 5. If ��� �� = �, determine ��� � ��� � �
8 0 0
Put k =− 4 0 8 0 = k( − 4)2 ( − 4 + 12) ��� � � ��� �
0 0 8 Solution:
8(64 − 0) = 16k(8) If Cos 2θ = 0 ⇒ 2θ = 4 ⇒ θ = 4
π π
512 = 128k ⇒ k = 4
π
4−x 4+x 4+x θ=
4
4 + x 4 − x 4 + x = 4x2 (x + 12) 2
π π2 1 1
4+x 4+x 4−x 0
4−x 4+x 4+x 2 sin 0 cos 2 2
0 cos θ sin θ 4 4
Given 4 + x 4 − x 4 + x = 0 ⇒ 4x2 (x + 12) = 0 π π 1 1
cos θ sin θ 0 = cos sin 0 = 0
4+x 4+x 4−x 4 4 2 2
sin θ 0 cos θ π π 1 1
x = 0 (twice) x =− 12 sin 0 cos 0
4 4 2 2
� � �
1 1 2
6. Show that � � � = (� − �)(� − �)(� − �) 0 2
2 2 0 1 1
� � � � �� 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 =( ⋅ ⋅ ) 1 1 0
Solution: 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0
2 2
Let |A| = x y z 1 1 1
x2 y2 z2 = { − 1(1) + 1( − 1)}2 = (4) =
8 8 2
1 1 1
Put x = y |A| = y y z = 0
y2 y2 z2
So that (x − y) is a factor.
Similarly (y − z)(z − x) also factors of |A|.
Degree of the product of known factors are 3.
Degree of the leading diagonal elements are 3.
Difference between them m = 3 − 3 = 0
so that remaining factor must be ' k '.
1 1 1
|A| = x y z = k(x − y)(y − z)(z − x)
x2 y2 z2
Put x = 0, y = 1, z = 2
1 1 1
0 1 2 = k(0 − 1)(1 − 2)(2 − 0)
0 1 4
1(4 − 2) = 2k ⇒ k = 1
1 1 1
Thus A = x y z = (x − y)(y − z)(z − x)
x2 y2 z2

XI - MATHEMATICS 44
 5 MARKS 14. Find the matrix � which satisfies the matrix relation
EXERCISE 7.1 � � � −� −� −�
� =
� � � � � � � � �
9. If � = � � � and �� − ��� + �� + �� = �, find the Solution :
A mxn
� � � A is a matrix of order 2x2
value of �. B 2x3
a b
A=
Solution: c d AB 2 X3
1 0 2 1 0 2 a b 1 2 3 −7 −8 −9 m=2; n= 2
=
A2 = A × A = 0 2 1 0 2 1 c d 4 5 6 2 4 6
2 0 3 2 0 3 a + 4b 2a + 5b 3a + 6b −7 −8 −9
=
1+0+4 0+0+0 2+0+6 5 0 8 c + 4d 2c + 5d 3c + 6d 2 4 6
= 0+0+2 0+4+0 0+2+3 = 2 4 5 a + 4b =− 7 → (1) c + 4d = 2 → (3)
2+0+6 0+0+0 4+0+9 8 0 13 2a + 5b =− 8 → (2) 2c + 5d = 4 → (4)
5 0 8 1 0 2
A3 = A2 × A = 2 4 5 0 2 1 (1) × 2 ⇒ 2a + 8b =− 14 Sub b =− 2 in (1)
8 0 13 2 0 3 (2) ⇒ 2a + 5b =− 8 a + 4 −2 =− 7
5 + 0 + 16 0 + 0 + 0 10 + 0 + 24
= 2 + 0 + 10 0 + 8 + 0 4 + 4 + 15 subtract 3b =− 6 a − 8 =− 7
8 + 0 + 26 0 + 0 + 0 16 + 0 + 39 b =−
6
= -2 a =− 7 + 8 = 1
21 0 34 3

= 12 8 23 (3) × 2 ⇒ 2c + 8d = 4 Sub d = 0 in (3)

34 0 55 (4) ⇒ 2c + 5d = 4 c + 4(0) = 2
Given A3 − 6 A2 + 7 A + KI = O subtract 3d = 0 ⇒ d = 0 c=2
21 0 34 5 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 −2
12 8 23 − 6 2 4 5 + 7 0 2 1 +k 0 1 0 =O A=
2 0
34 0 55 8 0 13 2 0 3 0 0 1
21 0 34 −30 0 −48 7 0 14 k 0 0 17. Find the Matrix A such that
12 8 23 + −12 −24 −30 + 0 14 7 + 0 k 0 =O � −� −� −� −��
34 0 55 −48 0 −78 14 0 21 0 0 k
� � �� = � � −�
−2 + k 0 0 0 0 0 0 −� � � �� ��
0 −2 + k 0 0 = 0 0 0
Solution:
0 0 −2 + k 0 0 0
−2 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 2 From Given data, B 3x2
order of AT is 2 × 3 A T
mxn
17. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric
� � −� a
b c BA 3 X3 T
Let AT =
matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix: (ii) −� −� � d
e f m=2 n=3
−� −� � 2 −1 −1 −8 −10
Solution: 1 0 AT = 1 2 −5
3 3 −1 3 −2 −4 −3 4 9 22 15
Let B = −2 −2 1 and BT = 3 −2 −5 2 −1 −1 −8 −10
a b c
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2 1 0 = 1 2 −5
d e f
Let R = 2 B + BT
1 −3 4 9 22 15
3 3 −1 3 −2 −4
2a − d 2b − e 2c − f −1 −8 −10
6 1 −5
=
1
−2 −2 1 + 3 −2 −5 =
1
1 −4 −4 a b c = 1 2 −5
2 2
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2 −5 −4 4 −3a + 4d −3b + 4e −3c + 4f 9 22 15
6 1 −5 When Equating above matrices,
1
Now RT = 2 1 −4 −4 Where R = RT
−5 −4 4 �=1 �=2 � = −5
1
Thus R = B+B T
is a Symmetric Matrix. 2� − � = −1 2� − � = −8 2� − � = −10
2

Let S =
1
B − BT 2(1) − � = −1 2(2) − � = −8 2(−5) − � = −10
2
3 3 −1 3 −2 −4 d=3 e = 12 f=0
1
= −2 −2 1 − 3 −2 −5 a b c 1 2 −5
2
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2 Now AT = =
d e f 3 12 0
3 3 −1 −3 2 4 0 5 3
1
=2 −2 −2 1 + −3 2 5 =
1
−5 0 6 1 3
−4 −5 2 1 −1 −2
2
−3 −6 0 Then A = 2 12
0 5 3 −5 0
1
Now ST = −5 0 6 WhereST = -S
2
−3 −6 0
1
Thus S = B − BT is a Skew - Symmetric Matrix.
2
3 3 −1 6 1 −5 0 5 3
1 1
B = −2 −2 1 = 2 1 −4 −4 + 2 −5 0 6
−4 −5 2 −5 −4 4 −3 −6 0
B=R+S Hence proved

XI - MATHEMATICS 45
 EXERCISE 7.2 10. If �, �, � are �th , �th &�th terms of an A.P, Find the Value of
�+� � � � � �
� � �
4. Prove that � �+� � = ��� � + � + � + �
� � �+�
� � � .
� � �
Solution:
1+a 1 1 Solution:
L.H.S 1 1+b 1 Given : a, b, c are pth , qth &rth terms of an A.P
1 1 1+c
a −b 0 R1 → R1 − R2 tp = A + (p − 1)d; tq = A + (q − 1)d ; tr = A + (r − 1)d
= 0 b −c R2 → R2 − R3 a b c A+ p−1 d A+ q−1 d A+ r−1 d
1 1 1+c R3 → R3 p q r = p q r
= a[b(1 + c) + c] + b 0 + c 1 1 1 1 1 1
= a[b + bc + c] + bc A A A (p − 1)d (q − 1)d (r − 1)d
= ab + abc + ac + bc = p q r + p q r
= abc + ab + bc + ac 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 p−1 q−1 r−1
= abc 1 + + + R.H.S Hence proved = � p q r + d p − 1 q − 1 r − 1 R2 → R2 − R1
a b c
� � �� + � 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. If � � �� + � = � prove that a , b, c are in = A(0) + d(0) = 0
a� + � �� + � �
G.P or is a root of ��� + ��� + � = � �� + �� �� ��
11. Show that �� �� + �� �� is divisible by �� .
Solution: �� �� �
� +� �
a b aα + b
Δ= Solution:
b c bα + c
aα + b bα + c 0 a2 + x2 ab ac a2 + x2 ab ac
abc
multiple c1 by α ab b + x2
2
bc = ab b2 + x2 bc
abc
aα b aα + b ac bc c2 + x2 ac bc c2 + x2
1
α
bα c bα + c Multiply R1 , R2 and R3 by a, b, c respectively
aα2 + bα bα + c 0
c3 → c3 − c1 + c2 a a2 + x2 a2 b a2 c
1
aα b 0 =
abc
ab2 b b2 + x2 b2 c
1
bα c 0 ac2 bc2 c c2 + x2
α
aα2 + bα bα + c aα2 + 2bα + c a2 + x2 a2 a2
1 abc
= aα2 + 2bα + c aαc − b2 α =
abc
b2 b + x2
2
b2
α
1 c2 c2 c2 + x2
= α aα2 + 2bα + c ac − b2
α
x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 x2 + a2 + b2 + c2
Δ = 0 ⇒ aα2 + 2bα + c ac − b2 = 0 = b2 b2 + x2 b2
ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 ac − b2 = 0 ⇒ b2 = ac c2 c2 c + x2
2

α is a root of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 ⇒ a, b, c are in G.P. R → R1 + R2 + R3

1 1 1
� � �� − �� = x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 b2 + x2 b2
9. Prove that � � �� − �� = � c2 c2 c2 + x2
� � �� − �� 1 0 0 c → C −C
2
Solution: = x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 x2 0 c → C2 − C1
2 3 3 1
� � �� − �� c2 0 x
L.H.S � � �� − �� = x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 1 x4 − 0 = x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 x4
� � �� − ��
1 a a2 1 a bc 1 a a2 1 a bc ∴ Given determinant divisible by x4 .
abc
= 1 b b2 − 1 b ca = 1 b b2 − abc 1 b ca
1 c c2 1 c ab 1 c c2 1 c ab
1 a a2 1
a a 2
abc 1 a a2 a a2 1
abc
= 1 b b2 − b b 2
abc = 1 b b − abc b b2
2 1
abc
1 c c2 c c2 abc 1 c c2 c c2 1
2
1 a a 1 a2 a
= 1 b b2 + 1 b2 a c1 → c1
1 c c2 1 c2 a
2
1 a a 1 a a2
= 1 b b − 1 b b2 c2 → c3
2

1 c c2 1 c c2
= 0 R.H.S Hence proved .

XI - MATHEMATICS 46
12. If �, �, � are all positive, and are pth, qth and rth terms of EXERCISE 7.3
� � �
��� � � �
1. Show that � � � = (� − �)� (� + ��).
a G.P, Show that ��� � � � =� � � �
��� � � � Solution:
Solution: x a a
Let |A| = a x a
From given data
a a x
�� = � = ���−� ⇒ ��� � = ��� ���−� a a a
log a = log A + (p − 1)log R Putting x = a we get |A| = a a a = 0
a a a
�� = � = ���−� ⇒ ��� � = ��� ���−�
Since all the three rows are identical (x − a)2 is a factor of |A|.
log b = log A + (q − 1)log R
Putting x =− 2a
�� = � = ���−� ⇒ ��� � = ��� ���−�
−2a a a
log c = log A + (r − 1)log R
we get |A| = a −2a a
log a p 1 log A + (p − 1)log R p 1 a a −2a
L.H.S log b q 1 = log A + (q − 1)log R q 1 0 0 0
log c r 1 log A + (r − 1)log R r 1 = a −2a a R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
a a −2a
log A 1 p (p − 1)log R p 1 |A| = 0, (x + 2a) is a factor of |A|.
= log A 1 + (q − 1)log R
q q 1 The product of (x − a)2 (x + 2a) is a factor of |A|.
log A 1 r (r − 1)log R r 1 Now determinant is a cubic polynomial in x.
1 p 1 p−1 p 1
= log A 1 q 1 + log R q − 1 q 1 Degree of the product of known factors are 3.
1 r 1 r−1 r 1 Degree of leading diagonal elements are 3.
1 p 1 p−1 p−1 1
Difference between them m = 3 − 3 = 0
= log A 1 q 1 + log R q − 1 q − 1 1 c2 → c2 − c3
1 r 1 r−1 r−1 1 so that remaining factor must be a constant ' k '.
x a a
= log A(0) + log R(0) = 0 + 0 = 0 R.H.S
a x a = k(x − a)2 (x + 2a)
� ���� � ���� � a a x
11. Find the value of ���� � � ���� � if �, �, � ≠ � If a = 0 , x3 = kx3 ⇒ k = 1
Thus |A| = (x − a)2 (x + 2a).
���� � ���� � �
�+� �−� �−�
Solution:
2. Show that � − � � + � � − � = ����
1 logx y logx z �−� �−� �+�
loge x loge y loge z
= logy x 1 logx y Solution:
loge x loge y loge z b+c a−c a−b
logz x logz y 1
Let |A| = b − c c + a b − a
loge x loge x logx y loge x logx z
1 c−b c−a a+b
= loge y logy x loge y loge y logx y
loge x loge y loge z b + c −c −b
loge z logz x loge z logz y loge z Put a = 0 |A| = b − c c b
loge x loge y loge z c−b c b
loge x loge y loge z b + c −1 −1
= loge x loge y loge z
loge x loge y loge z
|A| = bc b − c 1 1 =0
loge x loge y loge z
c−b 1 1
1 1 1 ⇒ a is a factor.
= loge x loge y loge z 1 1 1 = loge x loge y loge z {0} = 0 Similarly, b and c are also factors.
1 1 1
Degree of the product of known factors are 3.
�
� � � Degree of the product of leading diagonal elements are 3.
�
14. If � = � , Prove that ∑��=� ��� �� = � � − ��
� Difference between them m = 3 − 3 = 0
�
Solution: so that remaining factor must be a constant ' k '.
1 b+c a−c a−b
α 1 1 |A| = b − c c + a b − a = kabc
2
|A| = 1
= −0= c−b c−a a+b
4 4
0
2 Put a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
1 1 1 1
|A|2 = |A||A| = ⋅ =
4 4 16
and |A|n = ( 4 )n 2 0 0
n
1 1 2 1 n
|A| = 0 2 0 = k(1)(1)(1) ⇒ 8 = k
det (A)k = |A| + |A|2 + ⋯ + |A|n = + 4
+ …. . .
4 0 0 2
k=1 4
1 1 Thus |A| = 8abc
This is in G.P: a = 4
r= n
1 1 1
a 1−rn 1− n 1 1−4n 1 1
4 4
Sn = = 1 = 3 = 1−
1−r 1− 4 3 4n
4 4

