Scope 1

Includes all direct GHG emissions from own combustion processes.

combustion process Category Description Accounting Peculiarity Emission Activities

1.1 Stationary combustion direct GHG emissions from For stationary combustion of biogenic e.g. combustion of
stationary combustion of fuels (e.g. wood chips in combined fuels in boilers,
fossil fuels heat and power units (CHPs)), CO2 furnaces, turbine
in owned or controlled emissions are reported out of scope,
facilities of the reporting while other potential GHG emissions
company in the reporting year like CH4, N2O are counted as Scope 1
emissions.

1.2 Mobile combustion direct GHG emissions from For mobile combustion of biogenic e.g. transportation
mobile combustion of fuels fuels (like bio diesel), CO2 emissions through company
in owned or controlled are reported out of scope, while trucks, trains, ships,
vehicles of the reporting other potential GHG emissions like airplanes, cars
company in the reporting year e.g. CH4, N2O are counted as Scope 1
emissions.
1.3 Fugitive emissions direct GHG emissions from Leakages of refrigerant gas are often e.g. leakages of
intentional and unintentional forgotten in GHG inventories, refrigerants from
releases in owned or however it is very important to assess chillers and air
controlled facilities of the and quantify them due to their high conditions (HFCs,
reporting company in the GWP PCFs), fuels lost
reporting year through spills,
leakage from valves
and pipes (CH4)
1.4 Process emissions direct GHG emissions from It is accounted for direct GHG e.g. manufacturing
physical or chemical emissions from processes, the release of cement,
processing of e.g. CO2 during calcination, 1.4. aluminum,
in owned or controlled doesn’t account for direct emissions calcination,
facilities of the reporting from combustion of fuels to run the processing of adipic
 company in the reporting year processes (see 1.1 & 1.2 for that) acid, ammonia
1.5 Other direct emissions direct GHG emissions not Optional in GHG Protocol e.g. CFCs, HCFCs
covered by the Kyoto Protocol NOx from
in owned or controlled refrigeration and air
facilities of the reporting conditioning,
company in the reporting year aerosol sprays, fire
suppression
equipment,
petrochemical smog

Scope 2
Is assigned to indirect GHG emissions from the purchase of grid-based energy. : Electricity, Steam, Heating, Cooling

Indirect Category Description Accounting Peculiarity Emission

Emissions Activities

2.1Electricity indirect GHG emissions from the The market-based accounting can be Electrical
generation of purchased electricity used to account for low emission rates equipment, e.g.
purchased by the reporting company in from electricity generated (e.g. pump and fan
the reporting year Location-based: Uses partially) by renewable energies, while engines
average emission factors of local, the location-based accounting usually
regional or national grids in which the shows the average emissions of a
energy consumption occurs Market- regional or national mix.
 based: specific emission factors provided
by the electricity provider of the
reporting company
2.2Other Indirect indirect GHG emissions from the The market-based accounting can be e.g. district
Emissions generation of e.g. steam, heat, cooling, used to account for low emission rates heating and
compressed air from the energy product generated (e.g. cooling of
purchased by the reporting company in partially) by renewable energies, while buildings,
the reporting year Location-based: the location-based accounting usually warehouses,
average emission factors of local, shows the average emissions of a process heating,
regional or national grids in which the regional or national mix. compressed air
energy consumption occurs Market-
based: specific emission factors provided
by the provider of the reporting company
 Scope 3
Summarizes indirect GHG emissions from upstream and downstream corporate activities.