XI - MATHEMATICS 47
4. Show that CHAPTER 8 - VECTOR ALGEBRA
� + � � �� 2 MARKS
� + � � �� = (� + � + �)(� − �)(� − �)(� − �)
EXERCISE 8.1
� + � � ��
Solution: 1. Represent graphically the displacement of (i) 45 cm 30°
north of east. (ii) 80 km 60° south of west
b+c a a2 Solution :
Let |A| = c + a b b2
a+b c c2
b + c b b2
Put a = b |A| = c + b b b2 = 0 ∵ R1 ≡ R2] ]
2b c c2
So that (a − b) is a factor .
Similarly (b − c)(c − a) also factors of |A|.
Degree of the product of known factors are 3.
Degree of theproduct of leading diagonal elements are 4. 8. If �� + �� = �� + ��, Prove that the points �, �, � are
Difference between them m = 4 − 3 = 1 collinear.
so that remaining factor must be ' k(a + b + c)' . Solution :
b + c a a2 Given PO + OQ = QO + OR
c + a b b2 = k(a + b + c)(a − b)(b − c)(c − a) By the triangular law of Addition,
a + b c c2
PQ = QR
Put a = 0, b = 1, c = 2
3 0 0 PQ ∥ QR and Q is a common point
|A| = 2 1 1 = k(0 + 1 + 2)(0 − 1)(1 − 2)(2 − 0) Hence P, Q, R lie on a line. ⇒ P, Q, R are collinear.
1 2 4 EXERCISE 8.2
3(4 − 2) = 3k( − 1)( − 1)(2)
1. Verify whether the following ratios are direction cosines of
6k = 6 ⇒ k = 1
some vector or not.
b + c a a2
Solution :
c + a b b2 = (a + b + c)(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
� � �
a + b c c2 (i) � , � , �
EXERCISE 7.4 Sum of the squares of the direction cosines is 1 .
���� �� ���� � ���� � ���� � 1 2 3 2 4 2 1 9 16 26
6. Find the Product of + + = + + = ≠1
���� � ���� � ���� � ���� � 5 5 5 25 25 25 25
Solution: Give ratio is not the direction cosines of a vector.
� � �
log3 64 log4 3 log2 3 log8 3 (ii) , ,
� � �
log3 8 log4 9 log3 4 log3 4 Sum of the squares of the direction cosines is 1 .
log3 64 log2 3 + log4 3 log3 4 log3 64 log8 3 + log4 3 log3 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2+1+1 4
= + + = + + = = =1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
log3 8 log2 3 + log4 9 log3 4 log3 8 log8 3 + log4 9 log3 4
Give ratio is the direction cosines of a vector.
log2 64 + log3 3 log8 64 + log3 3
= � �
log2 8 + log3 9 log8 8 + log3 9 (iii) � , �, �
6log2 2 + log3 3 2log8 8 + log3 3 Sum of the squares of the direction cosines is 1 .
=
3log2 2 + 2log3 3 log8 8 + 2log3 3 4 2 2
3 2 16 9 256 + 81 337
+ (0) + = +0+ = = ≠1
6
log2 2 + 1 2
log8 8 + 1 3 4 9 16 144 144
= Give ratio is not the direction cosines of a vector.
log2 23 + (log3 32 ) 1 + (log3 32 )
6+1 2+1
= 2. Find the direction cosines of a vector whose direction
3+2 1+2
7 3 ratios are
= = 21 − 15 = 6
5 3 Solution :
(i) �, �, � Where r = 12 + 22 + 32 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
1 2 3
Direction Cosine is , ,
14 14 14

(ii) �, − �, � Where r = 32 + ( − 1)2 + 32 = 9 + 1 + 9 = 19

3 −1 3
Direction Cosine is , ,
19 19 19
(iii) �, �, �
Where r = 02 + 02 + 72 = 49 = 7
0 0 7
Direction Cosine is , , ⇒ (0,0,1)
7 7 7

XI - MATHEMATICS 48
3. Find the direction cosines and direction ratios for the 3. If � and � are two vectors such that � = ��, that � = ��,
following vectors.
and � ⋅ � = �� � find the angle between if � and �.
Solution :
The angle between if a and b
(i) �ı − �ȷ + ��
Direction ratios (3, − 4,8) a⋅b
θ = cos−1
r= 32 + ( − 4)2 + 82 = 9 + 16 + 64 = 89 a b
3 −4 8
Direction cosines , , 75 2
89 89 89 θ = cos−1 10×15
(ii) �ı + ȷ + � 1 π
= cos−1 =
Direction ratios (3,1,1) 2 4

r= 32 + (1)2 + 12 = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11 4. Find the angle between the vectors

3 1 1
Direction cosines , , Solution:
11 11 11

(iii) ȷ (i) �ı + �ȷ − �� and �ı − �ȷ + ��

Direction ratios (0,1,0) Let a = 2ı + 3ȷ − 6k and b = 6ı − 3ȷ + 2k
r= 02 + (1)2 + 02 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1
0 1 0
The angle between if a and b
Direction cosines , , ⇒ (0,1,0)
1 1 1
a⋅b
θ = cos−1
(iv) � ı − � ȷ − �� � a b
Direction ratios (5, − 3, − 48)
2ı+3ȷ−6k ⋅ 6ı−3ȷ+2k 12−9−12
r= 52 + ( − 3)2 + ( − 48)2 = 25 + 9 + 2304 = 2338 θ = cos−1 = cos−1 7.7
4+9+36 36+9+4
5 −3 −48
Direction cosines , , −9
2338 2338 2338 θ = cos−1
49
(v) �ı − �� + �ȷ ⇒ �ı + �ȷ − ��
Direction ratios (3,4, − 3) (ii) ı − ȷ and ȷ − �

r= 32 + (4)2 + ( − 3)2 = 9 + 16 + 9 = 34 Let a = ı − ȷ and b = ȷ − k

3 4 −3
Direction cosines , , The angle between if a and b
34 34 34

(vi) ı − � a⋅b
θ = cos−1
a b
Direction ratios (1,0, − 1)
ı−ȷ ⋅ ȷ−k
r= 12 + (0)2 + ( − 1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2 θ = cos−1
1+1 1+1
1 0 −1 1 −1
Direction cosines , , ⇒ , 0,
2 2 2 2 2 −1 2π
θ = cos−1 =
EXERCISE 8.3 2 3

1. Find � ⋅ � when 12. Find the projection of the vector ı + �ȷ + �� on the vector
Solution :
�ı + �ȷ + �� .
(i) � = ı − �ȷ + � and � = �ı − �ȷ − ��
Let a = 2ı + 6ȷ + 3k and b = ı + 3ȷ + 7k
a ⋅ b = (ı − 2ȷ + k) ⋅ (3ı − 4ȷ − 2k) = 3 + 8 − 2 = 9
a⋅b 2(1)+6(3)+3(7) 41
(ii) � = �ı + �ȷ − � and � = �ı − �ȷ + �� Projection of b on a = = 4+36+9
=
a 7

a ⋅ b = (2ı + 2ȷ − k) ⋅ (6ı − 3ȷ + 2k ) = 12 − 6 − 2 = 4
13. Find �, when the projection � = �ı + ȷ + �� on � = �ı +
2. Find the value of � for which the vectors � and � are
perpendicular where �ȷ + �� is 4 units.
a⋅b λ(2)+1(6)+4(3)
(i) � = �ı + �ȷ + � and � = ı − �ȷ + �� Projection of a on b = =
4+36+9
= 4 (given)
b

(ii) � = �ı + �ȷ − � and � = �ı − �ȷ + �� 2λ + 18
=4⇒λ=5
(i) if a and b are perpendicular a ⋅ b = 0 7

(2ı + λȷ + k) ⋅ (ı − 2ȷ + 3k) = 0
5
2 − 2λ + 3 = 0 ⇒ −2λ =− 5 ⇒ λ =
2

(ii) if a and b are perpendicular a ⋅ b = 0

(2ı + 4ȷ − k) ⋅ (3ı − 2ȷ + λk) = 0
6 − 8 − λ = 0 ⇒ −2 − λ = 0 ⇒ λ =− 2

XI - MATHEMATICS 49
 EXERCISE 8.4 3 MARKS
1. Find the magnitude of � × � if � = �� + � + �� and � = EXERCISE 8.1
�� + �� − ��. 2. Prove that the relation R defined on the set V of all vectors

Solution: by ��� if � = � is an equivalence relation on V.

Solution :
i j k
a×b= 2 Reflexive :
1 3
3 5 −2 Every vectors is equal to itself.
= i( − 2 − 15) − j( − 4 − 9) + k(10 − 3) a = a; so that ' aRa is true. ∴ It is reflexive.
=− 17i + 13j + 7k Symmetric :
|a × b| = 172 + 132 + 72 = 289 + 169 + 49 = 507 If aRb, a = b ;
Also, b = a ; so thataRb ⇒ b=a ' It is symmetric.
2. Show that � × (� + �) + � × (� + �) + � × (� + �) = �
Transitive :
Solution:
If aRb , a = b ------(1)
LHS = a × (b + c) + b × (c + a) + c × (a + b)
If bRc , b = c -----(2)
= a×b+a×c+b×c+b×a+c×a+c×b From 1 and 2 a = c
= a × b + a × c + b × c − a × b − a × c − b × c = 0 = RHS So that aRc also true. ∴ It is Transitive. Set V satisfied all the
three conditions.
4. Find the area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent
∴ ' aRb if a = b' is an equivalence relation on V
sides are determined by the vectors � + �� + �� and
3. Let � and � be the position vectors of the points A and B.
�� − �� + � Prove that the position vectors of the points which trisects
Solution: the line segment �� are
�+��
and
�+��
.
� �
area of the parallelogram with � and � as adjacent sides is Solution:
|� × �|
Here a = i + 2j + 3k and b = 3i − 2j + k
i j k
a×b= 1 2 3 = i 2 + 6 − j 1 − 9 + k −2 − 6
3 −2 1
Let AP = PQ = QB = �(���)
= 8i + 8j − 8k
P divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2
∴ a × b = 82 + 82 + 82 = 8 3. Q divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1
So, area of the parallelogram =8 3 sq. unit P.V of Q =OQ =
2⋅OB+1⋅OA
=
2⋅b+1⋅a
⇒
a+2b
2+1 3 3
10. Find the angle between the vectors �� + � − � and P.V of P=OP =
1⋅OB+2⋅OA
=
1⋅b+2⋅a
⇒
b+2a
hence proved
1+2 3 3
� + �� + � using vector product
4. If � and � are the midpoints of the sides �� and �� of a
Solution: triangle ���, prove that �� + �� = � ��
�

The angle between a and b using vector product is given by Solution :

sin θ =
|a×b| Let OA = a; OB = b; OC = c
|a||b|
D and E are the midpoints of the sides AB and AC
Here a = 2i + j − k and b = i + 2j + k By section formula,
a+b a b
i j k OD = = +
a×b= 2 1 −1 = i 1 + 2 − j 2 + 1 + k 4 − 1 2 2 2
a+c a c
1 2 1 OE = = +
2 2 2
= 3i − 3j + 3k BE + DC = (OE − OB) + (OC − OD)
|a × b| = 9 + 9 + 9 = 9 × 3 = 3 3 =
a c
+ −b + c−
a
+
b
=
a c
+ −b + c− −
a b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
|a| = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
a c a b
= + −b+c− −
|b| = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6 2 2 2 2
c b c−2b+2c−b 3c−3b
3 3 3 3 3 = −b+c− = =
sin θ = 6 6
= = 2 2 2 2
6 2
3(c−b) 3 3
∴ θ = π/3 = ⇒ (OC − OB) = BC Hence proved
2 2 2

XI - MATHEMATICS 50
5. Prove that the line segment joining the midpoints of two 4. A triangle is formed by joining the points (�, �, �), (�, �, �)
sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side whose length is and (�, �, �). Find the direction cosines of the medians .
half of the length of the third side. Solution: A a 1,0,0

Solution : Let OA = a = ı F E
Let OA = a ; OB = b ; OC = c G
OB = b = J
D and E are the midpoints of the sides
OC = c = k
AB and AC B b 0,1,0 D C c 0,0,1
By section formula,
Let D, E and F be the mid points of the sides BC, CA and AB
a+b a b
P.V. of point D:OD = 2
= +
2 2 respectively.
a+c a c b+c J k a+c ı k a+b ı ȷ
P.V. of point E:OE = 2
= +
2 2 OD = = + , OE = = + , OF = = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
To Prove : DE = 2 BC ȷ k ȷ k
Median AD = OD − OA = 2 + − ı =− ı + 2 +
2 2
a c a b a c a b
DE = OE − OD = + − + = + − − ı k ı k
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Median BE = OE − OB = 2 + 2 − ȷ = 2 − ȷ + 2
c b c−b 1 1
= − = = (OC − OB) = BC ı ȷ ı ȷ
2 2 2 2 2 Median CF = OF − OC = 2 + 2 − k = 2 + 2 − k
1
DE = BC Hence proved
2 ȷ k
1 1 Directions cosines of the median AD =− ı + 2 + 2 is
Also |DE| = 2 |BC| ⇒ DE = 2 BC ∴ DE ∥ BC
1 1
−1 2 2 −2 1 1
7. If � and � represent a side and a diagonal of a 6
, 6
, 6
= , ,
6 6 6
2 2 2
parallelogram, find the other sides and the other diagonal.
1 2 1 2 6
Solution : Where r = 1+ + =
2 2 2
From given data ı k
In the parallelogram ABCD Directions cosines of the median BE = 2 − ȷ + 2 is
1 1
AB = a ; AC = b ; 2
,
−1
, 2
=
1
,
−2
,
1
6 6 6 6 6 6
Where AB || CD but 2 2 2

AB =− CD [ ∴ Equal length but opposite direction. 1 2 1 2 6

Where r = +1+ =
2 2 2
a =− CD ⇒ CD =− a
ı ȷ
In ΔABC AB + BC = AC Directions cosines of the median CF = + − k is
2 2
1 1
a + BC = b 2 2 −1 1 1 −2
, , = , ,
BC =− a + b 2
6
2
6
2
6 6 6 6

Where BC || AD but 1 2 1 2 6
Where r = + +1 =
BC =− AD [ ∴ Equal length but opposite direction. 2 2 2

− a + b = − AD ⇒ AD = a − b 6. If (� , � + � , � + � + �) is one set of direction ratios of the

In ΔBCD BD = BC + CD line joining (�, �, �) and (�, �, �), then find a set of values of
�, �, �.
BD =− a + b − a
BC =− 2a + b Solution:
Other sides b − a , − a , a − b and other diagonal b − 2a Let A(1,0,0) and B(0,1,0)
EXERCISE 8.2 Now position vectors of A & B are OA and OB respectively.
� �
5. If , , � are the direction cosines of some vector, then OA = ı and OB = ȷ
� �
fine a. AB = OB − OA = ȷ − ı =− ı + ȷ
Solution: Direction ratios of AB =− ı + ȷ is ( − 1,1,0)
1 1
Given , , a are the direction cosines of some vector, then From given data,
2 2
Sum of the squares of the direction cosines is 1 . (�, � + �, � + � + �) = ( − 1,1,0)
1 2 1 2 1 1
Then a+b+c = 0
+ + (a)2 = 1 ⇒ 4 + 2 + a2 = 1 a+b = 1
2 2
1+2+4a2 a =− 1 −1 + b = 1 −1 + 2 + c = 0
=1
4
b=2 c =− 1
1 + 2 + 4a2 = 4
4a2 = 1
1 (a , b , c) ⟹ (−1,2, −1)
a2 =
4
1
a =± 2

XI - MATHEMATICS 51
7. Show that the vectors �ı − ȷ + �, �ı − �ȷ − ��, ı − �ȷ − �� 12. Find the unit vector parallel to �� − �� + ��
form a right angled triangle. If � = �ı − ȷ − �� , � =− �ı + �ȷ − �� , � = ı + �ȷ − �
Solution : Solution:
Let a, b and c are the sides of the triangle ABC.
3a − 2b + 4c = 3(3ı − ȷ − 4k)-2(−2ı + 4ȷ − 3k)+4(ı + 2ȷ − k)
AB = a = 2ı − ȷ + k ; CB = b = 3ı − 4ȷ − 4k ; CA = c = ı − 3ȷ − 5k
= 9ı − 3ȷ − 12k + 4ı − 8ȷ + 6k + 4i + 8j − 4k
Clearly a + c = b.
3a − 2b + 4c = 17ı − 3ȷ − 10k
a, b and c are forms a triangle.
3a−2b+4c
unit vector parallel to 3a − 2b + 4c =±
|AB| = 22 + ( − 1)2 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6 |3a−2b+4c|

|BC| = 32 + ( − 4)2 + ( − 4)2 = 9 + 16 + 16 = 41 17t−3ȷ−10k 17ı−3ȷ−10k

=± =± 398
|CA| = 12 + ( − 3)2 + ( − 5)2 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35 289+9+100

Where |AB|2 + |CA|2 = 6 + 35 = 41 = |BC|2 14. The position vectors �, �, � of three points satisfy the
a , b and c are forms a right angled triangle ABC. relation �� − �� + �� = �. Are these points collinear?
Solution :
8. Find the value of � for which � = �ı + �ȷ + �� and
2a − 7b + 5c = 0 (l = 2; m=-7; n = 5 & l+m+n = 2-7+5=0)
� = ı + �ȷ + �� are parallel.
7 5
Solution : 2a = 7b − 5c ⇒ a = b − c
2 2

If a and b are parallel , a = tb Where a is a linear combination of other two vectors.

∴ vectors a, b, c are collinear.
3ı + 2ȷ + 9k = t ı + λȷ + 3k ⇒ 3ı + 2ȷ + 9k = tı + tλȷ + 3tk
Equating coefficients, 15. The position Vectors �, �, �, � are ı + ȷ + � , �ı + �ȷ , �ı +
2
t = 3 also tλ = 2 ⇒ 3λ = 2 , λ = �ȷ − �� and ı − �ȷ − � respectively . Prove that the lines PQ
3
and RS are parallel.
11. If � = �ı + �ȷ − ��, � = �ı − �ȷ − ��, � =− �ı + �ȷ + ��
Solution :
Find the magnitude and direction cosine of the following,
(i) � + � + � (ii) �� − �� + �� OP = ı + ȷ + k ; OQ = 2ı + 5ȷ; OR = 3ı + 2ȷ − 3k; OS = ı − 6ȷ − k
Solution : PQ = OQ − OP = 2ı + 5ȷ − (ı + ȷ + k)
(i) � + � + � = 2ı + 3ȷ − 4k + 3ı − 4ȷ − 5k − 3i + 2j + 3k
= 2ı + 5ȷ − ı − ȷ − k) == ı + 4ȷ − k
a + b + c = 2ı + ȷ − 6k RS = OS − OR = ı − 6ȷ − k − ( 3ı + 2ȷ − 3k)
a + b + c = 4 + 1 + 36 = 41
2 1 −6 = ı − 6ȷ − k − 3ı − 2ȷ + 3k = − 2ı − 8ȷ + 2k
Direction cosine , ,
41 41 41
=− 2 ı + 4ȷ − k
(ii) �� − �� + �� = 6ı + 9ȷ − 12k − 6ı + 8ȷ + 10k − 15i + 10j + 15k
RS =− 2PQ
3a − 2b + 5c =− 15i + 27j + 13k
3a − 2b + 5c = 225 + 729 + 169 = 1123 ∴ the lines PQ and RS are parallel.

Direction cosine
−15
,
27
,
13 17. Show that the points A (�, �, �), �(�, �, �) and
1123 1123 1123
�(�, − �, �) are vertices of an isosceles triangle.
12. The position vectors of the vertices of a triangle are
Solution :
ı + �ȷ + �� , �ı − �ȷ + �� , − �ı + �ȷ − �� . Find the
perimeter of the triangle. OA = ı + ȷ + k; OB = ı + 2ȷ + 3ȷ ; OC = 2ı − ȷ + k
Solution: AB = OB − OA = ı + 2ȷ + 3ȷ − (ı + ȷ + k)
OA = ı + 2ȷ + 3k; OB = 3ı − 4ȷ + 5k ; OC =− 2ı + 3ȷ − 7k = ı + 2ȷ + 3ȷ − ı − ȷ − k) = ȷ + 2k
AB = OB − OA = 3ı − 4ȷ + 5k − (ı + 2ȷ + 3k) BC = OC − OB = 2ı − ȷ + k − (ı + 2ȷ + 3ȷ)
= 3ı − 4ȷ + 5k − ı − 2ȷ − 3k = 2ı − 6ȷ + 2k = 2ı − ȷ + k − ı − 2ȷ − 3k = ı − 3ȷ − 2k
BC = OC − OB = −2ı + 3ȷ − 7k − (3ı − 4ȷ + 5k) CA = OA − OC = ı + ȷ + k −(2ı − ȷ + k )

=− 2ı + 3ȷ − 7k − 3ı + 4ȷ − 5k = − 5ı + 7ȷ − 12k = ı + ȷ + k −2ı + ȷ − k = - ı + 2ȷ
CA = OA − OC = ı + 2ȷ + 3k − (−2ı + 3ȷ − 7k) AB = 1 + 4 = 5
BC = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
= ı + 2ȷ + 3k +2ı − 3ȷ + 7k = 3ı − ȷ + 10k
CA = 1 + 4 = 5
AB = 4 + 36 ++ 4 = 44 Where AB = CA . Given points are the vertices of an isosceles
BC = 25 + 49 + 144 = 218 triangle.
CA = 9 + 1 + 100 = 110
Perimeter = AB + BC + CA = 44 + 218 + 110

XI - MATHEMATICS 52
 EXERCISE 8.3 9. Show that the points �, − �, � , (�, �, �) and (�, �, �) are
5. If � , �, � are three vectors such that � + �� + � = � and collinear.
� = � , � = � , � = � find the angle between � & �. Solution:
Solution: OA = 2ı − ȷ + 3k , OB = 4ı + 3ȷ + k , OC = 3ı + ȷ + 2k
Given a + 2b + c = 0 AB = OB − OA = 4ı + 3ȷ + k − (2ı − ȷ + 3k)
a + 2b =− c ⇒ a + 2b = − c
= 4ı + 3ȷ + k − 2ı + ȷ − 3k = 2ı + 4ȷ − 2k
Squaring on both sides,
BC = OC − OB = 3ı + ȷ + 2k − (4ı + 3ȷ + k)
⇒ |a + 2b|2 = | − c|2
⇒ |a|2 + 2(a ⋅ 2b) + |2b|2 = |c|2 = 3ı + ȷ + 2k − 4ı − 3ȷ − k) =− ı − 2ȷ + k

⇒ |a|2 + 2 ⋅ 2a ⋅ b + 4|b|2 = |c|2 Where AB = 2ı + 4ȷ − 2k =− 2( ı − 2ȷ + k) = − 2BC

⇒ |a|2 + 4|a||b|cos θ + 4|b|2 = |c|2 ∴ AB ∥ BC Also A is the common Point
⇒ 9 + 4(3)(4)cos θ + 4(16) = 49 ∴ A, B, C are collinear.

⇒ 48 cos θ =− 24 ⇒ θ = cos−1
−1
⇒θ=
2π 10. If � , � are unit vectors and � is the angle between them ,
2 3 show that
� � � � � �−�
6. Show that the vectors � = �ı + �ȷ + �� , � = �ı + �ȷ − �� , (�)��� = |� − �| (ii) ��� = �+� (iii) ��� =
� � � � � �+�
� = �ı − �ȷ + �� are mutually orthogonal . Solution:
Solution : Given that a , b are the unit vectors.i.e., a = 1 ; b = 1

a ⋅ b = 2ı + 3ȷ + 6k ⋅ 6ı + 2ȷ − 3k = 12 + 6 − 18 = 0 (i) |a − b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 − 2 a ⋅ b

= a|2 + b|2 − 2 a b cos θ = 1 + 1 − 2(1)(1)cos θ
b ⋅ c = 6ı + 2ȷ − 3k ⋅ 3ı − 6ȷ + 2k = 18 − 12 − 6 = 0
θ
|a − b|2 = 2 − 2cos θ = 2 1 − cos θ = 2 2sin2
c ⋅ a = 3ı − 6ȷ + 2k ⋅ 2ı + 3ȷ + 6k = 6 − 18 + 12 = 0 2
θ θ
a , b , c are mutually perpendicular vectors . |a − b|2 = 4 sin2 ⇒ a − b = 2 sin
2 2
θ 1
sin 2 = 2 a − b ----(1)
7. Show that the vectors − ı − �ȷ − �� , �ı − ȷ + � ,
(ii) |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b
− ı + �ȷ + �� forms a right angle triangle .
Solution : = a|2 + b|2 + 2 a b cos θ = 1 + 1 + 2(1)(1)cos θ
θ
|a + b|2 = 2 + 2cos θ = 2(1 + cos θ) = 2 2 cos2
Let a =− ı − 2ȷ − 6k , b = 2ı − ȷ + k and c =− ı + 3ȷ + 5k 2
2 θ θ
Where a + b + c = 0. |a + b| = 4 cos2 ⇒ a + b = 2 cos
2 2
θ 1
∴ a , b and c are the sides of a triangle cos = a + b -------(2)
2 2
Also b ⋅ c = 2ı − ȷ + k ⋅ − ı + 3ȷ + 5k =− 2 − 3 + 5 = 0 (iii) Dividing (1) By (2)
θ 1
(1) sin a−b θ a−b
So that b ⊥ c ∴ a , b and c are the sides of a right angled ⇒ 2
θ = 21 ⇒ tan =
(2) cos a+b 2 a+b
2 2
triangle .
11. Let � , � , � be three vectors such that |�| = �, |�| = �,
8. If � = � , � = � , � = � and � + � + � = �
|�| = � and each one of them being perpendicular to the sum
find � ⋅ � + � ⋅ � + � ⋅ �
of the other two, find |� + � + �|.
Solution :
Solution:
a+b+c = 0 ⇒ a+b+c = 0
Given that each vector is perpendicular to sum of other two
Squaring on both sides vectors.
2
a+b+c =0 a ⋅ b + c = 0 ⇒ a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c = 0 −−−− (1)
⇒ |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2 a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a = 0 b ⋅ c + a = 0 ⇒ b ⋅ c + b ⋅ a = 0 −−−− (2)
⇒ 25 + 36 + 49 + 2 a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a = 0 c ⋅ a + b = 0 ⇒ c ⋅ a + c ⋅ b = 0 −−−− (3)
⇒ 2 a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a =− 110 (1) + (2) + (3)
⇒ a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a = − 55 a⋅b+a⋅c+b⋅c+b⋅a+c⋅a+c⋅b=0
2a⋅b+2b⋅c+2c⋅a =0
2 a⋅b+b⋅c+c⋅a =0
|a + b + c|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2 a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a
= 32 + 42 + 52 + 0 = 50
a+b+c =5 2