Indirect Category Description Minimum Boundary Emission Activities

Upstream
Emissions
3.1 Purchased indirect GHG emissions from extraction, production, All upstream (cradle-to-gate) emissions of e.g. feedstock, raw materials, auxiliary and operating
goods & and transportation of goods and services purchased goods and services. materials, consumables
services purchased or acquired by the reporting company in
the reporting year
not otherwise included in categories 3.2 – 3.8
3.2 Capital indirect GHG emissions from extraction, production, All upstream (cradle-to-gate) emissions of e.g. machines, equipment
goods and transportation of capital goods purchased or purchased capital goods
acquired by the reporting company in the reporting
year
3.3 Fuel- and indirect GHG emissions from extraction, production, Upstream emissions of purchased fuels (from raw material
energy related and transportation of fuels and energy extraction up to the point of, but excluding combustion)
activities (not purchased or acquired by the reporting company in Upstream emissions of purchased electricity (from raw
included in the reporting year material extraction up to the point of, but excluding
scope 1 or if not already accounted for in scope 1 or scope 2 combustion by a power generator)
scope 2) Transmission and distribution (T&D) losses
Emissions from generation of electricity, steam, heating, and
cooling that is purchased by the reporting company and sold
to end user
3.4 Upstream indirect GHG emissions from transportation and Scope 1 and 2 emissions of transportation e.g. air, rail, road and marine transportation in ton.km,
Transportation distribution of products and distribution providers that occur storage of purchased products in warehouses, distribution
and purchased between a company’s tier 1 suppliers and during use of vehicles and facilities (e.g., centers, retail facilities
Distribution its own operations from energy use).
purchased (either directly or through an
intermediary), including inbound, outbound logistics,
 and third-party transportation and distribution
between a company’s own facilities
in vehicles not owned or operated by the reporting
company
3.5 Waste indirect GHG emissions from disposal and treatment Scope 1 and scope 2 emissions of waste Optional: Emissions from transportation of waste
generated in of waste management suppliers that occur during
operations generated in the reporting company in the reporting waste disposal or treatment
year
in facilities not owned or controlled by the reporting
company
3.6 Business indirect GHG emissions from transportation and Scope 1 and scope 2 emissions of hotels Optional: life cycle emissions associated with manufacturing
travel accommodation of employees for business-related and transportation carriers that occur vehicles or infrastructure
activities during the reporting year during time of use (e.g., from energy
in vehicles and facilities not owned or operated by use).
the reporting company

3.7 Employee indirect GHG emissions from transportation of Scope 1 and 2 emissions of public or Optional: Emissions from employee teleworking
commuting employees between their homes and their worksites private employee transportation that
during the reporting year occur during use of vehicle (e.g., from
in vehicles not owned or operated by the reporting energy use).
company
3.9 indirect GHG emissions from transportation and Scope 1 and 2 emissions of transportation e.g. storage in warehouses, distribution centers, retail
Downstream distribution of products sold providers, distributors, and retailers that facilities; air, rail, road and marine transportation
Transportation by the reporting company in the reporting year occur during use of vehicles and facilities
and between the reporting company’s operations and the (e.g., from energy use).
Distribution end consumer (if not paid for by the reporting
company)
including retail and storage (in vehicles and facilities
not owned or controlled by the reporting company)
3.10 indirect GHG emissions from processing intermediate Scope 1 and 2 emissions of downstream
Processing of products companies that occur during processing e.g. processing of chemical products, mounting of machines
sold products sold by the reporting company in the reporting year
by downstream companies (e.g., manufacturers)
3.11 Use of indirect GHG emissions from the use-phase of goods direct use-phase emissions of sold
sold products and services products over their expected lifetime Optional: indirect use-phase emissions of sold products over
sold by the reporting company in the reporting year (i.e., scope 1 and scope 2 emissions of their expected lifetime (i.e., emissions from the use of:
end users that occur from the use of: products that indirectly consume energy (fuels or electricity)
Products that directly consume energy during use (e.g. food, requires cooking, refrigeration; pots,
(fuels or electricity) during use (e.g. cars, require heating)
engines, electronics, data centers, web-
based software)
Fuels and feed stocks (e.g. petroleum
products, natural gas, coal, biofuels,
crude oil)
GHGs and products that contain or form
GHGs that are emitted during use (e.g.
CO2, CH4, N20, HFCs, PFCs, SF6,
refrigeration and air-conditioning
equipment, fertilizers
3.12 End-of- indirect GHG emissions from waste disposal and Scope 1 and 2 emissions of waste e.g. different recycling processes including washing or sorting
life treatment treatment of products management companies that occur
of sold sold by the reporting company in the reporting year during disposal or treatment of sold
products at the end of their life products.
3.13 End-of- indirect GHG emissions from operation of assets Scope 1 and 2 emissions of lessees that Life cycle emissions associated with manufacturing or
life treatment owned by the reporting company (lessor) and leased occur during operation of leased assets constructing leased assets.
of sold to other entities in the reporting year (e.g., from energy use).
products not included in scope 1 and scope 2 reported by leaser
3.14 indirect GHG emissions from operation of franchises in Scope 1 and 2 emissions of franchisees Optional : Life cycle emissions associated with manufacturing
Franchises the reporting year that occur during operation of franchises or constructing franchises
not included in scope 1 and scope 2 reported by (e.g., from energy use).
franchisor
3.15 indirect GHG emissions from operation of investments Depends on the companies definition of
Investments including equity and debt investments and project organizational boundaries (equity share:
finance in the reporting year include emissions from equity
if not included in scope 1 or scope 2 investments in scope 1 and scope 2
control approach: include only emissions
 from equity investments under the
company’s control in scope 1 and scope
2)
Investments not included in the
company’s scope 1 or scope 2 emissions
are included in scope 3 in this category