XI - MATHEMATICS 53
13. Three vectors � , � , � are such that � = � , � = � , 6. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
�(�, − �, �), �(�, − �, − �) and �(�, − �, �)
� = � and � + � + � = � find � � ⋅ � + � � ⋅ � + �� ⋅ �.
Solution:
Solution:
A = (3, − 1,2); B = (1, − 1, − 3) and C = (4, − 3,1)
Given a + b + c = 0
∴ OA = 3i − j + 2k; OB = i − j − 3k and OC = 4i − 3j + k
a + b =− c 1 1 1
Multiply by c Area of ΔABC = 2 |AB × AC| = 2 |BA × BC| = 2 |CA × CB|
a ⋅ c + b ⋅ c =− c ⋅ c AB = OB − OA = (i − j − 3k) − (3i − j + 2k)
2 2
a ⋅ c + b ⋅ c =− |c| =− 4 =− 16 = i − j − 3k − 3i + j − 2k =− 2i − 5k
a ⋅ c + b ⋅ c =− 16 -------(1) AC = OC − OA = 4i − 3j + k − 3i + j − 2k = i − 2j − k
Given a + b + c = 0 i j k
AB × AC = −2 0 −5 = i( − 10) − j(2 + 5) + k(4 − 0)
a+b+c = 0 1 −2 −1
Squaring on both sides |a + b + c|2 = 0 = − 10i − 7j + 4k

|a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2 a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a = 0 |AB × AC| = 100 + 49 + 16 = 165

1 165
22 + 32 + 42 + 2 a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a = 0 Area of △ABC= |AB × AC| = sq. units
2 2
2 a ⋅ b + 2 b ⋅ c + 2 c ⋅ a =− 29 7. If �, �, � are position vectors of the vertices �, �, � of a
4 a ⋅ b + 4 b ⋅ c + 4 c ⋅ a =− 58 ------(2) triangle ���, show that the area of the triangle ��� is
�
|� × � + � × � + � × �|. Also deduce the condition for
(2) – (1) 4 a ⋅ b + 4 b ⋅ c + 4 c ⋅ a − a ⋅ c − b ⋅ c =− 58 + 16 �
collinearity of the points �, �, �
4 a ⋅ b + 3 b ⋅ c + 3 c ⋅ a =− 42 Solution:
EXERCISE 8.4 1
Area of ΔABC = |AB × AC|
2
3. Find the vectors of magnitude �� � that are
Now AB = OB − OA = b − a & AC = OC − OA = c − a
perpendicular to the plane which contains � + �� + � and � + 1 1
area of △ABC= |AB × AC| = |(b − a) × (c − a)|
�� + �� 2 2
1 1
Solution: = |b × c − b × a − a × c + a × a| = |b × c + a × b + c × a|
2 2
a = i + 2j + k and b = i + 3j + 4k 1
Area of △ABC= 2 |a × b + b × c + c × a|
r a×b
The unit vector ⊥ to a and b is given by n =± If the points A, B, C are collinear,
|a×b|
then the area of △ ABC = 0.
i j k
1
a×b= 1 2 1 = i 8−3 −j 4−1 +k 3−2 ⇒ |a × b + b × c + c × a| = 0 ⇒ |a × b + b × c + c × a| = 0
2
1 3 4
⇒a×b+b×c+c×a=0
= 5i − 3j + k
Thus a × b + b × c + c × a = 0 is the required condition of
|a × b| = 25 + 9 + 1 = 35
5i−3j+k collinearity of the points with positions a, b, c.
∴ n =± 35 8. For any vector � prove that |� × �|� + |� × �|� + |� × �|� = �|�|� .
10 3(5i−3j+k) 10 3
∴ 10 3n = =± (5i − 3j + k) Solution:
35 35

4. Find the unit vectors perpendicular to each of the vectors Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k ,

� + � and � − �, where � = � + � + � and � = � + �� + ��. |a| = a21 + a22 + a23 and a2 = a21 + a22 + a23
Solution:
i j k
a = i + j + k and b = i + 2j + 3k Now a × i = a1 a2 a3 = a3 j − a2 k
a + b = (i + j + k) + (i + 2j + 3k) = 2i + 3j + 4k 1 0 0
a − b = (i + j + k) − (i + 2j + 3k) =− j − 2k |a × i|2 = a3 j − a2 k ⋅ a3 j − a2 k = a22 + a23

Let a + b = c and a − b = d i j k
a × j = a1 a2 a3 = ( − 1) a3 i − a1 k
c×d
Now the unit vectors ⊥r to c and d is given by n =± 0 1 0
|c×d|
|a × j|2 = a21 + a23
i j k
c×d= 2 3 4 = i( − 6 + 4) − j( − 4) + k( − 2) i j k
0 −1 −2 a × k = a1 a2 a3 = a2 i − a1 j ⇒ |a × k|2 = a22 + a23
=− 2i + 4j − 2k 0 0 1
∴ LHS =|a × i|2 + |a × j|2 + |a × k|2
|c × d| = 4 + 16 + 4 = 24
−2i+4j−2k 2(−i+2j−k) −2(i−2j+k) (i−2j+k)
= a22 + a23 + a21 + a23 + a22 + a23
n =± =± =± =±
24 4×6 2 6 6 = 2(a21 + a22 + a23 ) = 2a2 = RHS

XI - MATHEMATICS 54
9. Let �, �, � be unit vectors such that � ⋅ � = � ⋅ � = � and the 11. Let �, � and � be the vertices of a triangle. Let �, � and �
� � be the mid points of the sides ��, �� and �� respectively.
angle between � and � is �. Prove that � =± (� × �)
� Show that �� + �� + �� = �.
Solution: Solution:
Given |a| = |b| = |c| = 1 Let OA = a ; OB = b ; OC = c
Let D, E and F be the mid points of the
Also a ⋅ b = 0 ⇒ a⊥r to b ---(i)
sides BC , CA and AB respectively.
a ⋅ c = 0 ⇒ a⊥r to c ---(ii)
b+c b c a+c a c a+b a b
from (i) and (ii) a⊥r to b and c (but b × c is ⊥r to b and c ) OD = = + ; OE = = + ; OF = = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ a is ∥ t to b × c ⇒ a = t(b × c) L.H.S : AD + BE + CF = OD − OA + OE − OB + OF − OC
But |a| = 1 ⇒ |t(b × c)| = 1 b c a c a b
= + −a+ + −b+ + −c
(i.e.) t |b||c|sin
π
=1⇒t
3
=1⇒t=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 b+c−2a+a+c−2b+a+b−2c 0
2
= = = 0 R.H.S Hence Proved
2 2
So, a =± 3
(b × c)
12. If ���� is a quadrilateral and � and � are the mid points of ��
and �� respectively, then Prove that �� + �� + �� + �� = ���
5 MARKS : Solution :
EXERCISE 8.1 In ΔABD,
6. Prove that the line segments joining the midpoints of the F is the midpoint of BD.
adjacent sides of a quadrilateral form a parallelogram. By the section formula,
AB+AD
Solution: AF = ⇒ AB + AD = 2AF -----(1)
2
Let OA = a ; OB = b ; In ΔBCD; F is the midpoint of BD.
OC = c ; OC = c . By the section formula: CF =
CB+CD
⇒ CB + CD = 2CF -----2)
2
P, Q, R and S are the mid points of
In ΔACF, E is the midpoint of AC.
AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
AF+CF
P.V of pts P,Q,R,S are By the section formula: FE = ⇒ AF + CF = 2EF -----(3)
2

OP =
a+b
= +
a b
OQ =
b+c b
= +
c (1) + (2) is L. H. S
2 2 2 2 2 2
c+d c d d+a d a
AB + AD + CB + CD = 2AF + 2CF = 2(AF + 2CF) = 2(2EF)
OR = = + OS = = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 = 4 EF R.H.S { By using (3) Hence proved
b c a b b c a b
PQ = OQ − OP = + − + = + − − EXERCISE 8.2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c a c−a 8. Show that the following vectors are coplanar
= − = −−−−−−− (1) Solution:
2 2 2
c d d a c d d a
SR = OR − OS = + − + = + − − (i) ı − �ȷ + �� , − �ı + �ȷ − �� , − ȷ + ��
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 −2 3 = 1(6 − 4) + 2( − 4 − 0) + 3((2 − 0)
c a c−a
= − = −−−−−−− (2) −2 3 −4 = 1(2) + 2( − 4) + 3(2) = 2 − 8 + 6 = 0
2 2 2
0 −1 2
From (1) and (2)
Determinant value is zero. Given vectors are coplanar
PQ = SR ⇒ PQ = SR And PQ ∥ SR.
(ii) �ı + �ȷ + ��, �ı − �ȷ + ��, �ı + ��ȷ + ��
Similarly we can prove
Solution:
PS = QR ⇒ PS = QR And PS ∥ QR. 5 6 7 = 5( − 40 − 180) + 6(35 − 27) + 7(140 + 24)
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram. 7 −8 9 =− 1100 + 48 + 1148 = 0
3 20 5
10. If � is the centroid of a triangle ���,
Determinant value is zero. Given vectors are coplanar
Prove that �� + �� + �� = �
10. Show that the points whose position vectors
Solution :
�ı + �ȷ + � , − ı − ȷ , �ı + �ȷ + �� and −�ı + �ȷ + �� are coplanar.
Let OA = a ; OB = b ; OC = c
Solution:
a+b+c
If G is the centroid of a triangle, then OG = OA = 4ı + 5ȷ + k;OB =− ȷ − k;OC = 3ı + 9ȷ + 4k;OD =− 4ı + 4ȷ + 4k
3

L.H.S : GA + GB + GC = OA − 0G + OB − OG + OC − OG AB = OB − OA =− 4ı − 6ȷ − 2k
a+b+c AC = OC − OA =− ı + 4ȷ + 3k
= OA + OB + OC − 3OG = a + b + c − 3
3
AD = OD − OA =− 8ı − ȷ + 3k
= a + b + c − (a + b + c) = 0 R.H.S −4 −6 −2 =− 4(12 + 3) + 6( − 3 + 24) − 2(1 + 32)
GA + GB + GC = 0 −1 4 3 =− 60 + 126 − 66 = 0
Hence Proved −8 −1 3
Determinant value is zero. Given points are coplanar.

XI - MATHEMATICS 55
 2. If � and � are two events associated with a random
experiment for which �(�) = �. ��, �(� or �) = �. ��, and
CHAPTER 12
�(� and �) = �. ��.
INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY THEORY Find (i) P(only B) (ii) �(�) (iii) � (only �)
Solution:
2 MARKS :
Given P(A) = 0.35; P(A ∪ B) = 0.85; P(A ∩ B) = 0.15
EXERCISE 12.1
1. An experiment has the four possible mutually exclusive We know P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
and exhaustive outcomes A, B, C and D. Check whether the ⇒ 0.85 = 0.35 + P(B) − 0.15
following assignments of probability are permissible.
(i) �(�) = �. ��, �(�) = �. ��, �(�) = �. ��, �(�) = �. �� ⇒ 0.85 − 0.2 = P(B) ⇒ P(B) = 0.65
(ii) �(�) = �. ��, �(�) = �. ��, �(�) = �. ��, �(�) = �. �� (i) P( only B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
� � � �
(iii) �(�) = � , �(�) = � , �(�) =− � , �(�) = � = 0.65 − 0.15 = 0.50
Solution:
(iii) P(B) = 1 − P(B)
When A, B, C, D are the possible exclusive and exhaustive
events the P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D) = 1. = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
(i) P(A) = 0.15, P(B) = 0.30, P(C) = 0.43, P(D) = 0.12 (iii) P(A only ) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B) = 0.35 − 0.15 = 0.20
Now P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D) EXERCISE 12.3
= 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.43 + 0.12 = 1
1. Can two events be mutually exclusive and independent
∴ The assignment of probability is permissible
(ii) P(A) = 0.22, P(B) = 0.38, P(C) = 0.16, P(D) = 0.34 simultaneously?
Now P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D) = 1 Solution:
0.22 + 0.38 + 0.16 + 0.34 = 1.10 ≠ 1 When A and B are independent⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B)
∴ The assignment of probability is not permissible. But when A and B are mutuallyExclusive ⇒ P(A ∩ B) = 0
2 3 1 1
(iii) P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =− , P(D) = It is not possible
5 5 5 5
1
P(C) =− 5 which is not possible 2. If � and � are two events such that �(� ∪ �) = �. �,
(i.e.) for any event A, (0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1) �(� ∩ �) = �. �, and �(�) = �. � then show that � and � are
independent.
∴ The assignment of probability is not permissible.
Solution:
2. If two coins are tossed simultaneously, then find the
Given P(A ∪ B) = 0.7, P(A ∩ B) = 0.2 and P(B) = 0.5
probability of getting
(i) one head and one tail (ii) at most two tails To find P(A)
Solution: Now, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
When two coins are tossed the sample space will be ⇒ 0.7 = P(A) + 0.5 − 0.2 ⇒ 0.7 − 0.5 + 0.2 = P(A)
S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)} ∴ n(S) = 4 ⇒ P(A) = 0.4
2 1
(i) probability of getting 1 head and one tail = 4 = 2
Now P(A ∩ B) = 0.2 ---------(1)
4
(ii) Probability of getting atmost two tails = 4 = 1 P(A)P(B) = 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.2 ------------(2)
EXERCISE 12.2 (1) = (2) ⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B)
�
1. If � and � are mutually exclusive events �(�) = and ⇒ A and B are independent.
�
�
�(�) = , then find 3. If � and � are two independent events such that
�
(i) �(�) (ii) �(� ∪ �) (iii) �(� ∩ �) (iv) �(� ∪ �) �(� ∪ �) = �. �, �(�) = �. �, find �(�).
Solution: Solution:
3 1
(i) P(A) = 8 , P(B) = 8 Given A and B are independent.
3 5
P(A) = 1 − P(A) = 1 − = ⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B)
8 8
3 1 4 1
(ii) P A ∪ B = P A + P B = 8 + 8 = = 2 Here P(A ∪ B) = 0.6 and P(A) = 0.2
8
( ∵ A and B are mutually exclusive ) To find P(B) :
1 1
(iii) P(A ∩ B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = 8 − 0 = Now, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
8
'
(iv) P(A ∪ B)= P[A ∩ B) = 1 − P(A ∩ B) = 1 − 0 = 1 ⇒ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A). P(B)
⇒ 0.6 = 0.2 + P(B)(1 − 0.2)
P(B)(0.8) = 0.4
0.4 4 1
⇒ P(B) = = = = 0.5
0.8 8 2

XI - MATHEMATICS 56
 5. Eight coins are tossed once, find the probability of getting
3 MARKS (i) exactly two tails (ii)at least two tails (iii) at most two tails
EXERCISE 12.1 Solution:
3. Five mangoes and 4 apples are in a box. If two fruits are When a coin is tossed 8 times or 8 coins are tossed one time
chosen at random, find the probability that (i) one is a n(s) = 28 = 256
mango and the other is an apple (ii) both are of the same (i) Let A be the event of getting exactly 2 tails.
8×7
variety. Here n(A) = 8C2 = = 28
2×1
Solution: n( A) 28 7
(i) Mangoes (M) = 5 P(A) = = =
n( S) 256 64
Apples (A) = 4 Total = 5 + 4 = 9 (ii) Let B be the event of getting at least two tails (2 or more).
one is a mango and the other is an apple n(B) = 8C2 + 8C3 + ………. . + 8C8
When two Fruits are chosen at random = n(S) − 8C0 + 8C1 = 256 − (1 + 8) = 247
P( one mango and one Apple ) n( B) 247
5�4 P(B) = =
=
5C1 x 4C1
=
5
= × × 2! =
4 5 n( S) 256
9C2 9�8 9 8 9
2�1 (iii) Let C be the event of getting atmost two tails. (2 or less)
(iii) both are of the same variety. : 8×7
n(C) = 8C0 + 8C1 + 8C2 = 1 + 8 + = 1 + 8 + 28 = 37
P(MMorAA) 2×1
{Choosing 2 mango out of 5 & Choosing 2 apples out of 4} n(C) 37
P(C) = =
5�4 4�3 n( S) 256
5C2 4C2
=
9C2
+
9C2
= 2�1
9�8 + 2�1
9�8 6. An integer is chosen at random from the first 100 positive
2�1 2�1
5 4 4 3 20 12 32 4
integers. What is the probability that the integer chosen is a
= × + × = + = = prime or multiple of 8 ?
9 8 9 8 72 72 72 9

Solution:
4. What is the chance that (i) non-leap year (ii) leap year S = {1,2,3, ………100}
should have fifty three Sundays? n(S) = 100
Solution: Let A be the event of choosing a prime number
(i) Non leap year ∴ A = {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,
No of days = 365 59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89}
365 25
= weeks = 52 weeks +1 day n(A) = 25 So P(A) =
7 100
In 52 week we have 52 Sundays. Let B be the event of getting a number multiple of 8
Possibility for that 1 day B = {8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96}
12
S= {Mon, Tues, Wednes, Thurs, Fr, Satur} n(B) = 12 So P(B) =
100
n( S) = 7 also A ∩ B = ϕ
A = {sunday} ⇒ A and B are mutually exclusive
n(A) = 1 25 12 37
n( A) 1 ∴ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) = + =
∴ Probability of getting 53 Sundays = 100 100 100
n( S) 7

(ii) Leap Year: 7. A bag contains 7 red and 4 black balls, 3 balls are drawn at
In 52 weeks we have 52 Sundays. We have to find the random. Find the probability that (i) all are red (ii) one red
probability of getting one Sunday form the remaining 2 days and 2 black.
the remaining 2 days can be a combination of the following Solution:
S = { (Sat,Sun), (Sun,Mon), (Mon,Tue), (Tue,wed), (wed, thu) No. of Red balls = n(R) = 7
No. of Black balls = n(B) = 4
(Thu, Fri), (Fri, Sat)}.
n( s) = 7 Total = 7 + 4 = 11
⇒ n(S) = 11C3 Three balls are drawn at random
B= {(Sat,Sun), (Sun,Mon) }
n(B) = 2 (i) P (All are red balls)
2 n(R) = 7C3
So, P(A) = 7 7×6×5
7C3 3×2×1 7×6×5 7
∴ P(R) = = 11×10×9 = =
11C3 11×10×9 33
3×2×1

(ii) P (one red and 2 black balls)

7C1 ×4C2 4×3 11×10×9
= =7× /
11C3 2×1 3×2×1
7×4×3×3×2×1 14
= =
2×1×11×10×9 55

XI - MATHEMATICS 57
8. A single card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the 10. (i) The odds that the event � occurs is 5 to 7 , find �(�)
�
probability that (ii) Suppose �(�) = . Express the odds that the event �
�
(i) the card is an ace or a king
occurs.
(ii) the card will be 6 or smaller
Solution:
(iii) the card is either a queen or 9 ? (DELETED )
If the probability of an event is P then the odds is favour of its
Solution:
occurrence are P to (1 − P) and the odds against its
Total No. of cards = 52 = n(S)
nonoccurrence are (1 − P) to P.
No. of ace cards = n(A) = 4
Here we are given the odds that The event A occurs = 5 to 7
No. of king card = n(k) = 4 5 5
P(A or K) = P(A) + P(K) ∴ P(A) = =
5 + 7 12
( ∵ A and K are mutually exclusive). (ii) So, the odds that the event B occurs is 2 to 3 .
n( A) n( K) 4 4 8 2 2
P(A or K) = P(A) + P(K) = n( S)
+ n( S) = 52 + 52 = = We are given P(B) =
52 13 5
(i) Let B be the event of getting a number be 6 or smaller . 2
(i.e.,) P(B) = 2+3
So the numbers can be 6,5,4,3,2
So, the odds that the event B occurs is 2 to 3 .
There are 4 types of cards
EXERCISE 12.2
So n(B) = 4 × 5 = 20
n( B) 20 5
3. A die is thrown twice. Let Abe the event, 'First die shows 5'
and So, p(B) = n( S)
= = and B be the event, 'second die shows 5'. Find �(� ∪ �).
52 13

(iii) Let C be the event of getting a queen ⇒ so n(c) = 4 Solution:

and Let D be the event of getting a number 9 ⇒ n(D) = 4 When a die is throw twice
Now C ∩ D = ϕ n(s) = 62 = 36
(i.e.,) C and D are mutually exclusive. Let A be the event that first die shows 5 and B be the event
4 4 8 2
∴ P(C ∪ D) = P(C) + P(D) = + = = that second die shows 5
52 52 52 13
Now A = {(5,1), (5, 2) (5,3), (5,4), (5,5)(5,6}
9. A cricket club has 16 members, of whom only 5 can bowl.
n( A) 6
What is the probability that in a team of 11 members at least n(A) = 6 ⇒ P(A) = =
n( S) 36
3 bowlers are selected?
and B = {(1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5), (5,5), (6,5)}
Solution:
n( B) 6
No. of players = 16 n(B) = 6 ⇒ P(B) = =
n( S) 36
We need to select 11 players which can be done in 16C11
Also A ∩ B = {(5,5)} ⇒ n(A ∩ B) = 1
ways (i. e) n( S) = 16C11 ways= 4368
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
Out of the selection of 11 members there should be a least 3 6 6 1 11
bowler So we can have 3 or 4 or 5 bowlers and S the = + − =
36 36 36 36
remaining will be 8 or 7 or 6 players. So the selection can be 4. The probability of an event A occurring is �. � and �
done as follows. occurring is �. �. If � and � are mutually exclusive events,
(5) Bowlers Players (16 − 5 = 11) then find the probability of
3 8 (i) �(� ∪ �) (ii) �(� ∩ �) (iii) �(� ∩ �)
4 7 Solution:
5 6 P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.3 Here A and B are mutually exclusive.
Let A be the event of selecting atleast 3 bowlers out of a (i) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
selection of 11 players. = 0.5 + 0.3 = 0.8
So n(A) = 5C3 × 11C8 + 5C4 × 11C7 + 5C5 11C6 (ii) P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∪ B)
∴ 5C3 = 10,5C4 = 5,5C5 = 1 = 0.5 + 0.3 − 0.8 = 0
11×10×9
11C8 = 11C3 = = 165, P(A ∩ B) = 0
3×2×1
11×10×9×8 P(A ∩ B) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B) = 0.5 − 0 = 0.5
11C7 = 11C4 = = 330
4×3×2×1
(iii) P(A ∩ B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = 0.3 − 0 = 0.3
11×10×9×8×7
11C6 = 11C5 = = 462
5×4×3×2×1
So n( A) = 10(165) + (5)(330) + (1)(462)
= 1650 + 1650 + 462 = 3762
n( A) 3762 627
So, P(A) = n( S)
=
4368
=
728

XI - MATHEMATICS 58
5. A town has 2 fire engines operating independently. The � �
5. If for two events � and �, �(�) = , �(�) = and
� �
probability that a fire engine is available when needed is �. ��.
� ∪ � = � (sample space), find the conditional probability
(i) What is the probability that a fire engine is available
�(�/�).
when needed?
Solution:
(ii) What is the probability that neither is available when
3 2
needed? Given P(A) = 4 , P(B) = 5 and P(A ∪ B)
Solution: Now P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
(i) P( atleast one engine is available ) = 3 2
P(A ∪ B) = 1- P((A∪B)’) ⇒ 1= + − P(A ∩ B)
4 5
= 1 − P A' ∩ B' = 1 − P A' P B' 3 2 15 + 8 − 20
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = + − 1 =
= 1 − (0.04)(0.04) = 1 − 0.0016 = 0.9984 4 5 20
(ii) P A' ∩ B' = P A' P B' P(A ∩ B) = 3/20
= 0.04 × 0.04 P(A∩B) 3/20 3 5 3
So P(A/B) = = = × =
P(B) 2/5 20 2 8
= 0.0016
6. The probability that a new railway bridge will get an 6. A problem in Mathematics is given to three students
award for its design is �. ��, the probability that it will get an whose chances of solving it are
� �
, and
�
� � �
award for the efficient use of materials is �. ��, and that it
will get both awards is �. �. What is the probability, that (i) it (i) What is the probability that the problem is solved?
will get atleast one of the two awards 00 it will get only one (ii) What is the probability that exactly one of them will
of the awards. solve it?
Solution: Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.48, P(B) = 0.36 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.2 1 1 2
P(A) = ⇒ P A' = 1 − =
3 3 3

1 1 3
P(B) = ⇒ P B' = 1 − =
4 4 4
1 1 4
And P(C) = 5 ⇒ P C' = 1 − 5 = 5

(i) P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 1 − P A' ∩ B' ∩ C'

(i) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = 1 − P A' P B' P C'
= 0.48 + 0.36 − 0.2 = 0.64 2 3 4 2 3
=1− × × =1− =
(ii) P (Getting only one award)=P(A∩ B) + P(A ∩B) 3 4 5 5 5

= P(A) − P(A ∩ B) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) (ii) P A ∩ B' ∩ C' or A' ∩ B ∩ C' or A' ∩ B' ∩ C'
= (0.48 − 0.2) + (0.36 − 0.2) 1 3 4 2 1 4 2 3 1
= × × + × × + × ×
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
= 0.28 + 0.16 = 0.44
12 8 6 26 13
EXERCISE 12.3 = + + = =
60 60 60 60 30
4. If �(�) = �. �, �(�) = �. � and �(�/�) = �. �,
7. The probability that a car being filled with petrol will also
find (�(�/�)) and �(� ∪ �)
need an oil change is �. ��; the probability that it needs a
Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B/A) = 0.8 new oil filter is �. ��, and the probability that both the oil
To find P(A/B)&P(A ∪ B) and filter need changing is �. ��.
P(A∩B)
P(B/A) = = 0.8( given ) (i) If the oil had to be changed, what is the probability that a
P(A)

⇒
P(A∩B)
= 0.8 new oil filter is needed?
0.5
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = 0.8 × 0.5 = 0.4 (ii) If a new oil filter is needed, what is the probability that
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = 0.4 the oil has to be changed?
P(A∩B) 0.4 4
(i) P(A/B) = = = = 0.5 Solution:
P(B) 0.8 8

(ii) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) Given P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.15
= 0.5 + 0.8 − 0.4 = 0.9 P(B∩A) 0.15
(i) P(B/A) = P(A)
=
0.3
= 0.5
So, P(A/B) = 0.5 and P(A ∪ B) = 0.9.
P(A∩B) 0.15 15
(ii) P(A/B) = P(B)
=
0.4
=
40
= 0.375