VENTILATION, HEATING,
COOLING: IDENTIFYING AND
EXPLOITING
POTENTIALS
Ventilation Heating Cooling

1. Adjustment of the volume flow: 1. Usage of waste heat within the site 5. Increasing the evaporation temperature
(compressed air, cooling machines,
Check i.e. the set air exchange rate 6. Decreasing the condensation temperature:
production processes..)
Decrease volume flow on weekends or  Control the chiller depending on the
2. Heat pumps
outside production times outdoor temperature - Weather
3. Building heating : control
eliminate leackages
 Natural gas boiler Decrease the  Expansion of the heat exchanger
adjustment depending on outside
exhaust gas temperature (saving surfaces (Pcondes down)
temperature and CO2-level
potential 3-15 %) & Reduction of
 Regular cleaning of the condenser
1. Increase efficiency of air excess-air (saving potential 0,5- 1,5
transportation %)  Use of an electronic expansion valve

2. Heat/cold recovery : (Air/air heat  Problem of CO2 emissions cannot be 7. Use of an electronic expansion valve
exchanger, Rotation heat exchanger, solved heat pump for building
heating 8. Free cooling (industrial facilities and HVAC
Circulatory network system )
systems)
3. More measures : 4. Distribution of heat :
 Total performance (EER/COP) increases.
Adapting set points  Insulation of pipes and fittings
EER= cooling capacity / compressor capacity
– Decreasing supply air temperature (1 K  Insulation of hot surfaces of the
decrease saves approx. 8 % heat) manufacturing plant

– Decreasing temperature on weekends

Gate air curtain

Compressed air
Category Excessive pressure levels Control gaps and oscillations Pressure drops in Leakages in the system Heat Loss from Compre
distribution System

Issue Over-pressurization of the The system oscillates when the Losses occur due to Undetected leaks cause Unused waste heat from
system and unnecessary high connected delivery quantity inefficient piping, increasing continuous energy waste and compression leads to los
operating pressure lead to exceeds the control range, energy demand and reducing lower system efficiency. potential.
increased energy consumption leading to inefficiencies. performance.
and component wear.

Cause Operating at higher-than- Speed-controlled compressor Long piping systems, small Poor maintenance practices, leaks Inefficient utilization of w
required pressure levels falls below its minimum inner diameters, narrow pipe in pipes, fittings, and connections from compressed air gen
without proper regulation delivery rate, causing pressure elbows, and fittings create go unaddressed.
fluctuations until reaching resistance and pressure
 increases energy waste. P_max. losses.

Action • Reduce system • Implement precise • Optimize piping • Conduct regular leakage Implement heat recover
Plan pressure by 1 bar (6% load/unload control system design to audits using acoustic solutions, such as space
energy savings). strategies. minimize detectors, leak detection water preheating, and st
unnecessary lengths spray, and ultrasound generation for industrial
• Optimize intake air • Ensure correct
and restrictions. equipment. applications.
temperature to compressor sizing to
improve efficiency prevent operation • Use larger-diameter • Mark, document, and
(0.3% per Kelvin). outside the control pipes, reduce sharp repair leaks immediately.
range. bends, and conduct
• Implement pressure
regular inspections.
monitoring and • Reduce idle energy
control systems. losses by minimizing
overrun time.

Expected Lower energy consumption, Stabilized system pressure, Reduced pressure losses, Significant reduction in energy Increased overall energy
Benefits reduced maintenance costs, reduced wear and tear on improved system efficiency, waste, lower compressed air reduced need for additio
extended equipment lifespan. compressors, lower energy lower energy demand for demand, reduced operational heating sources, cost sav
losses. compressors. costs. heating expenses.