XI - MATHEMATICS 59
8. One bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls. Another bag 5 MARKS :
contains 4 white and 6 black balls. If one ball is drawn from EXERCISE 12.3
each bag, find the probability that (i) both are white (ii) both
10. Given �(�) = �. � and �(� ∪ �) = �. �. Find �(�) if
are black (iii) one white and one black.
Solution: (i) � and � are mutually exclusive
(ii) � and � are independent events
Bag White Balls Black Balls Total
(iii) �(�/�) = �. �
I 5 3 8 (iv) �(�/�) = �. �
II 4 6 10 Solution:
(i) P(WW) = P(W)P(W) P(A) = 0.4, P(A ∪ B) = 0.7
P( White from bag I) = 5/8 & P( White from bag II ) = 4/10 (i) When � and � are mutually exclusive
P( Black from bag I) = 3/8 & P( Black from bag II ) = 6/10
5 4 20 1 P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
(i) P(WW) = P(W)P(W) = × = = 8 10 80 4
3 6 18 9 ⇒ 0.7 = 0.4 + P(B)
(ii) P(BB) = P(B)P(B) = 8 × 10 = 80 = 40
(iii) P(WB or BW) = P(W)P(B) or P(B)P(W) ⇒ 0.7 − 0.4 = P(B)
5 6 3 4 30 12 42 21
I II = × + × = + = = ⇒ P(B) = 0.3
8 10 8 10 80 80 80 40
9. Two thirds of students in a class are boys and rest girls. It (ii) Given � and � are independent
is known that the probability of a girl getting a first grade is
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)
�. �� and that of boys is �. ��. Find the probability that a
students chosen at random will get first grade marks. Now, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
Solution:
2 1 70 85 ⇒ 0.7 = 0.4 + P(B) − (0.4)(P(B))
P(B) = 3 ; P(G) = 3; P(I|B) = 100; P(I|G)= 100
P( I) = P(B) P(I|B) + P(G) P(I|G) ⇒ 0.7 − 0.4 = P(B)(1 − 0.4)
2 70 1 85
P( getting a I grade ) = × + × ⇒ 0.3 = P(B)0.6
3 100 3 100
140 85 225 3 0⋅3 3
= + = = = 0.75 ⇒ P(B) = = = 0.5
300 300 300 4
12. Suppose the chances of hitting a target by a person � is 3 0⋅6 6
times in 4 shots, by � is 4 times in 5 shots, and by � is 2 times (iii) P(A/B) = 0.4
in 3 shots. They fire simultaneously exactly one time. What is P(A∩B)
the probability that the target is damaged by exactly 2 hits? ⇒ = 0.4
P(B)
Solution:
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = 0.4[P(B)]………… (i)
Given P(X) = 3/4, P X' = 1 − 3/4 = 1/4
∴ P(Y) = 4/5, P Y' = 1 − 4/5 = 1/5 But We know P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
2 2 1 P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∪ B)
P(Z) = ∴ P Z' = 1 − =
3 3 3
P X ∩ Y ∩ Z' + P(X ∩ Y' ∩ Z) + P(X' ∩ Y ∩ Z) ⇒ P(A ∩ B) = 0.4 + P(B) − 0.7
3 4 1 3 1 2 1 4 2 12 6 8 26 13
= × × + × × + × × = + + = = = P(B) − 0.3………… (ii)
4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 60 60 60 60 30
EXERCISE 12.4 from (i) and (ii) (equating R.H.S) We get
1. A factory has two Machines-I and II. Machine-I produces 0.4[P(B)] = P(B) − 0.3
��% of items and Machine-II produces ��% of the items of
the total output. Further, �% of the items produced by 0.3 = P(B)(1 − 0.4)
Machine-I are defective whereas �% produced by Machine-II 0.3 3
are defective. If an item is drawn at random what is the 0.6(P(B)) = 0.3 ⇒ P(B) = = = 0.5
06 6
probability that it is defective?
Solution: (iv) P(B/A) = 0.5
P(A∩B)
MACHINE I MACHINE II = 0.5
P(A)
PRODUCTION 60% 40%
P(A ∩ B) = 0.5 × P(A) = 0.5 × 0.4 = 0.2
DEFECTIVE 2% 4%
60 40 Now P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
P I = P II =
100 100
D 2 4 ⇒ 0.7 = 0.4 + P(B) − 0.2
P = P(D/II) =
I 100 100
⇒ 0.7 = P(B) + 0.2
P( Getting a Defective item ) = P(D/I)P(I) + P(D/II)P(II)
2 60 4 40 ⇒ P(B) = 0.7 − 0.2 = 0.5
= × + ×
100 100 100 100
12 16 28
= + = = 0.028
1000 1000 1000

XI - MATHEMATICS 60
 2000 2 3
11. A years is selected at random. What is the probability Here P(X) = = P(D/X) =
10000 10 100
that (i) it contains 53 Sundays (ii) it is a leap year which 3000 3 4
contains 53 Sundays? P(Y) = = P(D/Y) =
1000 10 100
Solution: and P(Z) =
5000
=
5
P(D/Z) =
2
1000 10 100
(i) it contains 53 Sundays
(i) P( getting a defective pipe ) = P(D)
Let L be the event of selecting Leap year
= P(D/X)P(X) + P(D/Y)P(Y) + P(D/Z)P(Z)
Let N be the event of selecting non leap year 3 2 4 3 2 5
= × + × + ×
Let D be the event of getting 53 sundays 100 10 100 10 100 10
1 3 6 12 10 28 7
P(L) = 4 ; P(N) = 4 = + + = =
1000 1000 1000 1000 250
2 1 4 3
×
P(D|L) = 7 & p(D|N) = 7 (ii) P(Y/D) =
P(D/Y)P(Y)
= 100 10
7 =
P(D)
1 2 3 1 2+3 5 250
P(D)= P(L)P(D|L)+ P(N)P(D|N)= . + . = 28 = 28 4 3 250 3
4 7 4 7 = × × = .
100 10 7 7
(ii) it is a leap year which CONTAINS 53 Sundays)
1 2 1
4. The changes of �, � and � becoming manager of a certain
P(L|D) = P(L).P(D|L)= X = company are �: �: �. The probabilities that the office canteen
4 7 14

EXERCISE 12.4 will be improved if �, �, and � become managers are �. �, �. �

2. There are two identical urns containing respectively 6 and �. � respectively. If the office canteen has been improved,
black and 4 red balls, 2 black and 2 red balls. An urn is what is the probability that B was appointed as the manager?
chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it, (z) find the
Solution:
probability that the ball is black (ii) if the ball is black, what
is the probability that it is from the first urn? Given A: B: C = 5: 3: 2 (5+3+2 = 10)
Solution: P(A) =
5
; P(B) =
3
; P(C) =
2
10 10 10
Black Balls Red Balls Total 4
P( Improvement of canteen /B) = P(I/A) =
10
Urn I 6 4 10 5 3
P(I/B) = and P(I/C)=
10 10
Urn II 2 2 4 (i) P( Improvement of canteen)
Let B be the event of getting a black ball. P(I) = P(I/A)P(A) + P(I/B)P(B) + P(I/C)P(C)
1 4 5 5 3 3 2 20 15 6 41
P(I) = P(II) = = × + × + × = + + =
2 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100
6 2 I 5 3 15
Now P(B|I) = P(B|II) = 4 B P
B
P B ×
10 10 100 15
10 (ii) P I
=
P I
= 41 = 41 =
41
∴ P(B) = P(B|I)P(I) + P(B|II)P(II) 100 100

=
6 1
× + × =
2 1 3
+ =
1 6+5
=
11 5. An advertising executive is studying television viewing
10 2 4 2 10 4 20 20
P(B/I)P(I)
habits of married men and women during prime time hours.
(ii) P(I/B) = P(B) Based on the past viewing records he has determined that
6 1 during prime time wives are watching television ��% of the
× 6 11 6
= 10 2 = / = time. It has also been determined that when the wife is
11 20 20 11
20 watching television, ��% of the time the husband is also
3. A firm manufactures PVC pipes in three plants viz, �, � and watching. When the wife is not watching the television, ��%
�. The daily production volumes from the three firms �, � of the time husband is watching the television. Find the
and � are respectively 2000 units, 3000 units and 5000 units. probability that (i) the husband is watching the television
It is known from the past experience that �% of the output
from plant �, �% from plant � and �% from plant � are during the prime time of television (ii) if the husband is
defective. A pipe is selected at random from a day's total watching the television, the wife is also watching the
production, television. Solution: P( Wife watching TV ) = P(W) =
60
(i) find the probability that the selected pipe is a defective 100
40
one. P(H/W) = ; P H/W' = 30/100
100
(ii) if the selected pipe is a defective, then what is the
probability that it was produced by plant � ? (i) P (Husband watching TV) = P(H)
Solution: = P(H/W)P(W) + P H/W' P W'
40 60 30 40 24 12 36 9
Production Defections % = × + × = + = =
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 25
P(H/W)P(W)
(ii) P(W/H) =
Plant X 2000 3% P(H)
40 60
× 24 9 24 25 24 24 2
100 100
Plant Y 3000 4% = 9 = / = × = = =
100 25 100 9 4×9 36 3
25
Plant Z 5000 2%

Total Production 10000

XI - MATHEMATICS 61
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 1 - SETS , RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS ANSWER

1. If A = {(x, y) : y = ex, x ∈ R} and B = {(x, y) : y = e-x, x ∈ R} then n(A ∩ B) is 1
2. If A = {(x, y) : y = sinx, x ∈ R} and B = {(x, y) : y = cos x, x ∈ R} then A ∩ B contains infinitely many elements
The relation R defined on a set A = {0,−1, 1, 2} by xRy if |x2 + y2| ≤ 2, then which
3. Range of R is {0,−1, 1}
one of the following is true?
If f(x) = |x − 2| + |x + 2|, x ∈ R, then −2x if x ∈ −∞, − 2
4. f x = 4 if x ∈ −2, 2
2x if x ∈ (2, ∞)
Let R be the set of all real numbers. Consider the following subsets of the plane
T is an equivalence relation but S is
5. R × R:S = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2} and T = {(x, y) : x − y is an integer }Then
not an equivalence relation.
which of the following is true?
Let A and B be subsets of the universal set N, the set of natural numbers. Then
6. N
A'∪[(A∩B)∪B'] is
The number of students who take both the subjects Mathematics and Chemistry
is 70. This represents 10% of the enrollment in Mathematics and 14% of the
7. 1130
enrollment in Chemistry. The number of students take at least one of these two
subjects, is
8. If n((A × B) ∩ (A × C)) = 8 and n(B ∩ C) = 2, then n(A) is 4
9. If n(A) = 2 and n(B ∪ C) = 3, then n[(A × B) ∪ (A × C)] is 6
If two sets A and B have 17 elements in common, then the number of elements
10. 172
common to the set A × B and B × A is
11. For non-empty sets A and B, if A ⊂ B then (A × B) ∩ (B × A) is equal to A×A
12. The number of relations on a set containing 3 elements is 512
13. Let R be the universal relation on a set X with more than one element. Then R is transitive
Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1), (1, 4),
14. symmetric
(4, 1)}. Then R is
1 1
15. The range of the function 1−2 sin x is (−∞,−1] ∪ [ 3 , ∞).

16. The range of the function f(x) = | x − x|, x ∈ R is [0, 1)

17. The rule f(x) = x2 is a bijection if the domain and the co-domain are given by [0,∞), [0,∞)
The number of constant functions from a set containing m elements to a set
18. n
containing n elements is
19. The function f : [0, 2π] → [−1, 1] defined by f(x) = sinx is onto
20. If the function f : [−3, 3] → S defined by f(x) = x2 is onto, then S is [0, 9]
Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Y = {a, b, c, d} and f = {(1, a), (4, b), (2, c), (3, d), (2, d)}. Then
21. not a function
f is
x if x < 1 x if x < 1
The inverse of f x = x2 if 1 ≤ x ≤ 4 is −1 x if 1 ≤ x ≤ 16
22. 8 x if x > 4 f x =
x2
if x > 16
64
23. Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = 1 − |x|. Then the range of f is (−∞, 1]
The function f : R → R is defined by f(x) = sinx + cos x is neither an odd function nor an
24.
even function
x2+cos x 1+x4
25. The function f : R → R is defined by f x = x−sin x 2x−x3
+ e− x is an even function

62
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 2 - BASIC ALGEBRA ANSWER

1. If x + 2 ≤ 9, then x belongs to −11,7
2. Given that x, y and b are real numbers x < y, b > 0, then xb < yb
|x−2|
3. If ≥ 0, then x belongs to (2, ∞)
x−2

4. The solution of 5x − 1 < 24 and 5x + 1 >− 24 is ( − 5,5)

5. The solution set of the following inequality |x − 1| ≥ |x − 3| is [2, ∞)
6. The value of log 2 512 is 18
1
7. The value of log3 81
is −4

8. If log x 0.25 = 4, then the value of x is 0.5

9. The value of loga b logb c logc a is 1

10. If 3 is the logarithm of 343 , then the base is 7
2
Find a so that the sum and product of the roots of the equation 2x + (a −
11. 2
3)x + 3a − 5 = 0 are equal is
If a and b are the roots of the equation x2 − kx + 16 = 0 and satisfy a2 + b2 =
12. −8,8
32, then the value of k is
13. The number of solutions of x2 + |x − 1| = 1 is 2
The equation whose roots are numerically equal but opposite in sign to the
14. 3x2 + 5x − 7 = 0
roots of 3x2 − 5x − 7 = 0 is
If 8 and 2 are the roots of x2 + ax + c = 0 and 3,3 are the roots of x2 + dx + b =
15. 9,1
0, then the roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 are
If a and b are the real roots of the equation x2 − kx + c = 0 , then the distance
16. k2 − 4c
between the points (a, 0) and (b, 0) is
kx 2 1
17. If (x+2)(x−1) = x+2 + x−1, then the value of k is 3
1−2x A B
If 3+2x−x2 = 3−x + x+1, then the value of A + B is −1
18.
2
19. The number of roots of (x + 3)4 + (x + 5)4 = 16 is 4
20. The value of log3 11 ⋅ log11 13 ⋅ log13 15 ⋅ log15 27 ⋅ log27 81 is 4

63
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 3 - TRIGONOMETRY ANSWER

1.
1
−
3
= 4
cos 80∘ sin 80∘

If cos 28∘ + sin 28∘ = k3 , then cos 17∘ is equal to k3

2.
2
x x
3. The maximum value of 4sin2 x + 3cos2 x + sin + cos is 4+ 2
2 2

1 + cos
π
1 + cos
3π
1 + cos
5π
1 + cos
7π
= 1
4. 8 8 8 8
8
3π 2sin θ
5. If π < 2θ < , then 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4θ equals to
2

tan 140∘ −tan 130∘

If tan 40∘ = λ, then 1+tan 140∘ tan 130∘ = 1 − λ2
6.
2λ
7. cos 1∘ + cos 2∘ + cos 3∘ + … + cos 179∘ = 0

Let fk (x) =
1
sink x + cosk x where x ∈ R and k ≥ 1. Then f4 (x) − f6 (x) = 1
8. k
12
Which of the following is not true? 1
9. sec θ =
4
10. cos 2θcos 2ϕ + sin2 (θ − ϕ) − sin2 (θ + ϕ) is equal to cos 2(θ + ϕ)

11.
sin (A−B)
+
sin (B−C)
+
sin (C−A) 0
cos Acos B cos Bcos C cos Ccos A

If cos pθ + cos qθ = 0 and if p ≠ q, then θ is equal to ( n is any integer) π(2n + 1)

12.
p±q
sin (α+β) a
13. If tan α and tan β are the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0, then is equal to −
sin αsin β b
14. In a triangle ABC , sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 , then the triangle is right triangle
15. If f(θ) = |sin θ| + |cos θ|, θ ∈ R, then f(θ) is in the interval [1, 2]

16.
cos 6x+6cos 4x+15cos 2x+10
is equal to 2 cos x
cos 5x+5cos 3x+10cos x

The triangle of maximum area with constant perimeter 12m is an equilateral triangle with side
17.
4m
A wheel is spinning at 2 radians/second. How many seconds will it take to make 10π seconds
18.
10 complete rotations?
19. If sin α + cos α = b, then sin 2α is equal to b2 − 1, if b ≤ 2
A B C
20. In a △ ABC, if (i) sin sin sin >0 (ii) sin Asin Bsin C > 0 then Both (i) and (ii) are true
2 2 2

64
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 4 - COMBINATORICS AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION ANSWER

The sum of the digits at the 10th place of all numbers formed with the help of
1. 108
2,4,5,7 taken all at a time is
In an examination there are three multiple choice questions and each question
2. has 5 choices. Number of ways in which a student can fail to get all answer 124
correct is
The number of ways in which the following prize be given to a class of 30 boys
3. first and second in mathematics, first and second in physics, first in chemistry 304 × 292
and first in English is
4. The number of 5 digit numbers all digits of which are odd is 55
5. In 3 fingers, the number of ways four rings can be worn is ⋯⋯⋯ ways. 64
11(n−1) (n+3)
6. If (n+5)P(n+1) = Pn , then the value of n are 6 and 7
2

7. The product of r consecutive positive integers is divisible by r!

The number of five digit telephone numbers having at least one of their digits
8. 69760
repeated is
9. a2−a a2−a 3
If C2 = C4 then the value of 'a' is
There are 10 points in a plane and 4 of them are collinear. The number of
10. 40
straight lines joining any two points is
The number of ways in which a host lady invite 8 people for a party of 8 out of
12 10
11. C8 − C6
12 people of whom two do not want to attend the party together is
The number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of four parallel
12. 18
lines intersecting another set of three parallel lines.
Everybody in a room shakes hands with everybody else. The total number of
13. 12
shake hands is 66. The number of persons in the room is ⋯⋯⋯⋯
14. Number of sides of a polygon having 44 diagonals is ⋯⋯ 11
If 10 lines are drawn in a plane such that no two of them are parallel and no
15. 45
three are concurrent, then the total number of points of intersection are
In a plane there are 10 points are there out of which 4 points are collinear, then
16. 116
the number of triangles formed is
2n
17. In C3 : n C3 = 11: 1 then n is 6
(n−1) (n−1) n
18. Cr + C(r−1) is Cr
19 The number of rectangles that a chessboard has ⋯ 1296
20 The number of 10 digit number that can be written by using the digits 2 and 3 is 210
21. If Pr stands for r Pr then the sum of the series 1 + P1 + 2P2 + 3P3 + ⋯ + nPn is Pn+1 − 1
n
The product of first n odd natural numbers equals 1
22. × 2n
Cn × n Pn
2
23. If n C4 , n C5 , n C6 are in AP the value of n can be 14
24. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ⋯ + 17 is equal to 81

65
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 5 - BINOMIAL THEOROM , SEQUENCES AND SERIES ANSWER

1. The value of 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ + 2n is n(n + 1)
6 10 10
2. The coefficient of x in (2 + 2x) is C6 210
3. The coefficient of x8 y12 in the expansion of (2x + 3y)20 is 20
C8 28 312
4. If n C10 > n Cr for all possible r, then a value of n is 20
5. If a is the arithmetic mean and g is the geometric mean of two numbers, then a≥g
2 2 n 2 n+4
If 1 + x (1 + x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x + ⋯ + x and if a0 , a1 , a2 are in AP, then 2
6.
n is
7. If a, 8, b are in AP, a, 4, b are in GP, and if a, x, b are in HP then x is 2
1 1 1
8. The sequence , , , ⋯ form an HP
3 3+ 2 3+2 2

9. The HM of two positive numbers whose AM and GM are 16,8 respectively is 4

If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of an AP whose common difference is d , the d
10.
value of Sn − 2Sn−1 + Sn−2 is
11. The remainder when 3815 is divided by 13 is 12
The nth term of the sequence 1,2,4,7,11, ⋯ is n2 − n + 2
12.
2
1 1 1
The sum up to n terms of the series + + + ⋯ is 2n + 1 − 1
13. 1+ 3 3+ 5 5+ 7
2
14. The nth term of the sequence 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , … is
1 3 7 15 1 − 2−n

The sum up to n terms of the series 2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + ⋯ is n(n + 1)

15.
2
1 7 13 19 7
16. The value of the series 2 + 4 + 8
+
16
+ ⋯ is

The sum of an infinite GP is 18 . If the first term is 6 , the common ratio is 2

17.
3
The coefficient of x5 in the series e−2x is −4
18.
15
1 1 1
The value of 2! + 4! + 6! + ⋯ is (e − 1)2
19.
2e
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 5
20. The value of 1 − 2 + − + ⋯ is log
3 3 3 4 3 2 3

66
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 6 - TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY ANSWER

The equation of the locus of the point whose distance from y -axis is half the
1. 3x2 − y2 = 0
distance from origin is
2. Which of the following equation is the locus of at2 , 2at y2 = 4ax
3. Which of the following point lie on the locus of 3x2 + 3y2 − 8x − 12y + 17 = 0 (1,2)
x2 y2
4. If the point (8, − 5) lies on the locus 16 − 25 = k, then the value of k is 3

5. Straight line joining the points (2,3) and ( − 1,4) passes through the point (α, β) if α + 3β = 11
The slope of the line which makes an angle 45∘ with the line 3x − y =− 5 are 1
6. ,−2
2
Equation of the straight line that forms an isosceles triangle with coordinate
7. x+y−2 = 0
axes in the I-quadrant with perimeter 4 + 2 2 is
The coordinates of the four vertices of a quadrilateral are ( − 2,4), (1,2), (1,2)
8. and (2,4) taken in order. The equation of the line passing through the vertex x−y+3 = 0
( − 1,2) and dividing the quadrilateral in the equal areas is
The intercepts of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (1,2)
9. 5,5
and (3,4) with coordinate axes are
The equation of the line with slope 2 and the length of the perpendicular from
10. 2x − y = 5
the origin equal to 5 is
A line perpendicular to the line 5x − y = 0 forms a triangle with the coordinate
11. x + 5y ± 5 2 = 0
axes. If the area of the triangle is 5 sq. units, then its equation is
Equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line x − y + 5 = 0 , through
12. x+y−5 = 0
the point of intersection the y-axis and the given line
If the equation of the base opposite to the vertex (2,3) of an equilateral triangle
13. 6
is x + y = 2, then the length of a side is
The line (p + 2q)x + (p − 3q)y = p − q for different values of p and q passes 2 3
14. ,
through the point 5 5
15. The point on the line 2x − 3y = 5 is equidistance from (1,2) and (3,4) is (4,1)
16. The image of the point (2,3) in the line y =− x is ( − 3, − 2)
x y
17. The length of ⊥ from the origin to the line 3 − 4 = 1, is 12
5
18. The y-intercept of the straight line passing through (1,3) and perpendicular to 9
2x − 3y + 1 = 0 is 2
If the two straight lines x + (2k − 7)y + 3 = 0 and 3kx + 9y − 5 = 0 are
19. k=3
perpendicular then the value of k is
If a vertex of a square is at the origin and its one side lies along the line 4x +
20. 16 sq. units
3y − 20 = 0, then the area of the square is
If the lines represented by the equation 6x2 + 41xy − 7y2 = 0 make angles α 6
21. −
and β with x - axis, then tan α tan β = 7

22. The area of the triangle formed by the lines x2 − 4y2 = 0 and x = a is 1 2
a
2
23. If one of the lines given by 6x2 − xy + 4cy2 = 0 is 3x + 4y = 0, then c equals to −3
24. 2cos θ+3sin θ 5
θ is acute angle between the lines x2 − xy − 6y2 = 0, then is
4sin θ+5cos θ
9
25. One of the equation of the lines given by x2 + 2xycot θ − y2 = 0 is x sin θ + y cos θ + 1 = 0

67
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 7 - MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS ANSWER

1 1
1.
1
If aij = (3i − 2j) and A = aij is −
2 2×2 2 2
2 1
1 2 3 8 1 3
2. What must be the matrix X, if 2X + = ?
3 4 7 2 2 −1
1 0 0
3. Which one of the following is not true about the matrix 0 0 0 ? a diagonal matrix
0 0 5
A and B are square matrices
4. If A and B are two matrices such that A + B and AB are both defined, then
of same order
λ 1
5. If A = , then for what value of λ , A2 = O ? ±1
−1 −λ
1 −1 a 1
6. If A = , B= and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 , then the values of a and b are a = 1, b = 4
2 −1 b −1
1 2 2
If A = 2 1 −2 is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3
7. −2, − 1
a 2 b
identity matrix, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to
8. If A is a square matrix, then which of the following is not symmetric? A − AT
9. If A and B are symmetric matrices of order n, where (A ≠ B), then A + B is symmetric
a x
10. If A = y a and if xy = 1, then det AAT is equal to a2 − 1 2

x−2 7+x
11. The value of x , for which the matrix A = e2+x e2x+3 is singular 8
e e
12. If the points (x, − 2), (5,2), (8,8) are collinear, then x is equal to 3
2a x1 y1
abc
If 2b x2 y2 = ≠ 0, then the area of the triangle whose vertices are 1
2
13. 2c x3 y3
x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
8
, , , , , is
a a b b c c
α β
If the square of the matrix is the unit matrix of order 2 , then α , β and γ
14. γ −α 1 − α2 − βγ = 0
should satisfy the relation .
a b c ka kb kc
15. If Δ = x y z , then kx ky kz is k3 Δ
p q r kp kq kr
3 − x −6 3
16. A root of the equation −6 3 − x 3 = 0 is 0
3 3 −6 − x
0 a −b
17. The value of the determinant of A = −a 0 c is 0
b −c 0
If x1 , x2 , x3 as well as y1 , y2 , y3 are in geometric progression with the same common
18. Collinear
ratio, then the points x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 are
If ⌊. J denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number under
consideration and −1 ≤ x < 0,0 ≤ y < 1,1 ≤ z < 2, then the value of the determinant
19. ⌊x⌋ + 1 ⌊y⌋ ⌊z⌋ ⌊z⌋
⌊x⌋ ⌊y⌋ + 1 ⌊z⌋ is
⌊x⌋ ⌊y⌋ ⌊z⌋ + 1
a 2b 2c
20. If a ≠ b, b, c satisfy 3 b c = 0, then abc = b3
4 a b
−1 2 4 −2 4 2
21. If A = 3 1 0 and B = 6 2 0 , then B is given by B =− 4A
−2 4 2 −2 4 8
22. If A is skew-symmetric of order n and C is a column matrix of order n × 1, then CT AC is a zero matrix of order 1
1 3 1 1 1 4
23. The matrix A satisfying the equation A= is
0 1 0 −1 0 −1
3 −2 −5 −4
24. If A + I = , then (A + I)(A − I) is equal to
4 1 8 −9
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of same order. Then which one of the
25. AB is a symmetric matrix
following statement is not true?

68
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 8 - VECTOR ALGEBRA ANSWER

1. The value of AB + BC + DA + CD is 0
2. If a + 2b and 3a + mb are parallel, then the value of m is 6

2i − ȷ
3. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors i + j − k and i − 2j + k is
5

4. A vector OP makes 60∘ and 45∘ with the positive direction of the x and y axes respectively. Then 60∘
the angle between OP and the z-axis is
5. If BA = 3i + 2j + k and the position vector of B is i + 3j − k, then the position vector A is 4i + 5j
A vector makes equal angle with the positive direction of the coordinate axes. Then each angle is 1
6. cos−1
equal to 3

7. The vectors a − b, b − c, c − a are coplanar vectors.

8. If ABCD is a parallelogram, then AB + AD + CB + CD is equal to 0

One of the diagonals of parallelogram ABCD with a and b as adjacent sides is a + b. The other
9. b−a
diagonal BD is

If a, b are the position vectors A and B, then which one of the following points whose position 2a + b
10.
vector lies on AB, is 3
11. If a, b, c are the position vectors of three collinear points, then which of the following is true? 2a = b + c
9a+7b
If r = , then the point P whose position vector r divides the line joining the points with
16
12. 7: 9 internally
position vectors a and b in the ratio
1
13. If λi + 2λj + 2λk is a unit vector, then the value of λ is
3
Two vertices of a triangle have position vectors 3i + 4j − 4k and 2i + 3j + 4k. If the position
14. −2i − j + 9k
vector of the centroid is i + 2j + 3k, then the position vector of the third vertex is
15. If |a + b| = 60, |a − b| = 40 and |b| = 46, then |a| is 22
1
If a and b having same magnitude and angle between them is 60∘ and their scalar product is 2 then
16. 1
|a| is
π
The value of θ ∈ 0, 2 for which the vectors a = (sin θ)i + (cos θ)j and b = i − 3j + 2k are π
17.
3
perpendicular, is equal to
18. If |a| = 13, |b| = 5 and a ⋅ b = 60∘ then |a × b| is 25

19. Vectors a and b are inclined at an angle θ = 120∘ . If |a| = 1, |b| = 2, then [(a + 3b) × (3a − b)]2 is 300
equal to

20. If a and b are two vectors of magnitude 2 and inclined at angle 60∘ , then the angle between a and 30∘
a + b is
If the projection of 5i − j − 3k on the vector i + 3j + λk is same as the projection of i + 3j + λk on
21. ±5
5i − j − 3k, then λ is equal to
If (1,2,4) and (2, − 3λ − 3) are the initial and terminal points of the vector i + 5j − 7k, then the 7
22. −
value of λ is equal to 3

23. If the points whose position vectors 10i + 3j, 12i − 5j and ai + 11j are collinear then a is equal to 8
24. If a = i + j + k , b = 2i + xj + k , c = i − j + 4k and a ⋅ (b × c) = 70, then x is equal to 26
π
If a = i + 2j + 2k , |b| = 5 and the angle between a and b is 6, then the area of the triangle formed 15
25.
by these two vectors as two sides, is 4

69
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 9 - LIMITS AND CONTINUITY ANSWER

sin X
1. limx→∞ 0
x
2x−π
2. limx→π/2 −2
cos x

1−cos 2x
3. limx→0 Does not exist
x

sin θ
4. limθ→0 1
sin θ

x
x2+5x+3
5. limx→∞ is e4
x2+x+3

x2 −1 1
6. limx→∞ =
2x+1 2
ax −bx a
7. limx→0 = log
x b
8x −4x −2x +1x
8. limx→0
x2
= 2(log 2)2
1
9. If f(x) = x( − 1)x , x ≤ 0, then the value of limx→0 f(x) is equal to 0

10. limx→3 ⌊x⌋ = does not exist

3x 0≤x≤1
11. Let the function f be defined by f(x) = , then limx→1 f(x) does not exist
−3x + 5 1<x≤2
If f: ℝ → ℝ is defined by f(x) = ⌊x − 3⌋ + |x − 4| for x ∈ ℝ , then limx→3− f(x) is
12. 0
equal to
xex −sin x
13. limx→0 is 0
x

sin px
14. If limx→0 tan 3x = 4, then the value of p is 12

sin α−cos α
15. lima→π/4 π is 2
α−
4

limn→∞
1
+
2
+
3
+ … + n2 is
n 1
16. n2 n2 n2
2
esin x −1
17. limx→0 = 1
x

etan x −ex
18. limx→0 = 1
tan x−x

sin x
19. The value of limx→0 is limit does not exist
x2

20. The value of limx→k− x − ⌊x⌋, where k is an integer is 1

3 |2x−3|
21. At x = 2 the function f(x) = 2x−3
is discontinuous
x x is irrational 1
22. Let f: ℝ → ℝ be defined by f(x) = then f is continuous at x =
1−x x is rational 2

x2 −1
The function f(x) = x ≠− 1 is not defined for x =− 1. The value of f( −
x3 +1 2
23. P x =− 1 −
3
1) so that the function extended by this value is continuous is
Let f be a continuous function on [2,5] . If f takes only rational values for all x
24. 12
and f(3) = 12, then f(4.5) is equal to
X−|x|
25. Let a function f be defined by f(x) = for x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 2. Then f is continuous for all x except x = 0
x

70
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 10 - DIFFERENTIABILITY AND METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION ANSWER

d 2
sin x∘ is 1
1. dx π cos x∘
90
dy 10
2. If y = f x2 + 2 and f' (3) = 5, then dx at x = 1 is
1 2
If y = u4 , u = x3 + 5, then dx is
dy 2 2 3 3
3. 4 3 x 2x + 15
27
4. If f(x) = x2 − 3x, then the points at which f(x) = f' (x) are both irrational

5. If y =
1
, then dv is
dz
(a − z)2
a−z

dy π 0
6. If y = cos sin x2 , then dx at x = 2
is

7. If y = mx + c and f(0) = f' (0) = 1, then f(2) is 3

If f(x) = xtan−1 x, then f' (1) is 1 π

8. +
2 4
9.
d
ex+5log x is ex ⋅ x4 (x + 5)
dx

10. If the derivative of (ax − 5)e3x at x = 0 is −13, then the value of a is 2

1−t2 2t dy x
11. x= ,y = then dx is −
1+t2 1+t2 y
d2y b
12. If x = asin θ and y = bcos θ, then dx2 is − sec3 θ
a2
2
13. The differential coefficient of log10 x with respect to logx 10 is − log10 x
14. If f(x) = x + 2, then f' (f(x)) at x = 4 is 1
(1−x)2 dy 2 2
15. If y = , then dx is −
x2 3+ 2
x x
dp −1
16. If pv = 81, then dV at v = 9 is
x−5 if x ≤ 1 3
If f x = 4x2 − 9 if 1 < x < 2, then the right hand derivative of f x at
17. 3x + 4 if x ≥ 2
x = 2 is

18. It is given that f' (a) exists, then limx→a

xf(a)−af(x)
is f(a) − af' (a)
x−a

x + 1, when x < 2 does not exist

19. If f(x) = , then f' (2) is
2x − 1 when x ≥ 2
f(x)−5 14
20. If g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 f(x) and f(0) = 5 and limx→0 x
= 4, then g' (0) is
x + 2, −1 < x < 3 Does not exist
21. If f(x) = 5 x = 3 , then at x = 3, f' (x) is
8−x x>3
22. The derivative of f(x) = x|x| at X =− 3 is 6
2a − x, for − a < x < a f(x) is not differentiable at x = a
23. If f(x) = , then which one of the following is true?
3x − 2a for x ≥ a
ax2 − b, −1 < x < 1 1 3
24. If f(x) = 1 is differentiable at x = 1, then a =− , b =−
, elsewhere 2 2
|x|

The number of points in ℝ in which the function f(x) = |x − 1| + |x − 3| + sin x 2

25.
is not differentiable, is

71
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 11 - INTEGRAL CALCULUS ANSWER

1. If ∫f(x)dx = g(x) + c, then ∫f(x)g' (x)dx ∫(f(x))2 dx

3x
1
1 1
2. If ∫ x2 dx = k 3x + c, then the value of k is −
log 3
x2 x2
If ∫f' (x)e dx = (x − 1)e + c, then f(x) is 2x3
3. − x2 + x + c
3
x2 −4 4
The gradient (slope) of a curve at any point (x, y) is x2
. If the curve passes y=x+ +3
4. x
through the point (2,7), then the equation of the curve is
ex (1+x)
5. ∫ cos2 dx is tan xex + c
xex

tan x
6. ∫ sin 2x dx is tan x + c

∫sin3 xdx is −3 cos 3x

7. cos x + +c
4 12
e6log X −e5log x x3
8. ∫ dx is +c
e4log x −e3log X 3

∫
sec x
dx is sin−1 (tan x) + c
9.
cos 2x

1−cos 2x x2
10. ∫tan−1 dx is +c
1+cos 2x 2
∫23x+5 dx is 23x+5
11. +c
3log 2
sin8 x−cos8 x 1
12. ∫ 1−2sin2 dx is − sin 2x + c
xcos2 x
2
ex x2tan−1 x+tan−1 x+1 ex tan−1 x + c
13. ∫ dx is
x2+1

x2 +cos2 x −cot x − tan−1 x + c

14. ∫ cosec2 xdx is
x2 +1

15. ∫x2 cos xdx is x2 sin x + 2xcos x − 2sin x + c

16. ∫
1−x
dx is 1 − x2 + sin−1 x + c
1+x

dx
17. ∫ is log ex − 1 − log ex + c
ex −1

∫e−4x cos xdx is e−4x

18. [ − 4cos x + sin x] + c
17
sec2 x 1 tan x − 1
19. ∫ tan2 x−1 dx log +c
2 tan x + 1
∫e−7x sin 5xdx is e−7x
20. [ − 7sin 5x − 5cos 5x] + c
74
x x x x
21. ∫x2 e2 dx is 2x2 e2 − 8xe2 + 16e2 + c
x+2
22. ∫ dx is x2 − 1 + 2log x + x2 − 1 + c
x2 −1
1
∫ dx is
23. x1 (log x)2−5
log log x + (log x)2 − 5 + c

24. ∫sin xdx is 2( − xcos x + sin x) + c

25. ∫e x dx is 2e x ( x − 1) + c

72
 XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 12 - INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY THEORY ANSWER

Four persons are selected at random from a group of 3 men, 2 women and 4 children. The 10
1.
probability that exactly two of them are children is 21
A number is selected from the set {1,2,3, …, 20}. The probability that the selected number is 1
2.
divisible by 3 or 4 is 2
A, B, and C try to hit a target simultaneously but independently. Their respective probabilities 21
3. 3 1 5
of hitting the target are 4 , 2 , 8. The probability that the target is hit by A or B but not by C is 64
4. If A and B are any two events, then the probability that exactly one of them occur is P(A ∩ B) + P(A ∩ B)
1 1 1
Let A and B be two events such that P(A ∪ B) = 6 , P(A ∩ B) = and P(A) = 4 . Then the Independent but not
5. 4
events A and B are equally likely
Two items are chosen from a lot containing twelve items of which four are defective, then the 19
6.
probability that at least one of the item is defective 33
A man has 3 fifty rupee notes, 4 hundred rupees notes and 6 five hundred rupees notes in his
7. pocket. If 2 notes are taken at random, what are the odds in favour of both notes being of 1: 12
hundred rupee denomination ?
A letter is taken at random from the letters of the word 'ASSISTANT' and another letter is
19
8. taken at random from the letters of the word 'STATISTICS'. The probability that the selected
90
letters are the same is
A matrix is chosen at random from a set of all matrices of order 2 , with elements 0 or 1 only. 3
9.
The probability that the determinant of the matrix chosen is non zero will be 8
A bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls. Five balls are drawn successively without 1
10.
replacement. The probability that they are alternately of different colours is 14
If A and B are two events such that A ⊂ B and P(B) ≠ 0 , then which of the following is
11. P(A/B) ≥ P(A)
correct?
A bag contains 6 green, 2 white, and 7 black balls. If two balls are drawn simultaneously, then 68
12.
the probability that both are different colours is 105
1 1 1
If X and Y be two events such that P(X/Y) = , P(Y/X) = and P(X ∩ Y) = , then P(X ∪ Y) is 2
13. 2 3 6
3
An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its colour is noted and is
1
14. returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour drawn are put in the urn and
2
then a ball is drawn at random. The probability that the second ball drawn is red will be
A number x is chosen at random from the first 100 natural numbers. Let A be the event of
15. (x−10)(x−50) 0.71
numbers which satisfies ≥ 0, then P(A) is
x−30
If two events A and B are independent such that P(A) = 0.35 and P(A ∪ B) = 0.6, then P(B) is 5
16.
13
If two events A and B are such that P(A) =
3 1
and P(A ∩ B) = 2, then P(A ∩ B) is 1
17. 10
5
18. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B/A) = 0.6, then P(A ∩ B) is 0.56
There are three events A, B and C of which one and only one can happen. If the odds are 7 to
19. 65: 23
4 against A and 5 to 3 against B, then odds against C is
If a and b are chosen randomly from the set {1,2,3,4} with replacement, then the probability 7
20.
of the real roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 is 16
1 1 2
It is given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = 4 , P(A/B) = and P(B/A) = 3 . Then 1
21. 2
P(B) is 3
In a certain college 4% of the boys and 1% of the girls are taller than 1.8 meter. Further 60%
3
22. of the students are girls. If a student is selected at random and is taller than 1.8 meters, then
11
the probability that the student is a girl is
Ten coins are tossed. The probability of getting at least 8 heads is 7
23.
128
The probability of two events A and B are 0.3 and 0.6 respectively. The probability that both
24. 0.28
A and B occur simultaneously is 0.18. The probability that neither A nor B occurs is
If m is a number such that m ≤ 5, then the probability that quadratic equation 2x2 + 2mx + 3
25.
m + 1 = 0 has real roots is 5

73